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B‡gBj : abd.jukti@gmail.com
facebook.com/jukti.src

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4
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m¤úv`K, hyw³
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B‡gBj : ananta_bijoy@yahoo.com
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KvDwÝj I hyw³Õi Df‡qi `„wófw½MZ wgj cy‡ivUv bv n‡jI
5
weÁvbgb¯‹ mgvR MV‡b MÖš1’ Ges Gi Bs‡iwR A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q Ôpertaining to mindÕ| wZwb

ARq ivq AviI Rvbv‡jb †h m¤¢eZ gbm Gi mv‡_ Kb cÖZ¨q †hv‡M

kãwU ˆZwi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Zvn‡j e¨vcviwU `uvov‡”Q †Kv_vq? Avgiv weÁvb-gb¯‹

†jLvwU wb‡q fve‡Z wM‡q cÖ_‡gB †ek †nuvPU †Ljvg| evsjv gvbyl ej‡Z Kv‡`i †evSve ev wPwýZ Ki‡Z PvB| KviY Zv‡`i

GKv‡Wgx Awfavb, msm`, Pjwš—Kv Ggb wK msm‡`i evsjv- wb‡qB †Zv weÁvbgb¯‹ mgvR M‡o DV‡e ev B‡Zvg‡a¨ M‡o

Bs‡iwR Awfavb †N‡U Ôgb¯‹Õ k‡ãi, weÁvb-gb¯‹ †Zv `~‡ii D‡V‡Q| `xN©w`b a‡i e¨envi Ki‡Z Ki‡Z GB kãwU m¤ú‡K©

K_v mÜvb bv †c‡q hrc‡ivbvB wew¯§Z njvgÑejvB evûj¨| Avgvi g‡b GKwU †`¨vZbvi m„wó n‡q‡Q| Avgvi Kv‡Q Gi A_©

A_P wK A‡K¬‡k cÖwZw`b ÔweÁvb-gb¯‹Õ, mvwnZ¨-gb¯‹ nj †h gvbylwU weÁvbx ev weÁvb mvabv bv K‡iI, weÁv‡bi

kã¸wj Avgiv e¨envi K‡i AvmwQ| Avgvi GK ms¯‹…Z Rvbv ZË¡ I Z_¨ A_v©vr wPš—vfvebvi mv‡_ mg¨K cwiwPZ

cwÊZ eÜz‡K wR‡Ám KijvgÑwZwb cv°v 24 NÈv c‡i n‡qÑ wb‡R †hŠw³K cš’vq wPš—vfvebv K‡ib, hyw³ I †nZzi

Rvbv‡jb evsjv ev ms¯‹…Z †Kv‡bv Awfav‡bB Ôgb¯‹Õ kãwU wfwˇZ mgm¨v mgvav‡b AMÖmi nbÑZuv‡KB Avgiv

†bB, Z‡e G.wU. †`‡ei evsjv-Bs‡iwR Awfav‡b kãwU i‡q‡Q weÁvbgb¯‹ gvbyl ej‡Z cvwi| weÁvbgb¯‹ n‡Z n‡j weÁvbx
n‡Z n‡e Ggb †Kv‡bv K_v bq| Z‡e Zv‡K n‡Z n‡e hyw³ev`x,
1 evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii ms¯‹…wZ gš¿Yvjq †_‡K Aby‡iva G‡m‡Q gy³eyw×i gvbyl Ges AbymwÜrmycivqY Ges eyw×i gyw³i PP©v

†h GB Aag‡K KjKvZvq Avš—R©vwZK eB‡gjvq Avgwš¿Z Ki‡Z n‡e| A‡bK weÁvbx Av‡Qb hviv GKB mv‡_ gy³gbv

AwZw_ wn‡m‡e Dcw¯’Z †_‡K evsjv‡`k w`e‡m (4Vv †deª“qvwi, Ges weÁvbgb¯‹, Avevi A‡bK weÁvbx i‡q‡Qb hviv

2012) Av‡jvPbv mfvq Ask MÖnY I cÖeÜ cvV| wb‡Ri weÁvbgb¯‹ bb, hyw³‡K cwinvi K‡i AÜ-wek¦vm‡K cÖkªq

mxgvnxb AÁvbZvi K_v I kvixwiK Ae¯’vi K_v Rvwb‡qI †`b, hwy³i avi av‡ib bvÑcweÎ ag©MÖš’¸‡jv‡Z weÁv‡bi

†invB cvBwbцXwK wMj‡ZB n‡q‡Q| 4Vv †deª“qvwi, 2012, AvaywbKZg ZË¡ I Avwe®‹vi Lyu‡R cvb| GB †k‡lv³ †kªYxi

Zvwi‡L we‡Kj 3-30 wgwb‡U Avš—R©vwZK eB †gjvq m‡¤§jb weÁvbx‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb evsjv‡`k GKv‡Wwg Ae mv‡q‡Ýi

n‡j DËvwcZ nq cÖeÜLvwb|

6
mfvcwZ wewkó wbDK¬xq c`v_©we` W. kg‡mi Avjx2, i‡q‡Qb
BmjvwgK wµ‡qkwbR‡gi cÖej cÖe³v nvi“b Bqvwnqv cÖgyL
QÙ-ˆeÁvwbK (pseudo scientists), †mŠw` ivRcvwiev‡ii PvKz‡i
R‰bK wLª÷vb Wv³vi gwim eyKvBwj cÖgyL3|
Ab¨w`‡K cÖ_g †kYx‡Z i‡q‡Qb, hviv ïay bvgKiv
ˆeÁvwbK bb, mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© weÁvbgb¯‹ I hyw³ev`x, †hgb
W. †gNbv` mvnv, Aa¨vcK m‡Z¨b †evm, W. Kz`ivr B Ly`v,
KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb, cvi‡fR û`fq, ZvwË¡K c`v_©we`
nvi“b-Ai-ikx` cÖgyL| Avevi ˆeÁvwbK bv n‡qI †h
gy³eyw×i aviK I hyw³ev`x nIqv hvq Gi D`vni‡Yi Afve
†bB : fvlvwe` W. ûgvqyb AvRv`, cÖexi †NvlÑwhwb GKK
†Póvq cwðge‡½ hyw³ev`x mwgwZ M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb hviv
wbijmfv‡e †`k †_‡K Kzms¯‹vi, ag©vÜZv Ges AÜwek¦vm `~i
Ki‡Z eªZx n‡q‡Qb| Avgiv G cÖm‡½ XvKvi wkLv †Mvôxi bvg
2 ‘Scientific Indications in the holy Quran’ bv‡gi GKwU QÙweÁvb-
Ki‡Z cvwi| MZ kZ‡Ki we‡ki `k‡Ki †k‡li w`‡K g~jZ
XvKv wek¦we`¨j‡qi KwZcq gymwjg Zi“YÑAveyj û‡mb,
KvRx Ave`yj I`y`, †gvZvnvi †n‡mb †PŠayix, Aveyj dRj
cÖgy‡Liv XvKvq cÖwZôv K‡ib Ôgymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgvRÕ (1926)
hvi Av`k© nj Õeyw×i gyw³Õ Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zvjv| Ôgy³ eyw×i
PP©vÕ-GB msMVbwUi gyLcÎ wQj evwl©K ÔwkLvÕ hv wU‡K wQj 5
eQi (1927-1931) Avi g~j msMVbwUi Avqy®‹vj wQj GK
`kK (1926-1936)| Ôgymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgvRÕ Gi Ab¨Zg
cÖvYcyi“l KvRx Ave`yj I`y` G cÖm‡½ Avgv‡`i Rvbv‡”Qb :
Ò(1332 mv‡j) 1926 L„÷v‡ãi m~Pbvq XvKv
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cwigʇj Ôgymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgvRÕ
bv‡g GKwU mvwnwZ¨K I mvs¯‹…wZK cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¥
nq, Zvi g~j gš¿ wQj Õeyw×i gyw³Õ| K‡qKRb
gymjgvb Aa¨vc‡Ki Dci b¨¯— n‡qwQj Gi
cwiPvjbvi fvi| Ôk¦vk¦Z e‡½iÕ †jLK Zv‡`i Ab¨Zg|
Ôeyw×i gyw³Õ A_©vr wePvi eywׇK AÜms¯‹vi I

MÖš’ wj‡L‡QbÑcÖ”Q‡` †Kviv‡bi GKwU AvqvZmn Ry‡o kv¯¿vbyMZ¨ †_‡K gyw³ `vb| evsjvi gymjgvb mgv‡R

w`‡q‡Qb wWGbG-AYyi GKwU Qwe| †evSv‡Z PvB‡Qb †h (nq‡Zv ev fvi‡Zi gymjgvb mgv‡R) G wQj GK

†Kvivb kwi‡d Gme Qwe i‡q‡Q ev Qwei eY©bv i‡q‡Q| Af~Zc~e© e¨vcvi| wKš‘ †mw`‡b we¯§qKi n‡qwQj
3
‘Bible, Quran and Science’ wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU cy¯—K wj‡L evsjvi wkw¶Z gymwjg Zi“‡Yi Dc‡i Gi

GKw`‡K bvg K‡i‡Qb, Ab¨w`‡K gymwjg mgv‡Ri h‡_ó cÖfveÑGKwU wRÁvmy I mü`q-†Mvôxi m„wó m¤¢eci

¶wZ mvab K‡i‡Qb| n‡qwQj Gi Øviv|Ó

7
KvRx Ave`yj I`y` Ôeyw×i gyw³Õ‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z AvL¨vwqZ
K‡i‡Qb, ‘Emancipation of the intellect’ bv‡g|
Õgymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgv‡RiÕ GB mf¨iv AwP‡iB wkLv
†Mvôx bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡q I‡VbÑhvi g~j gš¿ wQj :
ÔÁvb †hLv‡b mxgve×, eyw× †hLv‡b Avoó, gyw³ †mLv‡b
Am¤¢e|Õ
H †h ejv nj, gb¯‹ K_vwUi Bs‡iwR K‡i‡Qb G.wU †`e
pertaining to mind, Zvn‡j wK eySe Bs‡iR-ms¯‹…wZ‡Z weÁvb-
gb¯‹Zv e‡j wKQz †bB? Avgiv eo †Rvo Gi Bs‡iwR ZR©gv
Ki‡Z cvwi Ôconsciousness having scientific thought or mindÕ| wKš‘
ZvI ewj wK K‡i †hLv‡b Avgiv Kvj© mvMvb, cj KzR©, wf±i
†R †÷ª½vi, m¨vg n¨wim, wiPvW© WwKÝ, w÷‡fb I‡qbevM©
cÖgyL weÁvbgb¯‹ I hyw³ev`x weÁvbx‡`i mv¶vr cvB|
AvBb÷vBb, w÷‡db nwKs, evUª©vÛ iv‡m‡ji K_v bvB ev
D”PviY Kijvg| mvwnwZ¨KB nb Avi weÁvbxB nb
weÁvbgb¯‹Zvi g~‡j _vK‡Z n‡e gy³ gb, Avi hyw³ev‡`i
wfwË| Avi G K_vwUB †Rvo w`‡q e‡j‡Qb cvwK¯—v‡bi Kvq‡`
AvRg wek¦we`¨vj‡qi c`v_©weÁv‡bi myL¨vZ Aa¨vcK
cvi‡fR û`fq (Pervez Hoodbhoy: Islam and science: Religious
Orthodoxy and the battle for Rationality, 1992, Zed Books) : endeavour to bring together by means of a systematic thought
Ò.. .. Bmjv‡gi ¯^Y©hy‡M weÁvb AMÖMwZ jvf
K‡iwQj KviY Bmjv‡gi Af¨š—‡i ZLb mwµq
8
wQ‡jb gyZvwRjv bvgavix kw³kvjx hyw³ev`x
HwZ‡n¨i aviK GK`j wPš—vvwe`| ÔmewKQzB c~e©-
wba©vwiZ Ges Av াni Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgc©b e¨ZxZ
gvby‡li Rb¨ Ab¨ †Kvb Dcvq
†bBÕÑwbqwZev`x‡`i G gZev‡`i Zxeª wei“×vPviY
K‡i gyZvwRjviv gvby‡li ¯^vaxb B”Qvkw³‡K
cÖvavb¨ w`‡qwQ‡jb| gyZvwRjviv hLb ivR‰bwZK
¶gZvq wQ‡jb, Ávb ZLb mg„w× jvf K‡iwQj|
wKš‘ Øv`k kZvãx‡Z †Mvov Bmjvwg wPš—vwe` Bgvg
Avj-Mv¾vwj hyw³i ¯’‡j ˆ`eevYx Ges ¯^vaxb
B”Qvkw³i ¯’‡j wbqwZ‡K Zz‡j a‡ib| Kvh© I
wµqvi m¤úK©‡K wZwb A¯^xKvi K‡ib GB e‡j
†h, gvby‡li fwel¨r Rvbvi kw³ †bB, †Kej
m„wóKZ©v G wel‡q AeMZ| †h D`vi ms¯‹…wZ M‡o
D‡VwQj Zv wPiZ‡i eÜ n‡q hvq| gymwjg we‡k¦
mwnòyZv, †gav Ges weÁv‡bi g„Zz¨ N‡U|Ó
Gevi weÁvb wb‡q `yÕGKwU K_v ejv hvK| AvBb÷vBb
e‡j‡Qb :
It would not be difficult to come to an agreement as to what
we understand by science. Science is the century old
the perceptible phenomena of this world into as
thoroughgoing an association as possible. To put it boldly, it
is the attempt at the posterior reconstruction of existence by
the process of conceptualization.
 AvaywbK weÁv‡bi †h msÁv Avgiv AvBb÷vB‡bi Dw³i G mvabv Kve¨-mvwnZ¨ mvabvi ga¨ w`‡qI m¤úvw`Z n‡Z
ga¨ w`‡q †`evi †Póv Kijvg ZviI Av‡M Bs‡iR `vk©wbK cv‡i| mvwn‡Z¨i f‚wgKv wb‡q †ek ¯úó K‡iB e‡j‡Qb GLv‡b
nve©vU© †¯úbmvi (1820-1903) e‡jwQ‡jb, ÕweÁvb nj :
mymsMwVZ ÁvbÕ, Avi DBwjqvg nvw¾wUi fvlvq (1778- gvby‡li cÖevn ûû K‡i P‡j hv‡”Q, Zvi mg¯—
1830) weÁvb n‡”Q ÔKviY‡K Rvbvi Zxeª GlYvÕ| mij K_vq Rxe‡bi mgwó Avi †Kv_vI _vK‡e bv †Kej
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11
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12
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K‡qK nvRvi evsjv‡`kx hyeK‡K cÖwk¶Y cÖ`vb K‡i
evsjv‡`‡ki g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e M„nxZ ag©wbi‡c¶Zv I evOvwj
AvdMvwb¯—vb, Kvk¥xi, emwbqv, †PPwbqv, c¨v‡j÷vBb I
RvZxqZvev` gy‡Q †d‡jb Ges ag©wfwËK ivR‰bwZK `j
evg©vq †Rnv‡` AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ cvwV‡q‡Q| G‡`i A‡b‡KB
MV‡bi Dci wb‡lavÁv cÖZ¨vnvi K‡ib| 1975-G e½eÜzi
†mB me †`‡k †Rnv` Ki‡Z wM‡q wbnZ n‡q‡Q| A‡b‡K †`‡k
b„ksm nZ¨vKv‡Êi ci ivRbxwZ I mgv‡Ri †h BmjvgxKiY
wd‡i wewfbœ Rw½ †gŠjev`x msMV‡bi kw³e„w× K‡i‡Q|
cÖwµqv Avi¤¢ n‡q‡Q Zvi P~ovš—iƒc wQj 2001 mv‡j
MZ kZvãx‡Z †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb I c~e© BD‡iv‡c
weGbwci m‡½ †RvU †eu‡a Rvgv‡Z Bmjvgxi ivóª¶gZvi
mgvRZvwš¿K wkwe‡ii cZ‡bi ci Av‡gwiKv GKgvÎ
14
civkw³ wn‡m‡e Avwef©Z
~ nq| AvdMvwb¯—v‡b †mvwf‡qZcš’x wePviK, AvBbRxex I ms¯‹…wZKgx©mn eû wbixn gvbyl‡K
bwRey াni miKv‡ii wei“‡× †Rnv‡`i Rb¨ cvwK¯—vb, †mŠw` nZ¨v K‡i‡Q| mycwiKwíZfv‡e wbh©vZb Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q

Avie I Av‡gwiKvi mw¤§wjZ D‡`¨v‡Mi dmj n‡”Q Zv‡jevb, msL¨vjNy agx©q m¤cÖ`vqmn mgZj I cvnv‡oi Avw`evmx‡`i

hviv cieZx©Kv‡j Av‡gwiKvi Rb¨ d«v‡¼b÷vB‡bi `vbe Dci| GBme nZ¨v I wbh©vZ‡bi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q evsjv‡`k †_‡K

wn‡m‡e Avwef©~Z n‡q‡Q| †mŠw` Avie I cvwK¯—v‡bi †mKz¨jvi gvbweKZvi †eva wbwðý K‡i G †`kwU‡K

mn‡hvwMZvq Zv‡jevb I AvjKvq`v wek¦e¨vcx †h †Rnvw` g‡bvwjw_K gymwjg iv‡óª cwiYZ Kiv, †hgbwU Zv‡jevbiv

†bUIqvK© we¯—vi K‡i‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki K‡qKwU Rw½ msMVb K‡iwQj AvdMvwb¯—v‡b|

Zvi m‡½ cÖZ¨¶fv‡e hy³| 2005 mv‡ji †evgv nvgjv Ges eûgvwÎK mš¿vm I

evsjv‡`‡k weGbwc-Rvgv‡Zi †bZ…Z¡vaxb Pvi`jxq †RvU nZ¨vKv‡Êi ci cÖavbZ cwð‡gi Pv‡c Lv‡j`v wRqvi miKvi

miKv‡ii Avg‡j Rw½ †gŠjev‡`i Avk¼vRbK DÌvb †RGgwei K‡qKRb kxl©¯’vbxq Rw½ †bZv‡K †MÖdZvi

†mKz¨jvi MYZvwš¿K kw³i Rb¨ †hgb gvivZ¥K ûgwK n‡q K‡iwQj, hw`I miKvi cÖ_‡g G‡`i Aw¯—Z¡ A¯^xKvi KiwQj|

`uvwo‡q‡Q GKBfv‡e Avš—R©vwZK m¤cÖ`v‡qi Rb¨I h‡_ó †MÖdZviK…Z kxl© Rw½iv †Mv‡q›`v wefv‡Mi wRÁvmvev‡`i

D‡Ø‡Mi KviY n‡q‡Q| 2005 mv‡ji 15 AvM÷ RvgvZzj mgq e‡j‡Q, †RvU miKv‡ii wewfbœ gš¿x, Ggwc Ges Rvgv‡Z

gyRvwn`x‡bi Rw½iv gvÎ Ava NÈvi e¨eav‡b 500 †evgvi Bmjvgxi m‡½ Zv‡`i m¤ú„³Zvi K_v| Zviv e‡j‡Q

we‡ùviY NwU‡q Rvwb‡q w`‡q‡Q Zv‡`i †bUIqvK© KZUv ga¨cÖvP¨wfwËK wewfbœ Bmjvwg GbwRI †_‡K Kxfv‡e Zviv

kw³kvjx| GKB m‡½ wjd‡j‡Ui gva¨‡g Zviv evsjv‡`‡ki A_©mvnvh¨ cvq Ges cÖwZ‡ekx †`kmg~‡n Zv‡`i †bUIqvK©

msweavb, †mKz¨jvi AvBb I wePvi wefvM, gy³wPš—vi gvbyl KZ`~i we¯—…Z| 2009 mv‡j †kL nvwmbvi †bZ…Z¡vaxb gnv‡RvU

Ges hy³ivóª I hy³iv‡R¨i wei“‡× †Rnv` †NvlYv K‡i‡Q| miKv‡ii `vwqZ¡ MÖn‡Yi ci †_‡K Rw½ †gŠjev`xiv

Õ71-G gyw³hy‡×i mgq Rvgv‡Z Bmjvgx †hfv‡e ZvwjKv AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡i‡Q| †KD †KD Zv‡`i eÜz †`‡k wnRiZ

cÖ¯‘Z K‡i †`‡ki kxl©¯’vbxq eyw×Rxex I †ckvRxex‡`i nZ¨v K‡i‡Q| Rvgv‡Z Bmjvgxi mvsMVwbK †bUIqvK© `w¶Y

K‡i‡Q, GKBfv‡e Pvi`jxq †RvU miKv‡ii Avg‡j Rw½ Gwkqv, `w¶Yc~e© Gwkqv, ga¨ Gwkqv I ga¨cÖvP¨mn

†gŠjev`xiv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK, †jLK, mvsevw`K, A‡÷ªwjqv, BD‡ivc I DËi Av‡gwiKv ch©š— we¯—…Z| GB
15
†bUIqvK© †mŠw` Avie I cvwK¯—v‡bi †hŠ_ D‡`¨v‡M
c¨vbBmjvwgK wek¦e¨e¯’v MV‡bi cwiKíbvi Ask|
2005 mv‡ji 21 AvM÷ AvIqvgxjx‡Mi mš¿vmwe‡ivax
Rbmfvq Rw½ †gŠjev`xiv †MÖ‡bW-†evgvi nvgjv Pvwj‡q 22
Rb †bZvKgx©‡K nZ¨v K‡iwQj hv‡`i †fZi wQ‡jb †K›`ªxq
†bÎx AvBwf ingvb| AvIqvgx jx‡Mi mfvcwZ †kL
nvwmbvmn GB nvgjvq `‡ji kZvwaK †bZvKgx© ¸i“Zi
AvnZ n‡qwQ‡jb| 2006 mv‡j †MÖdZviK…Z Rw½iv GB nvgjv
I nZ¨vi `vq ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q| 2006-Gi Rvbyqvwi‡Z w` ী‡Z
evsjv‡`‡ki niKZzj †Rnv‡`i `yB Rw½‡K we‡ùviKmn
†MÖdZvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvivI Keyj K‡i‡Q 21 AvM‡÷i
†MÖ‡bW nvgjvi m‡½ Zviv RwoZ wQj| 2007-Gi Rvbyqvwi‡Z
fvi‡Zi Avmv‡g wew”QbœZvev`x Rw½ msMVb Djdvi GK kxl©
†bZv‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv n‡q‡Q, †h ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q 21 AvM‡÷i
†MÖ‡bW nvgjvi m‡½ ZvivI RwoZ wQj| Gi Av‡M PÆMÖv‡g 10
UªvK A¯¿ aiv covi ci Avgiv Rvb‡Z †c‡iwQ evsjv‡`‡ki
Rw½iv wecyj cwigvY GB A¯¿ A‰eafv‡e Avg`vwb K‡iwQj
c~e© fvi‡Zi wew”QbœZvev`x Rw½‡`i Rb¨| evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶‡Yi
†Rjv K·evRvi I ev›`iev‡b evg©vi †ivwn½v kiYv_x©iv Ggb
K‡qKwU Rw½ msMV‡bi hy³ hv‡`i m‡½ evsjv‡`‡ki Rvgv‡Z
Bmjvgxi m¤ú„w³ †Mvcb †Kvb welq bq| evsjv‡`‡ki
niKvZzj †Rnv‡`i Rw½iv AvivKv‡bI †Rnv` Ki‡Z wM‡q‡Q|
16
evg©vi niKvZzj †Rnv` I Rw½ †ivwn½v‡`i e¨vsK wnmve
cwiPvjbv K‡i Rvgv‡Zi gvwjKvbvaxb Bmjvgx e¨vsK|
Gfv‡eB evsjv‡`‡ki Rw½‡`i m‡½ cÖwZ‡ekx iv‡óªi Rw½‡`i
†mŠnv‡`©¨i m¤úK© I †bUIqvK© M‡o D‡V‡Q|
miKvi I cÖkvm‡bi mn‡hvwMZv Qvov Rw½ †gŠjev`x‡`i
†bUIqvK© we¯—vi m¤¢e bq| evsjv‡`k, cvwK¯—vb I AvdMvwb¯—
v‡b Rw½‡`i we¯—vi N‡U‡Q miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZvq| wewfbœ †`‡k
miKv‡ii Ackvmb, `ybx©wZ, `vwi`ª Ges msL¨vjNy agx©q
m¤cÖ`vq I cÖvwš—K RvwZmËvi cÖwZ ˆelg¨g~jK AvPiY I
wbh©vZbI Rw½ev‡`i †¶Î ˆZwi K‡i| †h me †`‡k miKv‡ii
c„ô‡cvlKZvq Rw½ev‡`i we¯—vi N‡U‡Q GKmgq Zv miKv‡ii
R‡b¨I weo¤^bvi KviY n‡q‡Q| ZviciI Rw½ †gŠjev‡`i
wei“‡× gymwjgcÖavb †`k¸‡jvi miKvi Kvh©Ki e¨e¯’v MÖnY
Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| evsjv‡`‡k Avgiv weMZ †RvU miKv‡ii
mg‡q †`‡LwQ Rw½ †gŠjev‡`i DÌvb m¤ú‡K© wmwfj mgv‡Ri
D‡Ø‡Mi cÖwZ miKvi we›`ygvÎ KY©cvZ K‡iwb hZ¶Y bv Pvc
G‡m‡Q cwð‡gi `vZv †`kmg~n †_‡K| †Kv_vI miKvi
Rw½`g‡b Avš—wiK n‡jI Rw½‡`i Avš—tivóªxq †bUIqv‡K©i
Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i cÖwZnZ Kiv KwVb n‡q c‡o‡Q| `w¶Y Gwkqvi
wewfbœ †`‡ki miKvi PvB‡j mvK©-Gi KvVv‡gvi †fZ‡i wKsev
c„_Kfv‡e Rw½ †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ GKwU Kb‡mvwU©qvg MVb
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
 me a‡g©i †fZiB †gŠjev‡`i Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q| Z‡e `yB

eZ©gv‡b Bmjv‡gi bv‡g Rw½ †gŠjev‡`i †h াevj DÌvb `w¶Y Gwkqvq evsjv‡`k n‡”Q cÖ_g †`k †hLv‡b ag©wbi‡c¶

N‡U‡Q †ZgbwU Ab¨ a‡g©i †¶‡Î N‡Uwb| gymwjgcÖavb msweavb MÖnY Kiv n‡qwQj| 1971 mv‡j bq gvme¨vcx †h

†`kmg~‡n Rw½ †gŠjev`x msMVb¸‡jvi †fZi kw³kvjx Avš— i³¶qx hy‡×i gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`q N‡UwQj Zvi wfwË

tivóªxq †bUIqvK© M‡o D‡V‡Q MZ 20 eQ‡i| Z‡e `yf©v‡M¨i wQj ag©wbi‡c¶ evOvwj‡Z¡i †PZbv| 1972 mv‡j

welq n‡”Q GB me †`‡k †gŠjev‡`i wei“‡× hviv jo‡Q †mB ag©wbi‡c¶Zv, MYZš¿, evOvwj RvZxqZvev` I mgvRZš¿

me †mKz¨jvi MYZvwš¿K msMVb I e¨w³i †fZi †Kvb bZzb cÖRvZ‡š¿i g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e M„nxZ nq| we‡k¦i e„nËg

Kvh©Ki †hvMm~Î GLbI M‡o I‡Vwb| Rw½ †gŠjev‡`i Kvi‡Y †mKz¨jvi MYZvwš¿K †`k fvi‡Zi msweav‡b †mKz¨jvwiR‡gi

ag©wbi‡c¶ MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva, Av_©-mvgvwRK AMÖMwZ, Aš—fy©w³ N‡U 1976 mv‡j|

bvixi mgAwaKvi, gy³ wPš—v, weÁvb I wkíms¯‹…wZ PP©vi evsjv‡`‡k †mKz¨jvwiR‡gi aviYv cwð‡gi †P‡q eûjvs‡k

†¶Î µgk msKzwPZ n‡”Q| Rw½ †gŠjev`xiv mš¿vm I nZ¨vi ¯^Zš¿| evsjv‡`‡k Ges fvi‡ZI †mKz¨jvwiRg ej‡Z †evSvq

gva¨‡g mgv‡R AvZ‡¼i Aven m„wó Ki‡Q, gvbyl‡K ivóª I a‡g©i wew”QbœZv (Separation of state from religion), a‡g©i

wbqwZev`x I mwnsm K‡i Zzj‡Q| ag©vÜZv I a‡g©vb¥v`bv †_‡K m‡½ e¨w³i wew”QbœZv bq| 1972 mv‡j ¯^vaxb evOvwj RvwZi

m„wó n‡”Q gvby‡li cÖwZ gvby‡li Awek¦vm I N„Yv| a‡g©i bv‡g wcZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb ag©wbi‡c¶Zv‡K iv‡óªi

nZ¨v I mš¿vm‡K ˆeaZv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡”Q| GB cwiw¯’wZ g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e MÖn‡Yi †hŠw³KZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q

wek¦kvwš— I wek¦mf¨Zvi R‡b¨ gvivZ¥K ûgwK n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q| e‡j‡Qb : Òag©wbi‡c¶Zv gv‡b ag©nxbZv bq| Zv‡Z evsjvi

ZvB mg‡qi `vwe n‡”Q †gŠjev‡`i wei“‡× wewfbœ †`‡k mv‡o mvZ †KvwU gvby‡li ag©-Kg© Kivi AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv

Av‡›`vjbiZ †mKz¨jvi MYZvwš¿K kw³i Kvh©Ki †bUIqvK© n‡q‡Q| Avgiv AvBb K‡i ag©‡K wbwl× Ki‡Z PvB bv Ges

MVb, hv‡Z cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †¶Î AviI we¯—…Z I kw³kvjx nq| Kie bv| gymjgvbiv Zv‡`i ag© cvjb Ki‡e| Zv‡`i evav
w`evi ¶gZv GB iv‡óªi Kv‡iv †bB| wn›`yiv Zv‡`i ag© cvjb
Ki‡e, Kv‡iv evav w`evi gZ ¶gZv †bB| †eŠ×iv Zv‡`i ag©
cvjb Ki‡e, L„óvbiv Zv‡`i ag© cvjb Ki‡e| Zv‡`i †KD
17
evav w`‡Z cvi‡e bv| Avgv‡`i ïay AvcwË n‡jv, ag©‡K †KD
ivR‰bwZK A¯¿ wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| 25 eQi
Avgiv †`‡LwQ a‡g©i bv‡g RyqvPzix, a‡g©i bv‡g †eCgvbx,
a‡g©i bv‡g AZ¨vPvi, Lyb, e¨vwfPvi evsjv‡`‡ki gvwU‡Z
P‡j‡Q| ag© AwZ cweÎ wRwbl| cweÎ ag©‡K ivR‰bwZK
nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv Pj‡e bv| hw` †KD e‡j †h agx©q
AwaKvi Le© Kiv n‡q‡Q Avwg eje, agx©q AwaKvi Le© Kiv
nqwb| mv‡o mvZ †KvwU gvby‡li agx©q AwaKvi i¶vi e¨e¯’v
K‡iwQ|Ó (MYcwil‡`i fvlY, 12 A‡±vei 1972)
a‡g©i ivR‰bwZK e¨envi eÜ Kivi Rb¨ Õ72-Gi
msweav‡b ag©wfwËK ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡bi Dci wb‡lavÁv
Rvwi Kiv n‡qwQj hv mgvRZvwš¿K wkwe‡ii evB‡i †Kvb
†mKz¨jvi MYZvwš¿K †`‡k m¤¢e nqwb| GB msweavb Kvh©Ki
_vK‡j evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b a‡g©i bv‡g ivR‰bwZK åóvPvi I
Rw½ †gŠjev‡`i †Rnvw` Db¥v`bv †`L‡Z n‡Zv bv|
Õ72-Gi msweav‡b †mKz¨jvwiRg‡K iv‡óªi Ab¨Zg
g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e MÖn‡Yi ci GwU `yB ai‡bi mgv‡jvPbv
wkKvi nq| GK c¶ n‡”Q mv¤cÖ`vwqK I †gŠjev`x †Mvôx,
hviv Bmjvg‡K g‡b K‡i cwic~Y© Rxebweavb hv ivóª-
ivRbxwZ-A_©bxwZ-mgvR-ms¯‹…wZ me wKQz wbqš¿Y Ki‡e|
Acic¶ n‡”Q mgvRZš¿x I KwgDwb÷iv hviv cwð‡gi
cÖfv‡e ag©‡K e¨w³ I mgvRRxeb †_‡K wbe©vm‡bi c‡¶|
18
†gŠjev`xiv gywR‡ei ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi aviYv‡K AvµgY
K‡i‡Q GB e‡j †h, ag©wbi‡c¶Zv A_© n‡”Q bvw¯—KZv, ivóª
ag©wbi‡c¶ n‡j gvby‡li ag©cvjb I cÖPv‡ii ¯^vaxbZv _vK‡e
bv| †gŠjev`x bq, Ggb `w¶Ycš’x eyw×Rxex‡`i mgv‡jvPbv
wQj : Õ72-Gi msweavbcÖ‡YZviv ag©wbi‡c¶Zv‡K msweav‡b
XywK‡q gvby‡li agx©q Abyf~wZ I a‡g©i cÖwZ Abyiv‡Mi welqwU
D‡c¶v K‡i‡Qb| kZKiv 85% gymjgv‡bi †`‡k
ag©wbi‡c¶Zv MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
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cwicš’x| †mKz¨jvi I †RvUwbi‡c¶ Av‡›`vj‡bi (NAM) m`m¨
n‡qI e½eÜzi †bZ…‡Z¡ evsjv‡`‡ki OIC kxl© m‡¤§j‡b †hvM`vb
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ci‡jvK, ¯^M©, biK, Rb¥vš—i cÖf„wZ ˆew`K a‡g©i g~j
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19
P¨v‡jÄ wn‡m‡e G‡mwQj ˆRb I †eŠ× ag© hv ˆew`K
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20
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21
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22
cÖ_g w`‡K evsjvq Invwe Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv n‡q‡Q| ïi“‡Z
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23
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24
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Ily‡ai A‡hŠw³K cÖ‡qv‡Mi e‡ov Drm n‡jv wPwKrm‡Ki
†ivM wbY©q I †cÖmwµckb| wPwKrmK wVKg‡Zv †ivM wbY©q
K‡i hyw³m½Zfv‡e Ilya cÖ`vb bv Ki‡j †ivMx Ily‡ai
Ace¨enviRwbZ mgm¨vi wkKvi n‡e| wPwKrmK Zvi `vwqZ¡
mwVK I wbf©yjfv‡e cvjb Ki‡jI Ily‡ai wWm‡cb&wms
hyw³m½Z ev mwVK bv n‡j †ivMx ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡e| Ab¨w`‡K,
†cÖmwµck‡b cÖ`Ë Ilya m¤ú‡K© †ivMx‡K ch©vß I cÖK…Z
Z_¨, civgk© ev Dc‡`k cÖ`vb Kiv bv n‡j, hyw³nxb
e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y †ivMx ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡q _v‡K| †ivMxi Rb¨
†cÖmwµck‡b Ilya cÖ`v‡b wPwKrmK hZ mZ©KZv, Ávb I
AwfÁZv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡eb, †ivMx ZZ †ewk DcK…Z n‡e|
†ivMcÖwZKvi I cÖwZ‡iv‡a wPwKrmK‡`i f‚wgKv‡K
†Kv‡bvfv‡eB Lv‡Uv K‡i †`Lvi AeKvk †bB|
Avgv‡`i †`‡k GKwU aviYv cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| wPwKrmK
Avm‡j Ilya QvovB †ivMxi A‡a©K †ivM fv‡jv n‡q hvq| Gi
25
†cQ‡b ÔˆeÁvwbK mZ¨Õ i‡q‡Q| KviY †iv‡Mi †¶‡Î A‡bK
mgq kixi I g‡bi †hvMm~Î Awfbœ| DbœZ we‡k¦ cÖK…Z
wPwKrmv ïi“i Av‡MB wPwKrmKMY cÖvqkB †ivMx‡K gb¯—
vwË¡Kfv‡e Pv½v Kivi D‡`¨vM †bb| †ivMx‡K Zvi †ivM m¤ú‡K©
cÖK…Z Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ges wPwKrmv m¤ú‡K© AewnZ Ki‡Z
wPwKrmKMY m`v m‡Pó _v‡Kb| G‡Z †ivMxi Av¯’v I
AvZ¥wek¦vm †e‡o hvq| †ivMxI mš‘ó bv nIqv ch©š— Z_¨
Rvbvi Rb¨ wPwKrmK‡K cÖkœ Kivi AwaKvi iv‡Lb| d‡j
†ivM wbY©q I Ilya cÖ‡qv‡M fyj Kg nq e‡j Ily‡ai
Ace¨enviI K‡g Av‡m|
ZviciI †`Lv †M‡Q, wek¦Ry‡o wPwKrmKMY Zv‡`i
†cÖmwµck‡b †hme Ilya wj‡L _v‡Kb Zvi me¸‡jv
hyw³m½Zfv‡e wj‡Lb bv| Ily‡ai GB A‡hŠw³K cÖ‡qv‡Mi
†cQ‡b eûwea KviY KvR K‡i| eû wPwKrmK †ckvMZ Ávb
I AwfÁZvi Afv‡e †ivMx‡K mwVK Ilya cÖ`v‡b m¶g nb
bv| Ávb-weÁv‡bi AMÖMwZ I cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Gme
wPwKrmK wb‡R‡`i hy‡Mvc‡hvMx K‡i M‡o Zzj‡Z m‡Pó nb
bv| Gme wPwKrmK mvaviYZ mbvZbx c×wZ‡Z hyM hyM a‡i
†m‡K‡j gvbwmKZv wb‡q wPwKrmv Pvwj‡q hvb e‡j †ivM wbY©q
ev Ilya cÖ`v‡b cÖvqkB fzj nq| Avgv‡`i gZ †`‡k AwZgvÎvq
e¨emvwqK g‡bve„wËi Kvi‡Y †ivMxi cÖPÊ Pvc mn¨ Ki‡Z bv
†c‡i wPwKrmKMY AmZ©KZv I Ae‡njvi Kvi‡Y †ivMx‡K
mwVK wPwKrmv cÖ`v‡b e¨_© nb| Ab¨w`‡K c„w_ex Ry‡oB eû †cÖmµvBevi‡`i m¤úK© hZUv bv †ckvMZ Zvi †P‡q †ewk
wPwKrmK Ilya †Kv¤cvwb KZ…©K cÖfvevwš^Z I cÖjyä n‡q e¨emvwqK| G ai‡bi A‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ê we‡k¦i eûRvwZK
AcÖ‡qvRbxq ¶wZKi Ges m¯—v Ily‡ai cwie‡Z© `vwg Ilya †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv AMÖMvgx n‡jI †QvU-eo, cÖwZwôZ-AcÖwZwôZ
†cÖmwµck‡b wj‡L _v‡Kb| Ilya †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv Ilya cÖwZwU Ilya †Kv¤cvwb wPwKrmK‡`i †cQ‡b Kg‡ewk A_© e¨q
evRviRvZ Kivi ci Ilya cÖ‡gvk‡b Ôme©kw³Õ wb‡qvM K‡i K‡i _v‡K| weª‡U‡b wPwKrmK wcQy Ilya †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv cÖwZ
_v‡K Zv‡`i Ily‡ai KvUwZ evov‡bvi Rb¨| DbœZ I AbybœZ eQi `yB j¶ UvKv e¨q K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k GB e¨‡qi cwigvY
†`‡ki Ilya †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv Zv‡`i Drcvw`Z Ily‡ai cÖ‡gvk‡b KZ Zv †K Rv‡b? Z‡e Av›`vR Kiv hvq Avgv‡`i evRvi`‡ii
ivR‰bwZK ÔjwesÕ-G wewjqb wewjqb Wjvi e¨q K‡i _v‡K| Zzjbvq †gv‡UB Zv Kg bq!
cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e GB e¨qfvi enb Ki‡Z nq wbixn G †M‡jv A‡_©i K_v| A_© QvovI Ilya-†Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv
†µZv ev †ivMx‡KB| Ily‡ai KvUwZ evov‡bvi Rb¨ Ilya wPwKrmK‡`i cÖPzi cwigvY Ilya webvg~‡j¨ m¨v¤új wnmv‡e
†Kv¤cvwb¸‡jvi g~j j¶¨ wPwKrmK| KviY wPwKrmKMY Dcnvi w`‡q _v‡K| AwfÁgnj g‡b K‡ib G ai‡bi
†cÖmwµck‡b †h Ilya wj‡Lb, †ivMx g~jZ †mB IlyaB wK‡b webvg~‡j¨i m¨v¤új Avi Ny‡li g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ AwZ bMY¨|
_v‡K| ¯^fveZB cÖkœ Av‡mÑwPwKrmKMY GB webvg~‡j¨i m¨v¤új
AwaK nv‡i gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Ilya †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv †Kb MÖnY K‡ib ev GB Ilya wb‡qB ev Zviv wK K‡ib?
mvaviYZ UwbK, wfUvwgb, nRgxKviK, eje„w×KviK, Gfv‡e webvg~‡j¨i m¨v¤új †bqv ev †`qv bxwZMZfv‡e ˆea
GbRvBg, KdwgKPvi, GjKvjvBRvi RvZxq AcÖ‡qvRbxq I n‡Z cv‡i bv| Gfv‡e webvg~‡j¨i m¨v¤új †`qv ev †bqv‡K
¶wZKi Ilya Drcv`‡b †ewk Zrci _v‡K| KviY wbwl× †NvlYv Kivi mgq G‡m‡Q|
AZ¨vek¨Kxq Ily‡ai †P‡q Gme Z_vKw_Z Ily‡ai Ici gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi gZ DbœZ †`‡kI †cÖmwµck‡b cÖ`Ë
gybvdvi nvi eû¸Y †ewk| G gybvdvi nvi Av‡iv AwaK ¸‡Y Ily‡ai cwigvY †bnv‡qZ Kg bq| GK cwimsL¨v‡b †`Lv hvq,
†e‡o hvq hLb wPwKrmKMY Zv‡`i †cÖmwµck‡b Gme wPwKrmKMY e¨e¯’vc‡Î †hme Ilya wj‡L _v‡Kb Zvi g‡a¨
Ilyabvgavix cY¨ wbwe©Pv‡i MÖn‡Yi wb‡`©kbv (†cÖmµvBe) A‡K‡Rv ev AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ily‡ai cwigvY cÖvq †ZwÎk kZvsk|
w`‡q _v‡Kb| Ilya †Kv¤úvwbi mv‡_ Gme Ilya d«v‡Ý wewfbœ cwimsL¨v‡b †`Lv hvq, †W›Uvj mvR©b KZ…©K
26
cÖ`Ë A¨vw›Uev‡qvwU‡Ki kZKiv 45 fvMB AcÖ‡qvRbxq e‡j
AwfÁgnj gZ †cvlY K‡ib| eq¯‹ †jvK‡`i †ejvq Ilya
cÖ‡qv‡Mi 50 fvM †¶‡Î †Kvb wPwKrmvi bxwZgvjv AbymiY
Kiv nq bv e‡j Ab¨ GK cwimsL¨v‡b †`Lv †M‡Q| Gme
AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ilya †me‡bi wb‡`©k †`qvi Rb¨ wPwKrmK‡`i
Ag‡bv‡hvM Ges AÁZv‡K `vqx Kiv nq| weª‡U‡b GK
mgx¶vq †`Lv hvq †h-me gwnjv mš—vb cÖm‡ei Rb¨
nvmcvZv‡j fwZ© nq Zv‡`i A‡bK‡K cÖm‡ei Av‡Mi ivw·Z
Ny‡gi Ilya cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Mf©eZx gv‡q‡`i Gfv‡e Ny‡gi
Ilya cÖ‡qv‡Mi †hŠw³KZv m¤ú‡K© cÖkœ DV‡jI Gi mwZ¨Kvi
Reve cvIqv hvq wb| cÖkœ D‡V‡Q mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© G Ilya Kvi
Rb¨? gv bvwK ev”Pvi Rb¨? bvwK wPwKrmK I †gwWK¨vj
÷vd‡`i Rb¨, hviv ivw·Z kvwš—‡Z Nygv‡Z Pvb?
Z…Zxq we‡k¦i gZ Avgv‡`i †`‡kI me‡P‡q †ewk
Ace¨eüZ Ilya¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK,
wm‡WwUf, A¨vw›UWvqvwiqvj, wfUvwgb, UwbK, KdwgKPvi,
†÷i‡qW, A¨vw›Uwn÷vwgb, A¨v›UvwmW RvZxq Ilya| UwbK
wfUvwg‡bi cÖwZ gvby‡li AK…wÎg `ye©jZv i‡q‡Q| G `ye©jZvi
KviY Ilya †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jvi A‰bwZK WªvM cÖ‡gvkb Ges
wPwKrmK KZ…©K Gme Ily‡ai XvjvI cÖ‡qvM| UwbK I
wfUvwgb m¤ú‡K© A‡bK wPwKrmKmn Ilya †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv
†hme åvš— aviYv Rbmg‡¶ Zz‡j a‡i Zvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q UwbK
27
I wfUvwgb †me‡b bvwK fMœ¯^v¯’¨ D×vi nq, eq¯‹‡`i †hŠeb
cÖvwß, wkï‡`i †gav I e‡qvte„w×, Z¡‡Ki kªxe„w×, Pzj cov eÜ
nq BZ¨vw`| Gme e³‡e¨i †Kvb ˆeÁvwbK wfwË bv _vKv
m‡Ë¡I eû wPwKrmK cÖvqkB Gme e¯‘ †cÖmwµck‡b wj‡L
_v‡Kb| †ivMx cÖ‡qvRbxq g‡b K‡i cÖPzi A_© e¨‡qi gva¨‡g
Gme Ilya wK‡b _v‡K| G Ace¨vL¨v I Ace¨envi ¯úóZB
cÖeÂbvi kvwgj|
Ily‡ai AccÖ‡qvM I Ace¨env‡ii d‡j †ivMx wewfbœfv‡e
¶wZMÖ¯— nq| †cÖmwµck‡b cÖ`Ë Ily‡ai †KvbwU cÖ‡qvRbxq
Avi †KvbwU AcÖ‡qvRbxq ev cÖ`Ë Ily‡ai mv‡_ m„ó †iv‡Mi
Av‡`Š m¤úK© i‡q‡Q wK bv Gme cÖkœ Dc¯’vcb Kivi †hvM¨Zv
I ¶gZv †ivMxiv mPivPi iv‡L bv| d‡j †ivMx †cÖmwµckb
†gvZv‡eK Ilya wKb‡Z I MÖnY Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| †cÖmwµckb
†gvZv‡eK AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ilya wKb‡j †ivMx Avw_©Kfv‡e
¶wZMÖ¯— nq| AcÖvmw½K ev ¶wZKi Ilya wKb‡Z †M‡j †ivMx
gvivZ¥K cvk¦©cÖwZwµqvq, welwµqv ev weiƒc cÖwZwµqvi
wkKvi nq| G ¶wZi `vq-`vwqZ¡ †_‡K wPwKrmKMY Ae¨nwZ
†c‡Z cv‡i bv| DbœZ we‡k¦ †ivMx wPwKrm‡Ki fzj wm×v‡š—i
Kvi‡Y ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡j AvB‡bi Avkªq wb‡Z cv‡i| AbybœZ
†`k¸wj‡Z †ivMx GB myweav ev AwaKvi †fvM K‡i bv| KviY
Avgv‡`i gZ †`‡k g‡b Kiv nq †ivMx Kgbg¨vb Avi
wPwKrmKiv mycvig¨vb! ZvB mycvig¨vb‡`i Revew`wnZvi
†¶‡Î `vqe×Zv Lye †ewk cwijw¶Z nq bv|
evsjv‡`‡k WªvM cÖea©‡b †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv †gwWK¨vj
wi‡cÖ‡R‡›UwUf ev WªvM cÖ‡gvkb Awdmvi wb‡qvM K‡i _v‡K|
evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZ wZbRb wPwKrm‡Ki †cQ‡b GKRb
wi‡cÖ‡Rb‡›UwUf i‡q‡Q Ges G Lv‡Z cÖwZ eQi †KvwU †KvwU
UvKv LiP nq| GB wi‡cÖ‡Rb‡›UwUfMY AwaKvsk †¶‡Î Ilya
we‡klÁ bq Ges †Kvb †Kvb mgq Ily‡ai Ici G‡`i chv©ß
ÁvbI _v‡K bv| hw`I Zv‡`i †Kvb †Kvb mgq WªvM cÖea©‡bi
Ici cÖwk¶Y †`qv n‡q _v‡K| wKš‘ WªvM cÖea©‡bi Rb¨ Ilya-
†Kv¤úvwb KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ GB cÖwk¶Y KZUzKz wbi‡c¶
Ges cÖK…Z Z_¨ mv‡c¶ Zv g~j¨vq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| Giv
mvaviYZ †Kv¤cvwbi e¨emvwqK ¯^v_©Uv‡K eo K‡i †`‡L Ges
†m †gvZv‡eK wPwKrmK‡K Ilya cÖ‡qvM I WªvM †÷vi¸‡jv‡K
Ilya wKb‡Z cÖjyä K‡i| cÖK…Z cÖ¯—v‡e †Kvb †iv‡Mi †¶‡Î
Ilya wbe©vP‡b cÖK…Z Z_¨ bv †c‡j wPwKrmK weåvš— nq Ges
d‡j fyj ev ¶wZKi Ilya cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j †ivMx ¶wZMÖ¯— nq|
ZvB Ilya †Kv¤cvwb¸‡jv †hb wPwKrmK I †ivMxi Rb¨ cÖK…Z
I chv©ß Z_¨ cÖev‡ni wbðqZv weavb K‡i †m e¨vcv‡i
miKv‡ii `„p c`‡¶c †bqv DwPZ|
eZ©gv‡b Ily‡ai †Rvqv‡i Avgv‡`i wPwKrmKMY fvm‡Qb
Avi G‡Zvme Ily‡ai Ici cÖK…Z Z_¨ A‡š^l‡Y wngwkg
28
Lv‡”Qb| †Kvb †`‡k Ily‡ai msL¨vq mxgve×Zv bv _vK‡j Ges
evRvi cÖ‡qvRbxq ev AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ily‡a c­vweZ n‡q †M‡j me
Ily‡ai Ici mg¨K aviYv AR©b †Kvb wPwKrm‡Ki GKvi
c‡¶ m¤¢e bq| mywPwKrmvi Rb¨ mxgve× Ily‡ai Ici chv©ß
Ávb, AmsL¨ Ily‡ai Ici Ac~Y© I fvmvfvmv Áv‡bi †P‡q
A‡bK DcKvix| Ily‡ai djcÖm~ I hyw³m½Z cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨
†Kv¤úvwb cÖ`Ë bv‡gi cwie‡Z© Ily‡ai †R‡bwiK bvg e¨envi
Avek¨K| cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡k ¯^v¯’¨e¨e¯’vi DbœwZK‡í GKwU
AZ¨vek¨Kxq Ily‡ai ZvwjKv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| mywPwKrmvi
¯^v‡_© wPwKrmK‡`i Rb¨ _vKv cÖ‡qvRb GKwU Av`k© wPwKrmv
MvBWjvBb| evsjv‡`‡ki gZ GKwU AbybœZ †`‡ki wbixn
Rbmvavi‡Yi my¯^v¯’¨ wbwðZKi‡Y Gme c×wZ MÖn‡Yi †Kvb
weKí bvB|
Aa¨vcK W. gybxiDwÏb Avng` : dv‡g©wm Abyl`, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq Ges
†cÖv-wfwm, B÷ I‡q÷ BDwbfvwm©wU, XvKv|
fzqvweÁvb †gjv PvB weÁv‡bi Af~Zce© DbœwZi hy‡M fzqv-weÁv‡bi GB mvdj¨

gwbi“j Bmjvg Agv‡`i fvevq| Gi cwiYwZ wb‡q Avgiv wPwš—Z n‡q cwo|
gvby‡li weÁvb-†PZbv Ges †hŠw³KZv‡eva wK Zvn‡j GwM‡q
hv‡”Q bvwK wcwQ‡q hv‡”Q? G hy‡MI fzqv-weÁvb-Gi `vcU I
†`Šiv‡Z¥i KviY Z‡e wK?
Bs‡iwR‡Z e‡j my‡Wv-mv‡qÝ (pseudoscience), evsjvq †KD e‡j
GK_v wVK GKyk kZ‡Ki GB ¶‡Y AvaywbK weÁvb gvbe
AcweÁvb, †KD QÙ-weÁvb, †KDev e‡j fzqv-weÁvb| A_©vr
RvwZi GKvs‡ki RvMwZK-†eva‡K cwiYwZi GK DbœZ
evB‡ii nuvKWvK Avi Avo¤^i †`‡L AvcvZ`„wó‡Z ÔweÁvbÕ
ch©v‡q wb‡q †M‡Q Ges weÁvb-wbf©i cÖhyw³ Avgv‡`i
e‡j g‡b n‡jI Avm‡j GUv fvIZvevwR| Avgv‡`i GK
A‡bK‡K w`‡q‡Q cÖK…wZ‡K wbqš¿‡Yi GK Af~Zc~e© ¶gZv|
Ô`x¶v¸i“Õ †KŠZyK K‡i e‡jwQ‡jb, ÔweÁvb-Av‡›`vjb
wKš‘ Zvi gv‡b GB bq †h c„w_exi AwaKvsk gvbyl
Kg©x‡`i †ewkifvM mgq KvUv‡Z n‡e fzqv-weÁvb wb‡q|Õ AvR
weÁvb‡PZbv-m¤úbœ n‡q †M‡Q| eis Avgv‡`i KvÊÁvb †_‡K
A‡bK eQi ci Zuvi K_vi ¸i“Z¡ bZzb K‡i Abyfe KiwQ|
G K_v eyS‡Z Amyweav nq bv †h †ewkifvM gvbylB
KviY Avgv‡`i Av‡kcv‡kB †`L‡Z cvw”Q bvbv Ac‡KŠk‡j
weÁvb‡PZbv †_‡K A‡bK `~‡i i‡q †M‡Q| ïay ZvB bq Avgiv
†KvwU †KvwU gvby‡li wPš—v-†PZbv‡K weåvš— Ki‡Q bvbv
hw` †ewki fvM gvby‡li K_vB awi Zvn‡j weL¨vZ †jLK I
wKwm‡gi fzqv-weÁvb| gybvdv, Kv‡qgx ¯^v_© Ges
BwZnvmwe` GBP wR I‡qj‡mi m‡½ AvgivI GKgZ ne|
AcivRbxwZi c‡¶ e¨eüZ nevi d‡j A‡bK †¶‡ÎB Gi
I‡qjm GK`v e‡jwQ‡jbÑÔG kZ‡Ki †ewki fvM gvby‡li
MwZ n‡q‡Q AcÖwZ‡iva¨ Ges `vcU n‡q‡Q Amvgvb¨|
wPš—vfvebv wZb nvRvi eQi Av‡Mi Avgv‡`i cÖvK-mf¨ ev
dzUcv‡_i ÔK¨vbfvmviÕ†_‡K ïi“ K‡i ag©Zš¿, eûRvwZK
Avw`g c~e©cyi“l‡`i gZB|Õ
†Kv¤úvwb, Avš—R©vwZK ms¯’v, ivóªxq cÖwZôvb mK‡jB fzqv-
GRb¨ Ab¨Zg cÖavb GKwU KviY nj c„w_exi e¨vcK
weÁv‡bi Dci fi Ki‡Q bvbv iKg ¯^v_©-wmw×i dw›` †_‡K|
AwaKvsk gvbyl A¶iÁvb I AvaywbK wk¶v †_‡K ewÂZ|
Zv‡`i GB AcZrciZv AZ¨š— mvd‡j¨i m‡½ e¨vcK msL¨K
hviv A¶iÁvb I wk¶v cv‡”Q ZvivI co‡Q bvbv ai‡bi
gvbyl‡K weåvš— K‡i Zv‡`i‡K IB dw›`i duv‡` †dj‡Q|
Acwk¶v I Kzwk¶vi Ke‡j| Awk¶v I Kzwk¶vi c_ a‡i
29
wU‡K Av‡Q Kzms¯‹viv”Qbœ †jvKvPvi, †gŠjev`x ag©xq weavb gvby‡li Mfxi Av¯’v I wek¦vm| gvby‡li Mfxi Av¯’v I
Ges wPš—vi ˆ`b¨| cÖhyw³i †PvLauvav‡bv Sjg‡j bvbv wek¦vm‡K cyuwR K‡i gybvdv ev Ab¨ †Kvb ¯^v_© AR©‡bi Rb¨
Avwe®‹v‡ii wecix‡Z †PZbvi GK AÜKvi w`K‡K †`L‡Z cvB ˆZwi nq bKj ev fzqv-weÁvb|
fzqv-weÁv‡bi `vc‡Ui gv‡S| cÖPwjZ †jvKvPvi I mvgvwRK
weav‡bi ga¨Kvi A‡hŠw³K I cðv`c` Dcv`vb‡K †Pbv hZ
mnR weÁv‡bi QÙ‡e‡k _vKv fzqv-weÁvb‡K †Pbv ZZ mnR
bq| weÁv‡bi QÙ‡e‡k _v‡K e‡jB fzqv-weÁvb mvaviY
gvbyl‡K Lye mn‡RB weåvš— Ki‡Z cv‡i| mvaviY gvbyl
G¸‡jv‡K ÔweÁvbÕ e‡jB g‡b K‡i Ges bvbvfv‡e cÖZvwiZ
nq| A‡bK fzqv-weÁvbx e‡m Av‡Q Avgv‡`i Av‡kcv‡kB
gnvweÁvbx †m‡R, Avgiv wPb‡Z cviwQ bv|
†h me wel‡qi Dci gvby‡li fw³, fq, Av¯’v ev cQ›`
†Pbv Ri“wi wKš‘ mnR bq
_v‡K †m¸‡jvi bKj wRwbm †ei n‡Z †ewk mgq jv‡M bv|
Av‡MB e‡jwQ fzqv-weÁvb †ewki fvM mg‡qB †Kvb bv †Kvb
bvbv iKg ¯^v_© wmw×i Rb¨ cÖZviK I avÜvevR e¨w³ ev †Mvôx
weÁv‡bi QÙvei‡Y _v‡K| †hgb ÔfvM¨ MYbviÕ Z_vKw_Z
Gi †gwK cÖwZiƒc ˆZwi K‡i| fzqv Wv³vi, fzqv cywjk, fzqv
Ô†R¨vwZl kv¯¿Õ _v‡K †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡bi Avei‡Y| G‡Z A‡b‡K
Kg©KZ©v, fzqv e¨vsK, fÊ cxi, fÊ `i‡ek, bKj †mvbv,
G‡K †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡bi ÔkvLvÕ ev Gi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z weÁvb e‡j
bKj nxiv BZ¨vw` Avgv‡`i mgv‡R †gv‡UI weij bq| GiKg
g‡b K‡ib| †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡bi wewfbœ cwifvlv e¨envi Ki‡jI
A‡bK fzqv I f‡Êi cvkvcvwk AvRKvj fzqvweÁvbI gv_v
GB Ôkv‡¯¿iÕ †Kv‡bv ˆeÁvwbK wfwË †bB| GwU GKwU wb‡f©Rvj
Zz‡j `uvov‡”Q e¨vcKfv‡e| ïay Avgv‡`i gZ wcwQ‡q cov
fzqvweÁvb| GiKg fv‡e weÁv‡bi bvbv kvLvcÖkvLv †hgb
mgv‡R bq, ÔDbœZ wek¦Õ e‡j cwiwPZ †`k I mgv‡RI Gi
f~ZË¡, f~‡Mvj, wPwKrmvweÁvb,gbweÁvb, c`v_©weÁvb
cÖ‡Kvc Kg bq, eis w`‡b w`‡b evo‡Q| weÁv‡bi cÖwZ cÖZviK
BZ¨vw`i QÙvei‡Y D™¢e N‡U‡Q eû ai‡bi fzqv-weÁv‡bi|
I avÜvevR‡`i GB AvMÖ‡ni KviY weÁv‡bi cÖwZ mvaviY
30
†ewki fvM gvby‡li c‡¶B fzqvweÁv‡bi IB me Kg©KvÊ
†_‡K cÖK…Z weÁvb‡K Avjv`v K‡i wPb‡Z cviv KwVb n‡q
hvq| Zviv g‡b K‡i G¸‡jv weÁv‡biB kvLv ev ewa©Z †Kvb
Ask| A‡bK mgq cÖK…Z ˆeÁvwbK Kg©Kv‡Êi †Kvb Ask
we‡kl wb‡q Ggb wKQz e¨vL¨v-we lY nvwRi Kiv nq hvi
†Kvb ˆeÁvwbK wfwË †bB| weÁv‡bi A‡bK kvLviB G ai‡bi
A‰eÁvwbK Ask i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv cÖvqB Avgv‡`i weåvš— I
cÖZvwiZ K‡i| †hgb DcMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g †Zvjv g½j MÖ‡ni wKQz
Qwei gbMov e¨vL¨v †`b wiPvW© wm nMj¨vÛ bv‡gi GK
KíKvwnwb †jLK| g½j MÖn m¤ú‡K© Zvi KvíwbK aviYv¸‡jv
cÖKv‡ki mgq wZwb e¨envi K‡ib MwYZ I †R¨vwZwe©`¨vi
wewfbœ cwifvlv| hvi d‡j mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q Zvi e¨vL¨vi
fzqv-ˆeÁvwbK iƒcwU A‡bKUv Avovj n‡q hvq| GiKg
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †KvbwU weÁvb Ges †KvbwU fzqv-weÁvb Zv †evSv
KwVb n‡q c‡i|
weÁv‡bi m‡½ c„_K K‡i †Pbv †ek KwVb e‡jB
fzqvweÁvb‡K mn‡R AMÖvn¨ Kiv hvq bv| fzqvweÁvb‡K
c„_Kfv‡e wPb‡Z cviv ˆeÁvwbK wPš—vi cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ AZ¨š—
¸i“Z¡c~Y©| AvaywbK hy‡M †hme gbxlx ˆeÁvwbK wPš—v I
weÁv‡bi `k©‡bi mgm¨v wb‡q Mfxifv‡e wPš—v K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i
A‡b‡KB †f‡e‡Qb wK K‡i mn‡R GB c„_KxKiY Kiv hvq|
wesk kZ‡K weÁv‡bi `vk©wbK Kvj© ccvi GB mgm¨v wb‡q
31
†ek bvovPvov K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb Gi bvg w`‡qwQ‡jb Ôthe
Demarcation ProblemÕ ev Ôc„_KxKi‡Yi mgm¨vÕ| ccvi g‡b
Ki‡Zb weÁvb I fzqvweÁv‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kivi ¶gZv
†Kej weÁvbx I `vk©wbK‡`i g‡a¨ _vK‡jB Pj‡e bv mvaviY
gvby‡li g‡a¨I _vK‡Z n‡e : ÔKviY weÁvb GZ kw³kvjx I
¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ges fzqvweÁvb GZUvB eûj cÖPwjZ I ¶wZKi †h
G‡K wPb‡Z bv-cviv †h †Kvb gy³ mgv‡Ri c‡¶ eo ai‡bi
¶wZi KviY n‡Z cv‡i|ÕÑccv‡ii GB aviYv wQj AZ¨š—
mwVK|
weÁv‡bi `vk©wbK‡`i g‡a¨ ccviB cÖ_g Lye ¸i“‡Z¡i m‡½
weÁv‡bi m‡½ AweÁvb-fzqvweÁvb BZ¨vw`i cv_©K¨ Kivi
GKwU Kvh©Ki c×wZ wbY©‡qi †Póv K‡iwQ‡jb| ccv‡ii
c×wZ Abyhvqx †Kvb cÖ¯—vebv (nvB‡cvw_wmm) ev cÖK‡íi
h_v_©Zv wbf©i K‡i ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖ¯—vebvwUi fzj
cÖgvwYZ Kivi (Falsify) m¤¢vebvi Dci| Zvi GB c×wZi g‡a¨
†gŠwjK †h welqwU MÖnY Kiv hvq †mwU n‡”Q A‡bK¸‡jv fzj
cÖ¯—vebv‡K fzj cÖgv‡Yi gva¨‡g mwVK-cÖ¯—vebv ev cÖK…Z
mZ¨‡K cvIqv hvq| wKš‘ ccv‡ii GB c×wZ A‡bK †¶‡Î
Kvh©Ki n‡jI A‡bK †¶‡Î weåvwš—i Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q| ZvB
ccv‡ii c×wZ cieZ©xKv‡j weÁv‡bi `vk©wbK‡`i
mgv‡jvPbvi wkKvi n‡q‡Q Ges cwic~Y©fv‡e M„nxZ nq wb|
 weÁvb‡K fzqv-weÁvb †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i †Pbvi Rb¨
weÁv‡bi c×wZMZ GKwU Kwócv_i Aek¨B _vK‡Z n‡e|
wKš‘ fzqvweÁv‡bi bvbv ai‡bi wewPÎ iKg mvgvwRK Abyl½
I ¯^v‡_©i m‡½ Rwo‡q _v‡K e‡j ïay c×wZMZ Am½wZ bq
Av_©- mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZi Abyl‡½ fzqv-weÁvb‡K
†evSvi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| Av‡MI D‡ L K‡iwQ, weÁv‡bi
wewfbœ cwifvlv, hyw³ I DcKi‡Yi m‡½ wg‡k _v‡K e‡j
fzqvweÁvb‡K †Pbv KwVb nq| ZvB fzqvweÁvb‡K †Pbvi †¶‡Î
Avgv‡`i fzqvweÁvb‡K Avovj K‡i ivLv weÁv‡bi kvLvwUi
cÖK…wZ Ges Gi mxgve×Zv m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vKv Ri“wi| ïay
ZvB bq Avgiv hw` †Kvb GK cÖKvi fzqvweÁv‡bi M‡o IVv
Ges gvbyl‡K weåvš— Kivi †¶‡Î Gi mvd‡j¨i KviY eyS‡Z
PvB Zvn‡j AviI wKQz welq m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i ¯úó aviYv
_vK‡Z n‡e| GB welq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© n‡”Q hyw³
KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ Ôweåvwš—Ki Dcv`vbÕ (Fallacy) Ges gvbyl
wKfv‡e †Kvb wel‡qi Dci wek¦vm ¯’vcb K‡i Zvi gb¯—Ë¡|
weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvq †Kvb NUbv ev cÖc‡K e¨vL¨vi
†¶‡Î eY©bv I hyw³ Dc¯’vc‡bi aib Ggb _v‡K †h Zv †_‡K
g‡b n‡Z cv‡i †h Gi g‡a¨ ÔAwZcÖvK…ZÕ wKQz Av‡Q| †hgb hw`
ejv nqÑGB IlyawUi KvR nj i³Pvc Ges eyK aidi Kiv
Kgv‡bv| ÔKvRÕ kãwU Avgv‡`i Abyf‡e m‡PZb GKwU wµqvi
K_v Rvbvb †`q hv Ro e¯‘i c‡¶ Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB Dc‡ii
32
eY©bv c‡o g‡b n‡Z cv‡i IlyawUi †Kv‡bv A‡jŠwKK ¸Yv¸Y
i‡q‡Q| G iKg Ôg‡b nIqvÕi Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o DV‡Z
cv‡i wewfbœiKg fzqv-ˆeÁvwbK e¨vL¨v| Ab¨w`‡K †ewki fvM
fzqv-weÁv‡bi m¤úK© _v‡K mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I
ivR‰bwZK ¯^v_©wmw×i bvbv iKg dw›`-wdwK‡ii m‡½| ZvB
mgvR I ivRbxwZi cwiYZ †eva Qvov A‡bK †¶‡Î fzqv-
weÁvb‡K cwic~Y©fv‡e †evSv hvq bv|
1970-Gi `kK †_‡K fzqvweÁv‡bi ¯^iƒc D‡b¥vP‡bi
j‡¶¨ KvR Ki‡Qb cj _¨vMvW©| 1978 m‡b cÖKvwkZ ÔWhy
Astrology is a PseudoscienceÕ (evsjvqÑÔ†Kb †R¨vwZlkv¯¿ GKwU
fzqv weÁvbÕ?) wbe‡Ü fzqv-weÁvb‡K wPwýZ Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb
fzqvweÁv‡bi GKwU msÁv †`b hv wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ cvV¨cy¯—
‡K Qvcv nq| GB msÁv AbyhvqxÑÔGKwU ZË¡ ZLbB fzqv-
ˆeÁvwbK e‡j wPwýZ n‡e hw` GwU `xN©mgq a‡i IB cÖc‡K
e¨vL¨v Kivi †¶‡Î weKí ZË¡¸‡jvi Zzjbvq Kg cÖMwZkxj ev
wbw®Œq _v‡K| A_©vr eûiKg AgxgvswmZ mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL
nIqv m‡Ë¡I Gi PP©vKvix Rb‡Mvôx GB mgm¨v¸‡jv
mgvav‡bi †¶‡Î †Zgb †Kvb D‡`¨vM †bq bv, Zv‡`i ZË¡‡K
G wel‡qi Ab¨vb¨ Z‡Ë¡i m‡½ Zzjbvg~jK wePv‡ii †Kvb
D‡`¨vM †bq bv Ges (mZ¨-wg_¨v m¤ú‡K©) wbwðZ nIqvi
†¶‡Î c¶cvZg~jK AvPiY K‡i|Õ
 cieZ©x mg‡q _¨vMvW© Dcjwä K‡ib Gfv‡e msÁv w`‡q
weÁv‡bi m‡½ fzqvweÁvb‡K c„_K Kivi †P‡q fzqvweÁv‡bi
ˆewk󨸇jv mywbw`©ófv‡e Rvwb‡q w`‡j mvaviY gvby‡li c‡¶
fzqvweÁvb‡K wPwýZ Kiv mnR n‡e| 1988 mv‡j †jLv
ÔComputational Philosophy of ScienceÕ kxl©K eB‡q wZwb weÁvb I
fzqvweÁv‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨m~PK ˆewkó¨mg~n‡K mywbw`©ófv‡e
wPwýZ K‡ib| hvi d‡j weÁvb I fzqvweÁv‡bi c„_KxKiY
A‡bK mnR nq| AwZm¤cÖwZ Ab¨ GKwU
ˆewk󨸇jv‡K wZwb AviI mg‡qvc‡hvMx K‡i †Zv‡jb|
_¨vMv‡W©i wPwýZ ˆewk󨸇jv n‡”Q :
1. weÁvb †Kvb welq‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i mywbw`©ó c×wZi
gva¨‡g, fzqvweÁv‡b †Kvb c×wZwbf©i e¨vL¨v _v‡K
bv|
2. weÁvb (welq I e¯‘i) m¤úK© wba©viYKvix wPš—v‡K
e¨envi K‡i, †h wPš—v cÖK…wZi wewfbœ w`K‡K
Avwe®‹v‡ii R‡b¨ cwimsL¨v‡bi c×wZ¸‡jv e¨envi
K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K fzqvweÁvb AvßevK¨ ev w¯’i wek¦vm
ev †MuvRvwgjc~Y© wPš—vi Dci wbf©i K‡i| G ai‡bi
wPš—v †_‡K Zviv Ggb wm×v‡š— DcbxZ nq
†hÑÔRM‡Z e¯‘mg~‡ni g‡a¨ Aímí m¤úK© Av‡Q
KviY Zviv GKB ai‡bi|Õ
33
3. ˆeÁvwbK Z‡Ë¡i e¨enviKvixMY me©`vB wewfbœ
weKí ZË¡mg~‡ni wbwi‡L Zvi Z‡Ë¡i h_v_©Zv hvPvB
Ki‡Z AvMÖnx _v‡Kb| Ab¨w`‡K fzqvweÁv‡bi
PP©vKvixMY weKí ZË¡¸‡jv‡K AMÖvn¨ K‡i|
4. weÁvb Ggb Z‡Ë¡i AeZviYv K‡i hv RwUj bq
wKš‘ Gi _v‡K e¨vL¨v Kivi wek` ¶gZv| Avi
fzqvweÁvb Ggb Z‡Ë¡i AeZviYv K‡i hvi e¨vL¨v
wbe‡Ü w`‡Z wM‡q AviI A‡bK wKQz a‡i wb‡Z nq ev bZzb
bZzb (gbMov) cÖKí MÖnY Ki‡Z _v‡K|
5. mg‡qi m‡½ m‡½ weÁvb GwM‡q hvq bZyb Z_¨‡K
e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ bZzb ZË¡ wb‡q Av‡m| fzqvweÁvb Zvi
bxwZ I cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î Abo Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K|
Dc‡i D wLZ weÁvb I fzqvweÁv‡bi cv_©K¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨
me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cv_©K¨ nj weÁvb GKwU mywbw`©ó cÖwµqv
Abyhvqx P‡j, fzqvweÁv‡bi G ai‡bi †Kvb cÖwµqv _v‡K bv|
cÖwµqvi welqwU fzqvweÁvb AMÖvn¨ K‡i| cÖwµqv ej‡Z
†evSvq Ggb GK myywbw`©ó c×wZ †hLv‡b K‡qKwU Dcv`v‡bi
wg_w®Œqvq wbqwgZ GK ai‡bi dj cvIqv hvq| †hgb imvqb
ev ˆRecÖcÂmg~‡ni †¶‡ÎI Avgiv e¨vcb (diffusion) bvgK
GKwU cÖwµqv Avgiv †`wL, †hLv‡b Aa©cwievnx c`©v
(Semipermeable mebrane) †hgb †KvlwSি i GK cvk †_‡K
Ab¨cv‡k e¯‘KYv Kx nv‡i AwZµg Ki‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i c`©vi
`yB cv‡k e¯‘KYvi Nb‡Z¡i cv_©‡K¨i Dci| GB cÖwµqv mKj nb ZLb Gi Øviv mvaviY gvbyl †Zv e‡UB Ávb-weÁv‡bi m‡½
A‰Re I ˆRe cÖc‡Â GKBfv‡e wµqv K‡i| e¯‘RM‡Zi m¤úwK©Z e¨w³ivI cÖvqB weåvš— n‡q _v‡Kb| G Kvi‡YB
†Kv‡bv wbqg Abyhvqx ev c`v‡_©i †Kvb ag© Abyhvqx G NUbv Avgv‡`i Av‡kcv‡k _vKv bvbv cÖKv‡ii fzqvweÁv‡bi ¯^iƒc
N‡U weÁvb Zvi e¨vL¨v mywbw`©ófv‡e w`‡q _v‡K| m~²fv‡e ch©‡e¶Y Kiv Ges Gi MwZcÖK…wZ I D‡Ïk¨
fzqvwÁvb Ggb †Kvb cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ hvq bv ev †h‡Z cv‡i m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv _vKv Ri“wi|
bv KviY Zv‡`i cÖ¯—vebv¸‡jv e¯‘RM‡Zi ch©‡e¶‡Yi Dci
Av‡kcv‡k bvbvb †e‡k
wfwË K‡i M‡o I‡V bv| †hgb Ô†R¨vwZl kv¯¿Õ †hme NUbv
weÁvb †gvUvgywU eûj cÖPwjZ Ges RbwcÖq nevi ci †_‡KB
NU‡e ev N‡U‡Q e‡j `vwe K‡i Zvi fvmvfvmv †hvMm~‡Îi K_v
bvbv cÖKv‡ii fzqvweÁv‡biI DrcwË n‡Z _v‡K| Ebwesk
ej‡jI †Kvb mywbw`©ó †Kvb cÖwµqv Av‡Q Ggb wKQz cÖgvY
kZK †_‡K Avgiv D L‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU fzqvweÁv‡bi DrcwË
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| R‡b¥i mgq AvKv‡ki Zviv¸wji GKwU
n‡Z †`wL, †nvwgIc¨vw_ Ges †d«‡bvjwR Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg|
we‡kl Ae¯’vb Kx K‡i GKRb gvby‡li e¨w³‡Z¡i
†hme fzqvweÁvb h‡_ó RbwcÖq I cÖPwjZ n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv
ˆewk󨸇jv wba©viY K‡i †m iKg †Kvb cÖwµqv †`Lv‡Z cv‡i
j¶¨ Ki‡j Avgiv †`wL †ewkifvM fzqvweÁv‡bi DrcwË
bv †R¨vwZlkv¯¿| †hme NUbv N‡U‡Q ev NU‡e e‡j Zviv `vwe
n‡q‡Q weÁv‡bi Avwe®‹…Z Z_¨ I PP©vi m‡½ cÖPwjZ wek¦v‡mi
K‡i Zvi †Kvb ev¯—e ch©‡e¶Y, cix¶v-wbix¶v ev
ÔAwZcÖvK…ZÕ Dcv`vb wgwk‡q| A‡bK †¶‡Î cÖPwjZ †Kvb
weÁvbm¤§Z cwimsL¨vb i‡q‡Q GgbI †`Lv‡Z cv‡i bv Zviv|
e„wËi AwZcÖvK…Z e¨vL¨v ev` w`‡q GKB NUbvi ÔˆeÁvwbKÕ
Zvn‡j Avgiv †`LwQ Dc‡i D wLZ welq¸‡jv ¸i“‡Z¡i
e¨vL¨v †`Iqv ïi“ nq weÁv‡bi †Kv‡bv Avwe®‹v‡ii m‡½
m‡½ j¶¨ Ki‡j Avgiv mn‡RB wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvie †KvbwU
wgwj‡q| †hgb gvby‡li fv‡M¨i Dci MÖ‡ni cÖfv‡ei e¨vcviwU
weÁvb Ges †KvbwU fzqvweÁvb| wKš‘ ev¯—e-Rxe‡b Avgv‡`i
G‡mwQj KviY cÖvPxbKv‡ji gvby‡li wek¦vm wQj MÖn¸wj GK
Av‡kcv‡k fzqvweÁvb Ggbfv‡e Qwo‡q _v‡K †h Avgiv
GKwU †`eZv, Giv G‡`i ¯^fve Abyhvqx gvby‡li Rxe‡bi
A‡bK mgq Zv j¶¨ Kwi bv| cÖvqB †`Lv hvq G¸‡jv _v‡K
Dci cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i| wbDUb gnvKl©ZË¡ Avwe®‹v‡ii ci
weÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ Abyl‡½i m‡½ wg‡k| weÁv‡bi m‡½
†`eZv‡`i cÖfv‡ei e`‡j G‡m †M‡Q MÖn-b¶‡Îi AvKl©Y|
m¤úwK©Z e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb hLb G ai‡bi cÖ‡Póvi m‡½ hy³
34
Gfv‡eB weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvi Dci wfwË K‡i bvbv D‡Ïk¨
wb‡q M‡o D‡V‡Q wewfbœ ai‡bi fzqvweÁv‡bi PP©v| Avgiv hw`
mviv c„w_ex‡Z cÖPwjZ me ai‡bi fzqvweÁvb m¤ú‡K©
A‡jvPbv Ki‡Z PvB Zvn‡j †ek K‡qKwU XvDm AvKv‡ii eB
wj‡LI Kzjv‡bv hv‡e bv| GB Av‡jvPbvi ¯^í cwim‡i G¸‡jvi
cÖwZwUi ¯^iƒc Zz‡j aiv m¤¢e bq| Avgv‡`i Av‡kcv‡k †hme
fzqv-weÁv‡bi PP©v Lye `vc‡Ui m‡½ Avgv‡`i weåvš— Ki‡Q
Zvi g‡a¨ K‡qKwUi K_vB ms‡¶‡c D L KiwQ| GKUz j¶¨
Ki‡j †`L‡ev gvbyl‡K weåvš— K‡i ¯^v_© D×v‡ii R‡b¨ †m-me
welq‡KB †e‡Q †bqv nq †h me wel‡q mvaviY gvby‡li
AvKl©Y ev `ye©jZv i‡q‡Q|
Avgv‡`i Av‡kcv‡k †hme fzqvweÁvb `vc‡Ui m‡½
RbMY‡K weåvš— Ki‡Q Zvi †ewkifv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ e¨emvwqK|
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvwUi D‡Ïk¨ ivR‰bwZK A_©vr ivR‰bwZK dvq`v
†jvUvi R‡b¨ wg_¨v ev weK…Z Z_¨ ev e¨vL¨vi Dci weÁv‡bi
cÖ‡jc w`‡q Gi h_v_©Zv cÖgv‡Yi †Póv Kiv| ag©Zš¿xivI Kg
hvb bv| AvRKvj weÁv‡bi AMÖMwZi Kvi‡Y cÖPwjZ
ag©wek¦vm Ges Gi A‡bK Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK gvby‡li
g‡b ˆZwi n‡”Q bvbv cÖkœ| G¸‡jv A‡bK †¶‡Î ag©wek¦v‡mi
wfZ‡KB bvwo‡q w`‡”Q| GiKg Ae¯’vq ag©wek¦v‡mi bvbv
Dcv`vb‡K ÔweÁvbm¤§ZÕ e‡j cÖgvY Kiv wek¦vm i¶vi Lye
Kvh©Ki †KŠkj| G-iKg me ai‡bi cÖ‡Póvi wb`k©b †LuvRvi
35
R‡b¨ Avgv‡`i `~‡i †Kv_vI †h‡Z n‡e bv| †Uwjwfk‡bi c`©v ev
cÎcwÎKvi cvZvq we‡klZ weÁvcb¸‡jvi w`‡K ZvKv‡jB
Avgiv Gm‡ei fzwifzwi wb`k©b †`L‡Z cv‡ev|
eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwbi GK weL¨vZ Ô†nj_& wWªsKÕ| Dcv`vb
hv Av‡Q Zv Avgv‡`i Ab¨vb¨ ˆ`bw›`b Lvev‡ii Dcv`v‡bi
†_‡K wfbœ wKQz bq| wKš‘ Zviv `vwe Ki‡Qb GUv †L‡j bvwK
ev”Pviv ÔmvaviY LveviÕ-LvIqv ev”Pv‡`i †P‡q †ewk j¤^v, †ewk
kw³kvjx Ges †ewk eyw×gvb n‡e| GKB Dcv`v‡b wfbœdj
†Kb n‡e Zvi †Kvb Reve G‡`i Kv‡Q †bB| G‡K
Ôgnv‰eÁvwbKÕ cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨ AvkÖq †bqv nq cÖZviYv I
wg_¨vPv‡ii| ejv n‡q G¸‡jv bvwK Ô¯^Zš¿ M‡elYvq cÖgvwYZÕ|
gvby‡li kix‡ii Dci †Kv‡bv Ilya ev cywó Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve
†`Lvi R‡b¨ †h-me M‡elYv (wK¬wbK¨vj Uªvqvj) Pvjv‡bv nq
†m-me M‡elYv cÖKí †m †`‡ki mswk­ó ˆeÁvwbK KwgwU
KZ©„K cvk Kiv‡Z nq| †LuvR wb‡q †`Lv †M‡Q G‡`i Gme
Kw_Z ÔM‡elYvÕ-cÖ¯—ve ˆeÁvwbK KwgwUi Øviv Aby‡gvw`Z bq
Ges GB wel‡qi †Kv‡bv ¯^xK…Z ˆeÁvwbK Rvb©v‡j Zv cÖKvwkZ
nq wb| GiKg AviI A‡bK †`wk I eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb
cÖPwjZ Lvev‡ii †P‡q Zv‡`i Lvev‡ii Ô†kÖôZ¡Õ ÔM‡elYvq
cÖgvwYZÕ e‡j `vwe K‡i Avm‡Q| †h‡nZz Zv‡`i Kw_Z
ÔM‡elYvÕ fzqv AZGe G‡`i †kÖô‡Z¡i `vwe fyqv‰eÁvwbK Ges
cÖZviYvg~jK|
 Gme †¶‡Î evsjv‡`‡k †h-me †Kv¤úvwb Zrci G‡`i
†ewkifvMB fviZmn Dcgnv‡`‡ki meKwU †`‡kB e¨emv
Ki‡Q| 29 b‡f¤^i 2012, Kb©vUK †_‡K cÖKvwkZ fvi‡Zi
Bs‡iwR RvZxq ˆ`wbK w` wn›`y-†Z GKwU Lei Qvcv nq hvi
wk‡ivbvg wQj Ôfzqv `vwei R‡b¨ 19wU †Kv¤úvwb wePv‡ii
gy‡LvgywLÕ| 19wU †Kv¤úvwbi cÖwZwUB wewfbœ ai‡bi Lvev‡ii
AvB‡Ug ˆZwi K‡i| G‡`i †ewkifvM Avgv‡`i †`‡kI
evRviRvZ Ki‡Q Zv‡`i cY¨| mvev‡bi weÁvc‡b Wv³vi‡K
w`‡q ejv‡bv n‡”Q Ômvevb w`‡q ay‡q me ai‡bi RxevYy-
msµgY cÖwZ‡iva Kiv m¤¢e|Õ Ggb Kx mw`©-Kvwki gZ evqy-
evwnZ †ivMI bvwK cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z n‡e mvevb w`‡q ay‡q!
wPwKrmvi bv‡g Pj‡Q bvbv iKg fzqv‰eÁvwbK ZrciZv|
Gme ZrciZvi †ewkifvM Pj‡Q cÖPvi gva¨‡g| `vwe Kiv
n‡”Q Pvgovq jvMv‡bv nq Ggb GKwU gvwjk RvZxq Ilya
bvwK R‡q‡›Ui †fZ‡i wM‡q bvbv iKg wµqv K‡i, †ivM
mvivq| dvg©v‡KvjwRi A Av K L hvi cov Av‡Q wZwb Rv‡bb
gvby‡li Pvgov †f` K‡i Gfv‡e †Kvb Ilya kix‡ii Af¨š—‡i
XzK‡Z cv‡i bv| b~¨bZg †Kvb cix¶v-wbix¶v QvovB Giv e‡j
w`‡”Q R‡q‡›Ui wfZ‡i wM‡q GB Ilya Kx Kx (cuvP iKg)
cÖwZwµqv m„wó K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ †h-me Dcv`vb Av‡Q e‡j Zviv
`vwe K‡i ZviI †Kvb cÖgvY †bB| GB Kw_Z Dcv`vb¸‡jv Kx
Dcv‡q kix‡i cÖwZwµqv m„wó K‡i Zvi wKQz cÖwµqv Zviv
36
Kw¤úDUv‡i ˆZwi A¨vwb‡gk‡bi gva¨‡g weÁvc‡b †`wL‡q
_v‡K| wKš‘ G cÖwµqv¸‡jv †h mwZ¨B N‡U Zvi c‡¶I Zviv
†Kv‡bv M‡elYv ev ch©‡e¶YMZ wfwË †`Lv‡Z cv‡i bv| Gi
d‡j ¯úó †evSv hvq Zv‡`i GB Kw_Z cÖwµqv¸‡jv m¤ú~Y©
gbMov I ev‡bvqvU| Zviv †ivMx‡`i mv¶vrKvi wb‡q †`Lvq
†ivMxiv ej‡Q †ivM †m‡i‡Q| G¸‡jv hw` mZ¨I nq Zvn‡jI
ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ Abyhvqx GUv †Kvb cÖgvY bq| Gme Kw_Z
Ily‡ai †Kvb weÁvbm¤§Z M‡elYvi wb`k©b _v‡K bv| AZGe
G¸‡jv LuvwU fzqvweÁvb|
Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK †`‡ki gZ Avgv‡`i †`‡kI `y‡qKUv
ag©‡Nulv wUwf P¨v‡b‡j RxeweeZ©b Z‡Ë¡i we‡ivwaZv Ki‡Z
wM‡q †gŠjev`xiv Ôeyw×gvb cwiKíK ZË¡Õ‡K (intelligent design
theory) Dc¯’vcb K‡i _v‡K| m„wóev`‡K weÁvb wn‡m‡e `vwe
Kivi GB †KŠkj †gŠjev`xiv cÖ_g ïi“ K‡iwQj 1960 Gi
`k‡K| gvwK©b gyjy‡Ki †nbwi gwim bv‡gi GK cÖ‡KŠkjx
ˆZwi K‡ib Ôm„wóZË¡ M‡elYv msNÕ (Bbw÷wUDU Ae wµ‡qkb
wimvP©)| Zviv `vwe Ki‡Z _vK‡jb G ZË¡ ÔM‡elYvjäÕ| ïay
ZvB bq- Zviv AviI `vwe Ki‡jbÑG wel‡q (G Z‡Ë¡i
PP©vKvix‡`i) bvbv ˆeÁvwbK wbeÜ wewfbœ ¯^xK…Z ˆeÁvwbK
Rvb©v‡j cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| m„wóev`x‡`i GB `vwe wb‡q weZK©
hLb Zz‡½ ZLb 1984 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi `yRb
RxeweÁv‡bi wk¶K BDwRb ¯‹U I †nbwi †Kvj D‡`¨vM
wb‡jb welqwU‡K fvjfv‡e Zwj‡q †`L‡Z| Zviv wZb eQi a‡i
GK nvRviwU ˆeÁvwbK Rvb©vj †N‡U m„wóev`x M‡elYvi Ggb
bgybv LyuR‡Z _v‡Kb hv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cvV¨ZvwjKvq Aš—f©y³
Kiv hvq| nvRviwU Rvb©v‡j Qvcv nIqv wbeÜ
Awfm›`f©mg~‡ni GKwU‡ZI Zviv m„wóev‡`i c‡¶ †Kvb
cÖv‡qvwMK ev M‡elYvg~jK iPbv Lyu‡R cvb wb| GB nj gvwK©b
gyjy‡K m„wóev`x‡`i M‡elYvi bgybv! Avgv‡`i †`‡k †Zv ejvB
evûj¨|
G-iKg Av‡iv A‡bK ai‡bi fzqvweÁvb Avgv‡`i
Av‡kcv‡k i‡q‡Q| Avgv‡`i AÁZv Avi wb‡R‡`i
cÖZviYvg~jK cÖPviYvi Dci fi K‡i Giv `vc‡Ui m‡½
gvbyl‡K weåvš— K‡i hv‡”Q| G‡`i Øviv Avw_©K, gvbweK Ges
ˆbwZKfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡”Qb G‡`‡ki †KvwU †KvwU mvaviY
gvbyl| Gme PP©v Avgv‡`i †`‡ki AvBb, †gwW‡Kj I
†ckvMZ ˆbwZKZv BZ¨vw`i ei‡Ljvd n‡jI AvBb cÖ‡qv‡Mi
`ye©jZvi Kvi‡Y PP©vKvixiv i‡q hv‡”Q aiv‡Quvqvi evB‡i| Z‡e
G‡`i cvi †c‡q hvevi Avmj KviY n‡”Q gvby‡li AÁZv|
ZvB GLb mgq G‡m‡Q msMwVZfv‡e mwe¯—v‡i G‡`i ¯^iƒc
D‡b¥vPb Kivi|
I‡`i cÖPvi cÖPviYvi RuvKRgK I Wvgv‡Wv‡ji wecix‡Z
Avgv‡`iI cÖPviYv Pvjv‡Z n‡e Ggbfv‡e hv‡Z †ewkifvM
gvbyl G‡`i duvwKevwR eyS‡Z cv‡i| Avgiv weÁvb‡gjv Kwi,
37
wewfbœ cÖ‡R‡±i gva¨‡g mvaviY gvbyl‡K weÁv‡bi wewfbœ
Avwe®‹vi Avi m¤¢ebvi m‡½ cwiPq Kiv‡bvi R‡b¨| GLb
weÁvb‡gjvi †P‡qI Avgv‡`i †ewk cÖ‡qvRb fzqvweÁvb-†gjv
I Av‡qvRb Kivi| hv‡Z Avgv‡`i Zi“‡Yiv fzqvweÁv‡bi wewfbœ
cÖ‡R‡±i gva¨‡g mvaviY gvbyl‡K fzqvweÁvbmg~‡ni bvbv
Kvq`vi duvwKevwR I KvimvwR¸‡jv mwe¯—v‡i †`wL‡q w`‡Z
cv‡i| †Kv‡bv wKQzi wecixZ‡K Rvb‡j IB welqwU‡K Av‡iv
fv‡jfv‡e †evSv hvq| †hgb AÜKv‡ii gv‡S Av‡jv‡K
me‡P‡q ¯úó †evSv hvq| ZvB G-ai‡bi D‡`¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g
cÖZviYv I wPš—vi weåvwš— KvwU‡q Avgv‡`i mgvR‡K
gy³‡PZbvi Av‡jvwKZ PZ¡‡i wb‡q hvIqv Av‡iv mnR I
mvejxj n‡e |
mnvqK iPbvejx
1. Massimo Pigliucci, Nonsense on Stilts: How to Tell Science from Bunk, The University of
Chicago Press, 2010.
2. Stanley A Rice, Encyclopedia of Evolution, Infobase Publishing, New York, 2007.
3.
Paul R Thagard, Computational Philosophy of Science, MIT Press, USA, 1988.
4. Paul R Thagard, Why Astrology Is A Pseudoscience, University of Michigan-Dearborn,
1978, Volume 1, edited by P.D. Asquith and I. Hacking (East Lansing: Philosophy of Science
Association, 1978)
5. gwbi“j Bmjvg, ˆReweeZ©bev` : †`ok eQ‡ii Ø›Ø we‡iva, msnwZ cÖKvkb, 2q gy`ªY,
2010|
6. gwbi“j Bmjvg, weÁv‡bi †gŠjev`x e¨envi, (ms‡kvwaZ I cwiewa©Z) 2q ms¯‹iY, msnwZ
cÖKvkb, 2011|
gwbi“j Bmjvg : †ckvq wPwKrmK| evsjv‡`k ev‡qvjwR Awjw¤úqv‡Wi GKRb m¤§vwbZ D‡`¨v³v| weÁvb
†PZbv cwil`Õi mv‡_ `xN©w`b a‡i RwoZ| cÖKvwkZ MÖš’ : ˆReweeZ©bev` : †`okÕ eQ‡ii Ø›Ø we‡iva
(2007, msnwZ cÖKvkb), weÁv‡bi †gŠjev`x e¨envi (2011, msnwZ cÖKvkb) Ges bvix cyi“l ˆelg¨ :
RxeZvwË¡K †cÖ¶vcU (2010, msnwZ cÖKvkb), XvKv
weÁvb I AcweÁvb `vqfvi Kvi †bqv DwPr? Gi Rb¨ `vqx †K n‡e? Avw_©K

Zvbfxi nvwbd ¶wZi K_v ev`B w`jvg|

Avgiv A‡bK mgq †R¨vwZlkv¯¿ (A¨vm‡UªvjwR) Ges

†R¨vwZlkv¯¿ ev A¨vm‡UªvjwR †Kv‡bv weÁvb bq, GUv‡K †R¨vwZwe©Ávb (A¨vm‡Uªvbwg) GB `yBwU welq‡K GK‡Î ¸wj‡q

AcweÁvb ejv hvq| hw`I nvRvi nvRvi eQi c~‡e© GB kv‡¯¿i †dwj| bv‡gi g‡a¨ h‡_ó cwigvY wgj _vK‡jI G‡`i †fZi

D™¢e N‡U‡Q Ges `yf©vM¨µ‡g gvbemf¨Zv hLb weÁvb I Gi GKwU wekvj cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| †R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿i wfwË nj KZ¸‡jv

`…k¨gvb dmj, hv‡K Avgiv cÖhyw³ ewj, Gi D”PwkL‡i †cuŠ‡Q mij wKš‘ wfwËnxb Avi AcÖgvwYZ wek¦vm| †hgb †Kv‡bv

†M‡Q Ges GB cÖMwZ Ae¨nZ Av‡Q ZLbI GB AcweÁvb gvby‡li e¨w³Z¡, Zvi fvM¨, Zvi ÔRb¥gyn~‡Z©Õ Puv`, m~h© Ges

Z_v AÜ-Kzms¯‹vi KZ©…K j¶ j¶ gvbyl cÖZvwiZ n‡q Pj‡Q| Ab¨vb¨ MÖn-b¶‡Îi Ae¯’v‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj| GB

GB AcweÁv‡bi cÖfve GZUvB gvivZ¥K †h †`‡ki Ae¯’vb¸‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v-we l‡Yi gva¨‡g MY‡Kiv GK ai‡bi

†ewkifvM cÎ-cwÎKv‡Z wekvj Ask Ry‡o ivwkd‡ji Lei QK ˆZwi K‡ib, G‡K Zviv e‡jb Kzwô ev ni‡¯‹vc|

cÖKvk Kiv nq| wKsev XvDm mvB‡Ri weÁvcb w`‡q cÖPvi Kiv †R¨vwZlx‡`i `vwe Abymv‡i GB Kzwô e¨envi K‡i Zviv bvwK

nqÑÔAvcwb wK nZvk? Zvn‡j wbf©yj fvM¨ MYbvi gva¨‡g gvby‡li Rxe‡bi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© NUbvmg~‡ni fwel¨ØvYx Ges e¨vL¨v

nZvkv gyw³i Rb¨ Agy‡Ki fvM¨-MYbv †P¤^v‡i Avmyb|Õ GB w`‡q _v‡Kb| e¨w³, cÖwZôvb Ggb wK RvwZi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wm×vš—

ai‡bi weÁvcb cÖZviYv Qvov Avi wKQyB bq| ai“b Kv‡iv wb‡Z Ômvnvh¨Õ K‡i _v‡Kb! †R¨vwZwe©Ávb nj MÖn-b¶‡Îi

nZvkv GZUvB gvivZ¥K ch©v‡q †h wZwb AvZ¥nZ¨vI Ki‡Z MwZ-cÖK…wZi ˆeÁvwbK Aa¨qb-ch©v‡jvPbv| †R¨vwZwe©Ávb

cv‡ib †h †Kv‡bv mgq| G Ae¯’vq Zvi cÖ‡qvRb GKRb †R¨vwZc©`v_©weÁv‡bi mgZzj¨ ev Gi Ask| A_©vr

wPwKrmv-g‡bvweÁvbxi kiYvcbœ nIqv| wZwb hw` †mwU bv K‡i †R¨vwZwe©Ávb nj MÖn-b¶‡Îi D™¢e, weeZ©b, MwZ-cÖK…wZi

†Kvb †R¨vwZlxi Kv‡Q hvb Ges wKQyw`b ci gvbwmK we`¨v Avi †R¨vwZlkv¯¿ nj gvby‡li Ici G‡`i cÖfve|

fvimvg¨ nvwi‡q mwZ¨B AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i e‡mbÑZvn‡j Gi †h †Kvb ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡ ev AbyK‡íi KZK¸‡jv ˆewkó¨
_v‡KÑGgbwK hw` †mwU fyjI cÖgvwYZ nq| wKš‘ hv fyj cÖgvY
Kivi my‡hvM †bB Zv weÁv‡bi ch©v‡q c‡i bv| Av‡jvKZi½
38
PjvP‡ji gva¨g wn‡m‡e ÔB_viÕ bvgK me©e¨vcx GK ai‡bi
c`v‡_©i Abygvb K‡iwQ‡jb weÁvbxiv| cieZ©xKv‡j cix¶‡Y
Gi Abw¯—Z¡ cÖgvwYZ nq Ges weÁvbxiv Zv †g‡bI wb‡q‡Qb|
KviY weÁv‡bi PvwjKvkw³ nj mskq Ges mskq‡K hvPvB
Kivi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q cix¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v| B_v‡ii AbygvbwU wKš‘
A‡hŠw³K wQj bv| Dwbk kZ‡Ki weÁvbxiv Rvb‡Zb †h †Kvb
ai‡bi Zi‡½i †hgb RjZi½, kã BZ¨vw`i mÂvj‡bi Rb¨
gva¨g cÖ‡qvRbÑKv‡RB Av‡jv hw` Zwor-Py¤^Kxq Zi½ nq
Zvn‡j Gi mÂvj‡bi Rb¨I gva¨g _vKvUvB m½Z| wKš‘
weÁvb ïay Abygv‡bi Ici wfwË K‡iB wm×vš— Uv‡b bv| G‡K
hvPvB Kiv ev fyj cÖgv‡Yi †Póv nj GKwU ˆeÁvwbK cÖKí ev
nvB‡cv‡_wm‡mi cieZ©x avc| GB welqwU‡K ejv nq
Ôdjwmwd‡Kkb †U÷Õ| Ac‰eÁvwbK ZË¡mg~n †hgb
†R¨vwZlkv¯¿ GB ai‡bi cix¶vq m¤ú~Y©fv‡e e¨_©| GLv‡b
GKUy e¨vL¨vi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q| `yB ai‡bi e³‡e¨i K_v wPš—v
Ki“b : GKK Aw¯—Z¡Á¨vcK Ges wek¦Rbxb| ÔGKwU mv`v
ivRnuv‡mi Aw¯—Z¡ Av‡QÕÑGwU GKwU GKK Aw¯—Z¡Á¨vcK
e³e¨ Ges ÔmKj ivRnuvmB mv`vÕÑGwU nj GKwU wek¦Rbxb
e³e¨| weÁvbx‡`i Kv‡Q GB `yB ai‡bi e³‡e¨i we‡kl ¸i“Z¡
Av‡Q| GKRb G ai‡bi eû GKK Aw¯—Z¡Á¨vcK e³e¨ ‡_‡K
GKwU wek¦Rbxb e³‡e¨ †cuŠQ‡Z m¶g| †hgb ÔKÕ GKwU mv`v
ivRnuvm, ÔLÕ GKwU mv`v ivRnuvm| Gfv‡e A‡bK¸‡jv
39
ivRnuv‡mi Mv‡qi iO †_‡K Zviv wm×vš— wb‡Z cv‡i ÔmKj
ivRnuvmB mv`vÕ| GwU †hŠw³K wePv‡i GKwU Av‡ivnx c×wZ
(Ôwe‡kl n‡Z mvavi‡Y Av‡ivnYÕ) n‡jI c×wZwU
Ae‡ivnxMZfv‡e (ÔmvaviY n‡Z we‡k‡l Ae‡ivnYÕ) cÖ‡hvR¨
bq| Gi KviY nj, Avgv‡`i †`Lv mg¯— ivRnuv‡mi evB‡iI
AviI wfbœ i‡Oi ivRnuvm _vK‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv Kv‡jvI n‡Z
cv‡i| cÖK…Zc‡¶ A‡÷ªwjqvq Kv‡jv ivRnuvm Av‡Q|
weÁv‡bi wfwË G-ai‡bi AcÖvgvY¨ wm×vš— n‡Z cv‡i bv|
Av‡ivng~jK GB c×wZi mgvavb nj djwmwd‡Kkb| ÔGKwU
mv`v ivRnuv‡mi Aw¯—Z¡ Av‡QÕÑGiKg GKwU GKK Aw¯—
Z¡Á¨vcK e³‡e¨i Ici wfwË K‡i ÔmKj ivRnuvmB
mv`vÕÑGiKg GKwU wek¦Rbxb e³e¨‡K ÔwbwðZfv‡eÕ
cÖwZwôZ Kiv Am¤¢e n‡jI ÔGKwU Kv‡jv ivRnvu‡mi Aw¯—Z¡
Av‡QÕÑGiKg GKwU GKK Aw¯—Z¡Á¨vcK e³‡e¨i Ici wfwË
K‡i †mwU‡K ÔwbwðZfv‡eÕ fyj cÖgvY Kiv m¤¢e| c…w_exi mg¯—
ivRnuvm‡K †`‡L GKUv mvaviYxK…Z wm×v‡š— †cuŠQ‡bv Am¤¢e
wKš‘ GKwUgvÎ e¨wZµg GKwU mve©Rbxb e³e¨‡K åvš—
cÖgvY Ki‡Z m¶g| ˆeÁvwbK Z‡Ë¡i ˆewkó¨B nj †miKg
Aš—Z GKwU e¨wZµ‡gi m¤¢vebv‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i †bqv| GKwU
ˆeÁvwbK Z‡Ë¡i mdjZvi eû Kvi‡Yi †fZi GKwU nj, eû
cix¶‡Yi ciI †mwUi wU‡K _vKv| G‡K fyj cÖgvY Kievi
Dcvq Rvbv _vK‡Z n‡e Ges †mB Dcvq Abymi‡Yi ciI Zv
wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i| AvBb÷vB‡bi e³e¨wU Avgiv j¶¨ Ki‡Z Gwo‡q P‡j| Z‡e GB ˆewkó¨ mvaviYfv‡e weÁv‡bi c~Y©
cvwi: ÔNo amount of experimentation can ever prove me right; a †¶Î¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© †gv‡UI cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| GgbwK Z‡K©i

single experiment can prove me wrong.Õ LvwZ‡i hw` aivI nq †h †Kv‡bv GKRb weÁvbx wb‡Ri

Avbdjwmwd‡qej Z‡Ë¡ G-ai‡bi †Kv‡bv Kv‡jv ivRnuvm cQ‡›`i Z‡Ë¡i wei“‡× hvq G-ai‡bi mvsNwl©K Z_¨-DcvˇK

cvIqv hvq bv| ˆeÁvwbK-ZË¡¸‡jv‡K G-ai‡bi Kv‡jv Gwo‡q †M‡QbÑZvn‡jI wKš‘ Av‡iKRb †mwU Lyu‡R †c‡q

ivRnuvm †LuvRvi Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e b·v Kiv nq| hw` G-ai‡bi wek¦weL¨vZ nevi my‡hvM wb‡Z cv‡ib| G-Rb¨ ejv nq

ivRnuvm cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j ZË¡wU fyjÑhw` bv cvIqv hvq weÁv‡bi wb‡R‡K wb‡Ri ms‡kva‡bi ¶gZv Av‡Q| wKš‘ G-

Zvn‡j ZË¡wUi mwVK nevi m¤¢vebv †e‡o hvq| AwaKZi ai‡bi wKQyB Avgiv †R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿ †`L‡Z cvB bv| KviY ev¯—

Ôkw³kvjx ZË¡Õ wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv cvq| cÖK…Z weÁv‡bi wPý nj eZvi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© GgbwU †R¨vwZlxiv KLbB `vwe Ki‡Z

Gi PP©vKvixiv G ai‡bi Kv‡jv ivRnuv‡mi mÜv‡b _v‡K Avi m¶g bb|

AcweÁv‡bi PP©vKvixMY G-welqwU h_vm¤¢e Gwo‡q P‡j| weÁv‡bi `vwe¸‡jv‡K Aek¨B cÖgvY‡hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e Ges

cÖK…Zc‡¶ †R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿ G ai‡bi Kv‡jv ivRnuv‡mi cix¶Y Øviv hvPvB Kievi ci G‡`i‡K ev¯—eZv wn‡m‡eB

†Kv‡bv Aw¯—Z¡ †bB A_©vr †R¨vwZlkv¯¿ djwmwd‡qej bv| †g‡b †bqv nq| AcweÁv‡bi `vwe¸‡jv cÖ_gZ : Abb¨mvaviY

†R¨vwZlxiv Zv‡`i `vwe¸‡jv‡K cÖgvY Kievi Rb¨ mePvB‡Z (extraordinary) nq Ges wØZxqZ GB `vwe¸‡jvi c‡¶

`ye©j mv¶¨-cÖgvY‡K AvM‡j ai‡Z Pvb wKš‘ GB mv¶¨-cÖgvY Abb¨mvaviYfv‡e Ach©vß Z_¨-cÖgvY Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|

Lyu‡R †c‡Z Zv‡`i G‡Ki ci GK e¨_©Zv‡K KL‡bv Zv‡`i m½Z Kvi‡Y GwUi ¸i“Z¡ †gv‡UI Kg bqÑKviY †Kvb ZË¡

`vwei wei“‡× mv¶¨ wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z w`‡Z Zviv hw` ch©vß Z_¨-cÖgv‡Yi Ici cÖwZwôZ bv nq Ges Gi hw`

we›`ygvÎ AvMÖnx bb| †Kvb cix¶Yjä cÖgvY bv †_‡K _v‡K Zvn‡j ev¯—eZvi mv‡_

GgbwU n‡Z cv‡i (Aek¨B e¨wZµg wn‡m‡e) `yB-GKRb GwUi †Kv‡bviKg ms‡hvM `vwe Kiv G‡Kev‡i wfwËnxb|

weÁvbx Ôwei“×Õ Z_¨-DcvˇK m‡PZbfv‡e Gwo‡q †M‡Qb| gvwK©b †R¨vwZc©`v_©we` Kvj© mvMvb (1934-1996)

Gi KviY Avi wKQyB bqÑgvby‡li ¯^fveB GiKg †h †m Pvq GKevi e‡jwQ‡jbÑÔAbb¨mvaviY `vwei Rb¨ Abb¨mvaviY

Zvi ZË¡wU mwVK †nvK Ges †mRb¨ mvsNwl©K Z_¨-DcvˇK mv¶¨-cÖgvY Avek¨KÕ (extraordinary claims require extraordinary
40
evidence)| A_© nj †Kvb `vwe hw` Avgv‡`i wek¦RMZ m¤ú‡K© gvby‡li g‡a¨ g¨v‡jwiqvi j¶Y †`Lv hvq ZvB GB MvQ †_‡K

B‡Zvg‡a¨ Avgiv hv Rvwb Zvi mv‡_ Zyjbvg~jK wePv‡i Lye msM„nxZ KzBbvBb g¨v‡jwiqv cÖwZ‡ivaK| Ges GB m~ÎwU

†ewkgvÎvq we¯§qKi ev AmvaviY bv nq Zvn‡j †mB `vwei (A_©vr †h ch©‡e¶Y †_‡K cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q GB aviYv)

c‡¶ Lye †ewk mv¶¨-cÖgv‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb c‡i bv| D‡ëvUvI wKš‘ cybi“rcv`b ev †iwc­‡KU Kiv ev wbwðZfv‡e cÖgvY KivI

mgvbfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| hw` †Kv‡bv `vwe Avgv‡`i wek¦RMZ m¤¢e nq wb| GB `vwe Abymv‡i Awb`ªv ev Bb‡mvgwbqvi Ilya

m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Z‡_¨i mv‡_ mvsNwl©K nq Zvn‡j Gi ¯^c‡¶ nj K¨v‡dB‡bi (hv Nyg bó K‡i) AwZgvÎvq WvBjy‡UW

A‡bK †ewkgvÎvq mv¶¨-cÖgvY Avek¨K| Gi KviY wK? mjyk¨b| ZijxK…Z wel AvBwf Pvgovi dymKywoi Ilya

KviY GB Abb¨mvaviY `vwewU mZ¨ n‡j Avgv‡`i wek¦RMZ wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e KviY Nbxf~Z Ae¯’vq GwU dymKzwoi Rb¨
m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Ges mZ¨ e‡j M…nxZ A‡bK A‡bK Z_¨‡K `vqx, ZijxK…Z SvSv‡jv jvj †cqv‡Ri im †Pv‡Li cvwb cov

Ôwg_¨vÕ e‡j †g‡b wb‡Z n‡e| GLb GB M…nxZ Z_¨¸‡jv hw` eÜ K‡i Ges ZijxK…Z mv‡ci wel kvixwiK AboZv wbivgq
Avevi cix¶Y I ch©‡e¶‡Yi mv‡_ Lye fv‡jvfv‡e m½wZc~Y© K‡i| †nvwgIc¨vw_K eBcy¯—‡K cÖvqB Ny‡owd‡i GKwU K_v

nq Zvn‡j `vwewU ÔAbb¨mvaviYÕ-Gi gvÎvq DbœxZ nq Ges Av‡m : ÔwbDU‡bi Rb¨ MvQ †_‡K cov Av‡cj ev M¨vwjwjIi
hZ¶Y ch©š— Gi c‡¶ Bw¤úwiK¨vj cÖgvY †mwUi wec‡¶ Rb¨ K¨v‡_Wªv‡j †`vjvqgvb evwZi f~wgKv hZUyKy

eZ©gvb Bw¤úwiK¨vj-cÖgvY‡K AwZµg bv K‡i ZZ¶Y G n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Rb¨ wmb‡Kvbv Mv‡Qi Qv‡ji Ae`vb ZZLvwb|Õ

welqwU MÖnY Kievi †Kv‡bv KviY †bB| A_P AvR Avgiv ˆeÁvwbKfv‡e Rvb‡Z †c‡iwQ n¨vwbg¨v‡bi

Abb¨mvaviY `vwei GKwU D`vniY wn‡m‡e Avgiv ÔmgZyj¨Zvi m~ÎÕwU Avm‡j Wvnv wg_¨v| cieZ©xKv‡j Avwe®‹…Z

†nvwgIc¨vw_i K_v ej‡Z cvwi| Gi †Kvb ˆeÁvwbK wfwË ev n‡q‡Q wmb‡Kvbv Mv‡Qi Qv‡ji g¨v‡jwiqv cÖwZ‡ivaK we‡kl

Drm †bB| B‡Zvg‡a¨ Avgiv Rvwb n¨vwbg¨vb Zuvi ¸Yv¸Y Av‡Q Ges GB cÖwZ‡ivawU wK ai‡bi cÖwµqv‡Z ev

†nvwgIc¨vw_i m~θ‡jv †Kvb cix¶v-wbix¶vi gva¨‡g cvb †gKvwbR‡gi gva¨‡g N‡U ZvI cwi®‹vifv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv

wbÑwZwb ïaygvÎ ÔGWnKÕ wfwˇZ †m¸‡jv aviYv K‡i n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Gi mv‡_ n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Ôwe‡l wel¶qÕ ev

wb‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb Zuvi ÔmgZyj¨Zvi m~ÎÕwU aviYv K‡iwQ‡jb ÔfvBUvwjRgÕ ev ÔWvBbvwgRgÕ BZ¨vw`i †Kv‡bv †hvMm~Î †ei

GKwU ch©‡e¶Y †_‡K : wmb‡Kvbv Mv‡Qi Qvj ïuK‡j my¯’ Kiv hvq wb| wUKvi †¶‡Î gvbe‡`‡n wbw`©ó gvÎv‡Z RxevYy
41
Bb‡R‡±i gva¨‡g cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zvjvi gZb wKQyI GwU bq| (hv wewfbœ gvÎvq Ilya ev Gi DcKiY wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv
†nvwgIc¨vw_i wfwËwU‡K wbwðZfv‡e ¸wo‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q| nZ) mwVK cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© AbymÜvb cÖwµqv ïi“ Ki‡jb|
AwZ m¤cÖwZ n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Ôe¨w³MZÕ AwfÁZv‡K KyBbvB‡bi n¨vwbg¨vb cÖwµqvwUi bvg w`‡jb ÔcÖ“wfsm&Õ| GwU‡K
cÖwZ Zvi AwZms‡e`bkxjZv wn‡m‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| HwZnvwmK wePv‡i cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vbmg~‡ni G‡Kev‡i
n¨vwbg¨v‡bi wm×vš—¸‡jv‡K Zvi mg‡qi (Aóv`k kZK) cÖ_gw`KKvi wK¬wbK¨vj U«vqvj ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| hw`I Zv
Rb¨ Lye GKUv †`vl †`qv nqZ hv‡e bv †h-mgq Ilya-c_¨ fyjc‡_ cwiPvwjZ wQj| wZwb GB DcKiY¸‡jv wb‡R MÖnY
m¤ú‡K© †ewkifvM aviYvB wQj cÖ_v I †jvKKvwnwbwfwËK| K‡ib| gRvi welq nj GB cÖ“wfsm&¸‡jv bvwK e¨w³i Dci
n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Ôwmwgwjqv wmwgwjqvevm wKD‡iš—viÕ ev we‡l wbf©ikxj| n¨vwbg¨vb wb‡Ri cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i‡KI GB
wel¶‡qi mv‡_ wKš‘ fyWy g¨vwR‡Ki †ek wgj cvIqv hvq| fyWy c_¨ MÖnY Kivb| DcKiY¸‡jvi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvwU (†hgb:
ev †jvKR eyRi“wK wPwKrmv ev hv`ywe`¨vi †cQ‡b KvR K‡i mxmv I cvi`) wQj gvivZ¥K welv³| Avi †m-Rb¨ n¨vwbg¨vb
ÔjvBK G‡d±m& jvBKÕ ev mgZzj¨ mgZyj¨‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i †kl ch©š— wm×v‡š— Av‡mb G¸‡jv‡K mvaviYfv‡e hZ Kg
GB wek¦vm| GRb¨ fyWy g¨vwRwkqvbiv wfw±‡gi g‡Zv †`L‡Z cwigv‡Y e¨envi Kiv n‡e †nvwgIc¨vw_K Ilya ZZ †ewk
cyZyj ˆZwi K‡i Zv‡Z m~uP †dvUvq| wmb‡Kvbvi Qv‡ji kw³kvjx I Kvh©Kix n‡e| GB wm×vš—wU Zvi cwiev‡ii Rb¨
Kvh©KvwiZv‡K †m-mgq Gi Zxeª Klxq ¯^v` I nRg kw³ Avkxe©v` e‡q Avb‡jI †nvwgIc¨vw_i wØZxq m~Î ev
e…wׇZ Gi cÖfve w`‡qI e¨vL¨v Kiv nq| n¨vwbg¨v‡bi ev GB Ô¶y`«vwZ¶y`«Õi D™¢U m~‡Îi m~Pbv Kij| †mvRv fvlvq : GKwU
`vwe¸‡jvi †Kv‡bvUvB m‡Z¨i KvQvKvwQI wQj bvÑhw`I †nvwgIc¨vw_K Ilya hZ †ewk WvBjyU ev ZijxK…Z ev cvZjv
Avgv‡`i g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †mwU wQj Ggb GKUv hyM hLb Kiv n‡e †mwU ZZ †ewk kw³kvjx n‡e| GRb¨ †nvwgIc¨vw_
†gwW‡Kj mv‡q‡Ý AvYweK ZË¡, wdwRIjwR, dvg©v‡KvjwR ev Ilya evbv‡bv nq cvwb ev A¨vj‡Kvn‡j GKwU DcKiY wgwk‡q
gvB‡µvev‡qvjwR Gm‡ei †Kv‡bvwUiB cÖ‡qvM ïi“ nq wb| Avi hv evievi ZijxK…Z Kivi gva¨‡g wKsev SuvwK‡q
†mRb¨ Gme AÁvbZvcÖm~Z aviYvmg~n‡K ¶gv Kiv hvq| (mvKmvkb)| GB D™¢U cÖwµqvwU‡K ejv nq Ô†cv‡UbkvBwRsÕ|
KvíwbK Aš—`©…wói A¯¿-k‡¯¿ mymw¾Z n‡q n¨vwbg¨vb Zvi ai“b Avcwb Awb`ªvi †nvwgIc¨vw_K Ilya evbv‡eb| Avcwb
mg‡qi wewfbœ ivmvqwbK, ˆRe-ivmvqwbK Avi ˆRe-c`v‡_©i myuB‡qi WMv K¨v‡dB‡b Quy‡q †Kv‡bv †QvU wUDe ev †evZ‡ji
42
cvwb‡Z wgwk‡q SuvKv‡Z _vK‡eb, Gici Gi wKQy Ask‡K
(A‡a©K Ask‡K) Avevi Av‡iKwU †QvU wUDe ev †evZ‡ji
cvwb‡Z wgwk‡q SuvKv‡Z _vK‡eb Ges GB cÖwµqvwUi
cybive…wË Ki‡ZB _vK‡eb hZ¶Y bv ch©š— Avcbvi Pvwn`v
Abyhvqx WvBjykb bv nq|
†nvwgIc¨vw_K Ilya¸‡jv mvaviYZ 1012 †_‡K 1060
gvÎvq WvBjyU Kiv nq Ges †evZ‡j 12C, 30C BZ¨vw` †jLv
_v‡K| Gi A_© wK? 30C gv‡b 1060 (1-Gi ci 60wU k~b¨
em‡e) fvM cvwb‡Z 1 fvM DcKiY wgkv‡bv n‡q‡Q! GUv
gv‡Qi A¨vKywiqv‡gi cvwb‡Z GK †duvUv DcKiY †gkv‡bvi
mgvb bq| eis myBwgs cy‡ji cvwb‡Z GK †duvUv DcKiY
†gkv‡bvi mgvbI bq| †Kv‡bv †j‡Ki cvwb‡Z GK †duvUv
DcKiY †gkv‡bvi mgvbI bq| ZvI Lye †QvU n‡q hvq|
AvUjvw›UK gnvmvM‡i GK †duvUv cvwb †dj‡j wK 30C
WvBjykb ˆZwi Ki‡e? ZvI Lye †QvU n‡q hvq! GK AYy
Kvh©Kix †nvwgIc¨vw_K DcKiY †c‡Z n‡j mg¯—
†mŠiRM‡Zi AYyi cÖ‡qvRb co‡e| MuvRvLyিরi mxgvbvI
AwZµg K‡i hvq| weÁvbx A¨v‡fvMv‡W«vi MYbv Abymv‡i
†Kvb `ªeY‡K hw` 1/1023 fvM gvÎvi †ewk ZijxK…Z Kiv nq
Zvn‡j g~j DcKi‡Yi GK AYyI G‡Z _vK‡e bv| g~j
DcKi‡Yi †Kv‡bv AYyi ms¯ú‡k© Avmv cvwbi †Kv‡bv AYyI
43
G‡Z _vK‡e bv| GgbwK ci¯ú‡ii ms¯ú‡k© _vKv cvwbi
wbR¯^ AYy¸‡jv ch©š— wehy³ n‡q co‡e!
cÖK…Zc‡¶ †nvwgIc¨v_iv ¯^xKviI K‡ib Zviv Avcbvi
Kv‡Q †h Ily‡ai †evZjwU wewµ K‡ib Zv‡Z GK AYy Kvh©Kix
DcKiYI ‡bB| Zvn‡j GwU wKfv‡e KvR K‡i? Zv‡`i `vwe
Gici AviI Aev¯—e iƒc aviY K‡i| Zv‡`i g‡Z Ôcvwbi
¯§„wZkw³ Av‡Q Ges g~j DcKi‡Yi ms¯ú‡k© Avmevi ci
cvwb GB DcKi‡Yi ˆewkó¨‡K a‡i iv‡L|Õ wKš‘ GB hyw³‡Z
cvwb‡Zv AviI †KvwU †KvwU wewfbœ `«‡e¨i ms¯ú‡k© wQj|
gvby‡li gj-g~Îmn bvbv A‰Re Dcv`vb| †m¸wji
†nvwgIc¨vw_K cÖfve wK fyWy g¨vwR‡Ki †Rv‡o nvIqv n‡q
wM‡q‡Q? Gi †Kv‡bv DËi Zv‡`i Kv‡Q †bB|
n¨vwbg¨v‡bi wØZxq m~Î Abymv‡i g~j DcKiY‡K
ZijxK…Z Kivi gva¨‡g Gi g‡a¨ mwÂZ Z_¨‡K AviI
evov‡bv nq ev kw³kvjx Kiv nq| GB ZijxKi‡Yi gvÎv
GZB Zxeª †h g~j DcKiY Ges Gi `ªveK DfqB
Aw¯—Z¡nxbZvi mxgvbv‡Z †cuŠ‡Q| G †h m¤¢vebvi AvB‡bi ¯úó
cwicš’x| hvi my¯úó cÖKvk nj Bbdi‡gkb w_Iwi Ges
_v‡g©vWvBbvwg‡·i wØZxq m~Î| n¨vwbg¨v‡bi wØZxq m~Î †g‡b
wb‡j Bbdi‡gkb wW‡Ki cvwimsL¨vwbK Pwi‡Îi mycÖwZwôZ
I B‡jKU«wb‡·i GB hy‡M AmsL¨evi cÖwZ wgwj †m‡K‡Û
cixw¶Z mg¯— `vwjwjK-cÖgvY‡K Wv÷we‡b †d‡j w`‡Z nq|
Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb co‡e GKwU wek¦Rbxb AvBb‡K cy‡ivcywi
A¯^xKvi Kievi| hv m¤ú‡K© ¯^qs AvBb÷vBb e‡jwQ‡jb :
Ôc`v_©we`¨vi GKgvÎ m~ÎÑAvgvi `…p wek¦vm †h G‡K KLbB
Qy‡o †djevi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e bv|Õ
GB `yBwU †gŠwjK `ye©jZvi (n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Z_vKw_Z `yBwU
wbqg) Kvi‡Y †nvwgIc¨vw_i KvQ †_‡K Gi ¯^c‡¶ Avgiv
Ab¨vb¨ wPwKrmvc×wZi mv‡_ Zyjbvg~jK wePv‡i A‡bK †ewk
kw³kvjx cixw¶Z-cÖgvY `vwe Ki‡Z cvwi| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i
†`qv nq wewfbœ †ivMxi e¨w³MZ Av‡iv‡M¨i AcÖgvwYZ Mí-
BwZnvm Ges c¶cvZg~jK Ôbvb-e­vB‡ÛWÕ cix¶‡Yi
weeiYxi gZb `ye©j cÖgvY| G¸‡jvi †ewkifvM Avevi
†nvwgIc¨vw_÷‡`i †jLv| myôzyfv‡e cwiPvwjZ mg¯— ÔWvej-
e­vBÛ G·‡cwi‡g‡›UÕ (hv‡Z cix¶K Ges cix¶‡Yi gvbexq
DcKiY Df‡qiB e¨w³MZ c¶cvwZZ¡ †_‡K `~i nIqvi
welqwU wbwðr Kiv nq) wbwðZfv‡e cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q
†nvwgIc¨vw_ Ô াwm‡evÕ Qvov Avi wKQyB bv|
ÔmZ¨Õ e‡j MÖn‡Yi c~‡e© Gi ¯^c‡¶ LyeB D”Pgv‡bi eûmsL¨K
Bw¤úwiK¨vj cÖgv‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| eQ‡ii ci eQ‡ii
M‡elYv‡ZI Ggb GKwUI cÖgvY cvIqv hvq wb| ZvB
†R¨vwZlkv¯¿ cy‡ivUvB AcweÁvb nevi my®úó Bw½Zevnx|
IKvgm& †iRi ev IKv‡gi ¶zi ev wgZe¨wqZvi bxwZ
ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡ MV‡b eûj e¨eüZ Kvh©Kix GKwU
c_cÖ`k©bKvix bxwZ| GB bxwZi e³e¨ †gvUvgywU GiKg :
Ô†Kv‡bv wKQy‡K e¨vL¨v Kievi Rb¨ hZUyKy welqe¯‘ KviY
wn‡m‡e h‡_ó Ges wØavnxbfv‡e mZ¨ ev ev¯—eZvi mv‡_
mvRyh¨c~Y© Zvi †ewk †Kv‡bv wKQyi Abygvb Kiv hv‡e bv|Õ
GKUv D`vniY †`B| Avcbvi GKwU weovj Av‡Q| Avcwb
iv‡Zi †ejvq GK evwU `ya †Uwe‡j †i‡L Nygv‡Z †M‡jb|
ciw`b mKv‡j Nyg †_‡K D‡V †`L‡Z †c‡jb evwU Lvwj c‡o
Av‡Q| †KD †`‡L wb evwUi `ya †K †L‡q‡Q ev †mwU wKfv‡e
DavI n‡q ‡Mj| G‡¶‡Î `ywU m¤¢vebv Av‡Q : (K) weovjwU `ya
†L‡q‡Q A_ev (L) `ya-cix G‡m `ya †L‡q †M‡Q| IKv‡gi ¶yi

GKBfv‡e †R¨vwZlkv¯¿ ÔAbb¨mvaviYÕ `vwei GKwU Avgv‡`i‡K e‡j, wØZxq m¤¢vebvwU‡K ev` †`evi Rb¨|

cÖK…ó D`vniY| hw` gnvk~‡b¨i `~ieZ©x MÖn-b¶Î¸‡jv GiKg wKfv‡e? wØZxq m¤¢vebvwU‡K we‡ePbv Kievi Rb¨

`vweK…Z gvÎvq gvby‡li Rxeb I Pwi‡Îi Ici cÖfve we¯—vi Avgv‡`i‡K AwgZe¨wqZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq| GKwU

Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j c`v_©weÁvb, RxeweÁvb I imvq‡bi m¤ú~Y©fv‡e AcÖ‡qvRbxq ¯^Ëv¡ ev `ya-cixi Aw¯—Z¡ Kíbv

B‡Zvg‡a¨ cÖwZwôZ g~jbxwZ¸‡jv‡K fyj n‡Z n‡e| Gi A_© Ki‡Z nq| Kíbv ejv n‡jv G Kvi‡Y †h Avgv‡`i ev¯—e

`vwewU ÔAbb¨mvaviYÕ| Kv‡RB `vwewU cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ G‡K RM‡Z `ya-cixi Aw¯—‡Z¡i †Kv‡bv cÖgvY †bB| AcÖ‡qvRbxq
44
ejv n‡jv G Kvi‡Y †h Gi hyw³m½Z weKí e¨vL¨vI Av‡Q hvi
Rb¨ `ya-cixi †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb c‡i bv| GB weKí e¨vL¨vwU
wK? DËi nj Avgv‡`i wcÖq weovj| hvi Aw¯—Z¡ Avgv‡`i bZyb
K‡i Abygvb Ki‡Z nq wb| †Lqvj K‡i †`Lyb Lye m~²fv‡e
†`L‡Z †M‡j Abygvb `ywUi DfqB wKš‘ mij| Z‡e weov‡ji
e¨vL¨vwU mijZi GB wn‡m‡e †h †m †¶‡Î Avgv‡`i †Kv‡bv
bZyb AcÖ‡qvRbxq ¯^Ë¡v‡K Abygvb Kievi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv|
GiciI hw` Avcwb Ô`ya-cixÕi e¨vL¨vwU wb‡q †Mv a‡ib
Zvn‡j Gi Aw¯—‡Z¡i ¯^c‡¶ Avcbv‡KB LyeB LyeB kw³kvjx
cÖgvY wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| ˆeÁvwbK Z‡Ë¡ wVK Gfv‡eB wKš‘
IKv‡gi ¶z‡ii bxwZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
ˆeÁvwbK `k©‡bi KvVv‡gv‡Z GB bxwZ‡K Av‡iKfv‡e ejv
hvq : GKwU cÖvK…wZK NUbvi `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨vL¨v _vK‡j
Ges Zviv hw` GKB wel‡q GKB fwel¨ØvYx K‡i ZLb
mePvB‡Z mij e¨vL¨vwUB n‡e mePvB‡Z MÖnY‡hvM¨| D`vniY
wn‡m‡e Avgiv AvBb÷vB‡bi we‡kl Av‡cw¶KZvi Z‡Ë¡i
K_v ej‡Z cvwi| Ebwesk kZ‡Ki †klfv‡M Avgiv Av‡jvi
cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© Lye Kg RvbZvg| Z‡e Avgiv RvbZvg Av‡jv
GK ai‡bi Zi½| Zwor-Py¤^Kxq Zi½| †m-mgq Avgiv AviI
Ab¨vb¨ Zi½ m¤ú‡K© AeMZ wQjvg Ges Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki
PjvP‡ji Rb¨ †Kv‡bv ai‡bi gva¨g cÖ‡qvRb †mwUI
RvbZvg| cvwbi †XD ev Zi½ cvwbi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq,
45
f~-K¤úb cÖevwnZ nq KwVb c`v‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q, k‡ãi Zi½
evZv‡mi ga¨ w`‡q| ¯^vfvweKfv‡e ZLbKvi w`‡bi weÁvbxiv
fve‡jb Av‡jvI †h‡nZy GK ai‡bi Zi½ hv G‡Kev‡i
evqyk~b¨ ¯’v‡bi ga¨ w`‡qI ¯^”Q‡›`¨ cÖevwnZ n‡Z cv‡iÑZvn‡j
Gi PjvP‡ji Rb¨I †Zv †Kv‡bv w¯’i gva¨g (hv me©e¨vcx Ges
evqk~b¨¯’v‡bI e¨ß) cÖ‡qvRb| GB KwíZ gva¨gwUi bvg †`qv
nj ÔB_viÕ| Avgiv Rvwb ch©‡e¶‡Ki mv‡c‡¶ MwZkxj †Kvb
i“jv‡ii ˆ`N©¨ Gi MwZi w`K eivei msKywPZ nq ev MwZkxj
†Kv‡bv Nwoi mgq axi n‡q hvq| weÁvbx j‡i‡Äi ZË¡vbymv‡i
GgbwU N‡U _v‡K ÔB_v‡iiÕ ga¨ w`‡q G‡`i MwZi Kvi‡Y|
AvBb÷vB‡bi ¯’vb-Kv‡ji cvi®úwiK iƒcvš—‡ii
mgxKiYmg~n Ges i“jvi I Nwoi iƒcvš—‡ii Rb¨ j‡i‡Äi
mgxKiY¸‡jv GKB| Avi †m Kvi‡Y we‡kl Av‡cw¶K Z‡Ë¡i
¯’vb-Kv‡ji cvi¯úwiK iƒcvš—‡ii mgxKiY¸‡jv‡K Ôj‡iÄ
U«vÝdi‡gkbÕ (Lorentz Transformation) ejv nq| wKš‘
AvBb÷vBb I †nbwi cqKuv‡i (divwm ZvwË¡K c`v_©weÁvbx)
Dcjwä K‡ib Ôj‡i‡Äi mgxKiYÕ Ges g¨v·I‡q‡ji Zwor-
Py¤^K‡Z¡i mgxKiY¸‡jv‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡j B_v‡ii
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv dywi‡q hvq|
`yBRb ch©‡e¶‡Ki K_v wPš—v Kiv hvK Zviv G‡K Ac‡ii
mv‡c‡¶ mg‡e‡M MwZkxj| GB `yB ch©‡e¶K GKwU MwZkxj
†Uwbm ej‡K ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Qb| `yB e¨w³B hw` †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó
mg‡q ejwUi ¯’vbvsK gv‡cb Zvn‡j Df‡qi Rb¨ msL¨vÎq
1. c`v_©weÁv‡bi AvBb¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii mv‡c‡¶
wfbœ-wfbœ n‡e| Ges msL¨v wZbwUi g‡a¨ m¤úK©I †`Lv‡bv
mg‡e‡M MwZkxj mKj ch©‡e¶‡Ki Rb¨
hv‡e| wbDUbxq ejwe`¨vi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ ¯’vbvs‡Ki GB
GKB n‡e (GwU Avgv‡`i‡K e‡j mgqmn
iƒcvš—i ÔM¨vwjjxq iƒcvš—iÕ bv‡g weL¨vZ| GB iƒcvš—‡ii
¯’vbvsKmg~‡ni iƒcvš—‡ii Rb¨ Ôj‡iÄ
Aax‡b ÔmgqÕ nj cig| Dfq ch©‡e¶‡Ki Rb¨ me©`v GKB|
UªvÝdi‡gkb e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e)|
we‡kl Av‡cw¶KZvi Z‡Ë¡i Av‡M e¯—ymg~‡ni Av‡cw¶K MwZi
2. k~b¨ gva¨‡g Av‡jvi †eM ci¯ú‡ii mv‡c‡¶
Rb¨ ÔM¨vwjjxq iƒcvš—iÕ e¨envi Kiv nZ| mgm¨v nj
mg‡e‡M MwZkxj mKj ch©‡e¶‡Ki Rb¨
wbDU‡bi ejwe`¨vi mgxKiY¸‡jv ÔM¨vwjjxq iƒcvš—‡iiÕ
GKB n‡e|
Aax‡b AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡jI g¨v·I‡q‡ji Zwor-Py¤^K‡Z¡i
Ôj‡iÄ iƒcvš—‡iiÕ Aax‡b g¨v·I‡qj mgxKi‡Yi
mgxKiY¸‡jv _v‡K bv| wKš‘ c`v_©weÁv‡bi AvBb¸‡jv
AcwieZ©bkxjZv †_‡K Avgiv Av‡cw¶KZvi `ywU bxwZ cvB
ch©‡e¶‡Ki Dci ev ch©‡e¶‡Ki ch©‡e¶YK…Z ¯’vbvs‡Ki
Ges G bxwZ `ywUi mvnv‡h¨ ÔB_viÕ QvovB i“jv‡ii ms‡KvPb I
Dci (hv G‡¶‡Î wba©viY K‡i M¨vwjjxq iƒcvš—i) wbf©ikxj
mg‡qi axi n‡q hvIqv‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e| Kv‡RB
n‡Z cv‡i bvÑ Zv n‡j `yBRb ch©‡e¶K Zwor-Py¤^K‡Z¡i Rb¨
gvB‡Kjmb I gwj©i myweL¨vZ cix¶‡Y †h ÔB_v‡iiÕ ga¨ w`‡q
`yB ai‡bi wfbœ AvBb ev mgxKiY cv‡eb| G Rb¨B
c…w_exi Av‡cw¶K MwZ k~b¨ †mwU Gi Abw¯—Z¡‡K
AvBb÷vBb Ggb GK ai‡bi iƒcvš—i LuyRwQ‡jb hvi Aax‡b
wØavnxbfv‡e cÖgvwYZ K‡i|
wbDUb I g¨v·I‡qj Df‡qi m~Îvewj (ev ZLbKvi Rvbv
GLb Av‡iKwU D`vniY w`‡q †R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿i K_vq Avmv
c`v_©weÁv‡bi mg¯— AvBb) AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e| †mUv wZwb
hvK| ˆe`y¨wZK evwZi myBP wUc‡j †QvU †QvU cix myBP †_‡K
†c‡jbI| hvi bvg j‡iÄ iƒcvš—i| GUv Avevi j‡iÄ GKwU
B‡jKwU«wmwU enb K‡i evj¦ Aewa wb‡q hvq Avi ZLbB
fyj e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ D™¢veb K‡iwQ‡jb| gRvi e¨vcvi nj Ôj‡iÄ
evj¦wU R¡‡j I‡V| GB e³e¨wU ÔAwgZe¨qxÕ KviY G-Rb¨
iƒcvš—iÕ wb‡q Avm‡j mgq Avi ÔcigÕ _v‡K bv| ¯’v‡bi mv‡_
Avgv‡`i wKQy cixi K_v Abygvb Ki‡Z n‡”Q hv welqwU‡K
wgwkªZ n‡q hvq| AvBb÷vB‡bi Av‡cw¶KZvi g~jbxwZ `ywU
e¨vL¨v Kievi Rb¨ G‡Kev‡iB AcÖ‡qvRbxq|
nj :
46
 †R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿i Abygvb¸‡jv GKBfv‡e ÔAwgZe¨qxÕ KviY
G-¸‡jv Avm‡j KZK G‡Kev‡i AcÖ‡qvRbxq Kíbv|
†R¨vwZlkv¯¿‡K mwVK n‡Z n‡j Ggb wKQy kw³i ev ¯^Ë¡vi
Aw¯—Z¡ _vK‡Z n‡e hviv c…w_exi gvbyl I wewfbœ MÖn-b¶‡Îi
g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i| †Kv‡bv m‡›`n bvB G
ai‡bi kw³ Avi hvB †nvK B‡Zvg‡a¨ cÖwZwôZ gnvKl© ev
Av‡jvKKwYKv bqÑKviY Zvn‡j G‡`i mivmwi cwigvc‡hvM¨
cÖfve (†R¨vwZlx‡`i `vwei mv‡_ mvRyh¨ †i‡L) B‡Zvg‡a¨ aiv
c‡o †hZ| Zvn‡j G ai‡bi kw³ Avm‡j Avgv‡`i ARvbv
Ab¨ wKQy| mgm¨v nj †R¨vwZlxiv ïaygvÎ GB Z_vKw_Z
kw³mg~n wK Zv ej‡Z A¶g ZvB bqÑGiv wKfv‡e KvR K‡i
ZvI Zviv ej‡Z cv‡i bv| GiciI †R¨vwZlxiv hv wKQy e‡j
_v‡Kb ev hv fwel¨ØvYx K‡i _v‡Kb, Zv‡`i mg¯— wKQy‡K
ÔAjxK KíbvÕ e‡j Abygvb Kiv Qvov mijZifv‡e e¨vL¨v
Kiv m¤¢eÑLye fv‡jvfv‡e m¤¢eцhgb evibvg G‡d± (barnum
ej‡Z †evSvq mvaviY gvby‡li g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ GKUv
effect
cÖeYZv, hv Zvi c‡¶ hvq ev fv‡jv †kvbvq, Ggb iKg wKQy
mvaviY wKsev A¯úó-fvmvfvmv e³e¨I †m Lye mn‡RB
wek¦vm K‡i †d‡j I mwVK g‡b K‡i), †Kvì wiwWs (†h me
avivevwnK †KŠkj Aej¤^b ev PvjvwK K‡i g‡bvwPwKrmK,
g¨vwRwkqvb, g‡bvwe`iv GKRb e¨w³i gvbwmK Ae¯’v, i“wP,
47
cQ›`-AcQ›`, eqm, ag©, e¨w³‡Z¡i MVb BZ¨vw` †R‡b wb‡Z
Pvb), BZ¨vw`|
†R¨vwZlkv¯¿‡K hw` IKvgm& †iRi ev wgZe¨wqZvi bxwZi
mv‡_ hw` m½wZc~Y© n‡Z nq Zvn‡j Zv‡`i‡K Ggb ai‡bi
Z_¨ I djvdj Drcbœ Ki‡Z n‡e †h¸‡jv m¤ú~Y© bZzb Ges
Abvwe®‹…Z †Kv‡bv kw³i mvnvh¨ Qvov e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e bq| hv
bvwK GKRb GKK e¨w³i mv‡_ `~i`~iv‡š—i MÖn-b¶‡Îi
ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g Zvi Rxeb I Pwi‡Îi Ici cÖfve we¯—
vi K‡i _v‡K| GwU Avevi †mB e¨w³i R‡b¥i G‡Kev‡i mwVK
gyn~‡Z©i Ici wbf©ikxj| c…w_exi Zver †R¨vwZlxi GB
mgm¨vi Ici nvRvi eQi e¨q Kievi djvdjÑGKwU
e…n`vK…wZ Ak¦wW¤^!
†h †Kvb ˆeÁvwbK Z‡Ë¡i mZ¨Zv cix¶‡Yi Ici
wbf©ikxj| wK ai‡bi Ávb, c×wZ Ges PP©v‡K Avgiv
ˆeÁvwbK eje Ges †m¸‡jv wK wK g~jbxwZi Ici wfwË K‡i
`uvwo‡q Av‡Q †m m¤ú‡K© we‡k¦i Zver weÁvbx eûjvs‡k
GKgZ| GKwU nj cybi“rcv`bkxjZv| †h †Kvb ˆeÁvwbK
cix¶‡Yi djvdj¸‡jv Aek¨B cybi“rcv`bkxj n‡Z n‡e
Ges m¤úK©nxb e¨w³iv mKj djvdj‡K wbi‡c¶fv‡e
Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e hvPvB Ki‡Z m¶g n‡eb| †Kv‡bv
ˆeÁvwbK cix¶‡Yi gva¨‡g ÔKÕ bvgK †`‡ki ÔLÕ bvgK
weÁvbx gnvKl© aª“e‡Ki gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z m¶g n‡jb| Zvn‡j
ÔOÕ †`‡ki ÔNÕ bvgK weÁvbx ev ÔPÕ †`‡ki ÔQÕ bvgK weÁvbx
m¤ú~Y© wfbœ miÄvg I c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ gnvKl© aª“e‡Ki GKB
gvb †ei Ki‡Z m¶g n‡eb| ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡¸‡jv †hLv‡b
cybi“rcv`bkxj Ges wbqwš¿Z cix¶‡Yi Ici wfwË K‡i
`uvwo‡q Av‡Q †mLv‡b †R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿i gZb ÔAcweÁvbÕ Ggb
me cix¶‡Yi Ici wbf©ikxj ev Ggb me cix¶‡Yi gva¨‡g
Gi mZ¨Zv cÖgv‡Yi AccÖqvm K‡i _v‡K †h¸‡jv bv wbqwš¿Z
bv cybi“rcv`bkxj| cÖK…Z weÁv‡bi g~j PwiÎ GB `y'wU welq :
wbqš¿Y I cybi“rcv`bkxjZv|
cybi“rcv`bkxjZvi D`vniY w`‡Z †M‡j Avgv‡`i
A‡civi †mB weL¨vZ wbDwU«‡bv G·‡cwi‡g‡›Ui K_v ej‡Z
nq| wKQyw`b Av‡M †h cix¶vwU wek¦e¨vcx †Zvjcvo Zy‡jwQj|
†mB cix¶‡Yi djvd‡j wbDwU«‡bv bvgK ¯^ífi KwYKvi
MwZ‡eM k~b¨¯’v‡b Av‡jvi MwZ‡K AwZµg K‡iwQj| wKQyw`b
Av‡M Aek¨ cix¶YwUi miÄvgMZ ΓwU aiv c‡o‡Q Ges
Av‡jvi †P‡q 60 b¨v‡bv-†m‡KÛ c~‡e© wbDwU«‡bvi A‡civi
wW‡U±‡i †cuŠQv‡bv‡K GB ΓwUi ms‡kvab wbf©yj
m¤ú~Y©fv‡e `~ixf~Z K‡i| hvB †nvK GB fyjwU †ei nevi
A‡bK Av‡M A‡civ KZ©…c¶mn Ab¨vb¨ weÁvbx e‡jwQ‡jb
wbDwU«‡bvi GB cix¶YwU cybi“rcv`bkxj n‡Z n‡e| GKgvÎ
Zvn‡jB Gi djvdj‡K ÔmZ¨Õ e‡j MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
GLv‡b wVK GB †cÖ¶vc‡U cybi“rcv`bkxjZv welqwU‡K GKUy
48
e¨vL¨v Kiv cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b Kwi| cybi“rcv`bkxjZv
gv‡b GB bq GKB ¯’v‡b Ges GKB ˆeÁvwbK miÄvg I
c×wZi e¨env‡i Ges GKB ai‡bi wbqš¿‡Yi Aax‡b GKB
ˆeÁvwbK`j KZ©…K ˆeÁvwbK cix¶vq evievi GKB djvdj
†`‡e| cybi“rcv`bkxjZvi A_© nj Avgiv ïay ÔGKvBÕ †Kv‡bv
cix¶‡Yi djvdj †c‡Z cvwi bv| Ab¨vb¨ cix¶Ywe‡`ivI
¯^Zš¿fv‡e GKB cix¶Y m¤úbœ K‡i GKB djvdj †c‡Z
cv‡ib| GwU hLb ev¯—‡e N‡U ZLb Avgv‡`i ZË¡ AviI
`…pfv‡e cÖwZôv cvq|
g~j A‡civ G·‡cwi‡g‡›Ui cÖvq `ygvm ci mv‡b© GB
cix¶‡Yi djvdj AvcvZfv‡e cybi“rcv`b Kiv nq ev
Av‡iKwU bZyb cix¶Y Pvwj‡q GKB djvdj cvIqv hvq|
GLb †mB GKB djvdj cÖvwßi KviY nj GKB ¯’v‡b GKB
miÄvgvw` e¨envi K‡i GKB cix¶Y wØZxqevi Kiv| Kv‡RB
g~j cix¶‡Yi miÄvgRwbZ ΓwU bZyb cix¶YwU‡KI
cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj| Avi †m-Rb¨ †mB mgqI weÁvbxiv
I ejwQ‡jb hy³iv‡ó«i MINOS Ges Rvcv‡bi T2K G·‡cwi‡g›U
¯^Zš¿fv‡e GKB djvdj †`q wKbv Zvi Rb¨ A‡c¶v Ki‡Z|
weÁvb cix¶vq Ôwbqš¿YÕ ej‡Z wVK wK eySvq Zv GLb
ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| ZË¡xqfv‡e Ges Gi ev¯—e cÖ‡qvM
Dfq‡¶‡ÎB †mB mKj Dcv`vbmg~n‡K m¤ú~Y©fv‡e `~ixf~Z
Kiv m¤¢eci †h¸‡jv wKbv †Kv‡bv cix¶Y‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i
_v‡K| G‡Ki ci GK GB cÖfveK¸‡jv `~ixf~Z n‡Z _vK‡j
GKmgq Avgiv †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó KviY‡K g~j KviY ev cÖfveK
wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Ki‡Z m¶g nB| aiv hvK, Wv³viMY GKwU
wbw`©ó cÖKí MÖnY Ki‡jb ev Abygvb Ki‡jb g`¨cvb
¯^v¯’¨Ki| ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ nj †h †Kv‡bv Abygvb Kievi ci
†mwUi mZ¨Zv cix¶‡Yi gva¨‡g hvPvB Kiv| Wv³v‡iiv
cÖKíwU cix¶v Kievi Rb¨ †ivMx‡`i ïay g` w`‡eb bv| mv‡_
mv‡_ Ab¨ wKQy cvbxq w`‡eb hv‡Z g‡`i wKQy wKQy Dcv`vb
Dcw¯’Z| †Kv‡bv †ivMx GB c_¨¸‡jv MÖnY Kievi ci
mePvB‡Z my¯’ wn‡m‡e cÖwZcbœ nb Z‡e myivi †Kv‡bv Dcv`vb
Av‡`Š †m Rb¨ `vqx wKbv †mwUi my¯úó Bw½Zevnx|
†Kvb cix¶‡Yi djvd‡ji weKí (Ges fyj)
e¨vL¨vmg~n‡K `~ixf~Z Kievi Rb¨ wbqš¿Y AZ¨vek¨K|
Avgiv mvaviYfv‡e ej‡Z cvwi †Kv‡bv wKQyi Ici GKwU
wbw`©ó Pj‡Ki cÖfve‡K evwK PjK¸‡jv‡K AcwiewZ©Z
ivLevi gva¨‡g Avjv`v K‡i ch©‡e¶Y Kievi Rb¨ K…Z
cix¶Y‡K Ôwbqwš¿Z cix¶YÕ ejv hvq| wewfbœfv‡e G KvRwU
Kiv m¤¢e| aiv hvK GKRb M‡elK Zuvi M‡elYvMv‡i GKB
eqm, wj½, AvK…wZ I cÖK…wZi 60wU my¯’ Bu`yi‡K GKwU
ivmvqwbK wgwóKviK LvIqv‡jb| NÈv we‡kK ci 10wU Bu`yi
g‡i ‡Mj| GLb GB g…Zz¨i KviY H ivmvqwbK c`v_©wU n‡Z
cv‡i A_ev Ab¨ wKQyI| mv‡_ mv‡_ `…wó‡MvPi bq Ggb
49
Ab¨vb¨ PjKI nqZ cix¶YwU Ges Gi djvdj‡K cÖfvweZ
Ki‡Z cv‡i| GgbUv n‡Z cv‡i g…Z Bu`yi¸‡jv nqZ h‡_ó
cwigv‡Y Lv`¨ ev cvbxq cvq wb A_ev G‡`i‡K mieivn Kiv
Lv`¨-cvbxq †Kv‡bvfv‡e `~wlZ wQj| GgbwUI n‡Z cv‡i Giv
†Kv‡bv ai‡bi g‡bv‰`wnK Pv‡ci wfZi wQj| GLb m¤¢ve¨
mg¯— KviY¸‡jv †_‡K cÖK…Z KviYwU wVK wKfv‡e Avjv`v
Kiv m¤¢e? Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e cÖ‡Z¨KwU KviY‡K `~i Kiv
mgqmv‡c¶ Ges `~iƒn welq| GRb¨ cix¶K ev M‡elK hv
Ki‡Z cv‡ib Zv nj m¤ú~Y© cÖwµqvwU‡K we‡kl wbqš¿‡Yi
Aax‡b wb‡q Avmv| †mwU wZwb Ki‡Z cv‡ib Bu`yi¸‡jv‡K `yBwU
`‡j fvM Kievi gva¨‡g : hv‡`i GKwU‡K ivmvqwbKwU †`qv
n‡e, Av‡iKwU‡K n‡e bv| `j `yBwU‡K GKB ai‡bi Ae¯’vi
†fZi ivL‡Z n‡e Ges GKBfv‡e G‡`i‡K ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Z
n‡e| GKgvÎ G ai‡bi wbqš¿‡Yi ci `j `yBwUi ga¨Kvi
g„Zz¨nvi A‡bK †ewk wbf©i‡hvM¨Zvi mv‡_ Gi KviY wn‡m‡e
ivmvqwbKwU ev Ab¨ wKQy‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡e|
†R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿ cybi“rcv`bkxjZv ev wbqš¿Y †Kv‡bvwUB
†Zgbfv‡e Dcw¯’Z bq| †¶Îwe‡k‡l m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Abycw¯’Z|
Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b ev e¨w³i PvwiwÎK ˆewk‡ó¨ MÖn-b¶‡Îi
cÖfve‡K GL‡bv †Kv‡bv wbqwš¿Z cix¶‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖgvY Kiv
m¤¢e nq wb Ges G ai‡bi †Kv‡bv cix¶Y ¯^Zš¿fv‡e
cybi“rcv`b KivI hvq wb| wbqš¿Y hw`I KLbIev
Av‡mцmwU me©`vB AZ¨š— wkw_j n‡q _v‡K| ZbœZbœ K‡i
ˆeÁvwbK m~²Zv‡K AwZµg K‡i K…ZKvh© nevi wbwg‡Ë hw`
KLbI GB wbqš¿Y‡K hZUv k³ Kiv nq S‡o eK gvievi
evB‡i †R¨vwZlx‡`i ¶gZvi ewntcÖKvk ZZUvB big n‡q
c‡o|
†R¨vwZlkv‡¯¿ wek¦vmx‡`i Z_vKw_Z †Kv‡bv Avwe®‹vi ev
djvdj‡K ¯^Zš¿fv‡e †Kv‡bv M‡elK ev ch©‡e¶K bKj
Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb ev G‡`i cÖwZwjwc ˆZwi Ki‡Z m¶g nb wb|
Ab¨w`‡K cÖwZwôZ ˆeÁvwbK cix¶‡Yi cÖwZwU djvdj
`ywbqvi †h †Kvb cÖv‡š— ¯^Zš¿fv‡e jvf Kiv m¤¢e| GgbwK ¯^qs
†R¨vwZlxiv Zv‡`i mnKg©x‡`i cÖvß djvdjmg~n‡K
cybi“rcv`‡b m¤ú~Y©fv‡e A¶g n‡q‡Qb| we‡klZ hLb k³
wbqš¿Y Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q|
ˆeÁvwbK cix¶‡Yi †Kv‡bv djvdj ev weÁv‡bi †Kv‡bv
mZ¨‡K wVK wKfv‡e D˜NvUb Kiv n‡q‡Q †mwU Avgiv hw`
Rvb‡Z PvB ev †m m¤ú‡K© wbwðr n‡Z PvB Zvn‡j †m
m¤úwK©Z Z_¨-DcvË `y®cÖvc¨ wKQy bqÑA‡bKmgq Avgiv
wb‡RivB cix¶Y¸‡jv cybivq Kievi gva¨‡g †m¸‡jv‡K
hvPvB K‡i †`L‡Z cvwi| D`vniY¯^iƒc Avgiv hw` Rvb‡Z PvB
M¨vwjwjI wKfv‡e Rvb‡Z cvi‡jb MÖn¸‡jv m~h©‡K †K›`ª K‡i
cÖ`w¶Y K‡iÑc…w_ex‡K bq Zvn‡j wZwb †Uwj‡¯‹v‡ci gva¨‡g
†fbv‡mi `kv¸‡jv‡K wKfv‡e ch©‡e¶Y K‡iwQ‡jb †m
50
m¤ú‡K© Avgiv co‡Z †h cvwi| †fbvm hw` m~h©‡K †K›`« K‡i
Ny‡i Zvn‡j wZwb †Uwj‡¯‹v‡ci gva¨‡g hv †`‡LwQ‡jb Avgiv
wVK ZvB †`L‡Z cve| †gvUvgywU ai‡bi †Kv‡bv †Uwj‡¯‹v‡ci
gva¨‡g Avcwb wb‡RB M¨vwjwjIi ch©‡e¶Y‡K cybivq hvPvB
K‡i †`L‡Z cv‡ib|
GKBfv‡e Avcwb hw` Rvb‡Z Pvb wKfv‡e me©cÖ_g
Av‡jvi MwZ‡eM wbY©q Kiv n‡qwQj Zvn‡j Zvn‡j weL¨vZ
W¨vwbk weÁvbx I †R¨vwZwe©` I‡j †ivgv‡ii e„n¯úwZi
DcMÖn¸‡jvi ch©‡e¶Y m¤ú‡K© c‡o †`L‡Z cv‡ib| †ivgvi
ch©‡e¶Y K‡ib e„n¯úwZ MÖnwU hLb c…w_ex †_‡K m‡e©v”P
`~i‡Z¡ _v‡K ZLb me©wbgœ `~i‡Z¡ Ae¯’v‡bi mv‡_ Zyjbxqfv‡e
Gi mePvB‡Z Kv‡Qi DcMÖnwUI e„n¯úwZi †cQb †_‡K 11
wgwbU †`wi‡Z cybivq †`Lv hvq| wZwb eyS‡Z cv‡ib Av‡jvi
AwZwi³ `~iZ¡ åg‡Yi Rb¨ GB AwZwi³ mgqwU †j‡M‡Q| G
†_‡K wZwb Av‡jvi MwZ‡eM MYbv Ki‡Z m¶g nb| AveviI
Avcwb wb‡RB GB djvdjwU‡K cybi“rcv`b I hvPvB K‡i
†`L‡Z cv‡ib| hw`I AmsL¨ wewfbœ ¯^Zš¿ cix¶‡Yi gva¨‡g
Av‡jvi MwZ‡e‡Mi djvdjwU wbwðr Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges G‡`i
cÖwZwU bw_fy³| wewfbœ A¶vs‡k Qvqvi cwiewZ©Z ˆ`N©¨ †g‡c
†mB 250 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã wMÖK weÁvbx Biv‡Uv‡¯’wbm c„w_exi
cwiwa MYbv K‡i †ei K‡iwQ‡jb wKfv‡e Zvi e…Ëvš—I
mnRjf¨|
 cÖwZwU ˆeÁvwbK mZ¨Ñg¨v·I‡qj Zuvi ZworPz¤^K‡Z¡i
weL¨vZ mgxKiY¸‡jv wKfv‡e cÖwZcv`b K‡iwQ‡jb †_‡K
†Kvqv›Uvg RM‡Zi A™¢~Z e¨envi mywbqwš¿Z cix¶Y I
ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖwZwôZ| me©Î G¸‡jv bw_fy³ n‡q‡Q
Ges G‡`i‡K †h †Kvb mgq hvPvB K‡i †`Lv m¤¢e| hv`y‡Uvbvi
gva¨‡g G¸‡jv‡K †KD D˜NvUb K‡ib wb| GLb ch©š— M„nxZ
†Kv‡bv djvdj‡KB †KejgvÎ mZ¨ e‡j Ôg‡bÕ n‡q‡Q e‡jI
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51
Avcbvi eÜzi mv‡_ Avjvc Ki‡Qb †mwU †Zv AvcvZ`„wó‡Z
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co‡e? G-iKg hw` bv nq Zvn‡j weÁvb cwieZ©bkxj GB
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(AvmbœK…Z ev we‡kl ZË¡) cwie‡Z© †Kvqv›Uvg ejwe`¨vi wecixZ bxwZ‡Z KvR K‡i)| Gi A_© nj Kvh© Gi Kvi‡Yi

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52
Ki‡e| Ab¨wU nj msjMœZvi m~Î (†nvwgIc¨vw_ GB bxwZ‡Z
KvR K‡i)| gv‡b hw` `yBwU wRwbm ci¯ú‡ii ms¯ú‡k©
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Mv‡q m~uP †dvUv‡bv Gi GKwU cÖK…ó D`vniY|
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53
MÖ‡ni Ae¯’vb w`‡q e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡”Q| †Kv‡bv cÖK…Z-weÁvb
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weÁv‡bi mg¯— Abygvb ev cÖKíB Awbwðr Ges cwieZ©bkxj|
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fw½‡Z Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| Gi ch©‡e¶Y¸‡jvi D‡Ïk¨ wKš‘
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54
djvdj¸‡jv‡Z wbwØ©avq A‡jŠwKKZ¡ Ges Ava¨vwZ¥KZv
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ms‡KvPbev‡`i GB Kvh©Ki c×wZwU AbymiY K‡i _v‡K
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55
GwU GKwU NUbv‡K e¨vL¨v Ges Gi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Avm‡j
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d«‡qW gnv‡`kxq BD‡iv‡ci (Continental Europe) Ab¨Zg
1. f~wgKv
cÖavb mvs¯‹…wZK †K›`ª wf‡qbv‡ZB KvwU‡q‡Qb|
d«‡qW wb‡RB Zvi g‡bvwe`¨v‡K AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb
¯‹zj Rxe‡b M¨v‡U (Zvi cÖK…wZwelqK iPbv gva¨‡g) Ges
Awag‡bvwe`¨v (Metapsychology) e‡j| Kv‡RB Avgv‡`i
WviDBb Zv‡K DØy× K‡iwQ‡jb cÖK…wZ-weÁvb Aa¨q‡b|
wk‡ivbv‡g DÌvwcZ cÖkœwUi GKwU ¯úó bv-†evaK DËi †Zv
†mRb¨ wZwb wek¦we`¨vj‡q wPwKrmv kv¯¿‡K †e‡Q wb‡qwQ‡jb|
†c‡qB †Mjvg| ïi“‡ZB Avi evMwe¯—v‡ii cÖ‡qvRb wK? wKš‘
wek¦we`¨vj‡q Zvi wk¶K wQ‡jb cÖL¨vZ weÁvbx eª“K (Ernst
g‡bvweÁvb, mvgvwRK weÁvb, wkí-mvwnZ¨ Ges gb¯—Ë¡
Brucke)| eª“K weL¨vZ †njg‡nvrm (Helmholtz) Gi mn‡hvMx
m¤^‡Ü mvavi‡Yi †ev‡a d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡i cÖfve e¨vcK| ZvB GKwU
wQ‡jb| †njg‡nvrm wQ‡jb d«‡q‡Wi AvBWj| †njg‡nvrm I
my¯úó ÔbvÕ wee„wZ‡ZB cÖkœwUi DËi mgvß KivUv wVK n‡e bv|
Zvi mn‡hvMxiv †mB mgqKvi fveev`x `k©b AbycÖvwYZ
eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü Avgiv d«‡q‡Wi Rxe‡bi GKwU †iLvwPÎ
weÁvbx‡`i ÔRxebkw³Õ, ÔfvBUvj BjvbÕ, ÔAvZ¥vÕ BZ¨vw`
Gu‡K Zvi ZË¡ eY©bv Kie| cici _vK‡e Zvi g~j¨vqb|
cix¶v wbix¶vi Abyc‡hvMx aviYvi wei“‡× wbijm msMÖvg
Dcmsnv‡i g‡bvweÁv‡bi ˆeÁvwbK avivi D L Kie, †hb
Pvjvw”Q‡jb| d«‡qW G‡`i cÖfv‡e wbixk¦iev`x I e¯‘ev`x n‡q
weÁvbgb¯‹ cvVK Zvi AbymwÜrmv †mLv‡b PvwjZ Ki‡Z
c‡ob|
cv‡ib|
1881 m‡b d«‡qW wPwKrmvkv‡¯¿ Gg wW wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib|
2. Rxe‡bi †iLvwPÎ Zvi AvMÖ‡ni welq wQj mœvqyZš¿| G e¨vcv‡i Zvi A‡bK¸‡jv
d«‡qW R‡b¥wQ‡jb †gvivwfqv A‡ji wcÖei-†d«BeyM© kn‡i, M‡elYvcÎ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi welq mylygœv Kv‡Êi
1856 m‡b| AÂjwU ZLb A‡÷ªv-nv‡½ixq mvgªv‡R¨i Aaxb (spinal cord) RvwZRwbK (phylogenic) Ges mylygœv kx‡l©i (medulla
wQj| eZ©gv‡b Zv †PKcÖRvZ‡š¿i Aš—M©Z| d«‡qWiv Rvg©vbfvlx oblongata) e¨w³RwbK (ontogenic) weKvk| d«‡q‡Wi B”Qv wQj
56
M‡elYv‡KB †ckv wnmv‡e †e‡Q †bqv| G‡Z Zvi wcZviI
m¤§wZ wQj| Zvi cwiev‡ii Avw_©K m”QjZv wQj bv| eZ©gv‡b
†hgb, †m mg‡qI †Kvb abx Kb¨vi cvwYMÖnY wQj Avw_©K
mgm¨vi GKwU mgvavb| wKš‘ d«‡qW cQ›` K‡iwQ‡jb GK
wbgœweË N‡ii †g‡q‡K| Gme we‡ePbv K‡i Zvi ïfvbya¨vqx
wk¶K Zv‡K M‡el‡Ki †ckv †Q‡o Wv³vwi cÖ¨vKwUm Ki‡Z
†Rvi civgk© †`b| Zvi civgk© g‡Zv d«‡qW j¨ve‡iUwi †Q‡o
wK¬wbK¨vj †gwWwmb-G †hvM †`b| Gevi Zvi M‡elYvi †¶Î
nq wK¬wbK¨vj welq|
1886 m‡b wZwb e„wË wb‡q c¨vwi hvb ZrKvjxb †kªô
mœvh~‡ivM we‡klÁ kv‡K©v (Jean Martin Charcot)-Gi wK¬wb‡K
cÖwk¶Y wb‡Z| †ckvMZ Rxe‡b Zvi Dci kv‡K©vi cÖfve wQj
me‡P‡q Mfxi| kvixwiK AvNv‡Z mœvqyZ‡š¿i KvR e¨vnZ nq,
GwU wPwKrmvkv‡¯¿ cÖgvwYZ| kv‡K©v j¶¨ K‡ib Ôwnw÷wiqviÕ
†ivMx‡`i †¶‡Î GiKg †Kvb kvixwiK †ivM Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq
bv; eis gvbwmK AvNv‡Zi BwZnvm cvIqv hvq| ZvB
wnw÷wiqvi KviY wnmv‡e kv‡K©v gvbwmK AvNvZRwbZ dynamic
trauma (MwZkxj AvNvZ) Ici ¸i“Z¡ w`‡Zb| wKš‘ Gi ¯^iƒc ev
Kg©cÖwµqv wK, Zv Zvi Rvbv wQj bv| aviYvwU d«‡qW‡K
Mfxifv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i|
wf‡qbvq wd‡i wZwb wkï nvmcvZv‡j †hvM †`b Ges
cÖvB‡fU cÖ¨vKwUm ïi“ K‡ib| G nvmcvZv‡j wZwb KvR K‡ib
57
1896 mb ch©š—| Zvici cÖvB‡fU cÖ¨vKwUm-B nq Zvi
RxweKv|
d«‡q‡Wi †ivMx‡`i D L‡hvM¨ AskB wQj wnw÷wiqvi
†ivMx| ewb©‡nBg (Hippolyte M. Bernheim) wnw÷wiqv wPwKrmvq
Ôm‡¤§vnb AwffvebÕ (hypnotic suggestion) c×wZ e¨envi
Ki‡Zb| G c×wZ †kLvi Rb¨ d«‡qW 1889 m‡b d«v‡Ýi
bvb&wm‡Z hvb| kv‡K©vi wK¬wb‡K KvR Kivi mgqB Zvi
ÔwWbvwgK UªgvÕi Kg©cÖwµqv wnmv‡e g‡bi A‡PZb cÖwµqvi
K_v g‡b G‡mwQj| evb©‡nB‡gi wK¬wb‡K cÖwk¶Y †bqvi mgq
kw³kvjx A‡PZb gvbwmK cÖwµqvi m¤¢ve¨Zvi e¨vcv‡i Zvi
cÖZ¨q Av‡iv `„p nq|
Gici wZwb wf‡qbvi wPwKrmK †hv‡md weªDqvi (Josef
Breuer) Gi m‡½ KvR ïi“ K‡ib| weªDqvi wnw÷wiqv wPwKrmvq
†ivMx‡K m‡¤§vwnZ K‡i †ivMxi g‡b †P‡c ivLv K_v cÖKvk
Kivi Awffveb w`‡Zb| †ivMx Pvcv Kó‡K DM‡i w`‡Z cvi‡j
†ivM †m‡i †hZ| Zv‡`i `yR‡bi †hŠ_ M‡elYvi dj 1895
m‡b ‘Studies on Hysteria’ bv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq| GwU d«‡q‡Wi
M‡elYv avivq bZzb euvK| GLv‡bB wZwb mœvqyZ‡š¿i Dci
A‡PZb gvbwmK wµqvi cÖfve wb‡q M‡elYv ïi“ K‡ib Ges
Zvi bZyb wPš—vavivi m~Pbv nq| DcwiD³ iPbvi f~wgKvq
ejv nq gvbwmK kw³ (psychic energy) hw` cÖKv‡ki c_ bv
cvq, Zvn‡j Zv g‡bvweKv‡ii Dcm‡M© iƒcvš—wiZ nq| GB
kw³‡K wbR¯^ c‡_ PvwjZ Ki‡Z cvi‡j †ivM DcmM© `~i nq|
weªDqvi Gi m‡½ KvR Kivi mgq d«‡qW Gi Kv‡Q
m‡¤§vnb c×wZ‡Z wPwKrmvi wKQz mgm¨v aiv c‡o| †hgb me
†ivMx‡K m‡¤§vwnZ Kiv hvq bv Ges A‡bK †ivMxi †¶‡Î
Ôm‡¤§vnb AwffvebÕ Gi cÖfve `xN©¯’vqx nq bv| Gme ΓwU
KvUv‡bvi Rb¨ wZwb D™¢veb K‡ib Aeva Abym½ (free
association) c×wZ| cieZx© Rxe‡b wZwb G c×wZB e¨envi
K‡i‡Qb| Aeva Abym‡½iB A½ wnmv‡e wZwb hy³ K‡ib ¯^cœ
mgx¶Y (dream analysis)| ¯^cœ wb‡q Zvi M‡elYvi djkÖ“wZ
'Interpretation of Dreams' †ei nq 1900 m‡b| GwUB Ôd«‡qWev‡`iÕ
cÖ_g cÖKvk| GLv‡b wZwb M‡elYvi cÖwZwôZ c×wZ, hv wZwb
wbD‡ivjwRK¨vj I wK¬wbK¨vj M‡elYvq cÖ‡qvM K‡iwQ‡jb,
Zv †_‡K m‡i G‡m‡Qb| Zvi cieZx© M‡elYvmg~n hv
d«‡qWev‡`i A½, †m m‡eI wZwb G bZyb c×wZ Aej¤^b
K‡i‡Qb| D L¨ d«‡qW cÖewZ©Z G M‡elYv c×wZ, hv
g‡bvweÁv‡bi mvB‡KvWvBbvwgK (psychodynamic) avivi A½,
GL‡bv cix¶vwfwËK g‡bvweÁv‡b ¯^xK…Z bq|
1887-1902 G c‡e© d«‡qW Zvi eÜz evwj©b Gi wPwKrmK
†d¬m (Witheim Fleiess) Gi mn‡hvwMZvq AvZ¥-mgx¶Y m¤úbœ
K‡ib| c‡i Zvi cÖewZ©Z mvB‡Kv‡_ivwci †_ivwc÷‡`i Rb¨
ÔAvZ¥-mgx¶YÕ GKwU c~e©kZ© iƒ‡c cÖ‡hvR¨ nq| d«‡qW Zvi
58
ZË¡ MV‡b AvZ¥mgx¶‡Y cÖvß AwfÁZv e¨envi K‡ib Ges
AvZ¥mgx¶‡Yi AwfÁZv‡KB Zvi Z‡Ë¡i mwVKZvi cÖgvY
e‡j MY¨ K‡ib| d«‡qW Gi ZË¡ MV‡b †d¬m Gi f~wgKv
¸i“Z¡c~Y©|
1902 m‡b d«‡qW 'College of Professors of the Faculty of
Medicine'-Gi Aby‡gv`bµ‡g Aw÷ªqvi mgªvU KZ…©K 'Professor
Extra Ordinaries' (Associate Professor) c‡` e„Z nb| Aw÷ªqvi
cvj©v‡g›U Zvi ÔmvB‡Kv-GbvjvBwUKÕ wPwKrmv c×wZ‡K
¯^xK…wZ †`q| 1903 m‡b cÖKvwkZ nq Zvi 'Psychopathology of
Everyday Life' MÖš’| d«‡qW Z‡Ë¡i A‰eÁvwbK cÖK…wZi Rb¨
weÁvbxgn‡j Zvi K`i nq wb| wKš‘ ¯^cœ m¤^‡Ü Ges cÖvZ¨wnK
Rxe‡bi fyjåvwš— m¤^‡Ü Zvi †jLv eB `ywU RbwcÖqZv cvq|
KviY gvby‡li cÖvZ¨wnK AwfÁZv‡K wb‡q mnR‡eva¨fv‡e
Ggb e¨vL¨vg~jK gb¯—‡Ë¡i eB Zvi Av‡M †KD wj‡Lb wb|
Gme eB‡q wZwb ïay i“Mœ g‡bi K_vB wj‡Lbwb-GKUv
mvwe©K I me©RbMÖvn¨ gvbwmK `k©b cÖYq‡bi †Póv K‡i‡Qb|
wZwb e¨w³ gb †_‡K mgvR-gvbm I weÁvb, mvwnZ¨, wkí
BZ¨vw` me© e¨vcv‡ii gb¯—vwË¡K KviY wbY©‡q gb w`‡q‡Qb|
GKv‡WwgK c‡`vbœwZ, wPwKrmvq mvdj¨ Ges RbwcÖq
†jLvi Rb¨ d«‡q‡Wi L¨vwZ Qwo‡q c‡o| Zi“Y wk¶v_x©iv Zvi
cv‡k R‡ov nq G avivq M‡elYv Ki‡Z, cÖ¨vKwUm Ki‡Z,
wKsev cÖPvi Ki‡Z| G wkl¨e‡M©i g‡a¨ †Kej Wv³viivB
wQ‡jb bv-wQ‡jb wkíx, Kwe, †jLK cÖf„wZ wewfbœ †ckvi
†jvK| Zvi wkl¨ wbDBq‡K©i wPwKrmK weªj (A. Brill) Zvi
Rvg©vb fvlvi †jLv¸‡jv Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyev` K‡ib| d‡j Avš—
R©vwZK A½‡b Zvi cwiwPwZi c_ myMg nq|
1905 m‡b cÖKvwkZ nq Zvi bZyb avivi M‡elYv mgx¶Y
'Three Contributions to the Sexual Theory'| 1909 m‡b Av‡gwiKvb
mvB‡KvjwRK¨vj G‡mvwm‡qkb Gi cÖwZôvZv ÷vbwj nj
(Stanly Hall) Gi Avgš¿‡Y d«‡qW wkl¨ Av‡gwiKv hvb K¬vK©
wek¦we`¨vj‡q e³…Zv w`‡Z| Zvi cÖfve Qwo‡q
Av‡gwiKvq, BD‡iv‡ci †P‡qI †ewkgvÎvq Ges
¯’vqxfv‡e|
1910 m‡b wewfbœ ¯’v‡b †hme mvB‡KvGbvjvBwUK
†mvmvBwU M‡o D‡VwQj †mm‡ei mgš^‡q MwVZ nq ÔAvš—
R©vwZK mvB‡KvGbvjvBwUK G‡mvwm‡qkbÕ|
1911 m‡b Zvi cÖ_g w`KKvi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wkl¨ GWjvi
(Alfred Adler) Zvi m½ Z¨vM K‡i wbR¯^ aviv ÔIndividual
Pschology' M‡o †Zv‡jb| Aek¨ GwU d«‡qWxq g~j cÖZ¨q
KvVv‡gvi (paradyme) evB‡i bq|
1913 m‡b cÖKvwkZ nq 'Totem and Taboo'| GLv‡b d«‡qW
Zvi ZË¡‡K b„Z‡Ë¡ I mgvRZ‡Ë¡ we¯—…Z K‡ib| 1914 m‡b Zvi
Av‡iK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wkl¨ Bqy½ (Carl Gustav Jung) Zvi m‡½ m¤úK©
59
wQbœ K‡i wbR¯^ aviv 'Analytical Psychology' M‡o †Zv‡jb| GwUI
cÖZ¨q KvVv‡gv‡Z d«‡qWxq|
1920 m‡b †ei nq 'Beyond the Pleasure Principle'| GZKvj
Zvi Z‡Ë¡ gvby‡li g~j PvwjKvkw³ wQj 'Libido' ev
†hŠbvKv•¶vÑhv ZË¡ weKv‡ki cieZx© ch©v‡q ÔErosÕ ev
ÔRxebvKv•¶vÕi aviYvq cÖmvwiZ nq| Gevi Zvi Z‡Ë¡ Gj
ÔErosÕ-Gi wecixZ cÖeYZv ÔThanatosÕ ev ÔgiYvKv•¶vÕi aviYv|
RxebvKv•¶v Rxeš— e¯‘‡K GK‡Î a‡i ivL‡Z Pvq, giYvKv•¶v
c‡o ˆRe e¯‘‡K A‰Re e¯‘‡Z wew”Qbœ K‡i| Av‡MB wZwb
†ewk AvMÖvmb‡K (aggression) GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© †cÖlYv wnmv‡e wPwýZ
K‡iwQ‡jb| Gevi ej‡jb ÔAvMÖvmbÕ Gi g~‡j i‡q‡Q
ÔgiYvKv•¶vÕ|
1920 m‡b wZwb ÔProfessorÕ c‡` K…Z nb| Zvi cieZx© iPbv
'Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego' †ei nq 1921 m‡b|
G‡Z wZwb g‡bvmgx¶‡Yi wfwˇZ MwVZ e¨w³ gb¯—‡Ë¡i
aviYvi mvnv‡h¨ MÖ“c Ges mvgvwRK gb¯—Ë¡ e¨vL¨vi †Póv
K‡i‡Qb| wZwb †`Lv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, Avš—-e¨w³ Av‡eMMZ eÜb
Ômgwó gb¯—‡Ë¡iÕI mvigg©|
Zvi ZË¡xq K‡g©i †kl ¸i“Z¡c~Y© eB 'The Ego and the Id',
cÖKvwkZ nq 1923 m‡b| G‡Z wZwb Id, Ego, Superego msewjZ
cÖ‡KvôwfwËK g‡bi ZË¡MZ wfwËwU m¤úbœ K‡ib| Superego
D™¢‡ei cÖwµqvwUI G‡Z weKwkZ K‡ib wZwb| G eQiB Zvi
†Pvqv‡j K¨vÝv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ_g Acv‡ikb nq| G Rb¨ Zvi †gvU wb wKsev wb‡Z cv‡ib wb| bvrwmiv Zv‡`i‡K M¨vm †P¤^v‡i nZ¨v
23 evi Acv‡ikb n‡q‡Q| K‡i|
d«‡qW 1930 m‡b cÖKvk K‡ib 'Civilization and Its 1939 m‡b jÛ‡bB d«‡q‡Wi g„Zz¨ nq| Zvi RxweZve¯’vq
Discontents'| G‡Z Zvi 'Eros-Thanatos' ؇›Øi ZË¡wU‡KB mf¨Zvi cÖKvwkZ †kl MÖš’ 'Moses and Monotheism' cÖKvwkZ nq 1939
BwZnvm e¨vL¨vq e¨envi K‡ib| m‡bB| G‡Z wZwb Zvi ZË¡xq Ae¯’vb †_‡K mvaviYfv‡e a‡g©i
1933 m‡b wØZxq wek¦hy× c~e© BD‡iv‡c hy× cÖwZ‡iv‡a DrcwË Ges we‡klfv‡e Bûw` G‡Kk¦iev‡`i DrcwË wb‡q
MwVZ eyw×Rxex ms‡Ni c‡¶ AvBb÷vB‡bi AvnŸv‡b Ôhy× †Kb Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| GwU Zvi 25 ermi Av‡M cÖKvwkZ 'Totem
nqÕ G e¨vcv‡i Zvi gZ Rvwb‡q GKwU wbeÜ wj‡Lb| ms‡Ni and Taboo' MÖ‡š’iB m¤cÖmviY| Zvi Rxe‡bi †kl †jLvwU
c¶ †_‡K AvBb÷vB‡bi wPwV Ges d«‡q‡Wi DËi 'Why War' Am¤ú~Y©| GwU Zvi g„Zz¨i ci 'An Outline of Psychoanalysis' bv‡g
bvgK cyw¯—Kv AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv nq| Zvi g‡Z g‡bi Aš— cÖKvwkZ nq|
wb©wnZ giYvKv•¶vB hy‡×i KviY| GwU gvbe-cÖK…wZi
3. d«‡qW ZË¡
Awe‡”Q`¨ AskÑZvB gy‡Q †djv m¤¢e bq| †KejgvÎ mf¨Zv-
d«‡qW Zvi ZË¡ M‡o‡Qb g‡bvmgx¶‡Yi (psychoanalysis)
ms¯‹…wZi Dbœqb NwU‡q, giYvKv•¶vi wecixZ cÖe„wË
gva¨‡g †ivMx wPwKrmvq AwR©Z AwfÁZvi wfwˇZ| wZwb Zvi
RxebvKv•¶v‡K cyó K‡i Ges gvby‡li AvZ¥‡ev‡ai we¯—vi
Kg©Rxeb ïi“ K‡ib ÔcÖ¨vKwUwms Wv³viÕ wnmv‡e| 41 ermi
NwU‡qB hy× e‡Üi Avkv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
eqm †_‡K evwK Rxe‡b ÔcÖvB‡fU cÖ¨vKwUmÕ-B nq Zvi †ckv|
1938 m‡b bvrwmiv Aw÷ªqv `L‡ji ci d«‡q‡Wi
Zvi †ivMxiv evqy‡iv‡Mi (neurotic disorder) Ges wnw÷wiqvi
cÖKvkbvjq m‡gZ mg¯— m¤úwË ev‡Rqvß K‡i| Zv‡K e›`x
(dissociative disorder) †ivMx| Zvi wPwKrmv c×wZ g‡bvmgx¶Y|
K‡i †N‡Uv‡Z iv‡L| Avš—R©vwZK mvB‡KvGbvjvBwUK
wPwKrmvi cÖ‡qvR‡bB wZwb Gme †iv‡Mi KviY Ges Gme
G‡mvwm‡qkb d«‡q‡Wi gyw³i Rb¨ Zxeª Av‡›`vjb K‡i| †gvUv
wbivg‡qi Dcvq †ei Kivi †Póv KiwQ‡jb| Zvi mg‡q G
As‡Ki gyw³c‡Yi wewbg‡q bvrwmiv d«‡q‡Wi cwievi‡K
†¶Î¸‡jv wQj m¤ú~Y© ARvbv GK ivR¨| GRb¨ Zv‡K gvby‡li
jÛ‡b hvIqvi AbygwZ †`q| d«‡qW Zvi Pvi †evb‡K m‡½ †bb
e¨w³Z¡, e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk, e¨w³‡Z¡i †cªlYv Ges e¨w³i

60
weKv‡ki mgm¨v-hv †ivM AvKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq, Gme m¤^‡Ü ewm‡q‡Qb| g‡bvweÁv‡bi Ab¨ avivq g‡bi Am‡PZb Kv‡Ri
GKwU mvwe©K ZË¡ M‡o Zzj‡Z nq| ZË¡ M‡o †Zvjvi ci G ¸i“Z¡ ¯^xK…Z, wKš‘ Gi P~ovš— wba©viK f~wgKv ¯^xK…Z bq|
ZË¡‡K wZwb wPwKrmvi MwʇZ mxwgZ bv †i‡L cÖ‡qvM K‡ib
b„ZË¡, ag©, mgvRZË¡ÑGme mvgvwRK wewfbœ wel‡qi e¨vL¨vi 3.2 cÖ‡KvôwfwËK gb
Kv‡R| Avgiv Zvi c~Y© weKwkZ ZË¡wU‡K eY©bv K‡i Zvi d«‡qW gvbyl‡K GKwU
cÖ‡qvM eY©bv Kie| RwUj kw³Zš¿ (complex
3.1 ¯—iwfwËK gb energy system) wnmv‡e
cÖ_‡gB Avmv hvK m‡PZbZvi †cÖw¶‡Z g‡bi Kv‡Ri Kíbv Ki‡Zb| Zvi
wefvR‡bi welqwU| g‡bi wKQz KvR m¤^‡Ü Avgiv m‡PZb aviYv, Lv‡`¨ mwÂZ kw³
Ges wKQz KvR m¤^‡Ü Am‡PZb| g‡bi Kv‡Ri m‡PZb wecvK cÖwµqvq kvixwiK
Am‡PZb fvM eû cyiv‡bv I me©Rb ¯^xK…Z| wKš‘ d«‡qW kw³‡Z cwiYZ nq| †mB
c~e©eZx© g‡bvweÁv‡bi M‡elYvq g‡bi Am‡PZb w`KwU ¸i“Z¡ kvixwiK kw³ Avevi
cvq wb| d«‡qW g‡bi Kv‡Ri GB m‡PZb I Am‡PZb w`K‡K iƒcvš—wiZ nq gvbwmK kw³‡Z| B`& (Id) nj kvixwiK kw³i
g‡bi ¯—i wnmv‡e Kíbv K‡ib| wZwb g‡bi Am‡PZb KvR‡K gvbwmK kw³‡Z iƒcvš—‡ii ¯’vb|
Avevi `yfvM K‡ib, A‡PZb Ges cÖvK‡PZb| A‡PZb ZvB, d«‡qW wek¦vm Ki‡Zb evB‡ii RMZ †hgb, Aš—R©MZI
†Póv K‡iI hv m¤^‡Ü m‡PZb nIqv hvq bv| Avevi cÖvK‡PZb †Zgwb Kvh©KviY wbqgvaxb| wZwb evB‡ii RMZ‡K ej‡Zb
Zv, hv m¤^‡Ü Avgiv Am‡PZb _vK‡jI †Póv Ki‡j m‡PZb e¯‘MZ ev¯—eZv (material reality) Ges Aš—R©MZ‡K gvbwmK ev¯—
n‡Z cvwi| Gfv‡e d«‡q‡Wi Z‡Ë¡ gb wZb ¯—i wewkó, A‡PZb eZv (psychical reality)| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †fŠZ weÁv‡bi
(Unconscious), cÖvK‡PZb (Preconscious) Ges m‡PZb KvR †hgb evB‡ii RM‡Zi wbqg Avwe®‹vi, †Zgwb
(Conscious)| d«‡qW ïay A‡PZb gb‡K M‡elYvq wb‡q Av‡mb g‡bvweÁv‡bi KvR Aš—R©M‡Zi wbqg Avwe®‹vi| wKš‘ wZwb
wb, wZwb G‡K gvby‡li AvPi‡Yi P~ovš— wba©vi‡Ki f~wgKvq evB‡ii RMZ I Aš—R©M‡Zi cvi¯úwiK ev Øvw›ØK
m¤úK©wU‡K ev` w`‡q, †KejgvÎ Aš—R©M‡Zi g‡a¨B
61
Aš—R©M‡Zi wbqg AbymÜv‡b iZ nb| Zvi g‡Z Aš—R©M‡Zi
wbqg Avwe®‹v‡i Ôev¯—‡ei †evaÕ I ÔKíbvÕ Dfq‡KB mgvb
wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| g‡bvRM‡Zi Kvh©KviY wbqg‡K
wZwb gvbwmK wba©viYev` (psychic determinism) e‡j AvL¨vwqZ
K‡ib|
d«‡q‡Wi ZË¡ iPbvi m~ÎcvZ ¯—iwfwËK g‡bi Kíbvi Dci|
Zvici wZwb hy³ K‡ib cÖ‡KvôwfwËK g‡bi aviYv| cÖ‡Kvô
wZbwU, B`& (Id=It), B‡Mv (Ego=The me) Ges mycviB‡Mv
(Superego=The Conscience)| ¯—iwfwËK gb Ges cÖ‡KvôwfwËK
gb Gi Avš—tm¤úK©wU †iLvwP‡Îi gva¨‡g wee„Z Kiv hvK|
B`& g‡bi A‡PZb ¯—‡i Aew¯’Z| GwU g‡bi PvwjKvkw³,
gvbwmK kw³i (psychic energy) Avavi| GLvb †_‡KB gvbwmK
kw³ Ab¨ cÖ‡Kv‡ô PvwjZ nq| B`& G gvbwmK kw³ wewfbœ
†cÖlYvi (motivation) AvKv‡i mwÂZ _v‡K| B`& Gi †cÖlYv ev
AvKv•¶v c~iY bv n‡j g‡b †h cxob (tension) †`Lv †`q, Zv
`~i Kivi Rb¨ B`& wb‡gœv³ `ywUi GKwU cÖwµqv †e‡Q †bq|
civeZ© wµqv (reflex action) †hgb wkïi gv‡qi ¯—be„š— †Pvlv;
wKsev Kíbvi gva¨‡g B”Qvc~iY (primary process thinking)| B`&
Gi Kg©bxwZ ÔmyL cvIqvÕ (pleasure principle)| d«‡qW mnRvZ
†cÖlYv wnmv‡e GKwU †cÖlYv‡KB wPwýZ K‡iwQ‡jb, Zv
†hŠbvKv•¶v (libido)| Zvici wZwb Av‡iKwU †cÖlYvi cÖ¯—ve
K‡ib, Zv AvMÖvmb (aggression)| ZË¡ weKv‡ki cieZx© ch©v‡q
62
wZwb †hŠbvKv•¶v‡K cÖmvwiZ K‡ib RxebvKv•¶vq (eros) hv
cÖwZwU Rxe‡Kvl‡K †eu‡P _vKvi †cÖiYv †hvMvq| Avi AvMÖvmb
iƒcvš—wiZ nq RxebvKv•¶vi wecixZ giYvKv•¶vq (thanatos)|
†h AvKv•¶v ˆRe e¯‘‡K A‰Re e¯‘‡Z iƒcvš—wiK Ki‡Z Pvq|
d«‡qW e¨vL¨v †`b, giYvKv•¶v wb‡Ri w`‡K avweZ n‡j B‡Mvi
AvZ¥i¶v †KŠk‡j Zv ¯’vbvš—wiZ nq A‡b¨i cÖwZ AvMÖvm‡b|
B‡Mvi we¯—vi g‡bi †PZb, cÖvK‡PZb I A‡PZb ¯—i Ry‡o|
B`& Gi AvKv•¶v c~i‡Yi †h `ywU cÖwµqv i‡q‡Q Zv Rxeb
avi‡Yi Rb¨ h‡_ó bq| me Lv`¨B ¯—be„‡š—i g‡Zv
mnRjf¨ bq; Kíbvq †cvjvI †L‡jI †cU f‡i bv| ZvB
B‡Mvi cÖ‡qvRb ev¯—ewfwËK wPš—v (secondary process thinking)| hv
B‡`i AvKv•¶v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki c_ w¯’i Ki‡e, Avevi
mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZi m‡½ gvbvbmBI n‡e| nq †L‡U LvIqvi
UvKv †RvMvo Ki‡e, bq ivR‰bwZK `‡ji wgwQ‡j †hvM w`‡q
†cvjvI Lv‡e| ZvB B‡Mvi Kg©bxwZ ev¯—eZvi bxwZ (reality
principle)| B`& Gi cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z B‡Mv †h ev¯—e Kg©bxwZ
MÖnY K‡i, Zvi cÖwµqv P‡j g‡bi m‡PZb ¯—‡i| Gme †gUv‡Z
wM‡q mgvavb A‡hvM¨ Ø›Ø †`Lv w`‡j B‡Mv †h AvZ¥i¶v
†KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i, Zvi Ae¯’vb g‡bi cÖvK‡PZb ev
A‡PZb ¯—‡i|
mycvi B‡Mvi we¯—viI g‡bi †PZb, cÖvK‡PZb Ges
A‡PZb ¯—‡i| ÔwK Kiv AbywPZÕ mvgvwRK G wk¶v‡K AvZ¥¯’
K‡i †h we‡eK‡eva M‡o D‡V Ges ÔwK Kiv DwPZÕ mvgvwRK
G wk¶v‡K AvZ¥¯’ K‡i ÔAv`k©‡evaÕ M‡o D‡V; G `y‡qi
mgvKj‡bB mycvi B‡Mv MwVZ|
3.3.1 g‡bi wKsev e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk
d«‡qW wek¦vm Ki‡Zb eq‡mi wewfbœ ch©v‡q kix‡ii wewfbœ
¯’v‡b †ewkgvÎvq †hŠbcxob Abyf~Z nq Ges †m cxob
wbevi‡Yi Rb¨ Hme ¯’vb‡K DÏxwcZ Kivi Zvobv Rv‡M|
Gme †hŠbcxobeûj AÂj¸‡jv‡K †hŠbcxob AÂj
(eratogenas zone) e‡j| e¨w³i weKv‡ki wewfbœ ch©vq‡K
wPwýZ Kivi nq, †m mg‡qi cÖavb †hŠbcxob A‡ji bvg
Abyhvqx|
gyL ch©vq (oral stage) : Rb¥ †_‡K AvVv‡iv gvm eqm ch©š—|
ZLb wkï Pz‡l ev Kvgwo‡q Z…wß cvq|
cvqy ch©vq (anal stage) : †`o †_‡K wZb Pvi eQi eqm ch©š—|
ZLb wkï gj AvU‡K †i‡L ev B”Qvbyhvqx Z¨vM K‡i Z…wß
cvq|
wkkœ ch©vq (phallic stage) : wZb Pvi †_‡K cuvP eQi eqm ch©š—|
e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡k GwU me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ch©vq| G ch©v‡q cxob
AÂj †hŠbv½| wkïiv ZLb G AÂj g`©‡bi gva¨‡g Z…wß cvq|
wKš‘ Gi †P‡qI ¸i“Z¡c~Y©, wkï Pvq Zvi wecixZ wj‡½i wcZv
63
ev gvZvi m‡½ †hŠb m¤úK© Ki‡Z| ZLb †m mgwj‡½i wcZv
ev gvZv‡K Zvi AvKv•¶v c~i‡Yi evav wnmv‡e †`‡L| ZvB †m
Zv‡K kΓ †f‡e mwi‡q w`‡Z Pvq| wcZv ev gvZv nZ¨v Kvgbvi
Rb¨ Zvi g‡b Avevi Aciva‡evaI †`Lv †`q|
†Q‡j‡`i G RwUj †evawU‡K e‡j BwWcvm Kg · Avi
†g‡q‡`iwU‡K B‡j±ªv Kg ·| †Q‡j‡`i g‡a¨ ZLb
Aciva‡ev‡ai m‡½ Ggb fq Rb¥vq †h, wcZv eywS Zv‡K
†LvRv evwb‡q †`‡e| GwU Castration Complex| †g‡q‡`i G fqwU
†bB| wKš‘ Zv‡`i †Q‡j‡`i g‡Zv wkkœ †bB e‡j i‡q‡Q
†Q‡j‡`i cÖwZ GK ai‡bi Cl©vÑ Penis Envy| B`& RvZ
AvKv•¶vi g‡ZvB Gme Kg ·I A‡PZb| wkï Amva¨
KvgbvwU mvab Ki‡Z bv †c‡i mgwj‡½i wcZv ev gvZvi m‡½
GKvZ¥‡eva K‡i AvswkK cwiZ…wß cvq| GRb¨ mgwj‡½i
wcZv ev gvZv‡K Av`k© wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡i, Zv‡`i ˆewkó¨vejx
AvZ¥¯’ K‡i| Gfv‡eB Zvi e¨w³‡Z¡i cÖv_wgK wfwË ¯’vwcZ
nq|
cÖ”Qbœ ch©vq (latency period) : cuvP eQi †_‡K †hŠb m¶gZv
AR©b ch©š— Kvj| ZLb B`&-Gi Zvobvi cÖkgb N‡U| wkï Zvi
cwi‡ek †_‡K wk¶vjvf K‡i|
Rb‡bw›`ªq ch©vq (genital stage) : eqtmwÜKv‡j Avevi
†hŠbvKv•¶v RvMÖZ nq| ZLb B`& Gi AvKv•¶v‡K c~i‡Yi Rb¨
ev¯—‡ei `vve Ges mvgvwRK wk¶vq B‡Zvg‡a¨ MwVZ
3.4 B‡Mvi AvZ¥i¶v †KŠkj (Ego defense mechanism)
mycviB‡Mv, G `y‡qi g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ weavb Ki‡Z B‡Mv‡K cÖPÊ
g‡bi G ai‡bi Kg©cÖwµqv‡K Avwe®‹vi Ges wjwce× K‡ib
Pv‡c _vK‡Z nq| Gfv‡eB µ‡g c~Y©v½ e¨w³Z¡ M‡o D‡V|
wewfbœ mvwnwZ¨K| d«‡qW Gme‡K m~Îe× K‡i Zvi Z‡Ë¡i A½

3.3.2 weKvk Aei“‡×i aviYv (the concept of fixation) K‡ib| Gme‡K c×wZe× iƒc †`b Zvi †g‡q Avbv d«‡qW,

weKv‡ki †Kvb ch©v‡q wkïi AvKv•¶v AZ…ß _vK‡j ev 1936 m‡b 'Ego and the Mechanism of Defense' eB‡q|

AwZZ…ß n‡j Zvi e¨w³Z¡ weKvk †m ch©v‡q Aei“× n‡q hvq| ev¯—‡ei `vwe wgwU‡q, mycviB‡Mvi bRi`vwi‡K Gwo‡q, B`&

e¨w³‡Z¡i Aei“× `kvwUi Qvc c‡o Zvi cwiYZ e¨w³‡Z¡| Gi Kvgbv‡K Z…ß Ki‡Z wM‡q, B‡Mv hv‡Z AwZwi³ D‡ØM,

†Kvb ch©v‡q weKvk Aei“× n‡j e¨w³Z¡ †Kgb n‡e Gi GKwU Aciva‡eva, †µva, Ø›Ø cÖf„wZ‡Z fvivµvš— bv n‡q c‡o,

ZvwjKv w`jvg| †mRb¨ B‡Mv wbgœewY©Z AvZ¥i¶v †KŠkj¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i|

Gme †KŠkj e¨w³ Am‡PZbfv‡eB e¨envi K‡i| Z‡e
gyL ch©vq : Avkvev`x, wbf©ikxj, D`vi, bv‡Qviev›`v, KzwUj|
AvZ¥mgx¶Y wKsev mvB‡Kv‡_ivwci gva¨‡g Zv‡K G e¨vcv‡i
cvqy ch©vq : k„•LjvcivqY, wgZe¨qx, mgqvbyeZx©, GK¸u‡q,
m‡PZb Kiv hvq| wb‡P wKQz AvZ¥i¶v †KŠkj ewY©Z nj|
we‡`ªvnx|
AvPiY‡K wfbœLv‡Z PvwjZ Kivi †KŠkjmg~n (Behaviour-
wkkœ ch©vq : Mwe©Z, AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx, `vw¤¢K, fxZz, jvRyK|
Channeling Defense)
GK ch©v‡q weKvk Aei“×Zvi Rb¨ GZ wfbœiKg dj nq
GKvZ¥‡eva (identification) : weKv‡ki wkkœ ch©v‡q wkï wKfv‡e
†Kb, Zv d«‡qW e¨vL¨v K‡ib wb|
Zvi mgwj‡½i wcZv ev gvZvi m‡½ GKvZ¥‡eva K‡i wcZv ev
e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡k ˆkk‡ei ¸i“Z¡ ÔweKvk g‡bvweÁv‡bÕ
gvZvi cÖwZ Zvi N„Yv I fq‡K cÖkwgZ K‡i, Zv e¨w³‡Z¡i
(Developmental Psychology) ¯^xK…Z| wKš‘ weKvk g‡bvweÁv‡bi
weKvk cÖm‡½ ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| cwiYZ eq‡mI gvbyl Zvi †P‡q
†Kvb avivB d«‡qW Gi g‡WjwU MÖnY K‡i wb| d«‡qWxq avivi
†hvM¨ e¨w³i cÖwZ Cl©v †eva‡K A‡PZ‡b cvwV‡q w`‡q
g‡bvweÁv‡bI weKvk g‡WjwU wfbœ|
m‡PZbfv‡e Zvi cÖwZ GKvZ¥‡eva K‡i wb‡Ri g‡a¨ Gme
¸‡Yi weKvk NUvq|

64
¯’vbvš—iKiY (displacement) : D‡`vi wcwÊ ey‡avi Nv‡o Pvcv‡bv| Pvcv w`‡qB ¶vš— nq bv; Gi Dci Av‡iv bZyb †KŠkj hy³
†hgb Avcbvi AvZ¥xq gviv †M‡j †`vl Pvcv‡jb Wv³v‡ii K‡i|
Ae‡njvi Dci| Avcwb †h G e¨vcv‡i h_vh_ g‡bv‡hvM †`b cÖZ¨ve„wË (regression) : weKv‡ki c~e©eZx© ch©v‡qi AvPi‡Yi
wb †mUv g‡b Ki‡Z PvB‡jb bv| ai‡b wd‡i hvIqv| †Zgb †KD Pv‡c co‡j ev”Pv‡`i g‡Zv

D`&MwZ (sublimation) : †hgb †hŠbvKv•¶v I AvMÖvmx ciwbf©ikxj AvPiY K‡i|

g‡bvfve‡K mvgvwRKfv‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ wPÎKjv I †Ljva~jvq Awf‡¶c (projection) : G †KŠk‡j wb‡Ri Aš—w¯’Z wb‡RiB
iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv| AevwÃZ ˆewkó¨vejx‡K ïay A¯^xKvi Kiv nq bv-Zv

cÖ_g ch©v‡qi ev¯—e weK…ZKvix †KŠkjmg~n (Primary Reality Av‡ivc Kiv nq A‡b¨i Dci| †hgb ev¯—‡e Avcwb Ab¨‡K

Distorting Defense) : †Kvb D‡ØM D‡`ªKKvix Abyf~wZ ev NUbv Cl©v K‡ib, wKš‘ Abyfe K‡ib A‡b¨ Avcbvi cÖwZ Cl©vwš^Z|

m¤^‡Ü m‡PZb bv nIqvB Gi j¶¨| cÖwZwµqv msMVb (reaction formation): g‡bi AMÖnY‡hvM¨

Ae`gb (repression) : g‡bi †hme Kvgbv we‡e‡Ki Kv‡Q AvKv•¶vi wecixZ KvR †ewk gvÎvq Kiv| †hgb wb‡Ri

MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq wKsev †hme ¯§„wZ we‡eK‡K cxwoZ K‡i †mme †hŠbvKv•¶v wb‡Ri Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡”Q bv, ZLb †e‡Q

Kvgbv I ¯§„wZ‡K g‡bi m‡PZb ¯—i †_‡K A‡PZ‡b Pvjvb wb‡jb K‡Vvi c`©v|

K‡i †`qvB Gi KvR| hy³vf¨vm (rationalization): A‡hŠw³K AvPiY‡K hyw³ w`‡q

A¯^xK…wZ (denial) : ewntev¯—‡ei †hme welq D‡ØM D‡`ªK K‡i, mvgvwRKfv‡e Ges wb‡Ri Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ Kiv| nq‡Zv

†mme‡K g‡bi A‡PZb ¯—‡i cvwV‡q †`qv| †hgb, Wv³vi KvD‡K Avcwb AvµgY Ki‡jb †µvavÜ n‡q| wKš‘ hyw³ `uvo

†NvlYv Kivi ciI Avcwb A¯^xKvi Ki‡jb Avcbvi eo Kiv‡jb, G kvw¯— Zvi cÖvc¨|

†Kvb AmyL n‡q‡Q| d«‡qW B‡Mvi AvZ¥i¶v †KŠkjmg~n m~Îe× K‡iwQ‡jb

wØZxq ch©v‡qi ev¯—e weK…ZKvix †KŠkjmg~n (Secondary Reality e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk I g‡bv‡iv‡Mi KviY e¨vL¨vq| Gme †¶‡Î Zv

Distorting Defense) : G †KŠkjmg~n g‡bi ؛ظ‡jv‡K A‡PZ‡b djcÖm~ nq wb| Z‡e †KŠkjmg~n Pv‡c cov gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b
AvPiY eyS‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| A_©vr ÔAvZ¥i¶v †KŠkjÕ aviYvwU
65
cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ B`&, B‡Mv, mycviB‡Mv G wZb cÖ‡KvôwfwËK gb
Ges B`&w¯’Z †hŠb wKsev AvMÖvmx AvKv•¶vi m‡½ mycviB‡Mvi
Ø›Ø Kíbvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| g‡bi Aš—؛ة ev evB‡ii Pvc †_‡K
D™¢~Z †bwZevPK Av‡eM wbim‡b e¨w³i Zvr¶wYK ¯^qswµq
Am‡PZb cÖwZwµqv eyS‡Z ÔAvZ¥i¶v †KŠkjÕ aviYvwU cÖ‡qvM
Kiv hvq|
3.5 mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc
wbD‡ivwUK I wnw÷wiqvi †ivMx‡`i mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc Ki‡Z
wM‡qB d«‡qWxq ZË¡ M‡o D‡V Ges mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc‡ZB Zvi
cÖ_g cÖ‡qvM N‡U| d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z †ivMj¶Ymg~n †ivMxi g‡bi
A‡PZb ¯—iw¯’Z AmgvwaZ ؇›Øi cÖKvk| B`&w¯’Z
AvKv•¶vmg~n mycvi B‡Mvi Aby‡gv`b‡hvM¨ bv nIqvi B‡Mv
Zvi ÔAvZ¥i¶v †KŠkjÕ cÖ‡qv‡M Gme A‡PZb ¯—‡i Pvcv
w`‡q‡Q| Gme Ø›Ø Avwe®‹vi K‡i Gm‡ei wbim‡bi gva¨‡g
†ivMx‡K †ivMj¶Ygy³ Kiv m¤¢e| m‡PZb gb-B hLb Gme
؛؇K Pvcv w`‡q †i‡L‡Q, ZvB m‡PZb wKsev hyw³hy³ wPš—vi
gva¨‡g A‡PZbw¯’Z Gme ؇›Øi mÜvb cvIqv m¤¢e bq| gb
†h‡nZz gvbwmK wba©viYev`x (psychic deterministic) bxwZ †g‡b
P‡j, ZvB Avgv‡`i K_vevZ©vi fyjPz‡K, fy‡j hvIqvi, ¯^‡cœ
wKsev †ivMj¶‡Yi g‡Zv A‡hŠw³K, A_©nxb welq¸‡jvi
wcQ‡bI g‡bi Kvh©KviY wbqgwU Kvh©Ki| A_©vr DcwiD³
66
AvcvZ A_©nxb, hyw³nxb, D™¢U wKsev Zz”Q welq¸‡jvI
A_©en| cÖK…Zc‡¶ Gm‡ei gva¨‡gB A‡PZb AvKv•¶v
QÙ‡e‡k m‡PZb cÖnix‡K duvwK w`‡q evB‡i cÖKvwkZ nq| ZvB
A‡PZb ؛؇K wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ Gme AvcvZ A_©nxb,
Pzw³nxb, D™¢U, Zz”Q welqvejx‡K we lY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G
KvR mgvavi Rb¨ d«‡qW D™¢veb K‡ib Aeva Abym½ (free
association) I ¯^cœ mgx¶Y (dream analysis) c×wZ| d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z
DcwiD³ welq¸‡jv‡Z hv cÖKvwkZ nq, Zv cÖZxKx| Gi Aš—
‡i GKwU M~p A_© _v‡K| Gme cÖZxK we lYI d«‡qWxq
c×wZi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© w`K| Ô¯^cœ mgx¶YÕ As‡k Zv
Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ|
d«‡qW hLb mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc ïi“ K‡ib| ZLb Gi c×wZ
wQj Ôm‡¤§vnb AwffvebÕ (hypnotic suggestion)| Gi `ywU
mxgve×Zv wQj| me †ivMx‡KB m‡¤§vwnZ Kiv hvq bv Ges
A‡bK †ivMxi †¶‡Î m‡¤§vnb Awffveb Gi dj `xN©¯’vqx nq
bv| ZvB m‡¤§vn‡bi weKí LyuR‡Z wM‡q d«‡qW D™¢veb K‡i
ÔAeva Abyl½Õ Ges Ô¯^cœ mgx¶YÕ c×wZi| Gme c×wZi
gva¨‡g Ôm‡¤§vnb AwffvebÕ Gi mgm¨v¸‡jvi A‡bKUv
mgvavb n‡jI Ôm‡¤§vnb AwffvebÕ Gi Kvh©Ki w`KwUi c~Y©
cÖwZ¯’vcb †h m¤¢e nq wb, G †eva d«‡q‡Wi †kl Rxeb ch©š—
envj wQj|
 Aeva Abym½ c×wZ‡Z †ivMx GKwU Avivg †K`vivq ï‡q
Zvi g‡b hv Av‡m ZvB eY©bv Ki‡Z _v‡Kbцhgb Zvi ¯§„wZ,
¯^cœ Kíbv, Abyfe| †_ivwc÷ `„wó‡iLvi evB‡i cv‡ki †Pqv‡i
e‡m Gme g‡bv‡hv‡Mi m‡½ †kv‡bb Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq †bvU †bb|
†_ivwc÷ j¶¨ K‡ib, †Kvb welq eY©bvq †ivMx evav
(resistance) †eva Ki‡Qb| †_ivwc÷ a‡i †bb †ivMxi A‡PZb
gvbwmK Ø›ØwUi nw`m GLv‡bB cvIqv hv‡e| GLv‡bB wZwb
Zvi AbymÜvb‡K †K›`ªxf~Z K‡ib| mvB‡Kv‡_ivwci mgq
†_ivwc÷ eyS‡Z cv‡ib, †ivMx †_ivwc÷‡K †ckvMZ
m¤ú‡K©i evB‡iI Ab¨ GKwU m¤ú‡K© m¤úwK©Z Ki‡Z
PvB‡Q| †ivMx †_ivwc÷ Gi g‡a¨ Zvi AZxZ AwfÁZvi Ab¨
†Kvb e¨w³Z¡‡K Av‡ivc Ki‡Q; †hgb wcZv, gvZv ev
†cÖgv¯ú`| mvB‡Kv‡_ivwci fvlvq GwU cvÎvš—iY
(transference)| †_ivwc÷ GwUI eyS‡Z cv‡ib wZwb wb‡RI
†ivMxi Dci Zvi wb‡Ri AwfÁZvi KvD‡K Av‡ivc Ki‡Qb|
GwU cÖwZ-cvÎvš—KiY (counter transference)| †_ivwc÷ Zv‡`i
cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©wU we lY K‡i †ivMxi AZxZ m¤ú‡K©i
aib I Zvi AvPi‡Yi ΓwUmg~n wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wZwb
g‡bvmgx¶‡Yi GB AwfÁZv‡K d«‡qWxq ZË¡ I cÖZxKv‡_©i
mvnv‡h¨ eySvi †Póv K‡ib| Gfv‡e Zvi g‡b †ivMxi e¨w³‡Z¡i
weKv‡ki evav¸‡jv m¤^‡Ü Ges †ivMxi eZ©gvb mgm¨v¸‡jvi
M~p A_© cÖm‡½ GKwU Aš—`w„© ó Rb¥vq| †_ivwc÷ G Aš—`„©wói
67
Av‡jv‡K †ivMxi wbKU Zvi e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki mgm¨v Ges
GiB cÖKvk eZ©gvb mgm¨vmg~‡ni GKwU e¨vL¨v (interpretation)
nvwRi K‡ib| e¨vL¨vwU †ivMxi Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡j †ivMx Zv
MÖnY K‡ib| ZLb Df‡q wg‡j G †_‡K DËi‡Yi †KŠkj
wba©viY Kiv nq| †ivMx Zvi mgm¨v mgvav‡b Gme cÖ‡qvM
K‡ib| Gfv‡e †_ivwci D‡Ïk¨ wm× nq|
d«‡qWxq Z‡Ë¡ †hgb ewnR©MZ I Aš—R©MZ wew”Qbœ Ges
wew”Qbœ Aš—R©MZ wb‡qB ZË¡ Mov n‡q‡Q; †Zgwb d«‡qWxq
†_ivwc‡ZI †_ivwc‡÷i bRi †ivMxi Aš—©Ø‡›Øi cÖwZ,
cwi‡e‡ki cÖwZ bq| myZivs cwi‡e‡ki cwieZ©b †_ivwci
D‡Ïk¨ bq, D‡Ïk¨ Aš—Ø©›Ø gy³ n‡q cwi‡e‡ki m‡½ gvwb‡q
†bqv| Ab¨ fvlvq ej‡j, hš¿Yvi evB‡ii KviYwU‡K `~i K_v
bq, eis hš¿Yvi †evawU‡K †fuvZv K‡i †`qv|
d«‡q‡Wi mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc c×wZ `xN©‡gqv`x| me †ivMxI
G‡Z Ask †bqvi Dchy³ bb| ZvB cieZx©‡Z ¯^í‡gqvw`
c×wZi weKvk N‡U‡Q| Gm‡e d«‡qW ZË¡ QvovI GB avivi
Ab¨ ZË¡ hy³ n‡q‡Q| Gme †_ivwc‡Z mgMÖ Rxe‡bi PvB‡Z
eZ©gvb mgm¨vi cÖwZB g‡bv‡hvM †K›`ªxf~Z Kiv nq| Gme
cwieZ©‡bi ciI d«‡qWxq avivi mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc eZ©gv‡b
mvB‡Kv‡_ivwci g~j aviv bq| ÔAvš—te¨w³ mvB‡Kv‡_ivwcÕ
(interpersonal psychotherapy) ÔÁvbvZ¥K-AvPiYev`x †_ivwcÕ
(cognitive behaviour therapy)ÑGmeB eZ©gv‡b †ewk e¨eüZ nq|
mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc‡Z d«‡q‡Wi cw_K…‡Zi f~wgKv ¯^xK…Z| Zvi
D™¢vweZ wewfbœ cÖKiY cwiewZ©Z iƒ‡c eZ©gv‡bI e¨envi Kiv
nq|
3.6 ¯^cœ mgx¶Y
Rxe‡bi †iLvwP‡ÎB Avgiv †`‡LwQ ¯^cœ mgx¶Y d«‡qWxq
Z‡Ë¡i cÖ_g ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖKvk| d«‡qWxq avivi †jLvq GKwU eo
Ask ¯^cœ mgx¶Y| g‡bvweÁv‡b d«‡qWB cÖ_g ¯^‡cœi ¸i“Z¡
m¤^‡Ü `„wó AvKl©Y K‡ib| d«‡qWxq Z‡Ë¡ ¯^‡cœi D‡Ïk¨
ÔB”Qvc~iYÕ| hw`I Avgv‡`i AwfÁZv, †ewkifvM ¯^cœB
ÔB”Qvc~i‡Yi ¯^cœÕ bq| G m¤^‡Ü ˆeÁvwbK AbymÜvbI
†`wL‡q‡Q, gvby‡li ¯^‡cœi mvgvb¨ AskB B”Qvc~i‡Yi ¯^cœ|
d«‡qW Gi g‡Z B`& Gi †h Kvgbvmg~n mycviB‡Mvi
bRi`vix Gwo‡q g‡bi †PZb ¯—‡i D‡V Avm‡Z cv‡i bv,
ZvivB Nygš— mycviB‡Mvi bRi Gwo‡q ¯^cœ AvKv‡i †`Lv †`q|
GRb¨ d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z Ô¯^cœ A‡PZ‡b †cuŠQv‡bvi m`i iv¯—vÕ|
¯^‡cœI B`& Gi †h KvgbvwU cÖKvwkZ nq Zv †Lvjv‡gjv bq,
QÙ‡ekx| ZvB cÖwZwU ¯^‡cœiB i‡q‡Q GKwU ÔcÖKvwkZ iƒcÕ
(manifest content) Ges GKwU ÔcÖ”Qbœ gg©K_vÕ (latent content)|
¯^‡cœi cÖKvwkZ iƒ‡c GKwU Kvwnwb GKwU ev¯—e NUbvi g‡Zv
Ô¯’vb-Kvj-cvÎÕ G wZbwU welq Øviv mgwš^Z iƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ
nq bv| †mLv‡b GK NUbvi m‡½ Ab¨ NUbv RU cvwK‡q hvq,
68
¯’vb I Kvj hvq D‡ëcv‡ë RU cvwK‡q| d«‡qWxqiv Z‡Ë¡i
Av‡jv‡K G¸‡jv‡K ¸wQ‡q †bb| Gfv‡e KvwnwbwU cybtwbg©v‡Yi
ciI hv `uvovq Zv cÖZxKx gvÎ| cÖKvwkZ iƒ‡ci cÖZxK¸‡jvi
e¨vL¨vi gva¨‡gB ïaygvÎ ¯^‡cœi cÖ”Qbœ gg©K_v eySv m¤¢e|
¯^‡cœi †Kvb cÖKvwkZ iƒ‡ci cÖZxKx Zvrch© wK, G m¤^‡ÜI
d«‡qWxq‡`i wbR¯^ D™¢veb i‡q‡Q-hv Zv‡`i ZË¡ wb‡`©wkZ|
mvaviYfv‡e ¯^‡cœ †`Lv cÖZxK¸‡jv d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z †hŠbv½
ev †hŠbKv‡h©i cÖZxK| `ywbqvi hv wKQz j¤^v k³ wRwbm †hgb
QvZv, jvwV, †cwÝj, Kjg--meB cyi“lv‡½i cÖZxK| Zx¶è
aviv‡jv wRwbm, Qzwi, ek©v, Z‡jvqvi; AvNvZ Kivi ¶gZv
Av‡Q hv wKQzi †hgb e›`yK wc¯—j--meB cyi“lv‡½i QÙ‡ek|
G‡iv‡c­b, i‡KU G¸‡jv AwfKl©‡K Zz”Q K‡i AvKv‡k DV‡Z
cv‡i, myZivs G¸‡jvI H †Mv‡Î c‡o| `ywbqvi me gvQ I
mixm„c GB AvIZvq c‡o| evwo cyswj½, wKš‘ evwo‡ZB hw`
evi›`v BZ¨vw` _v‡K Z‡e †mUv ¯¿xwj½| Ab¨w`‡K, wkwk‡evZj,
LvbvL›`, ev·‡cuUiv, AwjMwj, ¸nv, †bŠKv, RvnvR-¯¿x
†hŠbv‡½i cÖZxK| cv‡cj, cxP BZ¨vw` KZz©jvKvi dj
bvixe‡¶i cÖZxK| j¨vÛ‡¯‹‡ci `„k¨ ¯¿x A½ wb‡`©kK| Avevi
RwUj hš¿cvwU cyi“lv‡½i cÖZxK| cÖZxK¸‡jv Avevi
myweavg‡Zv A`je`j Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| cÖZxK¸‡jvi †Kvb
cix¶vg~jK cÖgv‡Yi †Zv m¤¢vebvB †bB; Dciš‘ Gm‡ei
wcQ‡b †Kvb GKK hyw³I Kvh©Ki bq| d«‡q‡Wi wjwe‡Wv ZË¡
†_‡K cÖZxK¸‡jv D™¢vweZ n‡q‡Q| Avevi cÖZxK¸‡jv‡K ¯^cœ
mgx¶‡Y e¨envi K‡i wjwe‡Wv ZË¡ cÖgvY Kiv nq| GwU
e„ËvKvi hyw³i (circularity of logic) †`v‡l `yó|
¯^cœ‡K cybwbg©v‡Yi ci cÖZxKv‡_©i mvnv‡h¨ †h e¨vL¨v
`uvovj ZvB h_vh_ wK bv, Gi e³v wbi‡c¶ (objective)
gvcKvwV Kx--Gi DËi d«‡qW Z‡Ë¡ †bB| d«‡qW ¯^‡cœi
cÖKvwkZ iƒ‡ci eY©bv cÖm‡½ e‡j‡Qb, ¯^‡cœi NUbvmg~n ev¯—e
NUbvi Zzjbvq AwZwi³ cÖmvwiZ ev ms‡KvwPZ, weK…Z ev
¯’vbvš—wiZ Gme cwiewZ©Z iƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ nq| ¯^‡cœi G
cÖcÂg~jK (phenomenal) eY©bvwU h_vh_| ¯^‡cœi KviY wnmv‡e
wZwb e‡j‡Qb ¯^cœ B”Qvc~iY K‡i| GWjvi e‡j‡Qb ¯^cœ ev¯—e
Rxe‡bi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi mnvqK| Bq~½ e‡j‡Qb ¯^cœ gvbwmK
fvimvg¨ Av‡b| ¯^‡cœi Kvh©KvwiZv cÖm‡½ Zv‡`i G aviYv¸‡jv
†Kvb †Kvb ¯^‡cœi †ejvq mZ¨; me ¯^cœ cÖm‡½ mvaviY mZ¨
bq| Zv‡`i Gme aviYv GKÎ Ki‡jI ¯^cœ msMV‡b wµqvkxj
mvaviY cÖwµqvi †Kvb nw`m †g‡j bv| ¯^c‡œ K Nygš— gw¯—‡®‹i
we‡kl cÖwµqv wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡jB †Kej G mvaviY
cÖwµqvi nw`m wgj‡Z cv‡i| ¯^cœ wb‡q ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYv
cvfj‡fi cÖ`wk©Z G c‡_B AMÖmi n‡”Q|
69
4.1 g~j¨vqb : Drm
4.1.1 Drm : A‡PZb
cÖ_‡gB Avmv hvK g‡bi Am‡PZb w`KwU cÖm‡½| d«‡qWc~e©
g‡bvweÁv‡b g‡bi Am‡PZb w`KwU D‡cw¶Z wQj| d«‡qW
ïaygvÎ Gi ¸i“Z¡‡K Zz‡j a‡ib wb; G‡KB gvby‡li AvPi‡Yi
wba©vi‡Ki Avm‡b ewm‡q w`‡q‡Qb| G e¨vcv‡i g‡bvweÁv‡b bv
_vK‡jI, `k©‡b Zvi c~e©m~wi i‡q‡Qb| Aóv`k kZ‡K
†jBewbR (Leibniz) g‡bi Am‡PZb KvR‡K Zvi `k©‡bi
Av‡jvP¨m~wP‡Z wb‡q Av‡mb| Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z ÔA‡PZb
A‡hŠw³K B”QvÕ‡KB gvby‡li PvwjKvkw³i Avm‡b ewm‡q †`b
†kv‡cbnvIqvi (Schopenhauer) Ges bxU‡k (Nietzsche)| mß`k-
Aóv`k kZKx BD‡ivcxq `k©‡b Ôm‡PZb †hŠw³K gbÕ-Gi
Rq RqKvi| Ebwesk kZ‡K G‡m Zv ÔA‡PZb A‡hŠw³K
gbÕ-Gi weRq †NvlYvq ch©ewmZ nq| Gi Mfx‡i
Av_©mvgvwRK KviY i‡q‡Q| DcwiD³ cÖ_g `yB kZK wQj
cyuwRev‡`i weKvk Ges mvgš—ev‡`i wei“‡× Zvi weR‡qi Kvj|
wKš‘ Ebwesk kZ‡K weRqx cyuwRev‡`i Af¨š—ixY Ø›Ø
msK‡Ui iƒc wb‡Z _v‡K, hv cÖKvwkZ nq mvgvwRK Am‡š—vl
I Av‡›`vj‡b| cyuwRev` µ‡gB mvgš—ev‡`i wei“‡× msMÖv‡g
AwR©Z RbM‡Yi MYZvwš¿K AwaKvimg~n‡K ms‡KvwPZ K‡i
ˆ¯^ivPvix iƒc wb‡Z _v‡K| wek kZ‡Ki bvrwm Rvg©vwb‡Z
bxU‡ki `k©bB n‡q `uvovq cÖvavb¨kxj `k©b| D L¨, g‡bi
Am‡PZb Kv‡Ri cÖwZ ¸i“Z¡`vbKvix DcwiD³ wZb
`vk©wbKB Rvg©vb| d«‡qW wb‡RI Rvg©vbfvlx| Zvi Rxeb
AwZevwnZ n‡q‡Q Rvg©vb ms¯‹…wZ ej‡q|
4.1.2 Drm : cÖ‡Kvô wfwËK gb
g‡bi wZb cÖ‡Kv‡ôi aviYv BD‡ivcxq `k©‡b AwZ cyivZb|
‡Uv Zvi ÔwicvewjKÕ MÖ‡š’i 4_© cy¯—‡K gvbmmËv‡K wZbwU
¯^vaxb As‡k fvM K‡i‡QbÑdesiring, reasoning Ges spiritual| A_©vr
GKwU ÔAÜ-KvgbvÕ, GKwU ÔwePvi-we‡eKÕ Ges Av‡iKwU
ÔmsMÖvgxÕ| msMÖvg gv‡b, †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ GKvš—B hv KiYxq,
ZvB| `xN© ZK© Zz‡j ‡Uv cÖgvY Ki‡Z PvB‡Qb G wZbwU Ask
¯^vaxb I ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©| wZbwU As‡ki g‡a¨ cÖej we‡iva I Ø›Ø|
we‡ivaUv Aek¨ me‡P‡q Zxeª IB AÜ-Kvgbv Avi wePvi-
we‡eK Gi g‡a¨B| msMÖvgx AskUv‡K ZvB cÖvqB G we‡iv‡ai
ga¨¯’Zv Ki‡Z nq| Avgiv hw` ‡Uvi g‡bi G wZbwU
Ask‡K h_vµ‡g B`&, mycviB‡Mv Ges B‡Mv Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ
Kwi, Zvn‡jB d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡i cÖ‡KvôwfwËK g‡bi aviYvwU †c‡q
hvB|
G cÖ‡KvôwfwËK g‡bi m‡½ gw¯—‡®‹i Kg©vÂj I Kg©
cÖwµqvi m¤^Ü Kx, Zv d«‡qW Z‡Ë¡ Aby wLZ| ZvB Zvi gbwU
AvcvZ gw¯—®‹wfwËK g‡b n‡jI cÖK…Zc‡¶ Aej¤^bnxb|
70
Avgiv ˆRe I A‰Re c`v‡_©i cv_©K¨ m~PK ˆewkó¨ Rvwb|
hw`I ˆRe c`v_© A‰Re c`v_© w`‡qB MwVZ, Zey MVb web¨v‡m
RwUjZvi Rb¨ †mLv‡b Ggb wKQz ¸‡Yi D™¢e nq hv ˆRe
ˆewkó¨ wnmv‡e wPwýZ| bZyb ¸‡Yi D™¢e NU‡jI ˆRe c`v‡_©i
wfwˇZ wKš‘ imvqb I c`v_© we`¨vi wbqgvejx Kvh©Ki _v‡K|
GKB K_v cÖ‡hvR¨ imvqb I c`v_© weÁv‡bi m¤ú‡K©i
†ejv‡ZI| A_©vr e¯‘ wewfbœ ¯—‡ii msMV‡b web¨¯— nq, iƒcvš—
wiZ nq| msMV‡bi cÖwZwU ¯—‡ii ˆewkó¨m~PK wKQz ¸Yvejx
_v‡K| Avevi msMV‡bi A‡c¶vK…Z mijZi I RwUjZi
ch©v‡qi m‡½ Zvi GKwU m¤úK©I _v‡K| g‡bi wKQz ¸Yvejx
i‡q‡Q hv ˆRe-c`v‡_©i ¸Yvejx †_‡K wfbœ I bZyb| wKš‘ G
¸Yvejxi m‡½ gw¯—‡®‹i Kg©cÖwµqvi GKwU m¤^ÜI i‡q‡Q|
KviY gb gw¯—‡®‹i Kg©cÖwµqvi cÖKvk| Avgiv †`Ljvg G
m¤^ÜwU d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡ Abycw¯’Z| c¶vš—‡i d«‡qW cÖwZwU
Rxe‡Kv‡li Rxeš— mewKQz‡K GK‡Î a‡i ivL‡Z PvIqvq Ges
Rxeš— e¯‘i A‰Re e¯‘‡Z iƒcvš—wiZ nIqvi cÖeYZvq g‡bi
`yB wecixZgyLx PvwjKvkw³i mÜvb K‡i‡Qb| Gme `vk©wbK
`~i Kíbvi cÖKvk-ˆeÁvwbK AbyKí (hypothesis) bq| Avgiv
GwUI j¶¨ K‡iwQ, e¨w³ gbmg~‡ni wg_w¯Œqv‡Z D™¢~Z
mgwógb ev mgvRgb¯—‡Ë¡ †h bZyb ¸‡Yi D™¢e N‡U, †m
aviYvI d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡ Abycw¯’Z| wecix‡Z d«‡qW e¨w³ gb¯—Ë¡
w`‡qB mgwógb¯—Ë¡ e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb|
 wM‡qwQ‡jb| Zvi g‡Z, jv½j w`‡q Rwg Pvl Gi g~j
4.1.3 Drm : †cÖlYv
PvwjKvkw³, ¶zav wbevi‡Yi j‡¶¨ Lv`¨ Drcv`‡bi m‡PZb
d«‡q‡Wi ch©‡e¶‡Yi welq wQj wbD‡ivwUK †ivMx‡`i AvPiY|
B”Qv bq; Zv BwWcvm Kg‡ · ev gv‡qi m‡½ m½g K‡i
Gi D‡Ïk¨ wQj Gme A¯^vfvweK AvPi‡Yi KviY wbY©q Ges
Zv‡K Mf©eZx Kivi A‡PZb AvKv•¶v| d«‡qW †h G D™¢U ZË¡
wPwKrmv Kiv| Zv Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb †h ZË¡ M‡ob Zv‡KB wZwb
cÖYq‡b mvnmx n‡qwQ‡jb, Gi wcQ‡b ïay Zvi
cÖmvwiZ K‡ib me hy‡Mi me gvby‡li mvaviY gb¯—‡Ë¡| GRb¨
mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc‡Z jä AwfÁZvB KvR K‡i wb; KvR K‡iwQj
wZwb Zvi ch©‡e¶Y‡K wkï‡`i jvjb cvjb Ges gvby‡li
RxeweÁv‡b WviDBb Z‡Ë¡i mdjZvi D`vniY| WviDB‡bi
cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b we¯—…Z K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb ZË¡ iPbvq ¯^xKvh©
cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb ZË¡‡K cÖRbb mdjZvi fv‡l¨I cÖKvk Kiv
wnmv‡e e¨envi K‡iwQ‡jb †m mg‡qi cÖK…wZweÁvb I b„Z‡Ë¡i
hvq| †h Rxe hZ †ewk cÖRbb mdj A_©vr hZ †ewk eskai
cÖPwjZ wKQz aviYv‡K| Gevi Avgiv G w`KwU‡Z bRi †`e|
†i‡L †h‡Z cv‡i, cÖvK…wZK wbe©vP‡b Zvi eskvYyi wU‡K _vKvi
Zvi mgq cÖK…wZ-weÁv‡b †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK kw³i aviYv
m¤¢vebv Z‡ZvwaK| G ZË¡wU †_‡K d«‡qW A‡PZb
mycÖwZwôZ wQj| GB `y‡qi AbyKi‡Y RxeweÁv‡bI ÔcÖvYkw³Õi
†hŠbvKv•¶v‡K gvby‡li GKgvÎ PvwjKvkw³ wnmv‡e Kíbvi
aviYvwU ZË¡ cÖ¯—ve AvKv‡i Pvjy wQj| c‡i GwU cwiZ¨³ nq|
mvnm †c‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘ Ô†fŠZ kw³Õi aviYvwU‡K †hgb
d«‡qW Gm‡ei AbyKi‡Y ÔgvbwmK kw³Õi (psychic energy)
ÔgvbwmK kw³Õi aviYvq iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv hvq bv, †Zgwb
Kíbv K‡i G kw³i PjbcÖwµqv (psychodymics) wb‡qB ZË¡
RxeweÁv‡bi †Kvb ZË¡‡K mivmwi g‡bvweÁv‡b Av‡ivc Kiv
iPbv K‡ib| g‡bvweÁv‡b Zvi cÖewZ©Z avivwU
hvq bv|
ÔmvB‡KvwWbvwgKmÕ bv‡gB cwiwPZ| wKš‘ G gvbwmK kw³i
†hŠbvKv•¶vi ci d«‡qW Av‡iv GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© †cÖlYv‡K
cÖK…wZwU Kx, Zv wZwb KL‡bvB e¨vL¨v K‡ib wb|
wPwýZ K‡ib, Zv AvMÖvmx g‡bvfve (aggression)| ZË¡ weKv‡ki
ZË¡ iPbvi cÖ_g ch©v‡q d«‡qW GKwUgvÎ †cÖlYv‡K
cieZx© ch©v‡q wZwb †hŠbvKv•¶v‡K RxebvKv•¶v (eros) Ges
wPwýZ K‡iwQ‡jb, GwU †hŠbvKv•¶v (libido)| ïaygvÎ GKwU
AvMÖvmb‡K giYvKv•¶v (thanatos) e‡j wPwýZ K‡ib|
†cÖlYv w`‡q me gvbweK AvPiY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q, wZwb
RxebvKv•¶v aviYvwU mvaviYfv‡e ¯^xK…Z, wKš‘ giYvKv•¶vi
wjwe‡Wv-ZË¡‡K me©iwZev` (pansexualism) ch©v‡q wb‡q
ZvwË¡K Drm wK? GwU Zvi mg‡q kvixiweÁvb-G (Physiology)
71
cÖPwjZ w¯’iZvi bxwZ (Constany Principle)| G bxwZ Abyhvqx
mKj Rxeb cÖwµqvB A‰Re RM‡Zi w¯’iZvq cÖZ¨veZ©b
Ki‡Z Pvq| Avgiv Rvwb A‰Re RMZI w¯’i bq| e¯‘Z †Kvb
RMZB w¯’i bq| w¯’iZvi bxwZI AvR cwiZ¨³|
4.1.4 Drm : weKvk
Gevi Avmv hvK e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki Z‡Ë¡| weKv‡ki gyL, cvqy I
wkkœ ch©vq Kíbvi g~‡j wKQz ch©‡e¶Y wbðqB i‡q‡Q| cÖ_g
†`o eQi PzlY Ges Kvgov‡bv wµqvwU wkïi cÖavb wµqv
e‡jB †Pv‡L c‡o| †`o †_‡K wZb/Pvi ermi eq‡m bvMwiK
mgv‡R wkï‡K gjg~Î Z¨v‡Mi mvgvwRK wbq‡g Af¨¯— Kiv‡bv
nq| Pvi/cuvP eq‡m wkïi wk‡kœi cÖwZ †KŠZ~nj Rv‡M| G
mg‡q wkïi e¨w³‡Z¡i wKQz j¶YI †`Lv †`q| wKš‘ G
e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk †h G c_ a‡iB AMÖmi nq, Zv wbwðZ nIqv
hvq wK K‡i? d«‡qW e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki ZË¡ iPbvq, G
AbygvbwU AvniY K‡i‡Qb GKwU ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡cÖ¯—ve Ges
GKwU b„ZvwË¡K wg_ †_‡K|
†m mgq Rvg©vb RxeweÁvbx Avb©÷ †n‡Kj (Ernst Haeckel)
Gi GKwU ZË¡cÖ¯—ve Pvjy wQj| weeZ©b mg_©K G ZË¡cÖ¯—vewU--
Ôe¨w³Rwb‡Z RvwZRwb cybive„Ë nqÕ (ontogeny recapitulates
phylogeny)| A_©vr †Kvb cÖvYx å“Y ch©v‡q, Zvi cÖRvwZwU
weeZ©‡bi †hme ch©vq AwZµg K‡i G‡m‡Q †mme AwZµg
72
K‡i| †hgb GKwU gvbewkï å“Yve¯’vq cÖ_‡g GK‡Kvlx,
Zvici eû‡Kvlx †MvjvKvi, Zvici grmvKvi, Zvici
†jRwewkó mixm„cvKvi, Zvici evbivKvi Ges †k‡l
gvbylvKvi aviY K‡i| G Z‡Ë¡i m‡½ wgj †i‡L gb¯—Ë¡ I
mgvRZ‡Ë¡ GKwU aviYv Pvjy wQj| Ôgvbe wkï gvbwmK
weKv‡ki cÖ_g ch©v‡q, gvbyl Zvi BwZnv‡m †hme ch©vq
AwZµg K‡i G‡m‡Q, †mme ch©vq¸‡jv AwZµg K‡i|Õ
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Ab¨ †Kvb Kv‡RB †m AcviM| `xN© mvgvwRK jvj‡bB †m
¯^wbf©i gvbyl n‡q D‡V| c¶vš—‡i gvbemgvR KL‡bvB
ciwbf©i bq| D™¢‡ei mgq †_‡K Aw¯—‡Z¡i msMÖv‡g Rqx n‡qB
†m eZ©gvb mgq ch©š— wU‡K Av‡Q| ZvB gvbemgv‡Ri weKvk
I e¨w³i weKvk Zzjbxq bq|
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w¯§_ (Robertson Smith) Gi KvQ †_‡K| eZ©gv‡bi †Kvb
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Monotheism' G wZwb wjL‡Qb, ÔÔAvgvi eB‡qi (Totem and
Taboo) cieZx© ms¯‹i‡Y Avgvi AwfgZ cwieZ©b Kwi wb e‡j,
Avgv‡K K‡Vvi mgv‡jvPbvi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z n‡q‡Q| KviY
m¤cÖwZ b„ZË¡we`iv webv e¨wZµ‡g ievU©mb w¯§‡_i ZË¡mg~n
cwiZ¨vM K‡i‡Qb Ges h‡_ó wfbœiKg ZË¡ Øviv Gm‡ei
AvswkK cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ m‡e©vcwi, Avwg b„ZË¡we`
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b„ZË¡ †_‡K Avgvi cÖ‡qvRbgZ Z_¨ wbe©vP‡bi AwaKvi
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Avgv‡K g~j¨evb ms‡hvMm~Î †hvMvq| Zvi we‡ivax‡`i †jLv
m¤^‡Ü Avwg GUv ej‡Z cvwi bv|ÕÕ
w¯§_ Kw_Z wg_wUi d«‡qWxq fvl¨ GiKg -- A‡bK
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GKgvÎ †fvM ¯^Ë¡vwaKvix `jcwZ ev wcZv| †Q‡j‡`i eqm
73
evovi m‡½ m‡½B Zviv `j †_‡K weZvwoZ nZ; cv‡Q wcZvi
†fvM`L‡j Zviv evav m„wó K‡i| gvbegb †mmgq cï g‡bi
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hvq wb, mycviB‡Mvi Avfvm †bB, g‡bi g‡a¨ KZ©e¨-AKZ©e¨,
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Av‡eM‡K ekxf~Z Ki‡Z cv‡i GKgvÎ `jcwZi kvmb| gb
ALÊ Awef³-Ro RM‡Zi m‡½ GKvZ¥| gvbwmK Ø›Ø-
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g‡a¨ A_ev cïi m‡½| Aš—Ø©›Ønxb GB hyM‡K d«‡qW AjxK
wek¦v‡mi hyM e‡j‡Qb| Zvici Hme †Lw`‡q †`Iqv †Q‡ji `j
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NUj gvbeg‡b| B`& Avi B‡Mvi g‡a¨ cÖ_g cuvwPj Avw`g
cvc‡eva| GB cvc‡eva Rb¥ w`j †mÝi mycviB‡Mvi| b¨vq
Ab¨vq, cvcc~Y¨ BZ¨vw`i wePvi ïi“ nj gvby‡li g‡b|
Ae`gb n‡q DVj kw³kvjx gbb wµqv| G n‡jv
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m‡½ Gi cv_©K¨ ïay welqe¯‘‡Z|
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I mgvRweÁv‡b Qwo‡q c‡o, mvwnZ¨I G‡Z cÖfvweZ nq|
nve©vU© †¯úbmvi (Herbert Spencer) cÖ¯—vweZ mvgvwRK
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74
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gvby‡li g‡bi weKv‡ki †¶‡Î cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨, jvgv‡K©i
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e¨w³i weKv‡ki mgq cybive„Ë n‡e? ZvB d«‡qW ÔÔPhylogenetic
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experiment) cÖvß hvPvB‡hvM¨ Z_¨/Dcv‡Ëi (fact/data) Dci
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75
 GRb¨ weªwUk Oxford Text Book of Psychiatry d«‡qWZË¡‡K
ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡ bv e‡j mvwnZ¨ wnmv‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Q|
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76
d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡i ¯’vb cÖvš—xq| GL‡bv mviMÖvnx (eclectic)
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GB wePwjZKvix Z_¨ Øviv AvnZ bv n‡Z cv‡ib bv †h, eyw×i
A‡PZbw¯’Z AÜ †cÖlYvB e¨w³i PvwjKvkw³, mgvR e¨w³i
e¨env‡ii †¶‡Î, g‡bvmgx¶K I mgxw¶Z e¨w³i m‡½
ˆeix, A‡PZb m‡PZ‡bi Ø›Ø D`&MwZi gva¨‡gB mf¨Zvi
Amgxw¶Z e¨w³‡`i cv_©K¨ we¯§qKifv‡e bMY¨|ÕÕ
D™¢eÑGB n‡”Q Zvi cÖZ¨q KvVv‡gv|
d«‡qW hLb Zvi ZË¡‡K gvbemgv‡Ri BwZnvm e¨vL¨vq
†iLvwP‡Î Ôhy× †KbÕ cÖm‡½ Av‡jvPbv‡ZB Avgiv †`‡LwQ,
e¨envi K‡ib, ZLbI Zv nZvkve¨ÄK| hw`I b„ZË¡we`MY
hy‡×i wcQ‡b e¨w³i gbw¯’Z G ؇›Øi evB‡i, †Kvb KviYB
Zv‡`i M‡elYvq d«‡qW ewY©Z G e¨vL¨vi mg_©b cvb bv|
wZwb †`L‡Z cvb bv| Gfv‡e d«‡qW gvby‡li fwel¨Z m¤^‡Ü
b„Z‡Ë¡ d«‡qW Z‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qvM m¤^‡Ü b„ZvwË¡K †gwjbd&w¯‹
77
(Malinowski) gš—e¨ K‡i‡Qb, ÔÔd«‡qW Zvi LyeB AvKl©Yxq wKš‘
DrKvíwbK Z‡Ë¡, GKwU Avw`g bi‡Mvôx‡K (Ebwesk
kZvãxi) BD‡ivcxq ga¨weË cwiev‡ii me ai‡bi cÖeYZv,
Amgš^qZv Ges e`‡gRv‡R mvwR‡q, cÖv‰MwZnvwmK R½‡j
†Q‡o w`‡q‡Qb|ÕÕ wj›Ub (Linton) gxW (Mead) cÖgyL K…wóev`x
mvB‡KvGbvwj÷iv d«‡q‡Wi eû gZ LÊb K‡i‡Qb| Avw`g
†Mvôxi g‡a¨ M‡elYv K‡i A‡bK g~j¨evb Z_¨ I DcvË
msMÖn K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ Zviv d«‡qWxq c¨vivWvBgwU Z¨vM Ki‡Z
cv‡ib wb| ZvB Zv‡`i M‡elYv mxwgZ i‡q‡Q wkï‡`i ¯—
b¨cvb, ¯—b¨cvb Z¨vM, gjg~Î Z¨v‡Mi Af¨vm BZ¨vw`
K‡qKwU mvgvwRK wµqvi g‡a¨| G‡Z Zv‡`i Z‡_¨i
Dc‡hvwMZv n«vm †c‡q‡Q, mvgvwRK b„ZË¡ ev gb¯—‡Ë¡i †Kvb
me©RbMÖvn¨ ZË¡ M‡o D‡V wb|
d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z mvgvwRK msnwZi KviY mgv‡Ri m`m¨‡`i
G‡K Ac‡ii cÖwZ GKvZ¥‡eva| m`m¨iv †h ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ
GKvZ¥‡eva K‡i Zvi KviY, cÖ‡Z¨‡KB mgv‡Ri GKwU ÔwcZ…-
PwiÎÕi cÖwZ GKvZ¥‡eva K‡i| A_©vr mvgvwRK msnwZi g~‡j
i‡q‡Q GKwU me©Rb gvb¨ wcZ…-PwiÎ| mvgvwRK HK¨ I
mvgvwRK †bZ…‡Z¡i g~jm~Î GwU| d«‡qW j¶¨ K‡ib, Zvi
mgmvgwqK mgv‡R HK¨ weavqK I †bZ…Z¡`vbKvix Ggb
wcZ…-PwiÎ †bB| G mgv‡Ri m`m¨iv ïaygvÎ wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨
GKvZ¥‡ev‡a msMwVZ| d«‡qW g‡b K‡ib mgmvgwqK mgv‡Ri
78
Am‡š—v‡li Ab¨Zg KviY GwU| GKwU wcZ…-PwiÎi
cÖ‡qvRbKvgx Z‡Ë¡i dj AwP‡iB dj‡jv; Z‡e ZË¡iPwqZvi
Rb¨ ey‡givs n‡q| wcZ…-PwiÎ Ôdz‡qiviÕ wnUjv‡ii DÌvb nj|
G wcZ…-PwiÎi gva¨‡g msMwVZ mgvR d«‡qW‡K Zvi
AvR‡b¥i evm¯’vb †_‡K weZvwoZ Kij, Zvi Pvi †evb‡K
nZ¨v Kij|
4.4 `vk©wbK wePvi
BD‡iv‡c AvaywbK weÁvb I `k©‡bi Ab¨Zg cw_K…r †i‡b
†`KvZ© (Rene Descartes)| wZwb wek¦‡K `yfv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb,
e¯‘i RMZ Ges AvZ¥vi RMZ| e¯—yi RM‡Z hvwš¿KZvi wbqg
(mechanism), Avi AvZ¥vi RM‡Z ÔAwfÁZv Dש hyw³ev‡`Õi
(rationalism) wbqg Kvh©Ki| AwfÁZvDש hyw³ev` g‡b K‡i,
†Kvb wel‡q M~p Ávb AvZ¥vq eZ©gvb i‡q‡Q| mÁv (intution)
Gi gva¨‡g G Ávb jvf Kiv m¤¢e| G Rb¨ †Kvb
cÖvK&AwfÁZvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| mÁvjä Ávb †_‡K Ae‡ivnx
hyw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i Avgiv Ab¨ e¨envh© Áv‡b †cuŠQv‡Z cvwi|
†`Kv‡Z©i wek¦vm, ¯’vbv‡¼i aviYvwU Zvi mÁvjä| wZwb G
aviYvwU †_‡K Ae‡ivnx hyw³ cÖ‡qv‡M ¯’vbv¼ R¨vwgwZ iPbv
K‡i‡Qb, hv AwfÁZvi `ywbqvq Kv‡R jv‡M| †`Kv‡Z©i g‡Z
AvZ¥v ïay gvby‡liB i‡q‡Q, gvby‡li gbb wµqvq Zv cÖKvwkZ|
Ab¨ cÖvwYiv RwUjZi hš¿gvÎ| gvby‡liI AvZ¥v wfbœ gw¯—®‹
m‡gZ kixi cÖvwY‡`i g‡ZvB hš¿er| ZvB gvby‡li gw¯—‡®‹I
hvwš¿KZvi wbqg Kvh©Ki| gw¯—‡®‹i Kg©cÖwµqv wnmv‡e civeZ©
(reflex) Gi aviYvI †`Kv‡Z©i D™¢veb| Zvi g‡Z †`‡ni m‡½
AvZ¥vi ms‡hvM N‡U gw¯—®‹w¯’Z wcwbqvj MÖwš’‡Z (pleal gland)|
Gfv‡e †`KvZ© e¯‘i RMZ m¤^‡Ü hvwš¿K e¯‘ev` (mechanical
materialism), AvZ¥v ev g‡bi RMZ m¤^‡Ü fveev` (idealism)
Ges G `ywU RMZ‡K ci¯úi wew”Qbœ ¯^vaxb mËvi ¯^xK…wZ
w`‡q, `vk©wbK Øqev` (dualism)Ñ G wZbwU `vk©wbK aviv
mg_©b K‡ib| AvaywbK BD‡ivcxq `k©‡b bZyb Avw½‡K Pvjy
Kiv G w·ebx †`KvZx©q `k©b-B AvR ch©š— cyuwRev`x mgv‡Ri
cÖavb `k©b|
Gi m‡½ d«‡q‡Wi aviYv wgwj‡q †`L‡Z cvwi| d«‡qWI ev¯—
eZv‡K Ôe¯‘MZ ev¯—eZvÕ I ÔgvbwmK ev¯—eZvÕ G `yfv‡M fvM
K‡i‡Qb| Zvi g‡Z ÔkvixwiK kw³Õ B`& G ÔgvbwmK kw³‡ZÕ
iƒcvš—wiZ nq| hw`I d«‡qW †`Kv‡Z©i g‡Zv gw¯—‡®‹i †Kvb
AÂj‡K wb‡`©k K‡ib wb, wZwb kw³i iƒcvš—‡ii K_v
e‡j‡Qb Ges g‡bi wbqg wnmv‡eI e¯‘RM‡Zi wbqg
hvwš¿KZv (mechanism) †K e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| A_©vr wZwb Øqev`x
bb, AØqev`x (monist)| wKš‘ wZwb ev¯—‡ei aviYv Ges
Kíbv‡K mgZzj¨ we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb, cÖZxK I wg_ Gi h‡_”Q
e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| Gfv‡e cÖ‡qvM‡¶‡Î g‡bi wbqgwU‡K
e¯‘RM‡Zi wbq‡gi g‡Zv e³v wbi‡c¶ (objective) bv †i‡L
79
e³v mv‡c¶ (subjective) K‡i †d‡j‡Qb| d‡j Zv †`Kv‡Z©i
AwfÁZv Dש hyw³ev‡`i g‡ZvB fveev`x iƒc wb‡q‡Q|
`vk©wbK we‡ePbvi d«‡qWZË¡ ˆRe wba©viYev`x (biological
deterministic)| G‡Z Rb¥jä A‡PZb ˆRweK †cÖlYvB gvby‡li
GKgvÎ PvwjKvkw³| mvgvwRK wk¶v G‡Z cwieZ©b Avb‡Z
cv‡i bv| GwU GKB m‡½ LÊZvev`x (reductionist) gvby‡li
wewPÎ RwUj mvgvwRK AvPiY‡K Zv e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Q mgmË¡
(homogeneous) `ywU ˆRweK †cÖlYv w`‡q| g‡bi Aat¯—i gw¯—‡®‹i
Mo‡b e¨w³‡Z e¨w³‡Z cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| A_©vr Rb¥MZfv‡e
e¨w³MY AmgmË¡ (heterogeneous)| mvgvwRK wk¶vq e¨w³i
g‡a¨ bZzb ¸‡Yi D™¢e N‡U| GKvwaK e¨w³i mgvKj‡b MwVZ
mgwó gb ev mgvR gb¯—‡Ë¡I bZzb ¸‡Yi D™¢e N‡U|
d«‡qWev‡` G ¸YMZ cwieZ©‡bi aviYvwU Abycw¯’Z| hw`I
d«‡qW Z‡Ë¡ cÖ‡KvôwfwËK gbwUi Avavi †h gw¯—®‹ Zv a‡i
†bqv n‡q‡Q, wKš‘ Gi m‡½ gw¯—‡®‹i kvixi¯’vwbK-kvixie„wËK
m¤úK© wK Zv ewY©Z nq wb| GwU Aej¤^bnxb, inm¨gq|
Gfv‡e Zvi ZË¡wU ˆRe wba©viYev`x n‡qI e¯‘m¤úK©nxb
fveev`x (idealist)|
d«‡qWev` BD‡iv‡ci †P‡q Av‡gwiKvq †ewk cÖfve we¯—vi
Kij †Kb? GRb¨ wewfbœ KviY `vqx| Avwg `vk©wbK KviYwU
we‡ePbv Kie| Av‡gwiKvq d«‡qWev` Avg`vwbi Av‡MB
cÖvwZôvwbK g‡bvweÁv‡bi PP©v ïi“ n‡q‡Q| ïi“‡Z Zv wQj
WviDBb Ges BDwjqvg †Rgm (William James) cÖfvweZ GKv‡WwgK we‡klÁiv mviMÖvnx c×wZ‡Z `yÕavivi mvigg©
Kvh©ev`x (functionalist) avivq| µ‡g Zv AvPiYev`x (beheviourist) wb‡q †U·U eB iPbv K‡ib|
avivq iƒcvš—wiZ n‡q‡Q| Av‡gwiKv‡Z AvPiYev` I Gfv‡e Av‡gwiKvi GKv‡WwgK gn‡j hvwš¿K e¯‘ev`x ev
d«‡qWev‡`i cÖmvi N‡U‡Q mgZv‡j| `vk©wbK wePv‡i G `ywU fveev`x (DfqB GKB m‡½ LÊZvev`xI e‡U), Ges
aviv ci¯ú‡ii wecixZ n‡qI ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK| wk¶v‡¶‡Î mviMÖvnx fveaviviB cÖvavb¨| wKš‘ mvgvwRK †¶‡Î
AvPiYev` AwZgvÎvq welqwbô (objective)| Zviv gb‡K cÖvavb¨kxj `k©b Kvh©wmw×ev` (pragmatism)| A_©vr †Kvb
mivmwi cÖZ¨¶ Kiv hvq bv e‡j gb (mind) ev welqx‡K gZev‡`i mZ¨Zvi gvcKvwV, Zv w`‡q Kvh©wmw× nq wK bv Zv|
(subject) †K Av‡jvP¨m~wP †_‡K ev` w`‡q w`‡q‡Q| c¶vš—‡i ZvB kvmKiv RbMY‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z †hgb AvPiYev`x
d«‡qWev` AwZgvÎvq welqxwbô (subjective)| GLv‡b gvbwmK Acv‡i›U KwÛkwbs (operent conditioning) e¨envi K‡ib, †Zgwb
RMZ‡K e¯‘i RMZ †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i †djv n‡q‡Q| Ges Zv e¨envi K‡ib ÔKvgbvi Awe‡”Q`¨ KvivMv‡i e›`x gvby‡li
M‡elYv Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q welqxwbô Aš—`©k©b Amnvq‡Z¡iÕ d«‡qWxq aviYvi| `xN©KvjB kvmK‡`i mnvq,
(introspection) c×wZi| agx©q wbqwZev`| hv RbMY‡K cÖPwjZ e¨e¯’v †g‡b wb‡Z
Avgv‡`i gvbweK RMZ †Zv welq (e¯‘) Ges welqxi cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡i| eZ©gv‡b RbM†Yi GKUv D L‡hvM¨ As‡k
(e¨w³i) Øvw›ØK H‡K¨B Aw¯—Z¡gvb| Kv‡RB e¨w³‡K ev` w`‡q a‡g©i cÖfve K‡g Avmvq, agx©q wbqwZev‡`i ¯’jvwfwl³
e¯‘ wKsev e¯‘‡K ev` w`‡q e¨w³ wb‡q M‡elYv Kiv †Zv n‡q‡Q ˆRe wba©viYev`|
GK‡c‡kwg| GB GK‡c‡kwg KvUv‡ZB Av‡gwiKv‡Z †Kb ïay Av‡gwiKv‡ZB bq, mg¯— cyuwRev`x `ywbqv‡ZB
AvPiYev` I d«‡qWev` ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK n‡q‡Q| e¯‘ hvwš¿K e¯‘ev`, fveev`, LÊZvev`, mviMÖwnZv, Kvh©wmw×ev`Ñ
(welq) I fv‡ei (welqxi) Øvw›ØK H‡K¨i cÖwZdjK †Kvb Gme `vk©wbK aviv¸‡jvi cÖvavb¨? Gi DËi `k©‡b wgj‡e bv|
`k©b I c×wZ †mLv‡b M‡o D‡V wb| ZvB M‡elKiv nq hvwš¿K Gi DËi wgj‡e mgv‡R| Drcv`‡bi DcKi‡Yi Dci
e¯‘ev`x (†hgb AvPiYev`x) wKsev fveev`x (†hgb e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbvi wfwˇZ Mov, gybvdvRxex I kªgRxex GB
d«‡qWev`x) g‡Wj e¨envi K‡ib| cÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖ‡qvR‡b `yB fv‡M Mfxifv‡e wef³ G mgv‡R, †Kvb HK¨e× `k©b

80
cÖvavb¨jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Dc‡i ewY©Z AvcvZwe‡ivax Gme d«‡qWev‡`i †m we ex ch©vq eû c~‡e©B AewmZ|
`vk©wbK aviv GK‡Î G mgv‡R w¯’Zve¯’v eRvq iv‡L| GKv‡WwgK I kvmK gn‡j Zvi ¯^xK…wZ †Rv‡U †M‡Q A‡bK
Av‡MB| ZeyI Zv mvavi‡Y¨ RbwcÖq wK Kvi‡Y? cÖ_‡gB ejv
4.5 d«‡qWev` RbwcÖq †Kb?
`iKvi, mvavi‡Y¨ g‡bvweÁv‡bi Ab¨ aviv¸‡jv cwiwPZ bq|
d«‡qWZË¡ GKv‡WwgK gn‡j ¯^xK…wZ cvIqvi Av‡MB mvavi‡Y¨
ZvB A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q g‡bvweÁvb Ges d«‡qWZË¡ mgv_©K| Ab¨
Av‡jvob Zz‡j‡Q| †m mgq cÖvwZôvwbK g‡bvweÁvb PP©vi m‡½
GKwU KviY d«‡qWev‡`i mnR‡eva¨Zv| wicy (Kvg †µva †jvf
cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡bi †Kvb †hvM wQj bv| d«‡qWB cÖvZ¨wnK
BZ¨vw`) Avgv‡`i Zvobv K‡i| we‡eK Avgv‡`i myc‡_ Pj‡Z
Rxe‡bi mgm¨vÑ Zv †nvK †ivMwPwKrmv wKsev e¨w³i
e‡j| Avgv‡K †e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e Avwg †Kvb c‡_ hve| GmeB
AvPi‡Yi AbyavebÑZvi Av‡jvPbvq wb‡q Av‡mb| Zvi iPbv
Avgv‡`i agx©q I ˆbwZK wk¶vi mvirmvi| Gi m‡½ d«‡q‡Wi
bxim GKv‡WwgK wbe‡Üi g‡Zv bq; mim mvwnZ¨¸Y mg„×|
B`&, mycviB‡Mv Ges B‡Mv‡K wgwj‡q †`Lyb| Avgv‡`i agx©q
G‡Z ˆeÁvwbKZvi NvUwZ _vK‡jI mvwn‡Z¨i NvUwZ †bB|
wbqwZev‡`i m‡½ d«‡qWxq ˆRe-wba©viYev‡`iI mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|
wkí, mvwnZ¨, cyivY, cÖvZ¨wnK w`bhvcb, Gm‡ei Ac~e©
B‡Mvi AvZ¥i¶v †KŠkj¸‡jv Avgiv GKUz AvZ¥-ch©‡e¶‡Yi
ms l N‡U‡Q Zvi iPbvq| ïay GKv‡WwgK gnj bq, mK‡ji
gva¨‡g mn‡RB Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvwi| d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡i Gme
D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖPvwiZ Zvi iPbvq, †m mg‡qi cÖPwjZ g~j¨‡ev‡ai
DcKiY mv¶vr †evaMg¨ n‡q †M‡j, Zvi A‡PZb g‡bi
cÖwZ GKwU P¨v‡jÄI wQj| d«‡qW †hme g~j¨‡ev‡ai we‡ivwaZv
wµqvKjvc‡K ˆeÁvwbK mZ¨ e‡j †g‡b wb‡Z AvcwË _v‡K
K‡iwQ‡jb (†hgb †hŠbZv wel‡q AwZwi³ evavwb‡la), †mme
bv| Avgv‡`i g‡bi †h GKUv Am‡PZb w`K i‡q‡Q, ZvI †Zv
wQj ZrKvjxb ag©cÖfvweZ mvgš—ev`x ms¯‹…wZi Ae‡kl| hw`I
Avgiv Dcjwä Kwi| Gfv‡e G mgv‡Ri gvbyl d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡ †hb
Zvi Z‡Ë¡I Gi wKQz wPý eZ©gvb (†hgb cyi“lZvwš¿KZv)| Zey
Zvi wb‡Ri cÖwZ”Qwe †`L‡Z cvq| GKevi d«‡qWZ‡Ë¡i
w¯’Zve¯’vi mg_©Kiv G‡Z i“ó nq| d«‡qW ZË¡
KvVv‡gvUv AvqZ¡ n‡q †M‡j, wb‡R‡K g‡bvwe` fve‡ZI
cwieZ©bKvgx‡`i cÖwZev‡`i fvlv hywM‡q mvgvwRK Av‡jvob
Amyweav nq bv| KviY ZLb g‡b nq, Avgiv †h †Kvb gvbweK
m„wó K‡i|
welq‡KB Gi Øviv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvwi| ÔAvZ¥i¶v †KŠkjÕ I
ÔcÖZxKÕ Gi h‡_”Q e¨env‡ii D`vniY †Zv d«‡qWxqivB †i‡L
81
†M‡Qb| ZviciI hv e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv, Zv A‡PZ‡bi wµqv ms¯‹…wZ-mgv‡jvPbvq (Cultural Criticism) d«‡qWev‡`i RbwcÖqZv
e‡j Pvwj‡q w`‡jB n‡jv| cÖm‡½ ÔmnRhvbÕ Ges Ômvš—¡bvÕ ZË¡ AvswkK Kvh©Ki|
G ÔmnR-hvbÕ Gi weKí c_wU KwVb| G Rb¨ fvev`k©MZ msMÖv‡gi G †¶Î¸‡jv‡Z kvmK‡kªwYi cÖwZwbwaiv
g‡bvweÁv‡bi ZË¡ I Z‡_¨i PP©v Avek¨K| Gme Z‡Ë¡i d«‡qWev`‡K m‡PZbfv‡eB cÖ‡qvM K‡ib|
Av‡jv‡K †Kvb welq‡K e¨vL¨v K‡iB mš‘ó _vKv hvq bv|
†`L‡Z nq Zv ev¯—‡ei m‡½ wg‡j wK bv| wKš‘ mZ¨ me mgqB
KwVb| mv¶vr Dcjwä m‡Z¨i wbðqZv †`q bv| m~h© †h c~‡e©
5. Dcmsnvi
Dw`Z n‡q cwð‡g A¯— hvq, G mv¶vr Dcjwä Avgv‡`i
d«‡qW D™¢vweZ mvB‡Kv‡_ivwci wKQz cÖZ¨q d«‡qWZË¡
cÖwZw`bB nq| Zey Zv mZ¨ bq| c„w_ex †h wbR A‡¶i Pvicv‡k
wbi‡c¶fv‡e mvB‡Kv‡_ivwc‡Z M„wnZ n‡q‡Q| Zvi m~ÎvwqZ
Ny‡i, GUv KL‡bv Dcjä bv n‡jI mZ¨| GKBfv‡e Aš—
ÔB‡Mv AvZ¥i¶v †KŠkjÕI Zvi ZË¡ wbi‡c¶fv‡e g‡bvweÁv‡b
`©k©‡bi gva¨‡g Avgiv g‡bi †hme welq Dcjwä Kwi, ZvI
A½xK…Z| g‡bvweÁv‡bi BwZnv‡m d«‡q‡Wi f~wgKv LyeB
AvswkK mZ¨ gvÎ| hv Aš—`©k©‡b Dcjä n‡”Q bv, Zv g‡bi
¸i“Z¡c~Y©| wZwb g‡bvweÁv‡bi Rb¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© A‡bK¸‡jv
A‡PZ‡b Ges Rvbv hv‡e bv, Ggb fvevI wVK bq| ˆeÁvwbK
mgm¨v‡K mvg‡b wb‡q Av‡mb; †hgb A‡PZb †cÖlYv, ¯^fvex
c×wZi cÖ‡qv‡M ZvI Rvbv m¤¢e| g‡bvweÁv‡bi eZ©gvb Ae¯’vi
I A¯^fvex gvbwmK wµqvi m¤úK©, g‡bi AvZ¥i¶v †KŠkj,
Lei wb‡j Rvbv hv‡e Avgiv Gme KZUzKz Rvwb|
†hŠbZvi f~wgKv, eq¯‹‡`i AvPi‡Y ˆkk‡ei gvbwmK
mnRZvi KviY QvovI mvavi‡Y¨ d«‡qWev` wU‡K _vKvi
AvNv‡Zi cÖfve, e¨w³‡Z¡i RwUj MVb Ges e¨w³i gvbwmK
Av‡iv KviY i‡q‡Q| w¯’Zve¯’vi mg_©Kiv me mgq cÖPvi
KvVv‡gvi Af¨š—i¯’ Ø›Ø msNvZ| wKš‘ Gme mgm¨vi mgvavb
K‡ib, gvbyl cÖK…wZMZfv‡e AÜ A‡hŠw³K Av‡eM PvwjZ
Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb †h ZË¡cÖ¯—ve K‡ib, Zv‡Z a‡i †qv n‡q‡Q,
Rxe| Kv‡RB gvby‡li c‡¶ cwiKwíZ b¨vqvbyM mgvR Mov
gb mgvR wehy³ ˆRe cÖK…wZi Aaxb Ges †PZb I A‡PZb
m¤¢e bq| hviv cÖPwjZ e¨e¯’vq Amš‘ó, ZvivI cwieZ©‡bi
ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZØ›Øx (antagonistic)| G `ywU aviYvB wewfbœ
w`kv wKsev mvnm bv †c‡q, w¯’Zve¯’vi mg_©K‡`i cÖPvwiZ
M‡elYvq cÖvß Z‡_¨i m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y© bq| Zvi ZË¡cÖ¯—v‡e
Avßev‡K¨ Av¯’v †i‡L mvš—¡bv Lyu‡Rb| wkí-mvwnZ¨ iPbv wKsev
82
d«‡qW Am¤ú~Y©fv‡e e¨vL¨vZ GKwU gvbwmK wbY©vqK (factor),
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gvbe mgv‡Ri BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ‡KI †m wbY©vq‡Ki Aaxb
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Dfq‡KB inm¨ve„Z K‡i‡Qb| Gfv‡e Zvi ZË¡ cÖwZwµqvkxj
fvev`‡k©i mnvqK n‡q‡Q|
cyivY, `k©b, weÁvbÑG meB mvgvwRK †PZbvi cÖKvk| G
me¸wj‡ZB ev¯—eZvi GK ai‡bi cÖwZdjb N‡U| wKš‘ m‡Z¨i
gvcKvwV‡Z meB Zzj¨g~j¨ bq| d«‡q‡Wi AvKv•¶v g‡bi
ˆeÁvwbK ZË¡ iPbv| wKš‘ †h c×wZ‡Z wZwb Zv iPbv K‡i‡Qb
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wewfbœ KvR‡K wZwb wZbwU †kªwY‡Z fvM K‡i‡Qb| Zvici G
wZb †kªwYi KvR‡K wZwb wZbwU PwiÎiƒ‡c Kíbv K‡i, g‡bi
MwZwe`¨v‡K G wZb Pwi‡Îi bvUKiƒ‡c Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb|
Aš—ie¯‘i w`K w`‡q GwU cyivY-AvwkªZ `k©b| ZvB g‡bvweÁvb
weKv‡k d«‡qWZË¡ GKwU HwZnvwmK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡jI
g‡bvweÁv‡bi eZ©gvb Ae¯’vq Zv Kvh©Ki ZË¡ bq|
g‡bvweÁv‡b d«‡qWxq avivi evB‡iI A‡bK aviv i‡q‡Q|
†mm‡ei cwiPq g‡bvweÁv‡bi †U·U eB‡q cvIqv hvq| GKwU
avivi D L †mLv‡b †bB| †mwU ÔØvw›ØK-e¯‘ev`Õ wfwËK
g‡bvweÁv‡bi aviv| †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b Gi m~Pbv I weKvk
83
n‡qwQj| eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi wewfbœ †K‡›`ª G avivq g‡bvweÁvb
PP©v Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q| G avivi wZbwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖ¯’vb¯’j, 1.
cvfjf (I. P. Pavlov) Ges Zvi Abymvix‡`i g‡bi Aat¯—i gw¯—
‡®‹i, D”PZi Kvh©Kjvc M‡elYvi aviv| G avivi GKRb
¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖwZwbwa †Zcjf (B. M. Teplov)| cvðv‡Z¨i †U·U
eB‡qi Kj¨v‡Y cvfjf e¨enviev`x (behaviourist) e‡j
cwiwPZ| G aviYv fyj| e¨enviev`xiv cvfjf Avwe¯‹…Z
mv‡c¶ civeZ© (conditioned reflex) Kv‡R jvMvq gvÎ| Zviv
cvfj‡fi mvgwMÖK M‡elYvi aviv I `„wófw½i m‡½ mngZ
bq| 2. fvBMU&w¯‹ (L. S. Vygotsky) I Zvi mnKgx© jywiqv (A. P.
Luria) Ges wjIbwZ‡qf (A. N. Leontyev) m~wPZ wkï weKvk I
e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki aviv| G avivi mwµqZvi ZË¡ (Cultural
Historical Activity Theory) eZ©gv‡b e¨vcKfv‡e PwP©Z ZË¡| 3.
g‡bi Am‡PZb KvR wb‡q DRbv`&‡R (D. Uznadze) Ges Zvi
Abymvix‡`i ¯‹zj| DRbv`&‡R-i ÔSet TheoryÕ me©Rb¯^xK…Z|
Avkv Kwi hviv K…wÎg in‡m¨ eyu` n‡q bv †_‡K g‡bi
mwZ¨Kvi inm¨ D˜NvU‡b AvMÖnx, hviv g‡bvweÁvb‡K
e¨envwiK Rxe‡b Kv‡R jvMv‡Z Pvb, Zviv g‡bvweÁv‡bi
ˆeÁvwbK avivi m‡½ cwiwPZ n‡eb|
cwiwkó : Z_¨m~Î :
1. Textbook of Psychology, Andrew B Crider et el, Scott, Foresman and
Bqys (Jung), GWjvi (Adler), d«g (Fromm), jvKuv (Lacan) cÖgyL Company, USA, 1983.
2. Sigmund Freud, An exhibition of Goethe Institute, Munich, 1972.
g‡bvmgx¶YMY †NvwlZ ev A‡NvwlZfv‡e d«‡qW †_‡K ¯^Zš¿ 3. Theories of Personality, Hall and Lindzey, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1970.
n‡q Zv‡`i ZË¡ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| †h g‡bv‡ivM wPwKrmvi Rb¨ 4. Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry. 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, 1989.
5. Kaplan & Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry, 10th Edition, Lippincott Williams
d«‡qWev‡`i Rb¥, †mLv‡b Zvi Ae¯’vb cÖvš—xq| wKš‘ b„ZË¡- & Wilkins, 2007.
6. Psychology In The Soviet Union, A. Petrovsky, Progress Publishers, 1990.
mgvRZË¡, wkí-ms¯‹…wZ-mgv‡jvPbv Gme fvev`k©MZ †¶‡Î 7. Christopher Caudwell, A Study in Bourgeois Psychology: Freud, In ‘The
Concept of Freedom’, Lawrence & Wishart, London, 1965
d«‡qWev` GL‡bv cÖfvekvjx| G K_vwU DcwiD³
8. cvfjf cwiwPwZ, Wv: ax‡i›`ªbv_ M‡½vcva¨vq, cvfjf
g‡bvmgx¶K‡`i cÖm‡½ d«‡qW †_‡KI †ewk mZ¨| wb‡R‡`i BÝwUwUDU, KjKvZv, 2000|
¯^vZš¿¨ m‡Ë¡I c×wZMZ I `vk©wbK wePv‡i DcwiD³ 9. d«‡qW cÖm‡½, †`excÖmv` P‡Ævcva¨vq, Abyózc cÖKvkb,
Ad«‡qWxqiv d«‡qWev‡`i evB‡i †h‡Z cv‡ib wb| Avgvi KjKvZv, 1994|
cÖKvwkZe¨ ÔAd«‡qWxq d«‡qWev`xMYÕ cÖe‡Ü G‡`i m¤^‡Ü 10. mZ¨ ZvB hv iwP‡e Zzwg, evmy‡`e gy‡Lvcva¨vq, gvbegb 46Zg
Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| el©, 1g msL¨v, 2007|
11. fvBMUw¯‹ cwiPq, evmy‡`e gy‡Lvcva¨vq, cvfjf BÝwUwUDU,
KjKvZv, 2012|
12. g‡bvwe`¨vi Awfavb, evmy‡`e gy‡Lvcva¨vq, cvfjf BÝwUwUDU,
KjKvZv, 2011|

weiÄb ivq : †ckvq g‡bv‡ivM wPwKrmK| Aa¨q‡bi welq cÖK…wZ I gvbyl Ges weÁv‡b,
`k©‡b, wk‡í Zvi cÖwZdjb| mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡›`vj‡b hy³| cÖKvwkZ MÖš’ : †PZbvi
weÁvb : mvgvwRK †PZbvi gb¯—Ë¡, (2010, b¨vkbvj cvewj‡Kkb), XvKv|

84
 ivwfMwjIwb (Dr. Mario Raviglione) e‡jb, ÔAvgv‡`i ms¯’vi
h¶v wPwKrmvi Avš—R©vwZK gvbm¤úbœ ¯^xK…Z †h
weÁv‡bi Av‡jvq Ô†nvwgIc¨vw_Õ
wPwKrmve¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q Zv‡Z †nvwgIc¨vw_i †Kv‡bv ¯’vb †bB|Õ
KvRx gvneye nvmvb
wkïiv Wvqwiqvq Avµvš— n‡j we‡k¦i A‡bK †`‡kB †nvwgI-
wPwKrmv MÖn‡Yi cÖeYZv i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ wek¦¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’vi wkï-

“If homeopathy works, then obviously the less you use it, the
wK‡kvi‡`i ¯^v¯’¨ I Dbœqb wefv‡Mi gyLcvÎ e‡jb,
†nvwgIc¨vw_i gva¨‡g wkï‡`i Wvqwiqv cÖwZ‡iva ev wbivg‡qi
stronger it gets. So the best way to apply homeopathy is to not use it
at all”--Phil Plait

"The findings of currently available Cochrane reviews of studies of †Kv‡bv cÖgvY †bB| Bsj¨v‡Ûi i‡qj wjfvicyj BDwbfvwm©wU
homeopathy do not show that homeopathic medicines have effects
beyond placebo.”--Edjard Ernst nvmcvZv‡ji msµvgK †ivM we‡klÁ W. wbK wewPs e‡j‡Qb,
Ôg¨v‡jwiqv, GBPAvBwf, h¶v BZ¨vw`i g‡Zv msµvgK †ivM
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cÖvK&K_b cvIqv hvq wb| eis GBme †iv‡Mi †¶‡Î †nvwgIc¨vw_i Ilya
2009 mv‡ji 20 AvM÷ wewewm I‡qe mvB‡U cÖKvwkZ e¨env‡i †ivMxi Rxeb AviI g„Zz¨-SuywKi g‡a¨ †V‡j †`q|Õ
wek¦¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’vi (WHO) GKwU mZK©evYx w`‡q †jLvwU ïi“ (`ªóe¨ : http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8211925.stm)|
KiwQ| wek¦¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v GK †NvlYvq Rvwb‡q‡Q : Ôh¶v, wPwKrmv‡mev wb‡q hviv GKUz †LuvR Lei iv‡Lb, Zviv
GBPAvBwf, g¨v‡jwiqvi, Bbd¬z‡qÄv, wkï‡`i Wvqwiqv g‡Zv mevB Rv‡bb we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k †nvwgIc¨vw_i
†ivM¸wj †nvwgIc¨vw_i gva¨‡g †gv‡UI wbivgq nq bv| GBme weÁvcb¸‡jv‡Z cÖwZwbqZ `vwe Kiv nq K¨vÝvi, g¨v‡jwiqv,
†ivM †_‡K †nvwgIc¨vw_i Ilya¸‡jv †jvKRb‡K i¶v Ki‡Z h¶v, GBPAvBwf, Wvqwiqv BZ¨vw` g‡Zv †ivM¸wj Abvqv‡m
cv‡i bv, wPwKrmv w`‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ Dbœqbkxj †`k¸wj‡Z mviv‡bv hvq †nvwgIc¨vw_i gva¨‡g| ïay ZvB bv wewfbœ ai‡bi
†gwW‡Kj ¯^v¯’¨‡mevi e`‡j †nvwgIc¨vw_i cÖmv‡ii Kvi‡Y RwUj I cyivZb †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvI bvwK Kiv hvq
¯^v¯’¨ †¶‡Î RbRxe‡bi wbivcËv SuywK A‡bK †e‡o †M‡Q|Õ †nvwgIc¨vw_ w`‡q| wek¦¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’vi g‡Zv GKwU e„nr Avš—
ms¯’vwUi h¶v wbivgq wefv‡Mi cwiPvjK W. gvwiI R©vwZK wPwKrmv †mev ms¯’v †nvwgIc¨vw_i Kvh©KvwiZv‡K
85
AZ¨š— hyw³m½Z Kvi‡Y ÔcÖgvYnxYÕ Ges ÔA‰eÁvwbKÕ wnmv‡e KiwQ| Rvg©vb es‡kv™¢~Z BWRvW© Avb©÷ †nvwgIc¨vw_mn bvbv
wPwýZ K‡i evwZj K‡i w`‡q‡Q g~javivi wPwKrmv‡mev weKí wPwKrmv-c×wZ‡Z cÖwk¶Y MÖnY K‡i Zvi †ckvMZ
wnmv‡e Gi bvbv A‡hŠw³K `vwe¸‡jv‡K| wKš‘ GiciI we‡k¦i Rxeb ïi“ K‡iwQ‡jb wgDwb‡Li GKwU †nvwgIc¨vw_
cÖPzi †jvK †R‡b wKsev bv-†R‡b cÖwZw`bB †nvwgIc¨vw_i nvmcvZv‡j| c‡i 1999 mv‡j wZwb weªwUk bvMwiKZ¡ MÖnY
Øvi¯’ nb G‡`i Z_vKw_Z wPwKrmv‡mev MÖn‡Yi Rb¨| G‡Z K‡ib Ges G‡·Uvi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Kw¤ú­‡g›Uvwi
†ivM wbivgq †Zv `~‡ii K_v, A‡_©i †hgb AcPq n‡”Q †gwWwm‡bÕi Aa¨vcbvi `vwqZ¡ wb‡qwQ‡jb (D L¨ G wel‡q
ïayïay, †Zgwb †ivMxi RxebI µ‡g SuywKi g‡a¨ c‡o hv‡”Q| †Kv‡bv wek¦we`¨vj‡q GUvB wQj cÖ_g †Kvb Aa¨vc‡Ki c`)|
†nvwgIc¨vw_ wb‡q weÁvbwfwËK Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ Avš—R©vwZKfv‡e mgv`„Z `yBwU wPwKrmvwelqK M‡elYv
AvR‡Ki GB cÖe‡Üi m~ÎcvZ| A‡b‡K †nvwgIc¨vw_‡K Rvb©v‡ji m¤úv`bvi mv‡_ RwoZ wQ‡jb wZwb| GQvov `xN©w`b
Ô¸iZ¡c~Y©Õ †ivMDckgKvix Ilya-e¨e¯’v g‡b Ki‡jI Av`‡Z a‡i M‡elYv I †jLv‡jwLi gva¨‡g Aëvi‡bwUf I
Gi †Kv‡bv ˆeÁvwbK wfwË †bB| eis GwU Avm‡j QÙweÁvb ev Kw¤ú­‡g›Uvwi †gwWwm‡bi bvbv `vwe ˆeÁvwbK cÖgvY wbf©i
my‡Wvmv‡q‡Ýi Aš—f©y³ GKwU c×wZ, hv `xN©w`b a‡i mn‡R wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi Av‡jv‡K e¨e‡”Q` K‡i Avm‡Qb| Zvi
wek¦vmx gvbyl‡K †evKv evwb‡q Avm‡Q| †nvwgIc¨vw_i mgv‡jvPbvc~Y© bvbv M‡elYv wbeÜ cÖKv‡ki ci †_‡KB weKí
g~jbxwZ, GB msµvš— bvbv M‡elYv¸‡jvi djvdj I wPwKrmvi mg_©Kiv (we‡kl K‡i †nvwgIc¨v_ Nibvi
†nvwgIc¨vw_ wPwKrmv-c×wZ ev c¨vUv‡b©i Dci Av‡jvPbv †jv‡Kiv) Zv‡K ÔweKí wPwKrmvi Rb¨ AwfkvcÕ wnmv‡e
we¯—„Z n‡j †nvwgIc¨vw_i ÔQÙweÁvbxq PwiÎÕ cwi®‹vifv‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|
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K‡i Avgvi GB cÖeÜwU iwPZ n‡q‡Q, weªwUk b¨vkbvj †nj&_ mvwf©‡m †nvwgIc¨vw_mn bvbv weKí
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AwMÖg wKQy e‡j ivLv cÖ‡qvRb †eva wi‡cvU© ˆZwii Kv‡Ri ïi“‡Z Avb©÷ mn‡hvMx wnmv‡e
86
_vK‡jI cieZ©x‡Z wZwb Zvi bvg cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bb Lmov
wi‡cvU©wU covi ci| wZwb `vwe K‡ib ¯§jDW †Kvb ˆeÁvwbK
cÖgvY ev M‡elYv wbeÜ ch©v‡jvPbv QvovB we‡kl wKQz weKí
wPwKrmv‡K mg_©b K‡i †M‡Qb| Zvi GB Ae¯’v‡bi K_v Zvi
¯^fvemyjf ¯úóevw`Zvq cwÎKv‡Z wPwV wj‡L Rvwb‡q †`b|
wKš‘ wPwVwU cÖKvwkZ n‡j Avb©÷‡K †ek mgm¨vq co‡Z nq|
cÖfvekvjx‡`i Pv‡c G‡·Uvi wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K Zv‡K
GKiKg eva¨ Kiv nq c`Z¨v‡Mi Rb¨| Zvi M‡elYvi mg¯—
Aby`vbI cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bqv nq| Ae‡k‡l 2008 mv‡j wZwb
wmgb wms‡K wb‡q †hŠ_fv‡e †j‡Lb †ek Av‡jvob m„wóKvix
GKwU M‡elYv MÖš’ ÔTrick or Treatment? Alternative Medicine on
TrialÕ| GB eB‡q †jL‡Kiv weªwUk miKv‡ii cÖwZ eQi 500
wgwjqb cvDÛ ÔAcÖgvwYZ wPwKrmv c×wZÕ‡Z Ace¨q Kivi
welqwU wb‡q †Rviv‡jv cÖkœ Zz‡jb| eBwU Avevi gRv K‡i
DrmM© Kiv n‡q‡Q wcÖÝ Pvj©m‡K, weªwUk ivR cwiev‡ii g‡a¨
†nvwgI-wPwKrmvi cÖwZ whwb we‡klfv‡e Abyi³|
†nvwgIc¨vw_mn wewfbœ weKí wPwKrmvi Z_vKw_Z Aev¯—e
weåvwš—Ki cÖZviYvg~jK `vwe¸‡jvi cÖwZ Avb©÷ I wmg‡bi
wb‡g©vn AbymÜvb I ¸i“Z¡c~Y© c×wZMZ ch©v‡jvPbv¸‡jv
wbtm‡›`‡n †nvwgIc¨vw_i Kvh©KvwiZv wb‡q m‡›`nev`x‡`i
Rvbvi †¶ÎwU cÖmvwiZ K‡i‡Q A‡bKUzKz| Avb©‡÷i eB †_‡K
GKwU D×…wZ w`‡q †kl KiwQ GB AskwU :
87
ÒIf homeopathy is correct, much of physics, chemistry, and
pharmacology must be incorrect.... To have an open mind about
homeopathy or similarly implausible forms of alternative
medicine (eg, Bach flower remedies, spiritual healing, crystal
therapy) is therefore not an option. We think that a belief in
homeopathy exceeds the tolerance of an open mind.Ó
hw` †nvwgIc¨vw_ mwVK nq, Z‡e c`v_©we`¨v,imvqb Ges
Ilya weÁvb Gi cÖgvwYZ A‡bK wKQz Zvn‡j mwVK bq;
†nvwgIc¨vw_ wKsev GKB ai‡bi Am¤¢e ai‡bi wKQz weKí-
wPwKrmv (†hgb, evL d¬vIqvi †i‡gwW, w¯úwiPz¨qvj wnwjs,
wµ÷vj †_ivwc) m¤^‡Ü †Lvjv gb ivLv †m Kvi‡Y m¤¢e bq|
Avgiv g‡b Kwi †nvwgIc¨vw_‡Z wek¦vm GKwU †Lvjv g‡bi
mnb‡hvM¨ mxgv‡KI AwZµg K‡i|
f~wgKv
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ev fvi‡Zi mbvZb wPwKrmv-c×wZ¸‡jv †_‡K †nvwgIc¨vw_
wKš‘ Zzjbvg~jK mv¤cÖwZK mg‡qi GKwU Avwe®‹vi| cÖvq 200
eQ‡ii GKUz †ewk mgq a‡i †nvwgIc¨vw_ we¯—vi jvf K‡i‡Q
mviv we‡k¦| GQvov eZ©gvb hy‡M ÔweKí wPwKrmvÕ m¤ú‡K© M‡o
IVv bZzb †KŠZ~n‡ji mydjI †nvwgIc¨vw_‡K my‡hvM K‡i
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ev hv‡K †nvwgIc¨v_iv Ilya wnmv‡e `vwe K‡ib, †m¸‡jv
m¤¢eZ GKgvÎ ÕnvZz‡oÕ ev Õ†KvqvKÕ `ªe¨ hv AvBbMZfv‡e
eû‡`‡k ÔIlyaÕ wnmv‡e weµq nq| Ggb Kx Ilya wbqš¿‡Yi
Ab¨Zg cÖwZôvb hy³iv‡óªi ÔdzW A¨vÛ W«vM A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªkbÕ
(FDA) †nvwgIc¨vw_ Ôwbivgq `ªe¨¸wjÕ‡K cÖkªq w`‡q Avm‡Q
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wkw_j K‡i|
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nvmcvZvj Av‡Q, hvi g‡a¨ GKwU miKvwi| me¸‡jv
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evsjv‡`k †nvwgIc¨vw_K †evW©, Ges XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
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i‡q‡Q G‡`‡k|
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hviv wWwMÖ cÖvß ev ejv nq †Kvqvwjdv‡qW †nvwgIc¨v_ Avi
hv‡`i †Kv‡bv wWwMÖ †bB ev Avb‡Kvqvwjdv‡qW, gv‡b ¯^wkw¶Z
88
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ai‡bi †nvwgIc¨v_-PP©vKvixi msL¨vB †ewk| M‡elYv¸‡jv
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kn‡ii †nvwgIc¨v_ wPwKrm‡Ki msL¨v †ewk (7/10,000)|
we‡kl K‡i Lyjbv (cÖvq 9/10,000), ivRkvnx (cÖvq
8/10,000) Ges wm‡j‡Ui (6/10,000) knivÂj¸‡jvq|
GKwU †nvwgIc¨vw_ msµvš— evsjv‡`wk I‡qe mvB‡Ui
Z_¨vbyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k cÖvq 30 †_‡K 40 kZvsk gvbyl bvwK
†nvwgIc¨vw_ wPwKrmv MÖnY K‡i _v‡Kb| hw`I evsjv‡`‡k
¯^v¯’¨‡mevi Dci cwiPvwjZ M‡elYv¸‡jv‡Z †nvwgIc¨vw_
mvaviYZ Ab¨vb¨ cÖ_vMZ-wPwKrmvi mv‡_ †kªYxfy³ K‡i
†`wL‡q‡Q| Avm‡j A¨v‡jvc¨vw_K ev †mB msµvš— AvswkK-
wkw¶Z Avi Avav-†ckvRxexivB Avgv‡`i g~j wPwKrmv‡mev
cÖ`vb K‡i Avm‡Qb `xN©w`b a‡i| Ges welqwU GKB mv‡_
evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vi Abycv‡Z wkw¶Z ¯^v¯’¨Kg©x‡`i wekvj
AcÖZzjZvi welqwUI Bw½Z Ki‡Q| Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb
†hLv‡b †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv wKfv‡e n‡e Zvi GKwU cÖavb
wbqvgK, †mLv‡b wekvj Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ ÔweKí wPwKrmvÕ
wn‡m‡e †nvwgIc¨vw_I Ab¨Zg f~wgKv ivL‡Q †m wel‡q †Kvb
m‡›`n †bB| G Kvi‡Y nq‡Zv evsjv‡`k miKvi 2011 mv‡j
RvZxq ¯^v¯’¨bxwZi 28Zg †KŠk‡j †nvwgIc¨vw_, Avqy‡e©w`K
I BDbvwb, GB wZbwU kvLv‡K Av‡iv ÔˆeÁvwbKÕ (hvi gv‡b
bxwZwba©viKivB fv‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb!) Kivi Dci †Rvi
w`‡q c×wZ¸‡jv‡K RvZxq bxwZ‡Z Aš—f©y³ Kivi cÖ¯—ve †`qv
n‡q‡Q|
wKQy mywbw`©ó Kvi‡Y ÔweÁvbm¤§ZÕ e‡j `vwe Kiv
wPwKrmv-c×wZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †nvwgIc¨vw_ Ab¨Zg weZwK©Z
GKwU wPwKrmv c×wZ| †nvwgIc¨vw_ wb‡q cwiPvwjZ wewfbœ
M‡elYvi wm‡÷g¨vwUK ev c×wZMZ we l‡Y GLbI ch©š—
†nvwgIc¨vw_ †i‡gwW ev wPwKrmvi †Kvb Kvh©KvwiZv cÖgvY
Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q| wbw`©ófv‡e †`Lv †M‡Q †Kv‡bv Amy‡Li
wPwKrmv wnmv‡e †nvwgIc¨vw_i Ilya¸‡jv, g~javiv wPwKrmvq
e¨eüZ cixw¶Z Ab¨ †Kvb Ilya Ges Ô াwm‡evÕ ev IlyaKí
†_‡K †Kv‡bvfv‡eB †ewk Kvh©Ki bv| ( াwm‡ev ev IlyaKí
Avm‡j †Kv‡bv Ilya ev dvgv©‡KvjwRi ¸Yv¸Y m¤úbœ †Kvb
WªvM bq, wewfbœ wK¬wbK¨vj U«vqvj ev M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Kivi
mgq M‡elKiv i¨vb‡Wvgfv‡e ev Awbw`©ófv‡e Zzjbv Kiv
m¤¢e Ggb K‡qKwU MÖæc †ivMx‡`i ga¨ †_‡K wbe©vPb K‡i
_v‡Kb, †hLv‡b GK `j †ivMx‡`i †`qv nq c­¨vwm‡ev ev
IlyaKíwU †`qv nq cix¶vaxb Ily‡ai weKí wnmv‡e, D‡Ïk¨
GUv cÖgvY Kiv †h cix¶vaxb IlyawU weKí c­¨vwm‡ev ev
IlyaKí, cÖvqB G Avm‡j wPwb Qvov wKQz bq| M‡elYvq hv‡Z
89
gvbwmK cÖwZwµqvcÖvß djvdj‡K cÖfvweZ bv Ki‡Z cv‡i,
†mRb¨ †ivMx‡`i‡K Aek¨B Ges KL‡bv KL‡bv M‡elK‡`iI
hv Rvbv‡bv nq bv Kv‡K †Kvb IlyawU †`qv n‡”Q, †hgb Wvej
াBÛ ÷vwW)|
cÖKvwkZ me M‡elYvi †gUvA¨vbvjvBwmm †_‡K †`Lv
hv‡”Q, †Kv‡bv cÖ¯—vweZ †nvwgI IlyaB াwm‡ev ev IlyyaKí
†_‡K †ivMxi kix‡i my¯úó ev wfbœ †Kv‡bv wK¬wbK¨vj djvdj
m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, hv wKbv cÖgvY Kiv m¤¢e| †hgb Avgiv
GLv‡b 2003 mv‡j †gwW‡Kj Rvb©vj Thorax-G cÖKvwkZ
GKwU M‡elYvi K_v D L Ki‡Z cvwi| †nvwgI-Ily‡ai
Kvh©KvwiZv wb‡q 93 Rb A¨vRgvq Avµvš— wkïi Dci
Bsj¨v‡Ûi †cwbbmyjv †gwW‡Kj ¯‹z‡ji W. A¨vwWªqvb †nvqvBU
GKwU M‡elYv K‡ib| W. †nvqvB‡Ui M‡elYvi djvdj n‡”Q
GKgvÎ Mfxifv‡e wek¦vmwbf©i (Ab¨v‡_© াwm‡ev) wµqv Qvov
†mLv‡b †nvwgI-Ily‡ai Avi †Kv‡bv f~wgKv j¶¨ Kiv hvq wb|
wKš‘ `ytLRbK Lei n‡”Q Bsj¨v‡Ûi g‡Zv DbœZ †`‡kI wkïiv
A¨vRgv ev k¦vmK‡ó Avµvš— n‡j †nvwgIc¨v_ wbivgq MÖnY
Kivi cÖeYZv Lye †ewk| †hgb GKwU M‡elYv ej‡Q †m †`‡k
cÖvq 15% wkï-wK‡kvi †nvwgIc¨vw_ wPwKrmv †c‡q _v‡K| W.
†nvqvBU M‡elYvi Rb¨ Zxeª A¨vRgvq Avµvš— †_‡K ïi“ K‡i
nvjKv A¨vRgv Avµvš— 5 †_‡K 15 eQi eqmx 93 Rb
wkï‡K †e‡Q †bb| Zv‡`i‡K GKvwaK `‡j fvM Kiv nq|
GKwU `j‡K Bb‡njvimn wPwKrmvi cÖPwjZ ¯^vfvweK cÖwµqv
†nvwgIc¨vw_i D™¢e I m¨vgy‡qj n¨vwbg¨vb :
AbymiY Kiv nq| Av‡iKwU `j‡K GK eQi a‡i Qq wKw¯—‡Z
Aóv`k kZvãxi †k‡li w`‡K †nvwgIc¨vw_ c×wZwU Avwe®‹vi
†nvwgI †i‡gwW cÖ`vb Kiv nq| me©‡kl `jwU‡K †nvwgI-
K‡iwQ‡jb Rvg©vb wPwKrmK m¨vgy‡qj n¨vwbg¨vb (Christian
Ily‡ai e`‡j াwm‡ev (wPwbi U¨ve‡jU) cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Uvbv
Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann)| 1755 mv‡j Rb¥ n¨vwbg¨vb Zvi
GK eQi a‡i GB Kvh©µg Pj‡jI †`Lv †M‡Q †nvwgI-Ily‡ai
ˆkke KvwU‡q‡Qb Rvg©vwbi †gB‡mb kn‡i| Gici cÖ_‡g
†Kv‡bv f~wgKv †bB A¨vRgv Dck‡gi †¶‡Î| eis †hme wkï
jvBcwRM Gici wf‡qbv n‡q 1779 mv‡j Gijv‡½b
¯^vfvweK wPwKrmvi e`‡j †nvwgI †i‡gwW MÖnY K‡iwQj Zviv
wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K wZwb wPwKrmvkv‡¯¿ mœvZK wWwMÖ jvf
Av‡iv cÖejfv‡e A¨vRgvq Avµvš— n‡q‡Q| (`ªóe¨ :
K‡ib| wPwKrmK wnmv‡e †ckvMZ Rxe‡bi cÖ_g 15 eQi
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2903029.stm)|
A_©‰bwZKfv‡e †ek jovB Ki‡Z n‡qwQj n¨vwbg¨vb‡K,
A_P hw` Avcwb mvaviY †ivMx‡`i e¨w³MZ AwfÁZvi
Aek¨ cieZ©x Rxe‡b Zvi Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b N‡U| 1843 mv‡j
K_v †kv‡bb, Zvn‡j m‡›`n †bB wekvj msL¨K gvbyl AZ¨š—
88 eQi eq‡m c¨vwi‡m GKRb abvX¨ e¨w³ wnmv‡e wZwb
ÔwbðqZvÕi mv‡_ `vwe Ki‡eb, Zviv
g„Zy¨eiY K‡ib
cÖPwjZ wPwKrmv e¨e¯’vi Øvi¯’ n‡q hLb
n¨vwbg¨v‡bi mgmvgwqK wPwKrmv-c×wZ¸‡jv wQj
DcK…Z nb wb, ZLb †nvwgIc¨vw_
kix‡ii bvbv wnDgi ev Zij c`v‡_©i (Humor-j¨vwUb kãwUi
wPwKrmvq nq my¯’ n‡q‡Qb, bq‡Zv DcKvi
A_© ÔZijÕ) fvimvg¨ i¶v Kivi gva¨‡g bvbv Amy‡Li wbivgq
†c‡q‡Qb| Gevi ¯^fveZ cÖkœ RvM‡Z cv‡i hy
Kiv| fvimvg¨ ev Z_vKw_Z my¯’Zv wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨ †ek
g‡b| Zvn‡j †nvwgIc¨vw_ wK Avm‡jB
wKQy ¯’~j †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡Zv †mmgq| †hgb wkiv †K‡U
KvR K‡i?
wbqwš¿Zfv‡e i³cvZ NUv‡bv (Venesection ev blood letting),
GB cÖkœwU‡Z Avevi wd‡i Avmv hv‡e Z‡e Zvi Av‡M GKUv
i³‡kvlK †RuvK (†hgb Hirudo medicinalis) e¨envi (leeching),
welq †R‡b †bqv fv‡jv GB †h ÔDcKvixÕ e‡j `vwe Kiv
Mig K¨vc e¨envi K‡i Pvgovq †dvmKv m„wó Kiv (Blistering)
wPwKrmv-c×wZUv Avm‡j wK?
90
wKsev Lye welv³ Ilya (hv‡`i g‡a¨ cÖvqB cvi` _vK‡Zv) w`‡q
wPwKrmv Kiv BZ¨vw`| G¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i †ivMxi kix‡i
AwZwi³ Nvg, gy‡Li AZ¨vwaK jvjv m…wó Kiv ev †Rvic~e©K
ewg Kiv‡bv, Wvqwiqvi (purging) D‡`ªK Kiv, BZ¨vw` wQj g~j
D‡Ïk¨| wPwKrmvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ GBme Kjv‡KŠkj Avm‡j
†ivMx‡`i DcKv‡ii †P‡q AcKviB †ewk Ki‡Zv|
n¨vwbg¨vb Zvi †ckvMZ Rxe‡b ïi“‡Z j¶¨ K‡iwQ‡jb
†ivMx‡`i Avm‡j G ai‡bi †Kvb fq¼i wPwKrmv †`evi
PvB‡Z bv-w`‡j cÖvqB fv‡jv djvdj cvIqv hvq| wKQzUv †m
Kvi‡Y 35 eQi eq‡m n¨vwbg¨vb cÖPwjZ wPwKrmv-c×wZi
Dci exZkª× n‡q wPwKrmv †ckv Z¨vM K‡ib| msmvi
Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ †e‡Q †bb bvbv ai‡bi ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i wgkªY
cÖ¯‘Z I Abyev` Kiv| eû fvlvq cvi`k©x wQ‡jb n¨vwbg¨vb|
Kw_Z Av‡Q 1790 mv‡j weL¨vZ ¯‹wUk wPwKrmK DBwjqvg
Kv‡j‡bi GKwU †flR wPwKrmvi eB Bs‡iwR †_‡K Rvg©vb
fvlvq Abyev` Kivi mgq Kv‡j‡bi GKwU gš—e¨ Zvi bR‡i
c‡owQj| Kv‡jb e‡jwQ‡jb wmb‡Kvbv (Cinchona) Mv‡Qi
(China officalis) evKj †_‡K cÖ¯‘Z `ªeYwU g¨v‡jwiqv wbivgq
Ki‡Z cv‡i KviYwU Gi ÔwZ³ZvÕ| cieZ©x‡Z Avgiv †R‡bwQ
wmb‡Kvbv Mv‡Qi evK‡j Avm‡j A¨vjKvj‡qW _v‡K hvi g~j
Dcv`vb n‡”Q KzBwbb| g¨v‡jwiqv wPwKrmvq KzBwb‡bi GLbI
cÖPjb Av‡Q| n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Kv‡Q e¨vcviUv cÖ_‡g A‡hŠw³K
91
g‡b nq, KviY Ab¨ †Kvb wZ³ ¯^v`hy³ wKQy †Zv †mfv‡e
g¨v‡jwiqv wbivgq Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| †KŠZ~nj e‡kB n¨vwbg¨vb
wb‡R †ek K‡qK †WvR wmb‡Kvbv MÖnY K‡ib| D‡Ïk¨ my¯’
kix‡i GwU Kx ai‡bi cÖfve †d‡j Zv j¶¨ Kiv| wZwb
†`L‡jb my¯’ kix‡i wmb‡Kvbv wVK g¨v‡jwiqvi gZB †ivM-
j¶Y m„wó K‡i| Z‡e g~j g¨v‡jwiqv †ivM †_‡K hv †ek wKQyUv
g„`y; †mB Kuvcywb w`‡q R¡i Avmvi e¨vcviUv †mLv‡b NU‡Q bv|
Avi n¨vwbg¨vb wVK GLvb †_‡K Zvi weL¨vZ aviYvwU †c‡q
hvb|
n¨vwbg¨vb `vwe K‡ib wmb‡Kvbv g¨v‡jwiqv wbivg‡q
Kvh©Ki Zvi KviY n‡”Q GwU †h †ivM wbivgq Ki‡Q wVK †mB
†iv‡Mi gZB GwU my¯’ kix‡i DcmM© m„wó Ki‡Z m¶g|
DrmvwnZ n¨vwbg¨vb Gici ax‡i ax‡i Av‡iv †ek wKQy cÖPwjZ
Ilyya Ges ivmvqwbK c`v_© GKBfv‡e wb‡Ri Dci cix¶v
K‡i †`‡Lb| my¯’ kix‡i Zv‡`i cÖfve j¶¨ K‡ib, Kx ai‡bi
DcmM© ˆZwi Ki‡Q, Ges GKB ai‡bi DcmM©h³
y †iv‡Mi
wbivg‡q Zviv KZUzKz Kvh©Kix| wb‡Ri mvd‡j¨ AvZ¥wek¦vmx
n‡q wZwb Zvi Laws of Similar ev m`…k¨Zvi m~ÎwU cÖYqb K‡ib
Zvi cÖ¯—vweZ †ivM-wbivgq c×wZi Rb¨ mvaviY GKwU
g~jbxwZ wnmv‡e| †mB aviYvwU 1796 mv‡j wZwb cÖKvk K‡ib
ÔEssay on a New Principle for Ascertaining the Curative Power of DrugsÕ
kxl©K GKwU wbe‡Ü| GLv‡b wZwb Zvi cÖ¯—vweZ wPwKrmv-
c×wZwU e¨vL¨v †`b| wZwb hvi bvgKiY K‡ib ÔHomeopathyÕ
mv`„k¨Zvi m~Î ev The law or Principle of Similarity ev like cures
(†nvwgIc¨vw_)|
like : Av‡Mi Aby‡”Q‡` †hgb D L Kiv n‡q‡Q n¨vwbg¨vb
g~javivi wPwKrmv c×wZi mv‡_ †nvwgIc¨vw_i cÖ_g
wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †Kv‡bv GKwU †ivMxi †ivM mviv‡bv hv‡e Ggb
†gŠwjK cv_©K¨ n‡”QÑGwU Ggb GKUv wPwKrmv-c×wZ,
†Kvb Ilya w`‡q, hv †Kvb my¯’ gvbyl †meb (Ilya) GKB
†hLv‡b `vwe Kiv nq †Kv‡bv Amy‡Li Rb¨ me‡P‡q DËg
Amy‡Li gZB g„`y Amy¯’Zvi KviY n‡e| †hgb hw` †Kv‡bv
wPwKrmv n‡e †mB IlyawU, hv wKbv †Kvb my¯’ gvby‡li kix‡i
†ivMxi AmyLwU nq Zxeª ewg ewg fve, Zv‡K Ggb GKwU Ilya
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j †mB †iv‡Mi gZ GKB ai‡bi wKQz g„`y DcmM©
†`qv n‡e hv †Kv‡bv my¯’ gvbyl †meb Ki‡j g„`y ewg ewg fve
m…wó K‡i| †mRb¨ n¨vwbg¨v‡bi bvgKiY K‡iwQ‡jb
n‡e| GQvov Av‡m©wbK my¯’ gvby‡li k¦vmKó ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
†nvwgIc¨vw_ (Homeopathy)| †nvwgIc¨vw_ kãUvi Drm `ywU wMÖK
GRb¨ k¦vmK‡ói wPwKrmvi Rb¨ Av‡m©wbK e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z
kã, ÔHómoiosÕ hvi A_© m`…k ev GKB iKg ev like Ges ÔpáthosÕ
cv‡i| n¨vwbg¨vb Gfv‡e GKwU `xN© ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡iwQ‡jb
hvi A_© Kó ev AmyL ev Suffering| GLv‡b e‡j ivLv fv‡jv
wewfbœ ai‡bi c`v_© e¨envi K‡i, hv wZwb bvbv Amy‡Li
ÔA¨v‡jvc¨vw_Õ (Allopathy) cÖPwjZ wPwKrmv-c×wZi Av‡iKwU
Kvh©Kix wPwKrmv wnmv‡e `vwe K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvi cÖ¯—vebv
bvg, †mwUI wKš‘ n¨vwbg¨v‡biB †`qv| 1810 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ
Abyhvqx †ivMxi Amy‡Li Dcm‡M©i mv‡_ †Kvb Ily‡ai m„ó
nq Zvi me‡P‡q weL¨vZ iPbv ÔThe Organon of The Healing ArtÕ,
DcmM© wgwj‡q wPwKrmvi Rb¨ Kvh©Kix Ilya w`‡Z n‡e|
†h eBwU GL‡bv †nvwgIc¨vw_ wk¶vi g~j wfwË| IB mg‡qi
Gfv‡e Rb¥ n‡qwQj †nvwgIc¨vw_Õi weL¨vZ cÖePb ÔLike cures
cÖPwjZ wPwKrmv-c×wZ †hgb wbqwš¿Z i³cvZ NUv‡bv, †RuvK
likeÕ ev cwiwPZ Ôlaw Õ ev ÔPrinciple of SimilarityÕ| wZwb D`vniY
w`‡q i³ †kvlY Kiv‡bv BZ¨vw`i †P‡q †ivMxevÜe wbivc`
wn‡m‡e GWIqvW© †Rbv‡ii Mi“i emš— (KvD c·) e¨envi
c×wZ wnmv‡e †nvwgIc¨vw_ AvKl©Y K‡iwQj eû wPwKrmK‡K|
K‡i ¸wU em‡š—i wPwKrmvi K_v e‡jwQ‡jb| wKš‘ n¨vwbg¨v‡bi
1797 mv‡j wPwKrmv †ckvq Avevi wd‡i Av‡mb n¨vwbg¨vb|
†m-mgq †ivMRxevYy wKsev Avgv‡`i †ivMcÖwZ‡iva Zš¿
Z‡e GKRb †nvwgIc¨v_ wnmv‡e|
msµvš— †Kv‡bv aviYv _vKvi K_v bv|
†nvwgIc¨vw_i g~jbxwZ¸‡jvi GKUz we¯—vwiK e¨vL¨v †`qv
hvK|
92
 n¨vwbg¨v‡bi g‡Z, Ôkix‡ii wbR¯^ wbivgq kw³i †Kv‡bv
Aw¯’wZkxjZv‡KB Avm‡j cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Q †Kv‡bv bv †Kvb
GKwU AmyL Ges wbivg‡qi Rb¨ mvgvb¨ GKwU w÷gyjvm ev
cÖ‡Yv`bvi cÖ‡qvRb GB wbR¯^ wbivgq kw³i cÖwµqvwU ïi“
Kivi Rb¨|Õ cieZ©x‡Z wZwb bvbv ai‡bi ÔIlyaÕ (wewfbœ
ai‡bi ivmvqwbK c`v_©, LwbR, †flR c`v_©) ˆZwi K‡i my¯’
†¯^”Qv‡meK‡`i w`‡q Zv‡`i kix‡i GB Ilya¸‡jv wK ai‡bi
DcmM© m„wó K‡i Zv bw_fy³ K‡iwQ‡jb| IB cÖwµqv‡K wZwb
ej‡Zb ÔProvingÕ (g~j Rvg©vb kã ÔPrüfungÕ, Bs‡iwR‡Z n‡”Q
test), AvaywbK †nvwgIc¨v_iv G‡K e‡jb ÔHuman pathogenic trialÕ|
†nvwgIc¨vw_‡Z ÔProvingÕ n‡”Q †mB cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g
†nvwgI-Ily‡ai †cÖvdvBj wba©viY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GB
cÖwµqvq GKRb my¯’ gvbyl †Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó cix¶vaxb
c`v‡_©i Lye mvgvb¨ cwigvY †meb K‡ib| Zvici GB
c`v_©wUi Kvi‡Y m„ó mKj DcmM© I kvixwiK-gvbwmK mKj
cÖwZwµqv wjwce× Kiv nq| Gfv‡e n¨vwbg¨vb I Zvi
Abymvixiv †Kvb Amy‡Li Rb¨ †Kvb wPwKrmv Ôfv‡jvÕ KvR
Ki‡e Zv cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb e‡j `vwe K‡ib| n¨vwbg¨vb I Zvi
Abymvixiv Gfv‡e cÖvq GKkZÕi Dci bvbv c`v_© wb‡R‡`i
Dci cix¶v K‡iwQ‡jb| hw`I Gfv‡e †Kv‡bv Ily‡ai
Kvh©KvwiZv cix¶v Kiv Avm‡jB e¨vL¨vZxZ Ges †m Kvi‡Y
GwU Z‡K©i E‡aŸ© bv| Gici n¨vwbg¨vb †Póv K‡ib Amy¯’
93
†ivMx‡`i Dcm‡M©i mv‡_ Gme Ily‡ai m„ó DcmM©¸‡jv
wgwj‡q †mB Amy‡Li wPwKrmv-e¨e¯’v ˆZwi Kiv| Gfv‡e
proving-Gi gva¨‡g msMÖn Kiv AwfÁZv¸‡jv w`‡q n¨vwbg¨vb
cieZ©x‡Z Ôg¨v‡Uwiqv †gwWKvÕ ev Ô†nvwgI dvg©v‡KvwcqvÕi
wfwË iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb|
†nvwgI dvg©v‡KvwcqvÕi ZvwjKvfy³ Ilya¸‡jv †Kv‡bv
ˆeÁvwbK cix¶vi gva¨‡g wbe©vwPZ Kiv nq wb| GwU Kiv
n‡q‡Q Z_vKw_Z ÔcÖ“wfsÕ-Gi gva¨‡g, Ges †ewkifvMB
m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q GK kZvãxi †ewk mgq Av‡M| ¯úóZ GB
cÖ“wfs cÖwµqv¸‡jv †Kv‡bv Av`k© ˆeÁvwbK gvb`‡Êi wfwˇZ
Kiv nq wb| cÖwµqvMZfv‡e `ywU GKB c`v‡_©i cÖ“wfs
cÖwµqviI cvi¯úwiK wgjI †Zgb wQj bv cÖvq me‡¶‡Î|
KviY GKRb †nvwgIc¨v_ †_‡K Ab¨ †nvwgIc¨v‡_i Kiv
cÖ“wfs¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wQj; †hgb †Wv‡Ri cv_©K¨, KZw`b
a‡i Zv LvIqv n‡q‡Q Zvi cv_©K¨ Ges c`v_©wUi Nb‡Z¡i bvbv
ZviZg¨ †Zv wQjB| †nvwgI dvg©v‡Kvwcqv eBwUi mv¤cÖwZK
ms¯‹i‡Y GK nvRv‡ii †ewk G ai‡bi cÖ“wfs‡qi gva¨‡g
wbe©vwPZ Ily‡ai weeiY Av‡Q| wVK †Kvb AmyL ev Dcm‡M©i
Rb¨ †Kvb IlyawU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e †mUv †mLv‡b wKš‘ †jLv
†bB| GUv wbf©i K‡i †nvwgI-wPwKrmK ev Ilya cÖ¯Z
‘ Kvi‡Ki
Dci| myZivs †nvwgIc¨vw_i Ilya bv‡gi ewo, ¸ov ev Zij
c`v_©¸‡jv‡K ÔIlyaÕ e‡j `vwe Kiv n‡jI Av`‡Z G‡`i ÔIlyaÕ A_© PzjKvwb)| G‡K A‡bK †iv‡Mi KviY e‡j n¨vwbg¨vb
e‡j ¯^xK…wZ †`evi †Kvb AvBbMZ eva¨evaKZv †bB| wek¦vm Ki‡Zb| †hgb g„Mx‡ivM, K¨vÝvi, RwÛm BZ¨vw`|
n¨vwbg¨v‡bi DËim~wiiv cieZ©x‡Z Av‡iv wewfbœ ai‡bi
wgqvRgv :
ÔwgqvRgvÕi cÖ¯—ve K‡i‡Qb, Ggb Kx hLb †ivM m„wói KviY
1828 mv‡j n¨vwbg¨vb ÔwgqvRgÕ (Miasm ev Miasma) aviYvwU
m¤^‡Ü mgmvgwqK wPwKrmvweÁvb †ek wKQyUv AMÖmi n‡qwQj
cÖ¯—ve K‡ib A‡bK cwiwPZ †iv‡Mi g~j KviY wnmv‡e| GB
ZLbI| n¨vwbg¨vb cÖewZ©Z wPwKrmv-c×wZ AvcvZ`„wó‡Z
k‡ãi DrcwË wMÖK fvlv †_‡K, hvi A_© `~lY ev `~wlZ Kiv|
Kv‡iv Kv‡iv Kv‡Q ÔAvaywbKÕ g‡b n‡Z cv‡i, †hgb †ivMx
†nvwgIc¨vw_‡Z wgqvRgv n‡”Q Avgv‡`i g~j cÖvY kw³ ev Vital
Abyhvqx bvwK †iv‡Mi Rb¨ mwVK IlyawU Lyu‡R †ei K‡i
force-Gi Amy¯’Zvi KviY| n¨vwbg¨vb wbw`©ó Amy‡Li mv‡_
wPwKrmv †`qv nq †nvwgIc¨vw_‡Z| wKš‘ ïf¼‡ii duvwK n‡”Q,
wgqvR‡gi KviY hy³ K‡ib, Ges GKB wgqvRg‡K wPwýZ
n¨vwbg¨vb cÖewZ©Z †nvwgI wPwKrmv-c×wZ n‡”Q DcmM©¸‡jvi
K‡ib bvbv †iv‡Mi KviY wnmv‡e| n¨vwbg¨v‡bi g‡Z cÖvq mKj
(†ivM-j¶Y) ˆewkó¨ Abyhvqx wPwKrmv Kivi GKwU †Póv,
`xN©‡gqv`x Amy‡Li KviY n‡”Q wgqvRgv| Zvi g‡Z cÖ_g hLb
wKš‘ †h g~j Amy‡Li Kvi‡Y DcmM©¸‡jv m„wó (gv‡b †ivM-
wgqvRgvi gy‡LvgywL nq Avgv‡`i kixi GwU ¯’vbxq DcmM©
j¶Y ˆZwi n‡”Q kix‡i) n‡”Q †m Abyhvqx wPwKrmv †`qv nq
†hgb Pg©‡ivM, †hŠb‡ivM m…wó K‡i| GB DcmM©¸‡jv hw`
bv| GB welqwU AvR‡Ki AvaywbK ˆeÁvwbK wPwKrmv-c×wZi
Ilya w`‡q wPwKrmv Kiv nq †P‡c ivLvi Rb¨, †hgbUv cÖPwjZ
mv‡_ †nvwgIc¨vw_i GKUv eo cv_©K¨| GKUv D`vniY †`qv
wPwKrmvq Kiv nq, Z‡e Zv e¨_© n‡e| KviY GwU wU‡K _vK‡e
†h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb †Kv‡bv ai‡bi fvBivm ev RxevYyi Avµg‡Y
kix‡ii Mfx‡i, `xN©‡gqv`x Amy¯’Zv wnmv‡e| †mB Mfxi
Avgv‡`i †`‡n wewfbœ ai‡bi †ivM-j¶Y †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| R¡i
AmyLUv‡K Av‡M wPwKrmv Ki‡Z n‡e, Avgv‡`i fvBUvj
nIqv, †cU e¨v_v, ewg ewg fve, wKsev kix‡i A¨vjvwR©mn
†dvm©‡K Zvi Av‡Mi Ae¯’vq wdwi‡q Avb‡Z n‡e|
hš¿Yv, BZ¨vw`| GLb GBme †ivM-j¶Y‡K Avjv`v Avjv`v
cÖv_wgKfv‡e n¨vwbg¨vb wZbwU wgqvRgvi K_v e‡jwQ‡jb|
we‡ePbv K‡i †ivM wbivg‡qi †Póv Pvjv‡j mwVK dj cvIqv
hvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q cÖavb n‡jv ÔPsoraÕ ev †mviv (wMÖK kã, hvi
hv‡e bv| hw`-bv †ivMx‡K fv‡jvfv‡e Wvqv‡Mvbwmm K‡i IB
¶wZKviK RxevYy wPwýZ K‡i Zvi cÖwZ‡laK kix‡i †`qv nq|
94
Avm‡j †nvwgIc¨vw_‡Z AvaywbK wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi AZ¨š— †nvwgIc¨vw_i ÔLaw of infintsimalÕ m~Îvbyhvqx ÔcÖ¯—vweZ
¸i“Z¡c~Y© ÔRxevYy-ZË¡Õ (Rvg© w_Iwi) e‡j wKQy †bB| †nvwgI-Ilya wnmv‡e wPwýZ †Kvb mwµq Dcv`vb `ªe‡Yi
mv‡_ hy³ Kivi ci `ªeYwU‡K avivevwnKfv‡e hZB jNyKiY
ev nvjKv Kiv †nvK bv †Kb (mvaviYZ 1t10 ev 1t100 `ªve¨
¶z`ªZg gvÎv I A¨v‡fvMv‡Wªv msL¨v :
I `ª‡ei AbycvZ Kiv nq avivevwnKfv‡e), `ªexf~Z Dcv`vbwU
cÖ_g w`‡K n¨vwbg¨vb cÖ“wfs Kivi mgq cÖPwjZ Ily‡ai
Zvi Kg©¶gZv nviv‡e bv|Õ GB A™¢yZ `vwei ¯^c‡¶ n¨vwbg¨vb
AígvÎvi †WvR †meb Ki‡jI cieZ©x‡Z †mBme c`v_©
Aek¨ †Kv‡bv cÖgvY †`evi cÖ‡qvRb †eva K‡ib wb| Zvi
AwZgvÎvq ZijxKiY K‡i jNy Nb‡Z¡i ev nvjKv `ªeY ˆZwi
wb‡Ri Ôwek¦vmÕB G‡¶‡Î h‡_ó g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb| my¯úófv‡e
Kiv ïi“ K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvi GB wm×v‡š—i ¯^c‡¶ wZwb `vwe
hw`I n¨vwbg¨vb cÖ_g GB KvRwU ïi“ K‡iwQ‡jb cÖ“wfs
K‡ib, ÔhZ †ewk nvjKv Nb‡Z¡i Zij n‡e ev `ªe‡Y `ªexf~Z
cÖwµqvi mgq wewfbœ e¯‘i welv³Zv ev ¶wZKi cÖwZwµqv n«vm
†mB `ªewUi (†nvwgIc¨v_‡`i Ilya) cwigvY hZ Kg n‡e G‡Z
Kivi Rb¨ Z‡e c‡i wZwb Gi ¯^c‡¶ `vwe K‡ib GUv Avm‡j
bvwK Ily‡ai Kvh©Kix cÖfve ZZ †ewk kw³kvjx n‡e|Õ GwU
GKai‡bi †cv‡UbvB‡Rkb (Potenization) cÖwµqv hv
n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Av‡iKwU cÖ¯—vebv, hv †nvwgIc¨vw_i ¸iZ¡c~Y©
Dcv`vbwUi g~j mËv ev w¯úwiU ev cÖvYkw³‡K †ei K‡i Av‡b
Av‡iKwU g~jbxwZ| cÖ¯—vebvwU ÔLaw of infintsimalÕ wnmv‡e
`ªe‡Yi g‡a¨| n¨vwbg¨v‡bi GB aviYv Pig A‰eÁvwbK
cwiwPZ| ejv wb®cÖ‡qvRb, †nvwgIc¨vw_i we¯§qKi GB m~ÎwU
cÖgvwYZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zvi AbyivMx-Abymvixiv weÁv‡bi me
ev n¨vwbg¨v‡bi GB cÖ¯—vebvwU G hverKv‡j my¯úófv‡e
ai‡bi g~jbxwZ‡K D‡c¶v K‡i GL‡bv cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨ †Póv
cÖgvwYZ AvaywbK weÁvb wKsev dvg©v‡KvjwRÕi cÖwZwôZ
K‡i hv‡”Qb| n¨vwbg¨v‡bi Rxe‡bi †k‡li w`‡K gwjKzjvi
Ô†WvR †imcÝÕ (Ily‡ai gvÎv I Gi cÖfve) m¤ú‡K©i
WvBjykb ev AvYweK jNyKi‡Yi mxgv wb‡`©kKvix
G‡Kev‡iB wecixZ| Ges m½Z Kvi‡YB GB A‰eÁvwbK
A¨v‡fvMv‡W«vi msL¨v Avwe®‹vi nq| wKš‘ ZZw`‡b c…w_exe¨vcx
bxwZwU †nvwgIc¨vw_i me‡P‡q weZwK©Z welq hv GLbI
†nvwgIc¨v_iv `vwe K‡i G‡m‡Qb ÔA¨v‡fvMv‡W«vi msL¨v
†nvwgIc¨v_iv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb|
A‡c¶vI Kg ZijxKi‡Y m„ó †nvwgI-Ilya bvwK Kg©¶gZv
nvivq bv|Õ GB GKwU Aev¯—e `vwei d‡jB †nvwgIc¨vw_ I
95
Zvi Kvh©KvwiZv wb‡q †h †Kv‡bv weÁvbgb¯‹-hyw³ev`x gvby‡li
g‡b gvivZ¥K m‡›`n-msk‡qi Rb¥ wb‡Z cv‡i|
†nvwgIc¨vw_‡K AjxK-weåvwš—Ki wn‡m‡e cÖZ¨vLvb Kivi
Rb¨ GB GKwU e³e¨B h‡_ó|
†nvwgIc¨vw_i †i‡gwW¸‡jv mvaviYZ ˆZwi Kiv nq
LwbR-†flR ev Ab¨vb¨ ˆRe-A‰Re Dcv`vb w`‡q| hw` cÖ¯—
vweZ g~j Dcv`vbwU `ªve¨ nq Z‡e Zvi GK (1) Ask, (9)
Ask ev wbivbeŸB (99) Ask wWw÷ì ev cvwZZ cvwb wKsev
A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mv‡_ †gkv‡bv nq Ges †ek †Rv‡i †Rv‡i
SuvKv‡bv nq| hv‡K ejv nq Succussion Kiv| Avi hw` `ªve¨ bv
nq Z‡e †mwU mgcwigvY cvDWvi ev ¸ov j¨vK‡Uv‡Ri
(Lactose n‡”Q `y‡ai kK©iv) mv‡_ †gkv‡bv nq| Gici GB
`ªeY/wgkÖYwU‡K avivevwnKfv‡e Av‡iv jNyKiY ev nvjKv Kiv
nq hZ¶Y bv chš— GwU †nvwgIc¨v_‡`i Z_vKw_Z Kvw•¶Z
Nb‡Z¡ bv †cuŠQvq| 1 †_‡K 10 gvÎvi jNyKiY‡K
mvs‡KwZKfv‡e †ivgvb nid X w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq| †hgb 1x
= 1/10, 3x = 1/1000, 6x = 1/1000000| Avevi 1 †_‡K
100 ZijxKiY‡K mvs‡KwZKfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq C w`‡q|
†hgb 1C = 1/100, 2C= 1/10,000, 3C= 1/1000000|
†nvwgIc¨vw_i †ewki fvM †i‡gwW ev wPwKrmv mvaviYZ 6X
†_‡K 30X-Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K| Z‡e †nvwgIc¨v_iv Ô`vweÕ K‡ib
96
30C ev Zvi †_‡KI †ewk jNyK…Z Ilya-I bvwK evRv‡i cvIqv
hvq!
†nvwgIc¨v‡_i fvl¨vbymv‡i 30X Gi A_© n‡”Q †h g~j
Dcv`vbwU‡K Ggb gvÎv jNyKiY ev nvjKv Kiv n‡q‡Q †h
†mwU 1030 gvÎvq i‡q‡Q| hw` aiv hvq GK Nb †mw›UwgUv‡i
15 †duvUv cvwb _v‡K Z‡e Ggb GKwU wekvj msL¨vi cvwbi
†duvUvi Rb¨ RvqMv jvM‡e c…w_exi †P‡q AvKv‡i 50 ¸Y eo
GKwU cvÎ| Gevi wPš—v Ki“b GK †duvUv jvj iO Ggb †Kv‡bv
eo †Kv‡bv cvwbi cv‡Î †djv n‡jv GB Avkvq †h GwU
mgvbfv‡e wgwkªZ n‡e cy‡iv `ªe‡Y| †nvwgIc¨vw_i ÔLaw of
infintsimalÕ `vwe Ki‡Q hv Zv n‡jv A‡bKUv GiKg : GB cvÎ
†_‡K †h †Kv‡bv GK †duvUv cvwb msMÖn Kiv †nvK bv †Kb,
†mB †duvUvwU IB jvj iO Gi g~j mËv ev G‡mÝ aviY K‡i
ivL‡e| Av‡gwiKvi wdwRK¨vj †mvmvBwUi cÖL¨vZ
c`v_©weÁvbx wiPvW© Gj cvK© D L K‡iwQ‡jb †h‡nZz †Kv‡bv
`ªe‡Y me‡P‡q Kg cwigvYwU n‡”Q g~j mwµq Dcv`v‡bi
Kgc‡¶ Aš—Z GKwU AYyi Dcw¯’wZ, A_©vr †nvwgIc¨v_‡`i
`vwe Kiv GKwU 30C `ªe‡Y Kgc‡¶ 1060 (1-Gi ci 60wU
k~b¨ em‡e) cvwbi AYy‡Z GK AYyy g~j Dcv`vbwU `ªexf~Z
_vK‡Z n‡e, Zvn‡j GB `ªeY avi‡Yi Rb¨ c„w_exi †P‡q 30
wewjqb eo AvKv‡ii cvÎ cÖ‡qvRb| Av‡iKwU D`vniY †`qv
†h‡Z cv‡i Gfv‡e 1 wgwjwjUvi `ªeY hv‡K 30C gvÎvq
jNyK…Z Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv MvwYwZKfv‡e 1054 NbwgUvi cvwb‡Z
1 wgwjwjUvi `ªei GKwU `ªeY, hvi AvqZb n‡e 1018 wgUvi
cÖwZ cv‡k, hv cÖvq 106 Av‡jvKe‡l©i mgvb, hLb †MvjvKvi
nq, Zvn‡j GwUi e¨m n‡e 131.1 Av‡jvKel©; Avi †m Kvi‡Y
†nvwgIc¨vw_i Ilya¸‡jv mvaviY †cv‡UwÝ ev gvÎvq †Kvb
m‡›`n †bB cvwb ev A¨vj‡Kvnj, ev myMvi Ges Ab¨vb¨ Ilya
bq Ggb Dcv`vb Qvov Avi wKQzB _v‡K bv|
Occillococcinum n‡”Q GK ai‡bi Z_vKw_Z †nvwgI-Ilya
hv Bbd¬z‡qbRvÕi wPwKrmvi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq| G‡Z bvwK
i‡q‡Q 200C Dcv`vb| GB Ily‡ai Rb¨ †h ÔjNyKiYÕ Kiv nq
e‡j `vwe Kiv nq Zv Av‡iv we¯§qKi| IlyawUi Z_vKw_Z
mwµq Dcv`vbwU ˆZwi Kiv nq m`¨ RevB Kiv nuv‡mi KwjRv
I ürwcÊ hv 40 w`b ch©š— K…wÎg Zv‡c (BbwKD‡eU) †i‡L
†`qv nq| GLvb †_‡K †h ZijwU cvIqv hvq Zv‡K cwiï×
K‡i Avevi wngvqb Kiv nq| VvÊvq fv‡jv K‡i R‡g †M‡j
Gici cvwb‡Z †gkv‡bv nq Ges evievi ZijxK…Z K‡i wPwbi
mv‡_ †gkv‡bv nq| hw` nuv‡mi KwjRv I ürwc‡Êi GKwU
AYy‡K GB ZijxKiY cÖwµqvq wU‡K _vK‡Z nq Z‡e Gi
NbZ¡ n‡e cÖwZ 10400 (A_©vr 1-Gi ci 400 k~b¨) AYy‡Z
1wU| GB msL¨vwU (10400) hv mg¯— gnvwe‡k¦ †h cwigvY AYy
(cÖvq 1 ¸Mj A_©vr 1-Gi ci 100wU k~b¨) Av‡Q e‡j aviYv
Kiv nq, Zvi‡P‡qI A‡bK A‡bK †ewk, myZivs Am¤¢e
97
GKwU e¨vcvi| hy³iv‡ó«i wbDR A¨vÛ Iqvì© wi‡cvU© Abyhvqx
eQ‡i Occillococcinum Ilya ˆZwi Ki‡Z gvÎ 1wU nuvm RevB
Ki‡jB P‡j| 1996 mv‡j GB IlyawUi †gvU wewµi cwigvY
wQj cÖvq 20 wgwjqb Wjvi| cwÎKvwU †mB nZfvMv nuvmwUi
bvg w`‡qwQj Ô20 wgwjqb Wjvi WvKÕ|
imvq‡bi m~Î ej‡Q jNyKi‡Yi GKUv mxgv Av‡Q Gici
†mB `ªe‡Y `ª‡ei Dcw¯’wZ Avi _vK‡e bv| GB mxgv
A¨v‡fvMv‡Wªvi msL¨v e‡j cwiwPZ| hv †nvwgI ZijxKi‡Yi
12C ev 24X-Gi mgZzj¨| imvq‡b `¶ n¨vwbg¨vb wKš‘ wVKB
eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb Zvi AwZgvÎvi Gme jNyK…Z ÔIly‡aÕ
mwµq Dcv`v‡bi †Kvb Aw¯—Z¡ _vKv m¤¢e bv| Zey wZwb wek¦vm
Ki‡Zb Lye fv‡jv K‡i SuvKv‡bvi (Succussion) mgq (†i‡gwW
hw` Zij bv nq Z‡e Lye `…pfv‡e G‡K ¸ov Ki‡Z n‡e, hv‡K
e‡j Trituration) mwµq Dcv`vbwUi w¯úwiU ev G‡mÝ ev g~j
mËvwU `ªe‡Yi mv‡_ wg‡k hv‡e| A_©vr †kl `ªe‡Y hw` †Kv‡bv
AYyI bv _v‡K †m‡¶‡Î Gi KvR Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv Amyweav n‡e
bv| `ªveK Zij wVKB g‡b ivL‡e †mB Dcv`vbwU‡K, hv‡K
ejv nq †g‡gvwi Ae IqvUvi ev cvwbi ¯§„wZ| ZvB hw` n‡Zv
Zvn‡j `ªveK Zi‡ji (†hgb cvwb) ms¯ú‡k© Avmv me
Dcv`vb‡KB g‡b ivLvi K_v Ges wbðqB †mUv AcÖZ¨vwkZ
cÖfve †dj‡e mwµq †nvwgI Dcv`vbwUi Kv‡R| c`v_©weÁvbx
cv‡K©i g‡Z †KD hw` †nvwgIc¨v_‡`i 30X †Kvb wcj ev ewo
†_‡K GK AYy Z_vKw_Z mwµq Dcv`vb MÖnY Ki‡Z Pvb
Zvn‡j Zv‡K cÖvq 2 wewjqb wcj †L‡Z n‡e| hvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb
cÖvq nvRvi Ub bvbv Aweï× Dcv`vbmn j¨vK‡UvR|
†nvwgI-mg_©K‡`i A‡b‡K GB wPwKrmv¸‡jvi mv‡_
f¨vw·b ev UxKvi Zyjbv K‡ib wKš‘ ZyjbvwU †gv‡UI wVK bv|
KviY f¨vw·‡b mwµq Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY A‡bK †ewk Ges
†mLv‡b Kx cwigvY mwµq Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q Zv cwigvc‡hvM¨|
GQvov †h cÖwZ‡laK i‡³ A¨vw›UewW m„wó K‡i Zvi NbZ¡
cwigvc Kiv hvq| wKš‘ AwZgvÎvi jNyK…Z †Kv‡bv †nvwgI-
Ilya¸‡jv †Kvb ai‡bi cwigvc‡hvM¨ cÖwZwµqv ˆZwi K‡i bv|
nwjRg Ges DcmM©¸‡jvi †gvU ˆewk‡ó¨i Dci wba©vwiZ
wPwKrmv :
†nvwgIc¨vw_i Av‡iKwU g~jbxwZ n‡jv †nvwgI-Ilya bvwK
me‡P‡q †ewk KvR K‡i hLb †Kv‡bv †ivMxi DcmM©¸‡jvi
mvwe©K ev †gvU ˆewkó¨ Abyhvqx (†iv‡Mi ˆewkó¨m~PK
DcmM©vbyhvqx bv) Zv‡`i wPwKrmv Kiv nq| †hgb †Kv‡bv
†ivMx hvi cÖavb DcmM© n‡”Q †PvL w`‡q cvwb cov, †PvL jvj
n‡q R¡vjv‡cvov Kiv, bvK w`‡q cwi®‹vi cvwbi gZ wbtmiY,
G‡¶‡Î †ivMx‡K wPwKrmv †`qv nq †cuqv‡Ri (Allium cepa)
wbh©vm †_‡K ˆZwi wbivgq w`‡q| Avevi hw` †Kv‡bv †ivMx,
Ggb DcmM© wb‡q Av‡m †hgb Nb nj‡` i‡Oi bv‡Ki mw`©
98
†`Lv w`‡q‡Q, hvi ¶yav-Z…òv K‡g †M‡Q Ges VvÊv cwi®‹vi
evZvm hvi Kvg¨, †mB †ivMxi wPwKrmv Ki‡Z n‡e cvc©j
(Purple cone) †Kv‡bv dy‡ji wbh©vm w`‡q (Pulsatilla)| `yRb †ivMxi
†ivM wKš‘ GKB, ïay wfbœ Dcm‡M©i Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i wPwKrmv
Kiv nq wfbœ wfbœ †nvwgIc¨vw_K wPwKrmv cÖwµqvq| welqwU
†nvwgIc¨vw_ msµvš— †h †Kv‡bv wK¬wbK¨vj U«vqv‡j mgm¨v
ˆZwi K‡i| KviY cÖPwjZ wK¬wbK¨vj U«vqv‡ji gZ
mywbw`©ófv‡e wbe©vwPZ ˆewkó¨ mvaviY †nvwgI Uªvqvj¸‡jvq
_v‡K bv| Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i g‡Zv K‡i U«vqv‡j AskMÖnYKvix
†ivMx‡`i evQvB Kiv nq| †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó gvbwbqš¿Y cÖwµqv
eRvq bv †i‡LB MZ `yB kZvãx a‡i AmsL¨ g¨vwPs (DcmM©,
AmyL I †nvwgI-Ilya) cÖwµqvi D™¢veb K‡i‡Qb
†nvwgIc¨v_iv|
AwZ gvÎvq jNyK…Z hyw³ :
†nvwgIc¨vw_ Ilya‡K ÔKvh©KiÕ `vwe Ki‡Z n‡j Zv‡`i KvR
Kivi GKwU ˆeÁvwbKfv‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ cÖwµqv _vK‡Z n‡e|
wKš‘ GL‡bv ch©š— †nvwgIc¨vw_ Ilya¸‡jv wKfv‡e KvR K‡i
†mB welqwU Rvbv hvq wb| hw` Avgiv †nvwgIc¨v_‡`i `vwe
Abyhvqx †g‡b †bB Zv‡`i GB Ilya¸‡jv KvR Ki‡Q Zvn‡j
Zviv Aek¨B c`v_©we`¨v, imvqb, Ges dvg©v‡KvjwRi mKj
cÖwZwôZ ˆeÁvwbK m~·K e„×v½ywj †`wL‡q KvR Ki‡Q ev
Zv‡`i KvR Kivi Dcvq Ggb †Kv‡bv wKQy hv GLbI Kv‡iv C12 ev D24 ZijxKiY ch©v‡q ev Gi Dc‡i †Kv‡bv
c‡¶ Avwe®‹vi Kiv m¤¢e nq wb| †nvwgIc¨vw_i GKRb ZijxKi‡Y cÖ¯‘Z Ily‡a †mB mwµq Dcv`vbwU _vKvi †Kv‡bv
mgv‡jvP‡Ki fvlvqÑÔhw` n¨vwbg¨vb wVK nb Zvn‡j Avgv‡`i m¤¢vebv †bB| Avi g~j Dcv`vbwUB †nvwgI-Ily‡a hLb
weÁvb Ges we lY c×wZ me fyj, Avi hw` wZwb fyj nb Abycw¯’Z _v‡K Z‡e GwU wKfv‡e KvR K‡i Zv Kíbvi Dci

Zvn‡j Zvi gZev` A_©nxb|Õ †Q‡o †`qv Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv Dcvq †bB|

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AbymÜvbx wi‡cv‡U©i Kvi‡Y R¨vK †eb‡fwbw÷ d«v‡Ýi g~j
avivi weÁvb-A½b †_‡K wQU‡K co‡Z eva¨ nb| wKš‘
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R¨vK †eb‡fwbw÷i `vwei cÖwZ Mfxi Av¯’v Rvbv‡jI cvwbi
102
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ZvB GB ai‡bi `vwe‡K cÖZ¨vLvb K‡ib g~javivi weÁvbxiv|
Zxeª mgv‡jvPbvi ciI divwm †nvwgI-M‡elKiv wb‡R‡`i
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w`‡q Avevi wWwRev‡qv (DigiBio) bv‡gi GKwU cÖwZôvb ˆZwi
K‡ib| 1998 mv‡ji w`‡K G‡m †eb‡fwbw÷ cybe©vi Av‡iK
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g‡a¨ Avm‡jB Zyjbvg~jK cv_©K¨ cwijw¶Z n‡q‡Q wK bv?
†jLvwU c‡o †`L‡Z cv‡ib) A_ev 2008 mv‡ji 25 RyjvB
GLv‡b wewfbœ MÖæ‡ci g‡a¨ bvbv Amy‡Li wPwKrmvq M„nxZ
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Z_¨m~Î
 Edzard Ernst (wikipedia) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edzard_Ernst (weKí wPwKrmv
wb‡q Av‡b©‡÷i GKwU mvBU : http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/edzardernst)
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Uddin Bhuiya. The health workforce crisis in Bangladesh: shortage, inappropriate skill-
mix and inequitable distribution., Human Resources for Health 2011, 9:3
(http://www.human-resources-health.com/content/9/1/)
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 Syed Masud Ahmed, Department of Public Health Science, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm, Sweden. Explorong the health seeking behaviour of disadvantaged
populations in Rural Bangladesh,
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(May-June 1998):p17
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1996;156(19):2162-2164.
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 Homeopathy (Rational Wiki) (rationalwiki.org/wiki/Homeopathy)
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Bs‡iwR eY©gvjv †_‡K GKvwaK e‡Y©i wbw`©ó µg mvwR‡q
GKwU mywbw`©ó ÔA_©‡evaK kãÕ cvIqv hvq| †Kv‡li g‡a¨Kvi
†h hš¿¸‡jv ivmvqwbK wewµqv (wecvKwµqv) NUvq Zv‡`i
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g‡a¨ ÔGbRvBgÕ (evsjvq hv‡K e‡j ÔDr‡mPKÕ) i‡q‡Q|
GbRvBg¸‡jv g~jZ GK ai‡bi †cÖvwUb| Giv cÖvq wbLyuZfv‡e
ivmvqwbK wewµqv NUv‡Z cv‡i| Ges mwZ¨ ej‡Z gbyl¨-m„ó
†h †Kvb h‡š¿i †P‡qI `ª“Z MwZ‡Z wewµqv NwU‡q †dj‡Z
cv‡i| Avevi †cÖvwUb n‡”Q wekwU wewfbœ iK‡gi Dcv`v‡bi
j¤^v Zš‘ w`‡q ˆZwi hv‡`i‡K ÔA¨vgvB‡bv A¨vwmWÕ ejv nq|
GKwU Rxe‡Kv‡l A‡bK ai‡bi Dcv`vb Av‡Q †hgb
i‡q‡Q wewfbœ ai‡bi nvRv‡iv GbRvBg| G¸‡jv AZ¨š—
Ô`¶ZvÕ I Ôˆbcy‡Y¨iÕ mv‡_ AmsL¨ ivmvqwbK wewµqv
cwiPvjbv K‡i| GB GbRvBg¸‡jvi A‡b‡K Avevi
ivmvqwbK wewµqvi avc¸‡jv mwVKfv‡e wba©viY K‡i †`q|
†Kv‡li Af¨š—ixY GB ivmvqwbK Kvh©µg‡K wP‡Îi mv‡_
Zz‡j ai‡Z PvB‡j Zv AZ¨š— RwUj Ges e„nr Rv‡ji g‡ZvB
†`Lvq| †hgb gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi mvwe©K †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi
GKwU mvgwMÖK wP·K †hfv‡e †`Lv hv‡e| Av‡gwiKv‡Z i‡q‡Q
Avš—tcÖ‡`kxq Ges cÖv‡`wkK moK-gnvmoK, me ai‡bi
Avbylvw½K moK, weKí moK, WªvBfI‡q I ms‡hvM moK|
G‡`i mv‡_ AviI †hvM n‡e †Z‡ji Lwb, †Zj †kvabvMvi I
M¨vm-†÷kb, †gvUiMvwo, UªvK, †gvUimvB‡Kj I Ab¨vb¨
hvbevnb Ges KviLvbv¸‡jv †hLv‡b G¸‡jv ˆZwi Kiv nq|
AviI i‡q‡Q b`x, Rjc_, mgy`ªe›`i Ges me ai‡bi †bŠKv
I wegvbe›`i, AvKvkc_, E‡ovRvnvR Ges G‡`i wbg©vYKvix
KviLvbv| Av‡gwiKvi AZ¨š— RwUj GB †hvMv‡hvMe¨e¯’v m~ÎcvZ N‡UwQj Zv wba©viY Kiv Av‡iv A‡bK †ewk KwVb
wbtm‡›`‡n †Kv‡li Af¨š—ixY ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb I KvR|
cÖwµqv¸‡jvi we¯—xY© RvwjKv †_‡K †ewk RwUj bq| Rxe‡bi D™¢e wKfv‡e n‡jv Zv eyS‡Z †M‡j Avgv‡`i‡K
cÖ_‡g mij cÖv‡Yi MVbKvix Avw`g Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K kbv³
GLb gvwK©b
Ki‡Z n‡e| Av‡M †hgbUv ejv n‡q‡Q G‡¶‡Î Avgv‡`i ÔwWg
hy³iv‡óªi
Av‡M bv gyiwM Av‡MÕ bvgK mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq|
†hvMv‡hvMe¨e¯’vi m~ÎcvZ
Avgv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb wWGbG-AviGbGÕi g‡Zv Z_¨enbKvix
wKfv‡e NU‡jv, GB
AYy, †h¸‡jv †Kvb GbRvBg‡K ms l Ki‡Z n‡e Ges
cÖkœwUi DËi wPš—v Ki“b|
wKfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e †m ÔZ_¨Õ gvZ…‡Kvl †_‡K f~wgó‡Kv‡l
m¤¢eZ Avgiv cÖ_‡g wPš—v
enb K‡i wb‡q hvq| wKš‘ GB wWGbG ev AviGbG
Ki‡ev MÖv‡gi mvaviY
AYy¸‡jv‡K ms l‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb| hvi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb
†g‡Vvc‡_i K_v, †h¸‡jv
wecvKwµqv Ges Rxeš— ivmvqwbK cÖwµqv|
cieZ©x‡Z cï I gvjevnx
Kw¤cDUv‡ii Dcgvq Avevi wd‡i hvIqv hvK| ev¯—‡e
Mvwo PjvP‡j Dc‡hvMx
GKwU Kw¤cDUvi ˆZwii wb‡`©kbv mdUIq¨v‡ii g‡a¨
KuvPvcvKv iv¯—vq cwiYZ
cÖv‡Yi Drm wb‡q ÷¨vbwj wgjv‡ii
msiw¶Z _v‡K, wKš‘ GB mdUIq¨vi (a‡i wbjvg ÔeskMwZi
n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ AvR‡Ki hy‡M GUv nq‡Zv wbw`©ó K‡i ejv KwVb
Dcv`vbÕ) Avevi Kw¤cDUvi (a‡i wbjvg ÔwecvKwµqv
n‡e me©cÖ_g †g‡Vvc_¸‡jv †Kv_vq ˆZwi n‡qwQj, †Kvb †Kvb
cwiPvjbKvix hš¿Õ) Qvov cwiPvwjZ nIqv m¤¢e bq| ZvB
MÖvg ev kni¸‡jv‡K G¸‡jv mshy³ K‡iwQj Ges G‡`i
GKevi Kw¤cDUvi Aw¯—Z¡kxj n‡q †M‡j Avi †Kv‡bv mgm¨v
Ab¨vb¨ ˆewk󨸇jv wK wQj? Avgiv GUv Rvwb DËi
_v‡K bv| mgm¨vUv n‡jv cÖ_g Kw¤cDUviwU‡K wKfv‡e cvIqv
Av‡gwiKvi cÖ_gw`‡Ki †g‡Vvc_¸‡jv ˆZwi n‡qwQj K‡qK
hv‡e|
nvRvi eQi c~‡e©| Aciw`‡K c„w_ex‡Z Rxe‡bi m~ÎcvZ
1953 mv‡j wkKv‡Mv BDwbfvwm©wUi imvqb wefv‡Mi
N‡UwQj nvRvi wgwjqb eQi c~‡e©| myZivs wKfv‡e Rxe‡bi
mœvZKel©xq QvÎ ÷¨vbwj wgjvi GKwU evqywb‡ivaK Kvu‡Pi
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cv‡Î c„w_exi Rb¥j‡Mœi cieZ©x mgqKvi Abyiƒc GKwU Zvn‡j AYy‡`i wKQz wbw`©ó ms‡hvM m„wó n‡e| G‡`i
K…wÎg cwiw¯’wZi AeZviYv K‡ib| wZwb G‡Z wKQz A‰Re A‡bK¸‡jv Avevi Ab¨‡`i Zzjbvq †ewkw`b wU‡K _vK‡Z
†hŠM †hgb, A¨v‡gvwbqv, wg‡_b, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm I mdj n‡e| Gi d‡j ¯^xq cÖwZwjwcKi‡Y m¶g wKQz MV‡bi
Rjxqev®ú †hvM K‡ib Ges we`y¨r ¶i‡Yi gva¨‡g m„wó n‡e hv‡`i †_‡K Rxe‡bi m~ÎcvZ n‡qwQj e‡j AvR
eRªwe`y¨‡Zi m„wó K‡ib| GK mßvn ci cÖvK…wZKfv‡e Avgiv Rvwb|
GKgvÎ Rxe‡`‡n cÖvß A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW Ges BDwiqvi g‡Zv wWg Ges gyiwMi mgm¨vwU GLbI i‡q †Mj| Rxe‡bi
Dcv`vb GB cix¶vm¤cbœKvix 5 wjUv‡ii KuvPcv‡Î cvIqv avivevwnKZv A_©vr eskMwZi Dcv`vbmg~n †h¸‡jv
†Mj| G †_‡K wgjvi `vwe Ki‡jb GbRvB‡gi cÖfve QvovB GbRvB‡gi ms lY wb‡`©kbvi gva¨‡g cÖvY avi‡Yi
ˆRe-†hŠM ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i| Avw`g c„w_exi mv‡_ Av‡iv cÖwµqv¸‡jv‡K cwiPvjbv K‡i, GbRvBg m„wói c~‡e© G‡`i‡K
mv`„k¨c~Y© cwiw¯’wZ ˆZwi K‡i Pvjv‡bv cieZ©x cix¶v¸‡jv Avgiv wKfv‡e †cjvg| 1980 mv‡j GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© AMÖMwZ
wbwðZ K‡i‡Q †h, mvaviY ˆRe-†hŠMmg~n ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e ˆZwi NU‡jv hLb _gvm Avi. †PK Ges wmWwb Avëg¨vb
n‡Z cv‡i| AmsL¨ cix¶vi ci GB m¤¢vebvwU eZ©gv‡b ¯^xK…Z c„_Kfv‡e Avwe®‹vi Ki‡jb †h, wKQz AviGbG-AYyi
n‡q‡Q| Gi wcQ‡b AviI KviY n‡jv c„w_ex‡Z AvNvZKvix ivmvqwbK cÖwµqv AbyNU‡bi m¶gZv i‡q‡Q hviv Avevi
DévwcÊ, a~g‡KZz Ges gnvRvMwZK a~wj‡g‡NI GB mvaviY wb‡R‡`i ms lY NUv‡ZI m¶g| G Avwe®‹v‡ii Rb¨ Zviv
ˆRe-†hŠM¸‡jvi Aw¯—Z¡ cvIqv wM‡q‡Q| 1989 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‹v‡i f‚wlZ nb| GB Avwe®‹viwU ÔwWg
†h cÖkœwU i‡q †Mj Zv nj, GB MVbKvix Dcv`vb¸‡jv I gyiwMÕi mgm¨vi mgvav‡b ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv †i‡LwQj| GLvb
wKfv‡e GKwÎZ n‡q GbRvBg, wWGbG, mRxe‡Kv‡li g‡Zv †_‡K Rvbv †M‡Q, AviGbG AYy¸‡jv ivB‡ev‡mv‡g cwiewZ©Z
Av‡iv RwUjZi AYy‡Z cwiYZ n‡jv| GKwU myweavRbK n‡q eskMwZ Ges wecvKwµqv DfqB m¤cbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i
wPÎKí n‡jv †h, c„w_ex h‡_ó VvÊv n‡q gnvmvMi m„wó nevi †h¸‡jv wKbv g~jZ `ywU wfbœ AYy wWGbG I †cÖvwUb Øviv
Dc‡hvMx n‡q D‡V| wgjvi Ges Ab¨vb¨‡`i cix¶vq ˆRe- eZ©gvbKv‡ji Rxe¸wj‡Z m¤cbœ n‡q _v‡K| A‡bK weÁvbxB
AYyi GK ai‡bi my¨c (Avw`g my¨c) ˆZwi nq| G‡K hw` GLb wek¦vm K‡ib †h, cÖvY GKwU AviGbG-cÖfvevaxb
h‡_ó mgq cÖ`vb Kiv nq (wgwjqb eQi mgq nv‡Z wQj), mg‡qi ga¨ w`‡q AwZµg K‡i‡Q hv‡K ÔAviGbG-wek¦Õ ejv
116
n‡q _v‡K| GwU eZ©gvb wWGbG RM‡Zi c~e©mywi, †hLv‡b wgD‡Ukb e‡j _vwK| G‡¶‡Î cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb N‡U hv AviI
ˆRweK eskMwZ wWGbG AYy¸‡jvi g‡a¨B me©`v msiw¶Z e¨vcK AvYweK RwUjZv ˆZwii gva¨‡g †Kv‡li Rb¥ †`q,
_v‡K| cÖ_‡g e¨vK‡Uwiqvq cÖvß mij †Kvl Ges cieZ©x‡Z cÖvYx,
Avw`g c„w_ex‡Z ivB‡ev‡mv‡gi f‚wgKv cvjbKvix Dw™¢` Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖK…Z‡Kvlx Rx‡ei A‡c¶vK…Z DbœZ
AviGbG AYy¸‡jv wKfv‡e ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e MwVZ n‡q †Kvl| cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb n‡jv eskMwZi weKí cÖKiY¸‡jvi
AviGbG RM‡Zi Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q Zv wb‡q mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q †Rvi (variant) c„_K eske„w×| Avw`g †Kvl¸‡jv hLb eske„w×i
M‡elYv Pj‡Q| Ab¨vb¨ AviGbG-AYy¸‡jvi g‡ZvB m¶gZv AR©b Ki‡jv, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wKQz †Kvl Ab¨‡`i
ivB‡ev‡mv‡gi A, C, G, U Øviv wb‡`©wkZ Pvi ai‡bi Zzjbvq AviI wbLyuZfv‡e cÖRbb Ki‡Z jvM‡jv| A‡c¶vK…Z
wbDwK¬IUvBW i‡q‡Q hv‡`i K_v c~‡e©B E L Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kg wbLyZ
u fv‡e cÖRbbKvix †Kvl‡`i wejywßi wecix‡Z GB

ivB‡ev‡mv‡gi Lye mxwgZ msL¨K wbDwK¬IUvBW i‡q‡Q, `yB wbLyuZfv‡e cÖRbbKvix †Kvl¸‡jvi ˆewk‡ó¨i e„w× cv‡e| Gi

WR‡bi g‡Zv| wKš‘ wbDwK¬IUvBW¸‡jvi wb‡R‡`i MVb Avevi †cQ‡bi hyw³ nj †h, †mme †Kvl †ewk wbLyZ
u fv‡e cÖRbb

mij bq| Giv wZbwU AvYyex¶wYK Dcv`vb Øviv ˆZwi| GKwU Ki‡Z cvi‡e hv‡`i mwVK eskMwZ i‡q‡Q Ges hviv Av‡iv

ivB‡evm myMvi, dm‡dU Ges Ab¨wU bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em| GB `¶fv‡e wecvKwµqv NUvq|

bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †emB GKgvÎ Dcv`vb †hwU wbDwK¬IUvBW †f‡` myZivs Avgiv wK Rvwb, wKfv‡e Rxe‡bi m~ÎcvZ

wfbœ n‡q _v‡K| Pvi ai‡bi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv A, n‡qwQj? bv, Avgiv Rvwb bv| Avgiv hv Rvwb Zv n‡jv cÖv‡Yi

C, G , U wbDwK¬IUvBW¸‡jv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i _v‡K| weÁvbxiv Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Avw`g c„w_exi m¤¢ve¨ cwi‡e‡k ¯^Ztù‚Z©

mv¤cÖwZKmg‡q †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, ivB‡evm myMvi wKfv‡e ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq ˆRe-c`v‡_©i D™¢e NU‡Z cv‡i hv‡`i

¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e C Ges U bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †e‡mi mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb A‡bK¸‡jv Rxe‡bi †gŠwjK MVbKvix Dcv`vb| G‡`i g‡a¨

Ki‡Z cv‡i, †hwU me‡P‡q ÔKwVb avcÕ e‡j we‡ewPZ nq| i‡q‡Q wbDwK¬wqK GwmW hviv eskMwZ aviY K‡i Ges

AviGbG AYy¸‡jv †h¸‡jv wb‡R‡`i cÖwZwjwc ˆZwi K‡i wecvKwµqvi Rb¨ `vqx GbRvBgmg~n| D`vniY¯^iƒc

eskwe¯—vi Ki‡Z cv‡i, bZzb AviGb AYy¸‡jvi ms l‡Yi †cÖvwUb¸‡jv ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq AbyNU‡Ki f‚wgKv cvjb

†¶‡Î Giv wKQz †¶‡Î ÔfzjÕ K‡i _v‡K, hv‡K Avgiv K‡i mKj Rxeš— cÖwµqv¸‡jv‡K mPj iv‡L| cÖv‡Yi D™¢e
117
†cQ‡b †Kvb ÔA‡jŠwKK mËvÕ cÖ‡qvRb n‡qwQj, GwU fvevi
†Kvb KviY †bB|
†hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi D`vni‡Y Avevi wd‡i hvIqv hvK|
Avgiv GLb Rvwb, cÖ_gw`‡Ki †g‡Vvc_¸‡jv wKfv‡e ˆZwi
n‡qwQj Ges DbœZ iv¯—v¸‡jv G‡`i †_‡K wKfv‡e weKwkZ
n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Avgiv Rvwb bv cÖ_gw`‡Ki †g‡Vvc_¸‡jv †Kv_vq
ˆZwi n‡qwQj wKsev Zviv wVK wKfv‡e ˆZwi n‡qwQj| Avgiv
Av‡iv Rvwb c„w_ex‡Z Rxe‡bi D™¢e GKeviB N‡UwQj, A_ev
hw` G‡Ki AwaKevi D™¢e n‡q _v‡K, Z‡e GKwU ev‡` evwK
me¸‡jvB wejyß n‡q wM‡q‡Q|
Avgiv Rvwb mKj RxweZ cÖvYxB GKB mvaviY Drm
†_‡K weKwkZ n‡q‡Q| KviY c„w_ex‡Z eZ©gv‡b emevmKvix
cÖwZwU Rxe KZ¸‡jv Awfbœ mvaviY †gŠwjK cÖwµqv¸‡jv‡Z
Rxeb aviY K‡i, †h¸‡jv ïaygvÎ GKwU Drm †_‡KB D™¢e
n‡Z cv‡i| e¨vK‡Uwiqv Ges Ab¨vb¨ AvYyex¶wYK Rxe †_‡K
ïi“ K‡i cÖvYx, Dw™¢` Ges QÎvK Z_v mKj Rxe KZ¸‡jv
Awfbœ ˆewk‡ó¨i AwaKvix| GB ˆewk󨸇jvi ZvwjKv wekvj
Ges wfbœ AvK…wZMVb jv‡fi ciI mKj Rx‡eB G‡`i g‡a¨
HK¨ we`¨gvb|
Avgiv GB ZvwjKvwU ïi“ Ki‡Z cvwi mKj Rx‡eB
we`¨gvb eskMwZi Dcv`vb wWGbG w`‡q| Ab¨vb¨
wbDwK¬IUvB‡Wi ivmvqwbK m¤¢ve¨Zv _vKv m‡Ë¡I Giv me©`vB
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Awfbœ PviwU wbDwK¬IUvBW Øviv MwVZ nq| cÖwZwUi Rxe‡`‡ni
nvRv‡iv msL¨K ˆewPΨc~Y© †cÖvwUb¸‡jv wekwU A¨vgvB‡bv
Gwm‡Wi ˆ`‡N¨©i cÖKiY Abymv‡i wfbœ wfbœ ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi
ga¨ w`‡q ms‡k­wlZ n‡q‡Q| mKj †cÖvwUb Ges mKj Rx‡e
GB A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW¸‡jv Awfbœ| hw`I cÖK…wZ‡Z Av‡iv
kZvwaK A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi Aw¯—Z¡ i‡q‡Q| †h RwUj hš¿vw`i
gva¨‡g eskMwZi Z_¨¸‡jv wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K †Kv‡li g~j
†`‡n †cuŠQvq, Zv mKj Rx‡ei †¶‡Î GKB| wWGbG‡Z
Aew¯’Z wbDwK¬IUvB‡Wi µg¸‡jv c~i‡Ki f‚wgKv cvjbKvix
AviGbGi cÖwZwjwc µ‡g cwiYZ nq (messenger RNA), hv
A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi wbw`©ó wKQz µ‡g ÔAbyevw`ZÕ nq, †h-
¸‡jv Rxe‡bi cÖwµqvq cwiPvjbKvix †cÖvwUb Ges
GbRvBg¸‡jv ˆZwi K‡i| GB Abyev‡` wbw`©ó msL¨K
AviGbG-AYy (transfer RNA) Ges AviGb †cÖvwUb †hŠMmg~n
(ribosome) e¨eüZ nq, †h¸‡jv wek¦Rbxbfv‡e Awfbœ|
†R‡bwUK †h kãfvÊvi wWGbG µg †_‡K A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW
µg‡K Abyev` K‡i †`q, †mwUI wek¦Rbxbfv‡e Awfbœ|
Rxe‡bi wek¦Rbxbfv‡e Awfbœ ˆewk󨸇jv‡K AviI
m¤cÖmvwiZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Rxe‡bi HK¨ †_‡K mKj Rx‡ei
eskMwZi µgvš^wqKZv I GKB mvaviY Drm †_‡K D™¢‡ei
cÖgvY †g‡j|
 †mŠiRM‡Z m¤¢eZ c„w_exB GKgvÎ MÖn †hLv‡b eZ©gv‡b
cÖv‡Yi Aw¯—Z¡ weivRgvb| Avgv‡`i Qvqvc‡_ cÖvq 100 wewjqb
b¶Î i‡q‡Q, hv‡`i A‡bK¸‡jvi wbR¯^ †mŠiRMZ i‡q‡Q|
GQvov mgMÖ gnvwe‡k¦ cÖvq 100 wewjqb M¨vjvw· i‡q‡Q| d‡j
Lye m¤¢eZ gnvwe‡k¦i Ab¨ †Kv_vI cÖv‡Yi Aw¯—Z¡ i‡q‡Q| hw`
ZvcgvÎv, ivmvqwbK wgkªY Ges Rxe‡bi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx
Ab¨vb¨ ˆewkó¨ †_‡K _v‡K Z‡e mgMÖ gnvwek¦ Ry‡o wKQz MÖ‡n
cÖv‡Yi Aw¯—Z¡ i‡q‡Q, nq‡Zv Zviv msL¨vq AmsL¨| M¨vjvw·,
b¶Î Ges MÖ‡ni Acwi‡gq msL¨v †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j Zv m¤¢e
e‡jB g‡b nq| c„w_ex‡Z cÖv‡Yi D™¢e N‡U KviY Avgv‡`i MÖ‡n
cÖv‡Yi Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek i‡q‡Q| Abyiƒc cwi‡e‡k Ges A‡bK
hyM c‡i, Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡nI m¤¢eZ cÖv‡Yi D™¢e NU‡e|
Ab¨ †Kv_vI hw` cÖv‡Yi Aw¯—Z¡ †_‡K _v‡K, Z‡e Zv Dc‡i
ewY©Z ˆewk󨸇jvi AwaKvix n‡e bv, hv †_‡K †evSv hvq
c„w_ex‡Z cÖv‡Yi D™¢e ¯^Zš¿ I AwØZxq| GgbI n‡Z cv‡i †h
†gŠwjK Dcv`vb¸‡jvI wfbœ| Kve©b QvovI wmwjKb †gŠjwUI
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, Aw·‡Rb Ges Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q
Rxe‡bi cÖv_wgK Dcv`vb¸‡jv M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡i| GgbI
NU‡Z cv‡i †h, K‡qK `kK wKsev K‡qK kZvãx c‡i
Avgv‡`i fwel¨r cÖRb¥ gnvwe‡k¦i Ab¨ †Kv_vI cÖv‡Yi Aw¯—Z¡
Avwe®‹vi Ki‡e| wbwðZfv‡e Zviv ZLb c„w_ex‡Z ¯^Kxq
119
ˆewk‡ó¨i AwaKvix cÖv‡Yi D™¢e wKfv‡e NUj †m m¤c‡K©
Avgv‡`i †_‡K Av‡iv †ewk Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|
d«vwÝm‡Kv †R. Avqvjv : Av‡gwiKvi K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
cÖwZ‡ek I weeZ©bxq RxeweÁv‡bi Aa¨vcK|
wcGBP.wW K‡i‡Qb cÖwm× RxeweÁvbx
w_I‡Wvwmqvm WeSvbw¯‹i Aax‡b| weÁvbx gn‡j
Aa¨vcK Avqvjv ÔWviDbxq weeZ©‡bi †i‡bmuvm
gvbylÕ e‡j cwiwPZ| wek¦we`¨vj‡qi RxeweÁv‡bi
cvV¨m~wPi Rb¨ †jLv‡jwL Qvov mvaviY gvby‡li
Kv‡Q weeZ©b‡K mnR‡eva¨ fvlvq †evSv‡bvi Rb¨
cÖPzi msL¨K eB wj‡L‡Qb wbijmfv‡e| Av‡jvP¨
cÖeÜwU A¨vcK AvqvjvÕi eB ÔAm I a Monkey?: Six
Big Questions about EvolutionÕ-Gi (2010) cÂg
Aa¨v‡qi Abyev`| [cÖeÜwU Abyev‡` Aa¨vcK
Avqvjv I cÖKvkK `¨v †RvÝ ncwKÝ BDwbfvwm©wU
†cÖm KZ©„c¶ AbygwZ cÖ`vb Kivq we‡kl K…ZÁZv
cÖKvk KiwQ|]
wm×v_© Kzgvi ai : wk¶v_©x, kvnRvjvj weÁvb I cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vjq|
m`m¨, weÁvb I hyw³ev`x KvDwÝj|
 cÖeÜ
nvi“b Bqvwnqv : PKPK Ki‡jB †mvbv nq bv!
Abš— weRq `vk
1.
WviDBb hLb (1859 mv‡j) RxeweeZ©‡bi ÔcÖvK…wZK
wbe©vPbÕ ZË¡ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡jb, ZLb nq‡Zv wZwb wb‡RI
Kíbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb Kv‡ji cwiµgvq Zvi GB ZË¡wU
G‡ZvUv weK…wZ Avi wb›`vi gy‡L co‡Z cv‡i| hw`I
i¶Ykxj‡`i Avµg‡Yi gy‡L ÔAwiwRb Ae w¯úwmRÕ eB‡qi
wØZxq ms¯‹i‡Yi f~wgKvq AvZ¥c¶ mg_©b K‡i wj‡LwQ‡jb :
ÒG eB‡q ewY©Z `„wófw½ †Kb GKRb e¨w³i
ag©vbyf~wZ‡Z AvNvZ Ki‡e Zvi †Kv‡bv Dchy³
KviY Avwg Luy‡R cvB bv| wKš‘ GUvI Rvwb
gvbemf¨Zvi me‡P‡q D L‡hvM¨ Avwe®‹v‡ii
g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg (wbDU‡bi) ÔAwfKl© m~‡ÎÕi
we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQ‡jb divwm `vk©wbK
jvBewbR| Zuvi fv‡l¨ GwU bvwK ÔHkxev`x
a‡g©i wei“‡× bvkKZvÕ| ...Ó
120
AwiwRb Ae w¯úwmR eB cÖKv‡ki †`ok eQi AwZµvš—
n‡q‡Q| WviDB‡bi cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb ZË¡wU B‡Zvg‡a¨ eûfv‡e
cÖgvwYZ| weMZ kZvãxi †k‡li w`‡K RxeweÁvb †evSvi
†¶‡Î ÔweeZ©bÕ GKwU Avewk¨K welq n‡q D‡V‡Q| Z_vwc
wewfbœ †`‡k ÔweeZ©bxq RxeweÁvbÕ‡K weÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi
gZ MÖnY Kivi gvbwmKZv M‡o D‡V wb mvaviY gvby‡li g‡a¨|
Gi GKUv Ab¨Zg KviY n‡”Q ag©xq wek¦vm‡ev‡ai cÖwZ
K~cgyÊyK `„wófw½ Avi RxeweeZ©b wb‡q `ywbqv Ry‡o
weÁvbwe‡ivax‡`i wg_¨v cÖPviYv| weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLv †hgb
ZvwË¡K c`v_©weÁvb, wbDwK¬qvi wdwR·, †Kvqv›Uvg
†gKvwb·, Kw¤úDUvi mv‡qÝ, ˆRecÖhyw³, cÖwZi¶vLv‡Zi
weÁvb I Gi ev¯—eZv BZ¨vw` welq MÖnY Kivi †¶‡Î †Zgb
GKUv AvcwË †`Lv hvq bv, wKš‘ weeZ©bxq RxeweÁv‡bi
Avwe®‹vi I Gi ev¯—eZv †g‡b wb‡Z A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ AvcwË
dz‡U D‡V|
WviDBbxq RxeweeZ©b m¤ú‡K© hviv AeMZ Av‡Qb Zviv
Rv‡bb weÁv‡bi Avi †Kv‡bv kvLv ev wel‡qi cÖwZ ag©ev`x‡`i

WviDB‡bi Rb¥wØkZ evwl©Kx Ges AwiwRb Ae w¯úwmR eB‡qi
†`ok eQi c~wZ© Dcj‡¶ Aemi cÖKvkb †_‡K Abš— weRq `vk
m¤úvw`Z WviDBb : GKzk kZ‡K cÖvmw½KZv Ges fvebv (2011)
eBwU `ªóe¨|
G‡ZvUv we‡Øl-N„Yv-Kzrmv iUbv j¶¨ Kiv hvq bv| hw`I mZ¨
n‡”Q weeZ©‡bi mv‡_ a‡g©i †Kv‡bv m¤úK© †bB| Ø›ØI †bB
mivmwi| GwU wbDUbxq wdwR· wKsev †Kvqv›Uvg †gKvwb‡·i
g‡Zv weÁv‡bi GKwU welq| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i Rxeb-RM‡Zi
mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z ¸i“Z¡c~Y© GB weÁvb‡K mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q
†evaMg¨ K‡i Zzj‡Z Px‡bi cÖvPx‡ii gZ †`qvj Zz‡j `uvwo‡q
Av‡Q weÁvbwe‡ivax KwZcq †Mvôx| WviDB‡bi mgqKvj
†_‡K GB cÖeYZv wKQy i¶Ykxj wLª÷v‡bi g‡a¨ _vK‡jI
weMZ K‡qK `kK a‡i wn›`y-gymwjg Dfq Rb‡Mvôxi
i¶Ykxj ag©ev`x‡`i g‡a¨I Zv dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
2.
wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i cieZ©x mgq n‡Z weÁvb I cÖhyw³i †hgb
DˇivËi Dbœqb Avi cÖmvi NU‡Q wVK GKB mg‡q Avgiv
j¶¨ Kwi weÁvb-we‡ivax cÖPviYv Avi QÙweÁv‡bi KvimvwR
wewfbœ iƒ‡c nvwRi Kiv n‡”Q| G †hb cÖ`x‡ci wb‡P AÜKvi!
wk‡ívbœZ †`k¸wji g‡a¨ Av‡gwiKv‡Z weeZ©‡bi wei“‡× †Rvi
†cÖvcvMvÛv Pvjvq wLª÷vb †gŠjev`xiv| BD‡iv‡c Giv G‡ZvUv
kw³kvjx bq| MZ kZvãxi 80-Gi `kK †_‡K gymwjg
we‡k¦I GB ai‡bi ZrciZv ïi“ n‡q‡Q| cÖRvwZi DrcwË ev
weeZ©b wb‡q ˆeÁvwbK Ávb PP©v †Zgb GKUv wQj bv gymwjg-
cÖavb †`k¸wj‡Z| Gme †`‡ki wk¶ve¨e¯’vq ev RxeweÁvb
121
msµvš— eyw×e„wËK M‡elYvq welq wn‡m‡e ÔWviDBbxq
weeZ©bÕ Dn¨B wQj ejv hvq| Ges kZ eQi a‡i cvV¨µ‡g
m„wóev`x aviYvi cÖvavb¨ wQj †ewk|
WviDB‡bi AwiwRb Ae w¯úwmR eB‡qi cuvPwU Aa¨vq
cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv Aviwe‡Z Abyev` K‡ib wgk‡ii (Kvq‡iv)
BmgvBj gvRnvi (mn‡hvwMZvq BqvKze †mi“Dd) 1918
mv‡j| c‡ii PviwU Aa¨vq Abyev` K‡i wØZxq ms¯‹iY
cÖKvwkZ nq 1928 mv‡j; Ges 1964 mv‡j c~Y©v½ Abyev‡`
Aviwe‡Z ÔAwiwRb Ae w¯úwmRÕ eBwU cÖKvwkZ nq Kvq‡iv
†_‡K|
Avgiv hw` GKUy †cQ‡bi w`‡K ZvKvB Zvn‡j †`wL eû
c~‡e© wZD‡bkxq es‡kv™¢~Z gbxlx Be‡b Lv‡j`yb (1332-
1406) RxeRMr D™¢‡ei †cQ‡b weeZ©bxq aviYvi K_v wKQyUv
fvmv fvmv n‡jI Bw½Z K‡i‡Qb| wZwb m„wóKZ©vi Ae`v‡bi
K_v ¯^xKvi K‡iI e‡j‡Qb Rxe‡bi DrcwË n‡q‡Q LwbR
Dcv`vb †_‡K| Gici weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q Dw™¢`ivwR Ges †mLv‡b
†_‡K cÖvYxKzj|
Lv‡j`y‡bi fvlvq :
Ò It should be known that we— May God guide you and us—
notice that this world with all the created things in it has a certain
order and a solid construction. It shows nexuses between causes
and things caused, combinations of some parts of creation with
others, and transformations of some existent things into others, in
a pattern that is both remarkable and endless. ...Each one of the
elements is prepared. It started out from minerals and progressed,
 in an ingenious, gradual manner, to plants and animals. The last
stage of minerals is connected with the first stage of plants...The
last stage of plants is connected with the first stage of animals. ...
The word "connection" with regard to these created things means
that the last stage of each group is fully prepared to become the
first stage of the next group...Ó [`ªóe¨ : Ibn Khaldun AR. The
Muqaddimah. An introduction to history, vol 1. Rosenthal F,
translator. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1967, pp 194-5]
ga¨hy‡Mi ¸wUK‡qK `vk©wb‡Ki g‡a¨ Be‡b Lv‡j`yb
GKRb, whwb gvby‡li DrcwË ÔGcÕ (bievbi) †_‡K n‡q‡Q
e‡j gZcÖKvk K‡iwQ‡jb :
The animal world then widens, its species become numerous, and
in a gradual process of creation, it finally leads to man, who is
able to think and to reflect. The higher stage of man is reached
from the world of monkeys, in which both sagacity and perception
are found, but has not reached the stage of actual reflection and
thinking. At this point we come to the first stage of man after the
world of monkeys. This is as far as our physical observation
extends. [m~Î : c~‡e©v³, c„ôv 195]|
WviDBb hy‡M Bmjvwg wPš—vwe` Avj-AvdMvwb (1839-
1897) cÖ_‡g weeZ©b Z‡Ë¡i we‡ivwaZv Ki‡jI cieZ©x‡Z
ÔKhatirat Jamal ad-Din al-AfghaniÕ eB‡q cÖv‡Yi DrcwË, RxeRM‡Z
weeZ©‡bi ¸i“Z¡ †g‡b wb‡qwQ‡jb| gymjgvb‡`i cÖwZI AvnŸvb
Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb ZvivI †hb GB ZË¡wU ey‡S †bq| Z‡e gvby‡li
weeZ©b m¤ú‡K© Zuvi g‡a¨ AvcwË wQj| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb
gvby‡li AvZ¥v Av‡Q Ab¨ cïcvwL‡`i †mUv †bB| ZvB
cïcvwLiv weewZ©Z n‡jI gvbyl weeZ©‡bi dmj bq|
122
hv‡nvK, Avj-AvdMvwbi g‡Zv mK‡ji †mŠfvM¨ wQj bv|
1873 mv‡ji w`‡K ZzwK© mvsevw`K I †jLK Avn‡g` wgZnvZ
B‡dbw` Zuvi †jLvq WviDB‡bi weeZ©b wb‡q Av‡jvKcvZ
K‡iwQ‡jb| G‡Z ¶zä n‡q gymwjg ag©xq †bZviv B‡dbw`i
wei“‡× d‡Zvqv †`b| Ôbvw¯—KÕ wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡ib|
wesk kZvãx‡Z G‡m ivóª e¨e¯’vi Dci †_‡K ag©xq
†bZv‡`i cÖfve I wm×vš— cÖ`v‡bi ¶gZv A‡bKvs‡k K‡g
†M‡Q| Zvi e`‡j RvqMv wb‡q‡Q ˆeÁvwbK Ávb I cwðgv
ivóªbxwZi aviYv| Z_vwc A‡bK Bmjvwg †bZv wek¦vm
K‡i‡Qb RxeRM‡Z ÔweeZ©bÕ cÖwµqvi Avm‡j †Kv‡bv Aw¯—Z¡
†bB| GKgvÎ Hkx wb‡`©k e¨ZxZ Rxe‡bi †Kv‡bv weKvk N‡U
bv| †Kvivb kwi‡d Ôwe‡kl m„wóev‡`Õi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|
mywbw`©ó K‡i gvby‡li m„wó wb‡q ejv n‡q‡Q| cÖRvwZi
DrcwËi ˆeÁvwbK e¨vL¨v‡K Zviv cy‡ivcywi fyj g‡b K‡ib|
A‡bK gymwjg wPš—vkxj e¨w³i Kv‡QÑÔWviDBbxq weeZ©b
GKUv fyj w_Iwi| GUv ag© I ˆbwZKZv aŸs‡mi cwðgv
lohš¿|Õ
3.
†Lv` Av‡gwiKv‡Z i¶Ykxj wLª÷v‡biv WviDBbxq weeZ©b‡K
Ôag©we‡ivaxÕ e‡j g‡b K‡ib| Avðh©RbK
n‡jI mZ¨ A‡bK¸‡jv Rwic †_‡K †`Lv
†M‡Q A‡a©‡Ki †P‡q †ewk Av‡gwiKvb
wek¦vm K‡ib Ôgvbyl weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g D™¢~Z nq wb| gvÎ `k
nvRvi eQi Av‡M gvbyl Zvi eZ©gvb KvVv‡gv‡ZB m„wó n‡q‡Q|Õ
RxeweÁvb m¤ú‡K© Av‡gwiKvi MY‡PZbvq wekvj NvUwZi
my‡hv‡M i¶Ykxj wLª÷v‡biv evB‡ejxq m„wóev`x aviYv‡K
weÁv‡bi Dci Pvwc‡q w`‡Z Pvb, Ges WviDBbxq weeZ©b‡K
Z_vKw_Z ÔˆbwZKZv-weaŸsmxÕ e‡j cÖPviYv Pvjvb|
mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j G iKg Ae¯’v gymwjg †`k¸wj‡ZI j¶¨
Kiv hv‡”Q| we‡kl K‡i Zzi‡¯‹| we‡k¦i nv‡Z ¸bv K‡qKwU
†mKz¨jvi I MYZvwš¿K gymwjg †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Zzi¯‹ n‡”Q
Ab¨Zg| gymwjg †`k¸wji g‡a¨ me‡P‡q AvaywbK, wk‡ívbœZ
I BD‡ivc‡Nulv e‡j hvi cwiwPwZ Av‡Q| Zzi‡¯‹i 99 fvM
hw`I gymjgvb wKš‘ we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ gymwjg †`k¸‡jvi gZ
ÔA‡_©vW·Õ Bmjv‡gi PP©v Zzi‡¯‹ †`Lv hvq bv| ga¨cÖv‡P¨i
A‡bK †`‡k †hgb kwiqv AvBb ejer i‡q‡Q wKsev ivóª I
ag©‡K GK K‡i †djv n‡q‡Q mvsweavwbKfv‡e ivóªag© †NvlYv
K‡i| wKš‘ Zzi‡¯‹ eis mvsweavwbKfv‡e wbwl× i‡q‡Q †Kv‡bv
ai‡bi ag©xq AvBb miKvi I mgv‡Ri Dci Pvwc‡q †`qv
hv‡e bv| BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ †mKz¨jvi †`k¸‡jvi gZ Zzi‡¯‹I
ivóª I ag©‡K c„_K ivLv n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i msweav‡bi AvwU©‡Kj-
2 aviv Abymv‡i [ms‡kvwaZ 1982]|
cÖ_g wek¦hy× cieZ©x mg‡q ZzwK©i ag©Zvwš¿K Dmgvbxq
mvgªv‡R¨i cZb N‡U| †gv¯—dv Kvgvj AvZvZz‡K©i †bZ…‡Z¡
123
cÖRvZš¿x miKvi MwVZ nq 1923 mv‡j| bZzb cÖRvZš¿x
miKvi cyiv‡bv ag©Zvwš¿K e¨e¯’v‡K nwU‡q w`‡q ms¯‹vi KvR
ïi“ K‡i| ivóªe¨e¯’v cwiPvjbv †_‡K ag©xq-cÖfve `~i Ki‡Z
bvbv D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i| †hgb bvixi mgvb AwaKvi i¶vq
AvBb Kiv nq| wk¶ve¨e¯’vq ms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ c~‡e©i
eva¨Zvg~jK ag©xqwk¶v‡K evwZj Kiv nq| cvV¨cy¯—K †_‡K
Bmjvwg m„wóev‡`i eY©bv ev` †`qv nq| RxeweÁv‡b ÔweeZ©bÕ
Aa¨vq mshy³ Kiv nq| AvZvZzK© wb‡R gva¨wgK ¯‹z‡ji
RbwcÖq cvV¨eB BwZnvm Ges mf¨Zvi ÁvbÕi (Tarih ve Medeni
Bilgiler) Rb¨ K‡qKwU Aa¨vq wj‡L w`‡qwQ‡jb| 1928-1948
mv‡ji g‡a¨ we‡k¦i Ávb-weÁv‡bi mgmvgwqK hZ cÖwm× eB
i‡q‡Q †hgb †Kvqv›Uvg w_Iwi, Av‡cw¶KZv ZË¡, weeZ©b,
wek¦mvwnZ¨, AvaywbK I wPivqZ wk‡íi eB¸‡jv‡K ZzwK©
fvlvq Abyev` Kiv nq| DbœZ cÖwk¶‡Yi Rb¨ Zzi‡¯‹i
eyw×Rxex, AvBbRxex, weÁvbx, ivRbxwZwe`‡`i BD‡iv‡c
(we‡kl K‡i d«vÝ I Rvg©vwb‡Z) †cÖiY Kiv nq| cÖwk¶Y †k‡l
Zviv †diZ G‡j †`‡ki ˆe weK cybM©V‡bi Kv‡R wb‡qvM
†`qv nq| cÖv_©bvi mgq †Kvivb cv‡Vi Rb¨ Aviwe fvlv
e¨env‡ii cÖPjb DwV‡q wbR¯^ fvlvq (ZzwK© fvlvq) covi
wbqg Pvjy Kiv nq hv‡Z mvaviY RbMY eyS‡Z cv‡i Zviv wK
cvV Ki‡Q| KÆicš’x wKQy ag©xq wk¶vcÖwZôvb‡K G mgq
wbwl× Kiv nq| c~‡e©i ag©wfwËK AvBb¸‡jvi cwieZ©b K‡i
BD‡ivcxq †mKz¨jvi I MYZvwš¿K Av`©‡ki wfwˇZ bZzb
AvBb cÖPjb Kiv nq| gvÎ 10 eQ‡ii gv_vq †`kwUi Awfbe
cwieZ©b N‡U| wek¦Ry‡o bZzb cwiwPwZ, bZzb Av`k©| 1938
mv‡j Kvgvj AvZvZzK© hLb g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib B‡Zvg‡a¨
Zzi‡¯‹i miKvwi, mvs¯‹…wZK, ivR‰bwZK wekvj cwieZ©‡b
A‡bK `~i GwM‡q hvq| ej‡Z †M‡j 1950 mvj ch©š— G hvÎv
Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| cieZ©x mg‡q Wvbcš’x i¶Ykxj ivR‰bwZK
`j I ag©xq †bZviv †RvU ev‡ab| ag©Zvwš¿K Dmgvbxq
mvgªv‡R¨i Kw_Z Ô¯^Y©hy‡MÕ wd‡i hvevi Avkvq Zviv kw³ mÂq
ïi“ K‡ib| 1980-Gi w`‡K ¶gZvq Av‡mb i¶Ykxj
mvgwiK Rvš—v †Kbvb Bf‡ib| ivóªcwZ c` AwaMÖnY K‡ib
wZwb| Zzi‡¯‹i ivR‰bwZK A½‡b †gŠjev`x Ges
Bmjvgcš’x‡`i Rb¨ GB mgqUv GKUv gvBj djK wn‡m‡e
we‡ewPZ nq| 1983 mv‡j Zzi‡¯‹i cÖavbgš¿x nb nvwjj
Zzi¸Z IRvj| IRvj wb‡R KÆicš’x Bmjvwg msMV‡bi
mwµq Kg©x wQ‡jb GKmgq| (1989 mv‡j †cÖwm‡W›U Bf‡ib
c`Z¨vM Ki‡j bZzb ivóªcwZ nb IRvj| 1993 mvj ch©š—
GB c‡` wQ‡jb wZwb|) G mgqKv‡j Zzi‡¯‹i ag©wfwËK
`j¸‡jvi †cvqvev‡iv Ae¯’v ˆZwi nq| `xN©w`b c‡i
ivóª¶gZvi ØvicÖv‡š— †cuŠ‡Q hvq Zviv| †mKy¨jvi ivR‰bwZK
`j¸‡jvi mv‡_ msNl© ev‡a †gŠjev`x `j¸‡jvi| G mgq
wfbœgZvej¤^x nvRvi-nvRvi mvsevw`K, weÁvbx, †ckvRxex,
124
mvaviY RbZv wbcxwoZ nq †gŠjev`x Bmjvwg `j¸‡jvi
nv‡Z|
weMK K‡qK `kK a‡i Zzi‡¯‹ weÁv‡bi RM‡Z ag©xq n¯—
‡¶‡ci NUbvq ¯^vfvweKfv‡e Ab¨vb¨ gymwjg †`k †hgb
†jevbb, B‡›`v‡bwkqv, cvwK¯—vb, wgk‡ii ag©evwZKMÖ¯—
†jvK‡`iI Av‡jvwoZ Ki‡Q| DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Q GKB ai‡bi
Kvq`vKvbyb Abymi‡Yi| cwð‡gi †hme †`‡k AwaKmsL¨K
Awfevmx gymjgvb evm K‡ib (†hgb hy³ivR¨), ZvivI
A‡b‡K GLb RxeweÁv‡bi K¬v‡m ÔZzwK© auv‡PiÕ Bmjvwg
m„wóev` cov‡bvi `vwe Zzj‡Qb|
D L¨ gymwjg †`k¸‡jv‡Z Qwo‡q cov Bmjvwg m„wóev`
Avm‡j Bûw`-wLª÷vb‡`i evB‡ejxq m„wóev‡`iB Ôgymwjg
fvm©bÕ| †Kvivb wb‡R Bûw`-wLª÷vb‡`i ag©MÖ‡š’i Hkxevw`Zv
¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡q‡Q| hw`I evB‡e‡ji †R‡bwm‡mi g‡Zv
Av`g-nvIqvi we¯—„Z eY©bv †Kviv‡b †bB| evB‡e‡ji gZ
†Kviv‡b 6 w`‡b AvKvk, c„w_ex, cÖvY m„wói K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| (
`ªóe¨ : myiv AvÕivd (7), AvqvZ 55, myiv BDbym (10),
AvqvZ 3)| †Kiv‡bi eY©bv Abyhvqx Av াn cÖ_‡g gvwU ˆZwi
K‡ib, Zvici cvnvo-ce©Z, Av‡jv, cïcvwL Ges †k‡l
Av`g| (`ªóe¨ : myiv wnRi (15), AvqvZ 26-29, myiv Rygvi
(39), AvqvZ 6, myiv Zvnv (20), AvqvZ 116-119, myiv
evKviv (2), AvqvZ 31-36, myiv Avivd (7), AvqvZ 19)|
†Kviv‡bi eY©bv Abyhvqx Av`g‡K gvwU w`‡q Av াn ˆZwi
K‡i‡Qb| GKUv m~² cv_©K¨ Aek¨ i‡q‡Q| Bûw`-wLª÷vb‡`i
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv `j Ôbexb c„w_exÕi (evB‡ej Abymv‡i c„w_exi
eqm gvÎ Qq nvRvi eQi) aviYvq wek¦vm K‡i| gymwjg
m„wóev`x‡`i g‡a¨ GB wek¦vm wKQzUv Kg †`Lv hvq| Zviv
ÔcÖvPxb c„w_exÕi m„wóev‡` wek¦vmx| †Kvivb kwi‡d c„w_exi
eqm m¤úwK©Z cwic~Y© †Kv‡bv aviYv †Zgb cvIqv hvq bv|
gymwjg m„wóev`x‡`i †KD †KD e‡jb Ôf~ZvwË¡Kiv c„w_exi
eqm mv‡o Pvi‡kv †KvwU eQi †ei K‡i‡Qb| †Kvivb kwi‡d
hw`I Qq w`‡b wek¦ m„wói K_v ejv n‡q‡Q wKš‘ H w`b¸wji
ˆ`N©¨ m¤ú‡K© wKQy ejv nqwb|Õ
4.
wek¦e¨vcx cwiwPZ Av‡gwiKvwfwËK RwicKvix ms¯’v n‡”Q
wcD wimvP© †m›Uvi| cÖwZ eQi wewfbœ Bmy¨‡Z Zviv Av‡gwiKv,
BD‡ivc, ga¨cÖvP¨, `w¶Y Gwkqv, Avwd«Kvi wewfbœ †`‡k
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MYRwi‡ci c~Y©v½ djvdj cÖKvk K‡i‡Q| MYRwi‡ci wel‡qi
125
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gymwjg RbZvi gZvgZ| Rwi‡ci Rb¨ Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q
2008 †_‡K 2012 mv‡ji g‡a¨| wcD wimvP© †m›Uv‡ii
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GB wbe‡Üi mv‡_ cÖvmw½K nIqvq wcD wimvP© †m›Uv‡ii
Rwi‡ci wKQy Z_¨ GLv‡b Zz‡j aiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Rwi‡c GKUv welq n‡”Q ag© I AvaywbKZv| gvj‡qwkqv
(23%) I B‡›`v‡bwkqvi (21%) RbZv ag© I AvaywbKZv
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kZKiv 78 fvM GgbUv g‡b K‡ib bv|
RxeweeZ©b m¤ú‡K© cÖkœ Kiv n‡qwQj 22wU †`‡ki gymwjg
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RxeweeZ©b‡K (gvbylmn mKj cÖvYxi) ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb|
126
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127
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Turkey, ‘APS’ (American Physical Society), June 2013, Volume 22,
Number 6. www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201306/international.cfm)|
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Rvwb‡qwQj| Ô†bPviÕ (Vol 458 | Issue no. 7236 | 19 March 2009)
mv‡qÝ KvDw݇ji-Gi Kv‡Q AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Q ÔZviv †hb G
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wgj †i‡L Zzi‡¯‹ Bmjvwgcš’x Av‡iKwU mvgvwRK Av‡›`vjb
(¸‡jb Av‡›`vjb) ïi“ K‡ib| Z‡e 1999 mv‡j ¸‡jb
hy³iv‡óª wPwKrmvi Rb¨ †M‡j Avi †`‡k wd‡i Av‡mb wb|
†¯^”Qvwbe©vmb wb‡q eZ©gv‡b †cbwmjfvwbqv iv‡R¨ emevm
Ki‡Qb|
ïi“ †_‡KB Av‡gwiKvb wLª÷vb wµ‡qkwb÷‡`i mv‡_
`nig-gnig wQj AKZv‡ii ÔweÁvb M‡elYv dvD‡ÛkbÕi|
cÖwZôvi GK eQ‡ii gv_v‡Z (1992) dvD‡Ûk‡bi Zid
†_‡K Avgš¿Y †c‡q Zzi‡¯‹ Av‡mb Av‡gwiKvb Bqs Av_©
(bexb c„w_ex) wµ‡qkwb÷ `‡ji †bZv †nbwi g¨vwWmb gwim
(1918-2006) Ges Wyqvb UjevU© wMm (1921-2013)| B¯—
v¤^y‡j Av‡qvwRZ m„wóev`x Kbdv‡i‡Ý Zviv e³e¨ iv‡Lb|
AvBwmAviÕi mv‡eK †cÖwm‡W›U †nbwi gwim Gici AviI
K‡qKevi Zzi¯‹ ågY K‡i hvb Ges Zv‡`i Ôby‡ni †bŠKvÕ
†LuvRvLyuwRi Kv‡R cÖZ¨¶ mnvqZv K‡i dvD‡ÛkbwU| 1998-
Gi GwcÖj I Ry‡b †ek K‡qKwU Bmjvwg m„wóev`x mfv
AbywôZ nq B¯—v¤^y‡j I AvsKvivq| `vIqvZ †c‡q A‡bK
Av‡gwiKvb m„wóev`x Dcw¯’Z nb mfvq| dvD‡ÛkbwU Zzi‡¯‹i
cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨KwU †QvUeo kn‡i Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb K‡i‡Q|
Gme mfv †_‡K AvBwmAvi Ges AKZv‡ii wewfbœ
QÙweÁvbm¤úwK©Z e³e¨ cÖPvi Kiv nq| gv‡S gv‡S GgbI
cÖPvi Pvjv‡bv nqÑÔAvaywbK weÁvb bvwK weeZ©b‡K evwZj
K‡i w`‡q‡Q Ges m„wóev`‡K `yB nvZ Ly‡j MÖnY K‡i wb‡q‡Q!
G Rb¨ Zviv cÖvq mgq D`vniY †U‡b ej‡Zv wWm‡Kvfvi,
mv‡qw›UwdK Av‡gwiKvb, mv‡qÝ, †bPvi cÖf„wZi gZ cÖ_g
†kªYxi weÁvb Rvb©v‡j m„wóev`‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡q‡Q Ges
weeZ©b‡K ÔAev¯—eÕ e‡j `vwe K‡i‡Q! GUv Lye ¯^vfvweK
e¨vcvi Zzi‡¯‹i mvaviY RbM‡Yi GBme weÁvb Rvb©vj covi
my‡hvM Lye mxwgZ| ZvB AKZv‡ii e³‡e¨i mZ¨-wg_¨vi
cv_©K¨ wbi“c‡Y Zviv wQj Avm‡jB AcviM| AvBwmAvi †h
AKZv‡ii cÖwZôvb‡K Rb¥jMœ †_‡K eB-cy¯—K †_‡K ïi“ K‡i
wewfbœ ai‡bi mn‡hvwMZv w`‡q G‡m‡Q GUv I‡cb wm‡µU|
AKZv‡ii cÖwZôvb †_‡K †nbwi gwi‡mi Ômv‡qw›UwdK
wµ‡qkwbRgÕ, Wyqvb wM‡mi †jLv ÔEvolution: The Fossils Still Say
No!Õ (1995) BZ¨vw` RxeweeZ©bwe‡ivax eBmn AvBwmAviÕi
wewfbœ cÖKvkbv bvbv mg‡q Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q|
9.
136
AKZv‡ii iPbv Ges Zvi msMV‡bi GKUv mvaviY ˆewkó¨
n‡”Q †Kv‡bv e³‡e¨i ïi“‡ZB weeZ©b‡K Ôwg_¨vÕ-ÔfyjÕ `vwe
K‡i Zvici `vwei c‡¶ G‡K G‡K ARynvZ Zz‡j aiv nq|
dvD‡Ûk‡bi Zid †_‡K weeZ©‡bi wei“‡× †h-me wg_¨v
cÖPviYv Pvjv‡Zv n‡Zv Zvi D L‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU n‡”Q :
(1)RxeRM‡Z weeZ©bxq cÖwµqv ej‡Z wKQy †bB| †Kv‡bv
cÖRvwZB weewZ©Z n‡q Ab¨ cÖRvwZ‡Z iƒcvš—wiZ nq
bv| Av াn c„w_ex Ges cÖvY GK mv‡_B m„wó K‡i‡Qb|
(2) kZvãxi me‡P‡q eo ¸Re n‡”Q weeZ©b| MZ 150
eQ‡i hZ ˆeÁvwbK Z_¨-DcvË msM„nxZ n‡q‡Q Zvi
mewKQyB weeZ©b‡K LÊb K‡i‡Q| wWGbG †_‡K
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n‡q‡Q Zvi mewKQy †_‡K cwi®‹vi n‡q‡Q mewKQyi
†cQ‡b wWRvBb Av‡Q, D‡Ïk¨ Av‡Q| Ges Giv
cÖ‡Z¨‡KB GKmv‡_ m„wó n‡q‡Q| weÁvb B‡Zvg‡a¨
cÖgvY K‡i‡Q Av াn Av‡Qb wZwb Avgv‡`i c„w_ex‡Z
cÖvY m„wó K‡i‡Qb|
(3) আ াহ Zvi wb‡Ri gZ K‡i gvbyl m„wó K‡i‡Qb|
ZvB Avgiv KL‡bv Gc †_‡K weewZ©Z nq wb| Gc
n‡”Q cﯗ‡ii Aš—f©y³| weÁvb GLb ch©š— GKUvI
m~Î D×vi Ki‡Z cv‡i wb, †hLvb †_‡K cÖgvwYZ nq
 †nv‡gv †mwc‡q݇`i mv‡_ G‡ci †Kv‡bv AvZ¥xqZvi
m¤úK© i‡q‡Q|
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ˆeÁvwbK Zvi †_‡K †ewk Av`k©MZ| WviDBbev`xiv
G¸‡jv‡K i¶v K‡i P‡jb KviY Zviv nq‡Zv
cÖ‡Z¨‡K KwgDwb÷ gZv`k© aviY K‡ib, wKsev Zviv
e¯‘ev`x, kqZv‡bi Dcvmbv K‡ib A_ev eY©ev`x wPš—
vfvebv jvjb K‡ib| hviv weeZ©b‡K mg_©b K‡ib
Zviv Avm‡j gvbwmKfv‡e `ye©j| KviY Zviv mKj
ˆeÁvwbK cÖgv‡Yi evB‡i wM‡q Ggb `vwe Ki‡Qb|
(5) RxeRM‡Z weeZ©‡bi †Kv‡bv ev¯—eZv †bB| KviY
†Kviv‡b G m¤úwK©Z †Kv‡bv wKQy ejv nq wb| †Kvivb
n‡”Q c„w_exi me©‡kªô ag©MÖš’| †Kviv‡bB i‡q‡Q
we‡k¦i me©‡kl weÁvb| ZvB †Kv‡bv wKQyB Gi mv‡_
AmvgÄm¨c~Y© n‡q wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i bv|
(6) eZ©gvb hy‡M AvaywbK †mKz¨jvi e¨e¯’v n‡”Q
kqZv‡bi cÖ‡ivPbv Ges duv`| †mKz¨jvi AvaywbK
weÁvb PP©v Kiv gv‡b kqZvb‡K mn‡hvwMZv Kiv|
G‡¶‡Î †Kvivb I kwiqvB GKgvÎ LuvwU I Av`k©
c_| weÁvb PP©v Ki‡Z n‡j GB LuvwU I Av`k© c‡_
_vK‡Z n‡e|
137
AKZv‡ii weeZ©bwe‡ivax GBme cÖPviYv Avm‡j wLª÷vb
m„wóev`x msMVb AvBwmAviÕi Bmjvwg fvm©b gvÎ|
AvBwmAviÕi e³‡e¨ ÔM‡WÕi RvqMvq Av াn, Avi evB‡e‡ji
RvqMvq †Kviv‡bi ewm‡q fvlY ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e GUv
Aek¨B D L Ki‡Z n‡e GB `yBUv MÖ“‡ci Kvh©vewji g‡a¨
cv_©K¨ wKQy j¶Yxq| Av‡gwiKvi gZ wk‡ívbœZ †`‡k
kw³kvjx weÁvb-KwgDwbwU _vKvq AvBwmAviÕ‡K weeZ©‡bi
we‡ivwaZvq cÖvq mgq gvwR©Z fvlv e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| hZUv
m¤¢e Rb‡eva¨ ÔweÁv‡bi cwifvlv¸‡jvÕ e¨envi K‡i e³e¨
ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ Zzi‡¯‹ weÁvb M‡elYv dvD‡Ûkb KL‡bv
G iKg kw³kvjx mgv‡jvPK‡`i nv‡Z c‡o wb| ZvB Zv‡`i
e³‡e¨ fvlvi cÖ‡qv‡M AcwiYvg`wk©Zv j¶Yxq|
MZ kZvãxi 90 `k‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K AKZvi Zvi
cÖv_wgK Kvh©µg ïi“ K‡ib, webvg~‡j¨ wewfbœ RvqMvq eB
weZiY K‡i| mwZ¨ K_v ej‡Z †M‡j Zzi‡¯‹i cÖw_Zhkv
weÁvbx-M‡elK‡`i AwaKvskB G welqwU‡K ¸i“‡Z¡i m‡½
†bb wb| Zviv GB welqwU‡K cÖ_‡g cvËv w`‡Z Pvb wb| eiÂ
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi RxeweÁv‡bi Aa¨vcK wKsev †gwW‡Kj
mv‡q‡Ýi M‡elKiv †f‡e‡Qb AKZv‡ii GBme Ô†Q‡jgvbywlÕ
weeZ©bwe‡ivax m„wóev`x e³‡e¨i Reve w`‡j jvB †c‡q †h‡Z
cv‡ib| BwZnv‡mi Kx wbg©g cybive„wË, 80-Gi `k‡Ki c~‡e©
Bmjvwg †gŠjev`xiv hLb `je× n‡Z ïi“ Ki‡jv, kw³ mÂq
K‡i cÖKv‡k¨ evûej cÖ`k©b ïi“ K‡iwQj ZLbI Zzi‡¯‹i
D L‡hvM¨msL¨K eyw×Rxex †gŠjev`x‡`i DÌv‡bi welqwU‡K
¸i“Z¡ w`‡Z Pvb wb| Zviv nq‡Zv †f‡ewQ‡jb Zzi‡¯‹i gZ
†mKz¨jvi †`‡k GB ai‡bi †gŠjev`x Avùvjb †ewkw`b
wUK‡e bv| wKš‘ mnmªv‡ãi †kl j‡Mœ G‡m eyw×Rxex,
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wk¶K, M‡elK, weÁvbxiv hLb eyS‡Z
cvi‡jb cv‡qi Zjvq Gevi Avi gvwU †bB ZZw`‡b ¶gZvi
g~j †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z P‡j G‡m‡Q Bmjvwg †gŠjev`xiv| Avi nvi“b
Bqvwnqvi jvMvgnxb AccÖPv‡i mvaviY RbM‡Yi GKUv weivU
AskI wek¦vm K‡i wb‡q‡QÑÔweÁv‡bi RMr †_‡K
weeZ©bwe`¨vi cZb N‡U †M‡Q|Õ Ggb wK A‡bK weÁvb
msMVbI Av`bvb AKZvi I Zvi dvD‡Ûk‡bi
weÁvbwe‡ivwaZvi aib †`‡L wKsKZ©e¨weg~p n‡q hvb|
10.
Z‡e †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv weÁvbx, †hgb d‡ibwmK wefv‡Mi (B¯—
v¤^yj wek¦we`¨vjq) cÖv³b Aa¨vcK DwgZ mvwqb Ges
RxeweÁv‡bi Aa¨vcK (wgwWj B÷ †UKwbK¨vj wek¦we`¨vjq,
AvsKviv) AvqKzZ †Kbwm GK`g ïi“ †_‡K AKZv‡ii
weÁvbwe‡ivwaZvi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| RbZv‡K weÁv‡bi
g~j welq¸wj mnR fvlvq Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ wbijmfv‡e KvR
K‡i †M‡Qb|
138
1998 mv‡j Av‡qvwRZ ÔweÁvb M‡elYv dvD‡ÛkbÕi
Kbdv‡i‡Ýi ci ZzwK© weÁvbx Ges weÁvb-cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Mv
Suvov w`‡q DVvi †Póv K‡i| Bmjvwg wµ‡qkwb÷‡`i
avivevwnK mgv‡jvPbvi Rev‡e Aa¨vcK DwgZ mvwqb I
AvqKzZ †KbwmÕi D‡`¨v‡M GKwU ¯^vaxb Kwgkb MVb K‡i
cvëv cÖPviYv ïi“ K‡ib| cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv ZzwK©m GKv‡Wwg
Ae mv‡q‡Ým (TUBA) Ges ZzwK©m mv‡qw›UwdK GÛ
†UKwbK¨vj wimvP© KvDwÝj (TÜBİTAK)-Gi D‡`¨v‡M wewfbœ
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi 2 nvRvi wk¶K, weÁvbx, M‡elK GK hy³
wee„wZ‡Z AKZv‡ii msMVb¸‡jvi weÁvbwe‡ivwaZv (we‡kl
K‡i weeZ©bZ‡Ë¡i we‡ivwaZv) Avi Bmjvwg m„wóev` bv‡gi
QÙweÁv‡bi DÌv‡b Mfxi D‡ØM cÖKvk K‡ib| weÁvbx‡`i GB
mw¤§wjZ Ae¯’v‡b AKZv‡ii dvD‡ÛkbwU ZLb wKQyUv
w`‡knviv n‡q c‡o| wµ‡qkwbRg bv‡gi QÙweÁv‡bi RvwiRywi
duvm n‡q hvIqvq Zviv ZLb †e‡Q †e‡Q RxeweÁvbx‡`i
wei“‡× AccÖPvi ïi“ K‡i| †gŠjev`x‡`i Zid †_‡K A‡bK
Aa¨vcK‡K ZLb ûgwK †`qv nq, bv‡Rnvj Kiv nq|
RxeweeZ©b cov‡bvi Rb¨ A‡bK Aa¨vcK‡K ÔKwgDwb÷Õ,
ÔgvIev`x, Ôbvw¯—KÕ BZ¨vw` e‡j Dcnvm K‡i| K¨vwi‡KPvi
ai‡bi Qwe mshy³ K‡i ey‡jwUb Qvcvq dvD‡ÛkbwU| G¸‡jv
Avevi nvRvi nvRvi Kwc mywcÖg †KvU©, A¨vUwb© †Rbv‡i‡ji
Awdm, †mbvevwnbxi m`i `ßi, cywjk m`i `ßi, miKvwi
Awdm¸‡jv‡Z †cÖiY Ki‡Z _v‡K| AKZv‡ii dvD‡Ûk‡bi
jvMvZvi AcÖPv‡i AwZô n‡q Aa¨vcK AvqKzZ †Kbwm,
Aa¨vcK Bqvgvb Iim, Aa¨vcK BwmK e‡K‡mv, Aa¨vcK
w`bmvi ¸‡jb, Aa¨vcK DwgZ mvwqb, Aa¨vcK mvinvZ
IwRqvi ZzwK©i wmwfj Av`vj‡Z gvbnvwbi gvgjv K‡i| 1999
mv‡ji †g gv‡m Av`vjZ dvD‡Ûk‡bi wei“‡× ivq †`q Ges
cÖ‡Z¨‡K ev`x‡K 6 nvRvi Wjvi K‡i ¶wZc~iY cÖ`v‡bi wb‡`©k
†`b| Av`vj‡Z †n‡i wM‡q dvD‡ÛkbwU K‡qKUv w`b wbðzc
_vK‡jI †gŠjev`x cÎcwÎKv¸‡jv GK‡hv‡M weÁvbx‡`i
wei“‡× Ôbvw¯—KZvÕi Awf‡hvM Zz‡j cÖPviYv Pvwj‡q †h‡Z
_v‡K| Zzi‡¯‹i †gŠjev`x‡`i gyLcÎ ˆ`wbK Akit AKZv‡ii
c¶ wb‡q RxeweeZ©‡bi c‡¶ Ae¯’vb †bqv Aa¨vcK‡`i bvg-
wVKvbv Qwe cÖKvk K‡i (6 wW‡m¤^i, 1999)| cwÎKvwU
Aa¨vcK‡`i wei“‡× Bmjvwg Av`k© I ˆbwZKZvwe‡ivax
cÖcvMvÛv Pvjv‡bv Ges bvw¯—K¨ev` cÖPv‡ii Awf‡hvM Av‡b|
2002 mvj †_‡K ¶gZvq Av‡Q KÆicš’x i¶Ykxj `j
ÔRvw÷m GÛ †Wfjvc‡g›U cvwU©Õ (G‡Kwc)| dvD‡ÛkbwU
GLb Av‡iv †ewk AvµgYvZ¥K| G‡KwcÕi cÖkª‡q Zviv Av‡iv
†ewk †e‡cviqv| d‡j c~‡e© †hUzKz wQ‡U‡duvUv cÖwZev` n‡q‡Q
GLb †Kv‡bv weeZ©bwe`B dvD‡Ûk‡bi weÁvbwe‡ivwaZvi
wei“‡× gyL Lyj‡Z mvnm K‡ib bv| KviY †gŠjev`x gymwjg‡`i
†_‡K †hgb cÖZ¨¶ Avµg‡Yi fq Av‡Q †Zgwb weÁvb
139
M‡elYv dvD‡Ûkb †_‡KI AcgvwbZ I bv‡Rnvj n‡Z
cv‡ib| G‡¶‡Î D L Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Aa¨vcK AvqKzZ
†Kbwmi K_v| wek¦we`¨vj‡q weeZ©b cov‡bvi Rb¨ hv‡K
`yBevi Ôag©‡`ªvwnZvÕi Awf‡hvM G‡b Av`vj‡Zi gy‡LvgywL
K‡i‡Q AKZv‡ii dvD‡Ûkb| mv‡_ †gŠjev`x‡`i ûgwK-
avgwK †Zv Av‡QB| GKB ai‡bi cwiw¯’wZi g‡a¨ wQ‡jb
Aa¨vcK DwgZ mvwqbI| wKš‘ wZwb Aek¨ †`k Z¨vM K‡i
Av‡gwiKvi DBmKbwmb †gwWmb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wbD‡ivjwR
wefv‡M †hvM`vb Ki‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Qb| mvwqb e‡jb,
ÔAKZv‡ii cÖwZôvbwU weeZ©b‡K Bûw`-Av‡gwiKvb
mvgªvR¨ev`x‡`i lohš¿ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb, Gi gva¨‡g
bvwK bZzb wek¦e¨e¯’vq d¨vwmev`x kvmb Kv‡qg ivL‡Z Pvq
mvgªvR¨ev`xiv| eûj cÖPv‡ii Kvi‡Y Zzi‡¯‹i weivU msL¨K
gvbyl GB ai‡bi AvR¸we e³e¨ wek¦vmI K‡i|Õ 2001 mv‡j
¯^bvgab¨ mv‡qÝ Rvb©vj (AKZv‡ii) weÁvb M‡elYv
dvD‡Ûkb‡K DËi Av‡gwiKvi evB‡i me‡P‡q kw³kvjx
RxeweeZ©bwe‡ivax msMVb wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Q|
AKZv‡ii Ô†Kvivbxq m„wóev`Õ cÖPviYvi evB‡i Avi GKUv
D L‡hvM¨ KvR n‡”Q, A™¢~Zz‡o wKQy
Ôlohš¿ ZË¡Õ wZwb Avg`vwb K‡i‡Qb|
mvgªvR¨ev`we‡ivax †bZv wn‡m‡e
Avwef©~Z n‡q‡Qb Z…Zxq we‡k¦i Ô¶zãÕ
gymwjg RbZvi Kv‡Q| †hgb AKZv‡ii GKUv Ôlohš¿ ZË¡Õ
n‡”Q wek¦Ry‡o kvmb-†kvlY Avi AvwacZ¨ eRvq ivLvi Rb¨
Rvqbev`xiv weeZ©b ZË¡, e¯‘ev`, bvw¯—K¨ev`, A‰bwZK
Rxebe¨e¯’vi cÖPjb NwU‡q‡Q! †Kv_vq weeZ©bxq RxeweÁvb,
†Kv_vq bvw¯—K¨ev` Avi †Kv_vq Rvqbev`Ñme¸‡jv‡K GK
K‡i wLPzwo evbv‡bvi g‡Zv Ae¯’v| AevK Kiv e¨vcvi n‡”Q
GB ai‡bi nheij gvK©v Ôlohš¿ Z‡Ë¡Õi Dci wfwË K‡i wZwb
GKUv eBI wj‡L †d‡j‡Qb Global Freemasonry wk‡ivbv‡g|
mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q AKZv‡ii Av‡iv wKQy lohš¿ ZË¡ n‡”Q,
e¯‘ev` Ges WviDbxq RxeweeZ©bB wek¦mš¿vmev`‡K D‡¯‹
w`‡”Q! D L¨ we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ m„wóev`x msMVb (†hgb
Bbw÷UDU Ae wµ‡qkb wimvP©, wWm‡Kvfvwi Bbw÷wUDU
BZ¨vw`) Aek¨ GB ai‡bi Ôlohš¿ ZË¡Õ cÖPv‡i G‡ZvUv
†Lvjv‡gjvfv‡e wjß bq|
cÖvq mgq MYgva¨‡g ÔLeiÕ nIqvi Rb¨ Ges Av‡jvPbvi
welq n‡q _vKvi Rb¨ †``vi‡m UvKv LiP K‡i _v‡Kb
Av`bvb AKZvi| †hgb RxeweeZ©b ZË¡‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i
†jLv AKZvi Zvi ÔThe Evolution DeceitÕ eBwUi 10 nvRv‡ii
AwaK Kwc wbR †`‡k webvg~‡j¨ weZiY K‡i‡Qb e‡j †kvbv
hvq|
140
11.
AKZv‡ii eûj mgv‡jvwPZ ÔThe Atlas of CreationÕ eBwUi cÖ_g
LÊ cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq 2006 mv‡j| cÖKvkK †M­vevj
cvewjwks, B¯—v¤^yj, Zzi¯‹| GB cÖKvkbvi KY©aviI AKZvi
wb‡R| wØZxq I Z…Zxq LÊ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 2007 mv‡j|
1117 BwÂi Ges 6 †KwR IR‡bi m¤ú~Y© †M­vwm KvM‡R
Qvcv‡bv PKP‡K iwOb Qwe‡Z ficyi AvUkÕi AwaK c„ôvi eB
ÔA¨vUjvm Ae wµ‡qkbÕ| we‡k¦i L¨vZbvgv WRb Lv‡bK
wek¦we`¨vjqmn Av‡gwiKv-BD‡iv‡ci cÖvq me¸‡jv †gwW‡Kj
¯‹zj, wewfbœ cvewjK jvB‡eªwi, eyK÷j, cÎcwÎKv, bvgKiv
weÁvbx-M‡elK‡`i webvg~‡j¨ eBwU cvwV‡q‡Qb Kw_Z Ô†jLKÕ
AKZvi| d‡j K‡qK nvRvi Kwc weZiY Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q Zv
mn‡RB Aby‡gq| cvj©v‡g›Uvwi A¨v‡m¤^wj Ae BD‡iv‡ci
Ôms¯‹…wZ, weÁvb Ges wk¶vÕ welqK KwgwU Zv‡`i ÔThe dangers
of creationism in educationÕ kxl©K GK wi‡cv‡U© (cÖKvwkZ 8 Ryb,
2007) D L K‡i‡Q, ÔGB eB‡qi †Kv‡bv e³e¨B ˆeÁvwbK
cÖgvYwfwËK bq ei RxeweeZ©b‡K A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z wM‡q
†jLK GK`g Avw`g m„wóev`x eY©bvB Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb ïay|Õ
(`ªóe¨ : http://bit.ly/1701wbj)|
K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi RxeweÁvbx †Kwfb
c¨vwWqvb ÔA¨vUjvm Ae wµ‡qkbÕ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z wM‡q gš—e¨
K‡i‡Qb, Ôhv‡`i Kv‡Q GB eB‡qi Kwc †cuŠ‡Q‡Q Zviv
cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Lye wew¯§Z n‡q‡Qb eBwUi AvKvi Ges Drcv`b
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co–b GLvb †_‡K : http://bit.ly/10WWzeF| Ges Palaeontologica
Polonica Rvb©v‡j cÖKvwkZ mymvb Bfv‡Ýi M‡elYv wbeÜwU co–
b GLvb †_‡K : http://bit.ly/13PofQh|ÑAbyev`K]
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y cÖvYx e‡j g‡b nq; Ggb Kx 15 wgwjqb
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154
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1735) eB‡qi cÖ_g ms¯‹i‡Y RxeRM‡Zi cÖ_g †kªYxweb¨vm
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c~e©cyi“l wKsev c~e©AvZ¥xq| cÖvq 35 j¶ eQi †_‡K Kg‡ewk
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n‡q‡Q) Zv A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kv‡mi bx‡Pi Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| GB
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157
Zvn‡j Avwg wK AKZv‡ii †NvwlZ 10 wUªwjqb wjiv wR‡Z
†Mjvg? bv, †mB my‡hvM †bB| AKZvi Lye m‡PZbZvi mv‡_
cÖPviYv Pvwj‡q‡Qb gvbe weeZ©‡b †Kv‡bv ai‡bi µgiƒcvš—
‡ii ev weKv‡ki Qvc †bB| Zuvi m„wói gvbwPÎ eB‡qi GK`g
†k‡li w`‡K gvbe weeZ©‡bi dwm‡ji cÖgvY wb‡q wKQy e³e¨
w`‡q‡Qb| GB e³‡e¨i cy‡ivUvB wLª÷vb m„wóev`x‡`i KvQ
†_‡K avi Kiv| cÖZœb„weÁvb‡K wZwb AvµgY K‡i‡Qb g~jZ
PviwU c‡q‡›U| (Avi GLv‡b Av`bvb AKZvi ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb
ïf¼‡ii duvwK!)
(1)wcëWvDb gvbe dwmj GKUv †auvKvevwR| A‡bK
cÖwZwôZ weÁvbx GB dwmj wb‡q cÖZviYv K‡i‡Qb|
Avevi A‡bK cÖwZwôZ weÁvbx G‡ci LwÊZ dwmj‡K
fyjfv‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb, †hgb ivgvwc‡_Kvm
(Ramapithecus)| Ggb Kx †cKvwi ev eb¨ k~Ki‡KI
(Hesperopithecus) gvby‡li c~e©cyi“l e‡jI wPwýZ
K‡i‡Qb| ZvB cÖwZwôZ weÁvbxiv †K wK ej‡jb
G¸‡jv‡K G‡Zv ¸i“Z¡ †`qvi wKQy †bB|
(2) A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvm (wP‡Î B I C Lywj) ïayB Gc
wQj, †hgb eZ©gvb mg‡qi Gciv m¤ú~Y©B Gc|
Gc‡`i g‡Zv A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvm‡`i wQj `xN© evû Avi
†QvU cv| GQvov Gc-m`„k AviI A‡bK ˆewkó¨I
158
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wQj| d‡j Zviv †Kv‡bvfv‡e gvby‡li mv‡_
m¤úwK©Z bq|
(3) †nv‡gv †nwewjm (D) Ges †nv‡gv
i“‡Wvj‡dbwmmivI (E) eû‡¶‡Î Gc-m`„k wQj|
A‡bK cÖwZwôZ weÁvbx G‡`i †nv‡gv wRbv‡mi (MY)
Aš—f©y³ bv K‡i A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvm wRbv‡mi Aš—f©y³
K‡i‡Qb| d‡j A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvm‡`i Ges AvR‡Ki
hy‡Mi Gc‡`i g‡Zv ZvivI g~jZ Gc wQj|
(4) †nv‡gv BiMvmUvi (F) Ges †nv‡gv B‡iKUvm
(G) `y‡UvB GK Ges Gi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv mwZ¨Kv‡ii
wmwgqvb ˆewkó¨ wQj bv| GUv cy‡ivcywi gvbylB wQj|
Lye †ewk Gc-m`„k †nv‡gv cÖRvwZ †nv‡gv †nwewjm (D)
I †nv‡gv i“‡Wvj‡dbwmm (E) Gi GKB mgqKv‡j
†nv‡gv BiMvmUvi (F) evm Ki‡Zv| ZvB G‡`i‡K
A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvm Ges †nv‡gvÕi ga¨eZ©x (UªvwÄkbvj)
dwmj wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq bv| A_©vr Dcmsnvi
n‡”Q gvbyl me©`vB gvbyl wQj Ges Gciv me©`vB Gc
wQj|
AKZv‡ii eB‡qi Ab¨vb¨ Av‡jv‡P¨i g‡Zv GB
e³e¨¸‡jv Aek¨ wg_¨v ev‡bvqvU fvl‡Y ficyi bq| GLv‡b
ïay fyj e³e¨ †`qv n‡q‡Q| d‡j G¸‡jv Lye mn‡R LÊb Kiv
hvq| cÖ_g c‡q›U †_‡K ïi“ Kiv hvK| GLv‡b ïay `~i †_‡K
gvbe weeZ©b wb‡q ˆeÁvwbK e³‡e¨i HK¨g‡Zi we‡ivwaZv
Kiv n‡”Q| wKš‘ GUv †Kv‡bv †Mvcb e¨vcvi bq wKsev we¯§qKi
wKQyI bq, Avi cÖvq mevi g‡Zv weÁvbxivI A‡bK mgq fyj
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GUv ¯^vfvweK NUbv| (wcëWvDb gvbe dwmj
wb‡q Bsj¨v‡Û MZ kZvãxi wØZxq `k‡Ki ïi“ †_‡K
fuvIZvevwRi NUbv N‡U Ges GwU m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c aiv c‡o cÖvq
Pি k eQi c‡i| GB RvwjqvwZi mv‡_ Bsj¨v‡Ûi A‡ckv`vi
GK dwmj msMÖnKvix Pvj©m W¨vmb‡K g~j Kzkxje wn‡m‡e
m‡›`n Kiv nq| m½x wn‡m‡e m‡›`n Kiv nq K‡qKRb
L¨vwZgvb b„weÁvbx‡K| hviv cÖ‡Z¨‡K B‡”QK…Zfv‡e A_ev
†Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e weåvš— n‡q weÁv‡bi cÖwZ
A‡ckv`vimyjf g‡bvfve wb‡q wcëWvDb gvbe dwmj wb‡q
†Rv”Pzwii NUbvq RwoZ wQ‡jb|ÑAbyev`K)| wKš‘ Av`bvb
AKZvi Zuvi GB e³‡e¨ †h mZ¨ †Mvcb K‡i‡Qb Zv n‡”Q
dwmj msµvš— GBme mywbw`©ó fyj¸‡jv wPwýZ Ges ms‡kvab
K‡i‡Qb GKgvÎ weÁvbxivB| (G Kv‡R m„wóev`x‡`i †Kv‡bv
f~wgKv †bB|) weÁvbxiv wb‡RivB DrmyK n‡q Luy‡R †ei
K‡i‡Qb, RbM‡Yi mvg‡b cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i c~e©mw~ i ev
mnKg©x KZ©„K K…Z †Mvcb fyj¸‡jv|
wØZxq c‡q‡›Ui Z‡_¨i Drm LuyR‡Z wM‡q †`Lv †Mj
AKZvi †mB Pি k eQi cyiv‡bv †mvwj RvKvig¨v‡bi (1904-
1993) †m‡K‡j wbe‡Üi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| RvKvig¨vbB
159
me©‡kl Gwel‡q AewnZ weÁvbx wQ‡jb whwb Ab¨ weÁvbx‡`i
mv‡_ wfbœgZ †cvlY K‡i ej‡Zb A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvmiv
gvby‡li †P‡q Avwd«Kvb Gc‡`i mv‡_B †ewk Nwbôfv‡e
m¤úwK©Z| (Ashton and Zuckerman 1950; Zuckerman 1966)|
AKZv‡ii g‡Zv RvKvig¨vbI g‡b Ki‡Zb
A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvmiv eûw`K †_‡KB Gc-m`„k| ga¨eZ©x
cÖvYx‡`i g‡a¨ GiKg ˆewkó¨ †`L‡Z cvIqvi Avkv Avcbviv
Ki‡ZB cv‡ib| weÁvbxiv GLb †gvUvgywU GKgZ †h (wP‡Î
D wLZ) Lywj (C) †_‡K A‡bK †ewk Gc-m`„k ˆewkó¨
i‡q‡Q Lywj (B)-G| Avevi Lywj (C) A‡bK †ewk Gc-m`„k
Lywj (D) I Lywj (E) †_‡K| Lywj (E) Avevi Lywj (F) I Lywj
(G) †_‡K †ewk Gc-m`„k| Lywj (H) †_‡K Lywj (G) †ewk
cwigvY Gc-m`„k Ges Gfv‡e P‡j‡Q| Z‡e weÁvbx‡`i g‡a¨
gZwfbœZv i‡q‡Q Lywj (D) gv‡b †nv‡gv †nwewjm I Lywj (E)
gv‡b †nv‡gv i“‡Wvj‡dbwmm cÖRvwZ wb‡q| G‡`i‡K
A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvm bvwK †nv‡gv wRbv‡mi Aš—f©y³ Kiv n‡e G
e¨vcv‡i ˆeÁvwbK weZK© i‡q‡Q| ms‡¶‡c ejv hvq G `ywUi
dwmj bgybv‡Z Dfq wRbv‡mi cÖPzi ga¨eZ©x ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q|
RwR©qv †_‡K GKB mgqKv‡ji Lywj I nvo cvIqv †M‡Q,
hv‡`i‡K †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv b„weÁvbx †nv‡gv †nwewjm (D)
cÖRvwZi e‡j †kªYxweb¨¯— Ki‡Z Pvb Avevi †KD †KD
G¸‡jv‡K †nv‡gv BiMvmUvi (F) cÖRvwZi mv‡_ †kªYxweb¨¯—
Ki‡Z Pvb| dwmj¸‡jvi ˆ`wnK MVbvK…wZ‡Z ga¨eZ©x ˆewkó¨ bv KviY `ywU Lywji †WwUs‡q GKB eqm †`Lv‡”Q| Av`bv‡bi
_vKvi Kvi‡YB GB weZ‡K©i D™¢e| hw` GBme dwm‡ji g‡a¨ GB e³e¨Uv A‡bKUv GiKg hyw³ nvwRi Ki‡Q †h gvwK©b
†Kv‡bv ai‡bi UªvwÄkbvj ev ga¨eZ©x MVb ˆewkó¨ bv _vK‡Zv, †cÖwm‡W›U evivK Ievgv †Kwbqv‡Z emevmKvix Zuvi `vw`i
Z‡e GB weZK© A‡bK Av‡MB dzwi‡q †hZ| es‡kv™¢~Z n‡Z cv‡ib bv KviY Df‡qB †Zv GL‡bv RxweZ
†evSv hv‡”Q AKZvi I Zuvi mnKvix-†jLKiv cÖvPxb- Av‡Qb!
gvbe wb‡q wjL‡Z wM‡q wKQyUv cÖ¯‘wZg~jK KvR Av‡MB
†m‡i‡Qb| mgZj c„w_exi e³viv †hgb †Kv‡bv ai‡bi wfwË AÜZ¡ †gvPb
QvovB RxeweeZ©b‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i _v‡Kb †mB Zzjbvq m„wói gvbwPÎ eB‡q cÖPzi my›`ifv‡e iw¶Z dwm‡ji Qwe
AKZvi‡`i GB e³e¨¸‡jv A‡bK †ewk †KŠkjx I e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z G‡`i wewfbœ Ask¸‡jv mn‡R †`‡LB
Z_¨vwfÁ| wKš‘ Av`bvb AKZvi‡`i A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kvm I Avgv‡`i g‡b GB aviYv nq- Qwei GB Rxe¸‡jv my² I
†nv‡gv m¤ú‡K© `vwe¸‡jv A‡bKUv GiKgÑÔmKj K”QcB wbLyuZ Askmg~‡ni mgš^‡q M‡o D‡V‡Q| Qwe¸‡jv †`‡L †hb
Awfbœ KviY mK‡jB †Zv K”Qc!Õ Zuv‡`i Kv‡Q Avgiv GB wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nB - me©kw³gvb Ck¦i mKj
A‡÷ª‡jvwc‡_Kv‡mi K¼vjZ‡š¿i †h gvbe-m`„k ¯^vZš¿m~PK Rxe‡KB cwic~Y© I wbLyuZ iƒ‡c m„wó K‡i‡Qb| †hgb GKUv
ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q Zv MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq KviY GUv †Zv †kl ch©šÍ e³e¨ n‡”Q Avgv‡`i †PvL bvwK AZ¨š— wbLuyZ wWRvB‡b ˆZwi|
GKUv Gc-B! Avevi Lywj (F) ev †nv‡gv BiMvmUvi-Gi Lywji wLª÷vb m„wóev`x‡`i Kv‡Q GB e³e¨wU AZ¨š— cQ‡›`i|
g‡a¨ †h cÖvK-gvbweK (subhuman) ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q †hgb Lywj I †ifv‡iÛ DBwjqvg c¨v‡j Ck¦‡ii ˆZwi m„wó‡Z wbLuyZ
gyLgʇji eo AvKvi Ges I cÖmvwiZ evB‡ii w`K BZ¨vw` wWRvB‡bi cÖgvY `vwe K‡i GB e³e¨wU Dc¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb|
†mme Zv‡`i Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| KviY (Zv‡`i g‡Z) GUvI (Paley 1802)| wKš‘ †Pv‡Li MV‡bi PgrKvi weeZ©bxq e¨vL¨v
†kl ch©šÍ GKUv gvby‡li Lywj Qvov wKQy bq! Avmj K_v i‡q‡Q| cÖvK…wZK wbe©vP‡bi Av‡jv‡K weeZ©b Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv
n‡”Q Av`bvb AKZvi Zuvi AvKvw•¶Z Dcmsnvi Av‡MB Awf‡hvRbB wbLuyZ bq|
†U‡b †i‡L‡Qb| Zuvi Av‡iKwU e³e¨ n‡”Q †nv‡gv BiMvmUvi cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb cÖwµqvwU cwiPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i
(F) KL‡bv †nv‡gv i“‡Wvj‡dbwmm (E) †_‡K D™¢~Z n‡Z cv‡i (eskMwZi m~‡Î cvIqv) c~e©cyiy‡li eskvbyµwgK GB
160
ˆewkó¨vejxi Dci, hv mgmvgwqKKv‡j Rx‡ei eZ©gvb
Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ Av`k© bq| cÖK…wZ‡Z cÖPzi D`vniY i‡q‡Q
hv Avgv‡`i mvg‡b ev‡R (Acwic~Y©) cwiKíbvi bgybv Zz‡j
a‡i| hvB †nvK, ev‡R cwiKíbv kãØq Avgv‡`i gv‡S weåvwš—
m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB weåvwš— wKš‘ ev‡R kãwU _vKvi Kvi‡Y
bq, eis Gi g~j KviY n‡”Q cÖK…wZ‡Z Avm‡j †Kv‡bv
wWRvBb (cwiKíbv) †bB|
GiciI `yf©vM¨ Avgv‡`i, gvbyl wKfv‡e welqwU‡K †`L‡Q
Zv GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Av‡jvP¨| mixm„c, cvwL‡`i (GKwU
mywbw`©ó `ªó‡e¨i w`‡K) `„wó wbe× Kivi †KŠkj gvby‡li †P‡q
A‡bK Kvh©Kix I DbœZ| gvby‡li †PvL mvaviY cÖ‡qvRb
c~i‡Yi Dc‡hvMx n‡jI †gv‡UI we‡klfve `¶Zvc~Y© bq| 40
eQi eq‡mi ciB †`Lv hvq gvby‡li †Pv‡Li Kvh©KvwiZv Av‡¯—
Av‡¯— K‡g hvq, d‡j †Kv‡bv wKQy cvV Ki‡Z ev †`L‡Z evav
m„wó nq wKsev Avgiv Pkgv e¨envi Ki‡Z eva¨ Ki‡Z nB|
Avgv‡`i †Pv‡Li MVb Ggb KviY (AvR‡Ki AwaKvsk ¯—
b¨cvqx‡`i g‡ZvB) Avgiv †h Avw`g ¯—b¨cvqx cÖvYx †_‡K
D™¢~Z n‡qwQ hv‡`i wQj †QvU †PvL Ges †mB †Pv‡Li `„wó
wbe× Kivi mvg_©¨ †Zgb DbœZ wQj bv| cieZ©x‡Z Avgv‡`i
†Pv‡Li †dvKvm †KŠk‡j †QvU †QvU cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q
cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb wµqvkxjZvi Kvi‡Y| wKš‘ GLb GB
welqwU‡K hw` (me©kw³gv‡bi) cwiKíbv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv
161
Kwi Zvn‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡e Avgv‡`i †Pv‡Li wU I mxgve×Zv
Ck¦wiK ¶gZvi A‡a©K wedjZv wn‡m‡e Zvui mybvgnvwb NUvq|
wKš‘ G‡K hw` Avgiv cÖvK…wZK wbe©vP‡bi Drcv`b wn‡m‡e
†`wL Z‡e G‡K PgKcÖ` mvdj¨ e‡jB g‡b nq| [cÖK…wZ‡Z
†hme †gi“`Êx-A‡gi“`Êx cÖvYxi †PvL i‡q‡Q, Zv‡`i †Pv‡Li
MVb I Kvh©KvwiZvi w`K w`‡q A‡bK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|
AvaywbKKv‡ji cÖvYx‡`i Zzjbvq Avw`gKv‡ji cÖvYx‡`i g‡a¨
†Pv‡Li MVb I Kvh©KvwiZv AZ¨š— `ye©j| Gi gva¨‡g GUv
†evSv hvq ûU K‡i GK`g cwic~Y© †PvL cÖvYx‡`‡n D™¢~Z nq
wb| `xN©w`‡bi µgweKvkg~jK cÖwµqvq GKUz GKUz
f¨vwi‡qk‡bi wfZi w`‡q cÖvYx‡`‡n †PvL MwVZ n‡q‡Q|
cÖvYxRM‡Z gvbyl n‡”Q †gi“`Êx cÖvYx‡`i ¯—b¨cvqx †kÖYxi|
c„w_ex‡Z cÖvY‰ewP‡Î¨i †h eqm-mxgv i‡q‡Q (cÖvq mv‡o wZbk
†KvwU eQi) †mLv‡b gvby‡li Ae¯’vb GK`g bexb (gvÎ `yB
†_‡K GK j¶ eQi gvÎ)| A_©vr gvbyl Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e
AvaywbK| gvby‡li †Pv‡Li MVb I Kvh©KvwiZvi †P‡q †Ku‡Pv
RvZxq A‡gi“`Êx cÖvYx d¬¨vUIqvg©‡`i †Pv‡Li MVb I
Kvh©KvwiZv A‡a©‡Ki †P‡qI Kg| d¬¨vUIqvg©‡`i †`‡n ïay
Av‡jvKms‡e`x ¶z`ª ¶z`ª `vM i‡q‡Q| mvgyw`ªK cÖvYx bwUjv‡mi
(Nautilus) GKUz DbœZ MV‡bi †PvL i‡q‡Q| Z‡e Zvi †Pv‡Li
MV‡bi mv‡_ gvby‡li †Pv‡Li MV‡bi cv_©K¨I i‡q‡Q|
d¬¨vUIqvg© I gvby‡li †Pv‡Li MV‡bi ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q
bwUjv‡mi †Pv‡Li MVb| cÖvYxweÁvbxiv †`‡L‡Qb bwUjv‡mi
wcb‡nvj K¨v‡givi g‡Zv †Pv‡Li †h MVb Zv
Av‡jvKms‡e`bkxj| †Kv‡bv e¯‘i w`‡K ZvKv‡j Qvqv ˆZwi
n‡e (wWg jvB‡Ui Av‡jv‡Z †`L‡Z †hiKg jv‡M) wKš‘ e¯‘i
c~Y©v½ Qwe Zvi `„wó‡Z ˆZwi nq bv| bwUjv‡mi †Pv‡Li Zzjbvq
d¬¨vUIqv‡g©i †Pv‡Li MVb Av‡iv `ye©j| Zvi †Pv‡L †Kv‡bv e¯‘i
c~Y©v½ Qwe ˆZwi nq bv, QvqvI ˆZwi nq bv| ïay Av‡jvi cÖwZ
Gi mœvqy¸‡jvi wKQy cÖwZwµqv ˆZwi nq| Avw`g A‡gi“`Êx
cÖvYx †_‡K ïi“ K‡i eZ©gvbKv‡ji cÖvYx‡`i †Pv‡Li MV‡bi
Ges Kvh©KvwiZvi †h wfbœZv I ˆewPΨ cÖvYxRM‡Z
i‡q‡QÑG¸‡jv wbðqB †Kv‡bv A‡jŠwKK eyw×`xß mËvi ax‡i
ax‡i `¶Zv e„w× Avi µgvš^‡q DbœwZi dj wn‡m‡e †KD `vwe
KivUv †hŠw³K n‡e bv|ÑAbyev`K]
wiPvW© WwK‡Ýi I‡qe mvBU eÜ K‡i †`qvi AvwR© Rvwb‡q
AKZv‡ii AvBbRxex ZzwK© Av`vj‡Z e‡jwQ‡jb WwK‡Ýi
Amf¨ AvPiY Av`bvb AKZv‡ii g‡Zv m¤§vwbZ Ges gvwR©Z
e¨w³i mybvgnvwb NwU‡q‡Q| Zuvi g‡°j Av`bvb AKZv‡ii
†jLv wewfbœ wel‡qi wZbkZ MÖš’ i‡q‡Q, GBme eB‡q wewfbœ
wel‡q cÖPzi gZvgZ i‡q‡Q wKš‘ G¸‡jvi †Kv_vI GKUvI
Am¤§vbRbK kã Luy‡R cvIqv hv‡e bv| Ggb Kx Zuvi GK
WR‡biI Dci I‡qe mvBU i‡q‡Q †mLv‡bI Ggb GKwU
kãI †bB| (`ªóe¨ : http://bit.ly/16e44CA)| Avwg Aek¨ wZbkZ
162
eB‡qi me¸‡jv c‡o †`wL wb| wKš‘ †h¸‡jv c‡owQ Zv‡Z
weÁvbx, e¯‘ev`x Ges m‡e©vcwi Pvj©m WviDB‡bi wei“‡× cÖPÊ
†¶vf Avi we‡Ø‡li mgvnvi †`L‡Z †c‡qwQ| Zuvi m„wói
gvbwPÎ eB‡qi cÖ_g w`‡K WviDBb‡K evwZj K‡i †`evi
AwfcÖv‡q wj‡L‡Qb :
Pvj©m WviDB‡bi `vwei Aek¨B †Kv‡bv
weÁvbm¤§Z cÖgvY ev wfwË †bB| wKš‘ hLb
†_‡K ˆeÁvwbK Ávb Ges cÖhyw³i DbœwZ NU‡Z
_vK‡jv GK`g cÖv_wgK gvÎvq †mB mgq
†_‡KB WviDB‡bi nvm¨Ki Ges Aev¯—e
`vwe¸‡jv w`‡bi Av‡jvi mvg‡b Avi wU‡K
_vK‡Z cvi‡jv bv| (c„ôv 14)|
Avgvi †ek g‡b a‡i‡Q AKZvi Zuvi cÖ_g ev‡K¨ ÔAek¨BÕ
kãwU e¨envi K‡i‡Qb! †KD hw` WviDB‡bi AwiwRb Ae
w¯úwmR MÖš’wU Lye Mfxifv‡e cvV bv K‡iI ïay `ª“Z cvZv
Dwë‡q hvq Zey †m †Ui cv‡e WviDBb Zuvi e³‡e¨i mg_©‡b
Kx Mfxi cwigvY I `xN© AbymÜvb Kvh© Pvwj‡q‡Qb| wKš‘
Avgvi G e³e¨ w`‡q Aek¨ cÖgvwYZ nq bv WviDBb mwVK
wQ‡jb| wKš‘ AKZvi m¤ú~Y© a„óZvi mv‡_, †evKvi g‡Zv I
wKQyUv JׇZ¨i mv‡_ `vwe K‡i‡Qb ÔWviDB‡bi w_Iwi
Aek¨B †Kv‡bv ai‡bi ˆeÁvwbK cÖgvY e¨wZ‡i‡K ˆZwi
n‡qwQj|Õ Zuvi GB e³e¨ ïay fyj bq eis cy‡ivcywi m‡Z¨i
wecixZ| A‡bKUv GiKgfv‡e ejv hvq †h Zuvi wb‡Ri eBwUI
ÔAek¨BÕ †Kviv‡bi cÖwZ Akª×vkxj|
hw` (AKZvi †hgbUv e‡j‡Qb) RxeweeZ©‡bi AbyKíwU
cy‡ivcywi fyj, wek¦ m¤ú‡K© Avw`g `„wófw½ Avi AvaywbK
ˆeÁvwbK cÖhyw³i NvUwZi Dci wfwË K‡i GwU M‡o DV‡Zv|
Zvn‡j Avgiv Avkv Kwi weÁvbxiv G‡Zvw`‡b Av‡iv gvwR©Z
cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i, fv‡jv w_Iwi I cÖPzi Z_¨-DcvË w`‡q
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163
AbjvBb wk‡ivbvg cvV Kiv Qvov| †hgb K‡qKUvi bvg n‡”Q
ÔThe Skulls that Demolish DarwinÕ, ÔThe Miracle of Electricity in the
BodyÕ, ÔThe Miracle of TermitesÕ, ÔDarwinism RefutedÕ, ÔMatter: The
Other Name for IllusionÕ BZ¨vw`| AvMÖnx‡`i Rb¨ †ewkifvM eB
I‡qe mvB‡U wcwWGd K‡i ivLv Av‡Q| (Z_¨m~Î `ªóe¨)|
AKZv‡ii ÔThe Miracle in the MosquitoÕ eBwU (Yahya 2005)
Avwg Zuvi I‡qe mvBU †_‡K bvwg‡q †`L‡Z †P‡qwQ AKZvi
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nq Ges wPš—v-cÖwµqvwU A‡b‡Ki Rb¨ cxov`vqKI e‡U|
WviDBb 19wU eQi e¨q K‡i‡Qb ïay cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb wb‡q
fve‡Z wM‡q| cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb wel‡q AwiwRb Ae w¯úwmR
eBwU cÖKv‡ki Av‡M GKUvi ci GKUv †bvUeB wj‡L †kl
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Nature. London: R Faulder. Available from: http://darwin- GB wbeÜ evsjvq Abyev‡`i mwe‡kl AbygwZ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡`i Kv‡Q Avwg
online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=A142&viewtype=text&pa
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we‡klÁ W¨vwij cieZ©x 80 wgwjqb eQ‡i Synapsida iv ভা ু ক Ges †bK‡oi
Wgwbs R¨vgvBKv gZ wkKvix cÖvYxi cvkvcvwk k~K‡ii gZ Z…Y‡fvRx cÖvYx‡ZI
†_‡K 50 wgwjqb weewZ©Z nq| GB mg‡q Zviv ¯—b¨cvqx‡`i AviI A‡bK
eQi cyi‡bv Pezosiren ˆewkó¨ jvf K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ D L‡hvM¨ nj †Pvqv‡ji evowZ
portelli-Gi GKwU
†cwk hv wPev‡bvi Kv‡R mnvqZv K‡i; gy‡Li wfZ‡i AwZwi³
c~Y©v½ dwmj D×vi K‡ib| GB cÖvYxwUi wm‡iwbqvb‡`i gZB
Zvjy hv Zv‡`i GKB mv‡_ †L‡Z Ges k¦vm wb‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
gv_vi Lywj Ges `vuZ wQj| Gi cvuRiI wm‡iwbqvb‡`i gZ k³
GKvwaK ¯—‡i mw¾Z Pe©b `vuZ hv Lv`¨ mivmwi wM‡j †djvi
nvo Øviv wbwg©Z wQj hv cÖvYxwUi fvi‡K›`ª wn‡m‡e KvR KiZ|
Av‡M wPev‡bvi Kv‡R jv‡M; eo gw¯—¯‹ Ges h_vh_ k¦vm-
Gi PviwU AvOyjmn cv _vK‡jI cvLbv wQj bv| Ab¨vb¨
169
cÖk¦v‡mi Rb¨ cuvR‡ii Pvicv‡ki †cwk| G‡`i †`‡n †jvg
_vKvi cÖgvY ch©š— cvIqv ‡M‡Q, hv wbwðZfv‡eB ¯—b¨cvqx‡`i
ˆewkó¨| Pxb, `w¶Y Avwd«Kv I †U·v‡m cvIqv 200 wgwjqb
eQi Av‡Mi mwZ¨Kv‡ii ¯—b¨cvqx cÖvYxi dwm‡jI Dcw¯’wZi
gva¨‡g Synapsida-†`i NUbv †kl nq|
wewfbœ cÖvYxi wb‡Pi †Pvqv‡ji dwmj ch©‡e¶‡Yi Øviv
¯—b¨cvqx‡`i weeZ©‡bi me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cwieZ©b¸‡jv j¶¨
Kiv hvq| mixm…c I Avw` Synapsida-†`i evg I Wvb
Dfqcv‡ki wb‡Pi †Pvqvj¸‡jv nvo Øviv MwVZ, hvi †Kv‡bvwU
Avevi `vuZ‡KI a‡i iv‡L| Synapsida-†`i weeZ©‡bi mv‡_
†Pvqv‡ji nvo¸‡jv eo n‡Z _v‡K Ges †k‡l gv_vi Lywji
mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i| mixm„c‡`i †Pvqv‡ji GKwU nvo
m¼ywPZ n‡Z n‡Z G‡Kev‡i wejyß n‡q hvq| Ab¨ nvo `ywU
mi‡Z mi‡Z ga¨K‡Y© P‡j hvq †hLv‡b Zviv †bnvB I nvZywoi
gZ KvR Ki‡Z _v‡K| Zviv Kv‡bi c`©vq kã Drcbœ K‡i hv
w÷ivc nvo n‡q Aš—tK‡Y© †cŠu‡Q hvq| Avcbviv hw`
mixm…c‡`i kã †kvbvi cÖwµqv m¤^‡Ü bv Rv‡bb Z‡e
nvo¸‡jvi Kv‡Ri Ggb cwieZ©b Avcbv‡`i Kv‡Q A™¢yZ
jvM‡Z cv‡i| mixm…c‡`i †¶‡Î kã wb‡Pi †Pvqvj †_‡K
gv_vi Lywji ga¨ w`‡q Aš—tK‡Y© †cŠuQvq| Kv‡bi c`©vq Gmgq
†h K¤úb Abyf~Z nq Zv †Kv‡bv e¯—y‡K hvPvB Kivi Rb¨
AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|
170
Ab¨vb¨ †Mvôxi †¶‡ÎI GLb A‡bK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ôwgwms
wj¼Õ †`Lv hvq| A‡bK cÖRvwZi dwmj GLb Wvq‡bvmi †_‡K
cvwLi weeZ©‡bi wPÎwU AviI ¯úó K‡i| 150 wgwjqb eQi
cyiv‡bv RyivwmK hy‡Mi dwmj †iK‡W© cvIqv Archaeopteryx-Gi
D`vniY GLv‡b †`Lv‡bv hvq| Px‡bi Lower Cretaceous †_‡K
cvIqv 140 eQi cyiv‡bv dwm‡jI cvwLi ˆewkó¨ †`Lv hvq|
†hgb Sinornis Gi fuvR Kievi gZ Wvbv wQj, _vev w`‡q
aievi Dc‡hvMx cv wQj, †j‡Ri nvo¸‡jv me GKmv‡_ wg‡k
GKwU nv‡o cwiYZ n‡qwQj| `vuZwenxb †VuvU Avgiv cÖ_g
†`wL Confuciusornis-G| †¯ú‡bi cÖvq 130 wgwjqb eQi cyi‡bv
Lower Cretaceous wkjv †_‡K cvIqv hvq Iberomesornis, hvi †ek
gReyZ ey‡Ki nvo wQj hv Dovi Rb¨ e¨eüZ †cwk‡K AvU‡K
ivLZ| GB cÖvYxwUi Avevi Wvq‡bvm‡ii gZ Avw`g cÖK…wZi
†gi“`ÊI wQj|
GB ai‡bi cvwL‡`i dwmj¸‡jv‡K GLb AvKv‡k D‡o bv
Ggb Wvq‡bvmi‡`i ZvwjKvq †hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| Microraptor ev
Caudipteryx-Gi dwmj¸‡jv‡Z †ek DbœZ ai‡bi cvjK †`Lv
‡M‡Q| G †_‡K †evSv hvq I¸‡jv Doevi Dc‡hvMx nIqviI
A‡bK Av‡M AviI wfbœ wfbœ Kv‡R e¨eüZ nZ| [ †`Lyb
ÔBird's-eye ViewÕ by Matthew T. Carrano and Patrick M. O'Connor,
Natural History; May 2005, Vol. 114 Issue 4, p42]|
 Av‡iKwU cUcwieZ©b hvi c‡¶I GLb h‡_ó
Z_¨cÖgvYvw` cvIqv †M‡Q Zv nj DfPi cÖvYx‡`i Wv½v weRq
(Awf‡hvRb)| `k‡Ki ci `kK a‡i gvQ I DfPi‡`i
ga¨eZ©x GKgvÎ dwmjwU wQj wMÖbj¨v‡Û cvIqv 360 wgwjqb
eQi cyi‡bv †Wfwbqvb hy‡Mi Ichthyostega| DfPi cÖvYx‡`i
mv‡_ Ichthyostega †`i bvbv mv`„k¨ †hgb myMwVZ cv, Kvu‡a
c~Y©v½ KwUeÜ, †gi“`‡Êi mv‡_ hy³ wbZ‡¤^i nvo _vKv m‡Ë¡I
G‡`i gy‡Li Dci cvwbi wfZ‡ii e¯—yKYv wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨
gv‡Qi gZ Kvb‡Kv wQ`ª Ges gv‡Q‡`i gZB cvLbvIqvjv j¤^v
†jR wQj|
mv¤cÖwZK Avwe®‹vi¸‡jv †hgb GKB A‡j cvIqv
Acanthostega, GB wPÎwU‡K AviI RwUj I AvKl©Yxq K‡i
Zy‡j‡Q| Acanthostega Gi Kv‡bi nvoI wQj hv cvwbi wfZ‡i
kã †kvbvi Dc‡hvMx wQj| Ichthyostega A‡c¶v eo cvLbvhy³
†jR Acanthostega Gi †`‡n †`Lv hvq| DbœZZi Kvb‡Kvi
Kvi‡Y Acanthostega, Ichthyostega Gi †P‡q AviI †ewk Avw`g I
AviI †ewk RjR ˆewk‡ó¨i AwaKvix wQj| Acanthostega †`i
Pvi cv‡qi cÖwZwU‡Z 5wUi ¯’‡j 8wU K‡i AvOyj wQj hv
Avw`gKv‡ji PZy®ú`x cÖvYx‡`i †¶‡Î Av`k© wQj| Gi
Dcv½¸‡jv muvZvi KvUvi cvkvcvwk Rjvk‡qi Zj‡`‡ki Dci
w`‡q nuvUvi Dc‡hvMx wQj, Wv½vq nvuUvi Dc‡hvMx bq|
DfPi‡`i cv weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q Wv½vq PjvP‡ji Rb¨ (Lv‡`¨i
171
bZyb Dr‡mi mÜv‡b), cÖPwjZ Ggb Kvwnwbi mv‡_ GUv
mvsNwl©K cv weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q cvwbi wbP w`‡q nuvUvi R‡b¨
(†ewkifvM m¨vjvg¨vÛviiv AvRI hv K‡i P‡j)| Zvici Zviv
Wv½vq Pjvi Dc‡hvMx n‡q D‡V KviY †mB ¶gZv Zviv †c‡q
wM‡qwQj|
GLb †mB weeZ©‡bi K_vq Avwm hv Avgv‡`i cÖRvwZ
Homo sapiens MV‡b f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| wKQyw`b Av‡MI
gvbe‡Mv‡Îi dwm‡ji msL¨v AZ¨š— mxwgZ wQj| 1912 mv‡j
wcëWvDb g¨vb bv‡g cwiwPZ GK cÖeÂbvg~jK dwm‡ji
Kvi‡Y mewKQy‡ZB AwbðqZv I weå‡gi GK gvqvRvj ˆZwi
nq| wKš‘ MZ wZb `k‡K mKj Avwe®‹viB Av‡jv‡Z wb‡q
G‡m‡Q| Avwd«Kvi Pv` cÖRvZš¿ †_‡K 6 †_‡K 7 wgwjqb eQi
cyi‡bv Sahelanthropus Gi dwmj Avwe®‹…Z nq| Bw_‡qvwcqvq 2
†_‡K 5 wgwjqb cyi‡bv †iK‡W© bZyb MY Ardipithecus I
Australopithecus-Gi bZyb `yBwU cÖRvwZi (A. Anamensis I A.
Bahrelghazali) dwmjI †ei Kiv m¤¢e nq| Avgv‡`i wb‡R‡`i
cÖvq 2 wgwjqb eQi cyi‡bv MY Homo GiI †ek wKQy cÖRvwZ
wPwýZ n‡q‡Q|
ms‡¶‡c ejv hvq gvby‡li dwmj †iKW© GLb A‡bK †ewk
mg…× I m¤ú~Y©| bZyb D×viK…Z bgybv¸‡jvi A‡bK¸‡jv
Avevi †ek we¯§qKi| †hgb cyi‡bv b…weÁvbx‡`i K_vi
we‡ivwaZv K‡i dwmj¸‡jv Avgv‡`i †`Lvq `yB cv‡q `uvov‡bvi
NUbvUv gw¯—‡®‹i AvKvi e…w×i Av‡MB N‡U‡Q| gvbe weeZ©‡bi dwmj †iKW© RxeweeZ©b e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ WviDB‡bi mg‡qi gZ
A‡bK c‡ii ch©v‡q gw¯—‡®‹i AvKv‡ii e…w× N‡U‡Q| GLb Avi weo¤^bvi KviY bq|
†gi“`Êx‡`i DrcwËi e¨vcv‡i dwmj †iK‡W© GKmgq
nZvkvRbK duvK i‡q wM‡qwQj| RxeweÁvbxiv wewfbœ RxweZ
cÖvYx‡KB (†hgb, lancelets, sea squirts) A‡gi“`Êx I
†Pvqvjwenxb gv‡Qi ga¨Kvi ms‡hvM e‡j cix¶v Pvjv‡Zb|
hZw`b bv 480 wgwjqb eQi cyi‡bv A‡W©vwfwmqvb hy‡Mi †Wvbvì †cÖv‡_‡iv : Av‡gwiKvi Aw·‡W›Uvj K‡j‡Ri f~ZË¡we`¨vi
Aa¨vcK| ÔThe fossils say yes!Õ wk‡ivbv‡gi cÖeÜwU †jL‡Ki
ïi“i w`‡Ki †ek Kvh©Ki wKQy dwmj Avwe®‹…Z nq| Z‡e
AbygwZµ‡g Natural History g¨vMvwRb (2005, 114 (9):
†m¸‡jv ïay wKQy fv½v nvo Avi U Qov‡bv Ae¯’vq wQj|
52-56) †_‡K msM„nxZ|
Z‡e Pxb †_‡K cvIqv 510 wgwjqb †_‡K 500 wgwjqb
eQi Av‡Mi ga¨ K¨vgweªqvb hy‡Mi wKQy dwmj lancelet Gi
AfxK `vm : weÁvb I hyw³ev`x KvDw݇ji m`m¨| wk¶v_©x, kvnRvjvj
c~e©m~wi wn‡m‡e ïay we‡ewPZ nq wb, big kix‡ii AviI wKQy
weÁvb I cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vjq, wm‡jU|
bgybv cÖ_gw`‡Ki †gi“`Êx cÖvYx wn‡m‡eI wPwýZ n‡q‡Q| Gi
gva¨‡g †gi“`Êx‡`i c`v¼ †mB K¨vgweªqvb hy‡MI cvIqv hvq,
hLb AvaywbK cÖvYxRM‡Zi wewfbœ kvLvi m…wó n‡qwQj|
WviDB‡bi AwiwRb Ae w¯úwmR eB‡qi hLb †`ok eQi
†cwi‡q hv‡”Q, cÖvß dwm‡ji wb`k©b¸‡jv †`L‡j g‡b nq
WviDB‡bi g‡b `ytL ev Aciva‡eva bq, eis †MŠie †eva
Ki‡Zb| weeZ©bxq-RxeweÁvbxiv GLb Av‡iv wKQy Avwe®‹v‡ii
w`‡K ZvKv‡Z cv‡ib| hvi KZ¸wj †QvU gw¯—‡®‹i `y †c‡q
†nvwgwbW‡`i gZ we¯§q RvMv‡e, Avevi KZ¸wj weeZ©‡bi
NUbv m¤^‡Ü dwmjwe`‡`i aviYvi †gvo Nywi‡q †`‡e| ZvB
172