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Jun 27, 2006 4:14 pm US/Pacific

Scientists Discover Ancient Amazon Observatory

(AP) SAO PAULO, Brazil A grouping of granite blocks along a grassy Amazon hilltop may be the vestiges of a centuries-old
astronomical observatory -- a find archaeologists say indicates early rainforest inhabitants were more sophisticated than previously
believed.

The 127 blocks, some as high as 9 feet tall, are spaced at regular intervals around the hill, like a crown 100 feet in diameter.

On the shortest day of the year -- Dec. 21 -- the shadow of one of the blocks disappears when the sun is directly above it.

"It is this block's alignment with the winter solstice that leads us to believe the site was once an astronomical observatory," said
Mariana Petry Cabral, an archaeologist at the Amapa State Scientific and Technical Research Institute. "We may be also looking at the
remnants of a sophisticated culture."

Anthropologists have long known that local indigenous populations were acute observers of the stars and sun. But the discovery of a
physical structure that appears to incorporate this knowledge suggests pre-Columbian Indians in the Amazon rainforest may have
been more sophisticated than previously suspected.

"Transforming this kind of knowledge into a monument; the transformation of something ephemeral into something concrete, could
indicate the existence of a larger population and of a more complex social organization," Cabral said.

Cabral has been studying the site, near the village of Calcoene, just north of the equator in Amapa state in far northern Brazil, since
last year. She believes it was once inhabited by the ancestors of the Palikur Indians, and while the blocks have not yet been
submitted to carbon dating, she says pottery shards near the site indicate they are pre-Columbian and maybe older -- as much as
2,000 years old.

Last month, archaeologists working on a hillside north of Lima, Peru, announced the discovery of the oldest astronomical observatory
in the Western Hemisphere -- giant stone carvings, apparently 4,200 years old, that align with sunrise and sunset on Dec. 21.

While the Incas, Mayans and Aztecs built large cities and huge rock structures, pre-Columbian Amazon societies built smaller
settlements of wood and clay that quickly deteriorated in the hot, humid Amazon climate, disappearing centuries ago, archaeologists
say.

Farmers and fishermen in the region around the Amazon site have long known about it, and the local press has dubbed it the "tropical
Stonehenge." Archeologists got involved last year after geographers and geologists did a socio-economic survey of the area, by foot
and helicopter, and noticed "the unique circular structure on top of the hill," Cabral said.

Scientists not involved in the discovery said it could prove valuable to understanding pre-Columbian societies in the Amazon.

"No one has ever described something like this before. This is an extremely novel find -- a one of a kind type of thing," said Michael
Heckenberger of the University of Florida's Department of Anthropology.

He said that while carbon dating and further excavation must be carried out, the find adds to a growing body of thought among
archaeologists that prehistory in the Amazon region was more varied than had been believed.

"Given that astronomical objects, stars, constellations etc., have a major importance in much of Amazonian mythology and cosmology,
it does not in any way surprise me that such an observatory exists," said Richard Callaghan, a professor of geography, anthropology
and archaeology at the University of Calgary.
Brazilian archaeologists will return in August, when the rainy season ends, to carry out carbon dating and further excavations.

"The traditional image is that some time thousands of years ago small groups of tropical forest horticulturists arrived in the area and
they never changed -- (that) what we see today is just like it was 3,000 years ago," Heckenberger said. "This is one more thing that
suggests that through the past thousands of years, societies have changed quite a lot."

(© 2006 CBS Broadcasting Inc. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. The
Associated Press contributed to this report.)

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