Table of English Tenses Examples Samples Examples co ee ea cy affirmative negative interrogative something happens 1 work 1 don't work. Dot work? hau i ij oes he aT He works, Hedoesn't work, Des Satine how often something wor happens 190. 1 dont go. Dot go? I aways ‘one action oon imole ‘srother Present a infinitive he/she/it or binge general 5 Present Simple at nit seldom narshy=chenegr is) 1e goes. 12 doesn't go. Joes he go? ‘verbs (to love, to He gc He doesn’t go. Does he g ii hate, to think, et) a ‘ature meaning fst. th a proaramnmes someting s i am ia fonetings 1m working Tmnat working. Sing? sme time of speaking er Wt sen ‘er around He's working. He isn't working a Pepmeere on tittle 7 to be (am/are/ts) = : Working Present Contuous Look! fare mang: when ve NDT going, Tmnet going. Am I olng? yeu have already 0! ‘ecided and bina arranged to do it (a He's going. He isn’t going. Is he going? ‘red pan, cate) a fast Jason ntact mg 1 worked Ialdnt work, Did t work? rae 200 traps mony” dive + ed He worked He ddvt work. Bid pe work? or motte (no, reg or a : Pest Ins990 reson ote (0 re column of table arts ped tgee Simple cmect oTirregur VerDS a yon cae vu present) He went. He didnt ia he go? ‘ation Rappened in ; Wasi ‘ar etn Rappened in Twas working. wast working. WBS ‘ton Past ie was workin fe wasn't working, Was ne Progressive or while someone was doing Maal ing king. He wasn't working. | working? Past Conincous Shrataceran time Tee sag inure al 111 Targa {inthe past) «you co rat know whether fas ne |was finished or not (sihhink enka Hewasn't going. | going? hse Ihave worked, havent worked, |Ma¥8 vet i ashe eas worked, He nasrrt worked, HAE, bound ‘you say that sth, has. . 7 happened ore have gone haven't gone, Mave T gone? simple over aves nthe pat have/bas + past Present Ant land it has a | pertect il cenmecton tothe stininitve + -ed) or een so far, 7 (3rd column of Perec seton tates inte [016 oF regan up to now, past and continues up He has gone. He hasn't gone. Has he gone? Imai {othe present tor recently aul day ‘action began nthe have been haven't been Have I been ecru a just working. working working? Present Perfect the whole day ——_=Ropoed He has been Hehasn’t been Has he been Progressive oF work workin working? Present ow long ow lng the action _have/tas + bean + working. iin og Perfect has been happening (finite + Ing going, ihaven't been Have I been Continuous since 90109- going. going? ‘emphasis: length of : for fime ofan action lenas peen going, Nebasht been Has he been He has been 90In9- going, going?subject verb _ object active: (a) Mary” helped the boy. subject verb PASSIVE: (b) The boy was helped by Mary. active: (c) An accident happened. rassive: (d) (none) In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes she subject of the passive verb: the boy in (a) becomes the subject of the passive verb in (b). Notice that the subject of an active verb follows by in a passive sentence. The noun that follows by is called the “agent.” In (6): Mary is the agent. (a) and (b) have the same meaning. Only transitive verbs (verbs that can be followed by an object) are used in the passive. It is not possible to use intransitive verbs (such as happen, sleep, come, seem) in the passive. (See Appendix Chart A-1, p. AL.) Form of the passive: be + past participle ACTIVE simple presen Mary helps the boy. ‘present progressive Mary is helping the boy. (present perfect” Mary haw helped the boy. simple past Mary helped the boy. (post progresive Mary waehelping the boy. ‘Past perfece™ Mary had helped the boy. sample future® Mary wit help the boy. be going 10 Mary i going to help the boy. funare perfct* Mary will have helped the boy. PASSIVE The boy is helped by Mary. The boy #s being helped — by Mary. The boy has been helped by Mary, The boy was helped — by Mar The boy was being helped by Mary. ‘The boy had been helped by Mary, The boy will be helped by Mary The boy is going to be helped by Mary, The boy will have been helped — by Mary. (©) Was the bay helped by Mary? (f) Is the boy being helped by Mary? (g) Has the boy been helped by Mary? in the question form of passive verbs, an auxiliary verb precedes the subject. (See Appendix Chart B-1, P. A8, for information about question forms.) *The progressive forms of the present perfeer, past perfect, fut 11-4 THE PASSIVE FORM O: PHRASAL MODALS ture, and future perfect are very rarely used in the passive MODALS AND + be + past participle be invited to the picnic. be opened. be taught to respect their elders, be excused —_from class? be returned _to the library before Friday. be sent before June Ist. be told about our change in plans. be told about the meeting. + have been + past participle THE PASSIVE FORM: modal* (a) Tom will (b)_ The window can’t (c) Children should (d) May I (e)_ This book had better (f) This letter ought to (g) Mary has to (h) Fred is supposed to THE PAST-PASSIVE FORM: modal (i) The letter should Gj) This house must (Jack ought to have been sent last week. have been built _ over 200 years ago. have been invited to the party.