Section 5.

4 The Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and the Method of Substitution 1

Using the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Theorem B Substitution Rule for Indefinite Integrals
Let g be a differentiable function and suppose that F is an antiderivative of f.
Then integral such as
Second Funda- mental Theorem of Calculus to evaluate a definite

f1g1x22g¿1x2 dx = F1g1x22 + C
L f(x) dx, is to
L
a

grand f(x), and Proof All we need to do to prove this result is to show that the derivative of
F(b) - F(a) the right side is equal to the integrand of the integral on the left. This is a simple
appli-
n antiderivative. It is for this reason that we return briefly to thecation
evalua-of the
tion of Chain Rule.
indefinite integrals.

Dx[F1g1x22 + C] = F¿1g1x22g¿1x2 = f1g1x22g¿1x2 

We normally apply Theorem B as follows. In an integral such as 1f g x g¿

x dx1 1we22let1u 2= g x , so that du
1 2dx = g¿ x .>Thus, du1 =2 g¿ x dx. The integral
1
then2 becomes

f1 g1x22 g¿1x2 dx = f1u2 du = F1u2 + C = F1g1x22 + C

L 3 u 5 du
L

Thus, if we can find an antiderivative for f(x), we can evaluate 1 f1g1x22g¿1x2

dx. The trick to applying the method of substitution is to choose the right
substitution to make. In some cases this substitution is obvious; in other cases it is
not so obvious. Proficiency in applying the method of substitution comes from
practice.
Theorem 4.8B gave a number of antidifferentiation formulas. Since those
re- sults will be our starting point for most integration problems, that theorem is
worth reviewing now.

 EXAMPLE Evaluate sin 3x dx.

L

SOLUTION The obvious substitution here is u = 3x, so that du = 3 dx. Thus

1
sin 3x dx = sin1 3x 2 3 dx
L L3 3 3
u du

1
sin u du
1 1
= 3L =- cos u + C = - cos 3x + C
3 3
1 # 3 in order to have the expression 3 dx
Notice how we had to multiply by du
3 =
in the integral. 

 EXAMPLE Evaluate e-2x dx.

L

SOLUTION The substitution is u = -2x, so that du = -2 dx. Thus

1 1
e -2x dx = a- b e -2x ( - 2 dx)
= - exp (-2x) (-2x dx)
2 3 3
L L 2 L u d
u

1 u 1 1
= - 2 L e du = - 2 eu + C = - 2e -2x
+ C 
 2 Chapter 5 The Definite Integral
294

 EXAMPLE Evaluate x sin x2 dx.

L
 SOLUTION Here the appropriate substitution is u = x2. This gives us
sin x2 = sin u in the integrand, but more importantly, the extra x in the integrand
can be put with the differential, because du = 2x dx. Thus
1
x sin x2 dx = sin1 x2 2 2x dx
L L2 u
3
du
3

1 1 1
= sin u =- cos u + C = - cos x2 + C 
2L 2 2
du
No law says that you have to write out the u-substitution. If you can do the
substitution mentally, that is fine. Here is an illustration.

Evaluate x 3 2x 4 + 11 dx.
 EXAMPLE 10 L

SOLUTION Mentally, substitute u = x4 + 11.

1
x3 2x4 + 11 dx =
1x4 + 1121>2 14x3 dx2
L 4
1 4
= 1x + 1123>2 + C 
6
4
What Makes This Substitution Work?
 EXAMPLE 11 Evaluate 2x2 + x 12x + 12 dx.
L0
tion work. If the expression in parentheses were 3x + 1 rather than 2x + 1, the Sub- stitution Rule would not apply and we would have a much more difficult problem.
SOLUTION Let u = x2 + x; then du = 12x + 12 dx. Thus,
2x 2 + x 12x + 12 dx = u1>2 du = 2
3
u3>2 + C
3 5
L L
u du

3=
2
1x2 + x23>2 + C
Therefore, by the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,
4
2 4
L
2x2 + x 12x + 12 dx = C 1x2 + x23>2 + C0 D
3

0 2
= C 312023>2 + C D - [0 + C]
= 3212023>2 L 59.63 

Note that the C of the indefinite integration cancels out, as it always will, in
the definite integration. That is why in the statement of the Second Fundamental
The- orem we could use the phrase any antiderivative. In particular, we may
always choose C = 0 in applying the Second Fundamental Theorem.
p>4
 EXAMPLE 12 Evaluate sin3 2x cos 2x dx.
L0

SOLUTION Let u = sin 2x; then du = 2 cos 2x dx. Thus,

1
sin3 2x cos 2x dx = 1sin 2x2312 cos 2x2 dx =
1 u3 du
L 2L 3
3 2L
u du

1 u4 sin4 2x
= 2 4 + C = +
C
8
Therefore, by the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,
p>4 L0

8
sin3 2x cos 2x dx = c p>4
sin4 2x 8 11
= d- 0 = 
0
295
 Note that in the two-step procedure illustrated in Examples 11 and 12, we
must be sure to express the indefinite integral in terms of x before we apply the
Second Fundamental Theorem. This is because the limits, 0 and 4 in Example
11, and 0 and> p 4 in Example 12, apply to x, not to u. But what if, in making the
sub- stitution u = sin 2x in Example 12, we also made the corresponding
changes in the limits of integration to u?
If x = 0, then u = sin 12 # 02 = 0.
If x = p>4, then u = sin 121p>422 = sin 1p>22 = 1.

Could we then finish the integration with the definite integral in terms of u? The
answer is yes.
p>4 4 1 1
sin3 2x cos 2x dx = c 1 u d = 1 - 0 =
L0 2 4 0 8 8
Here is the general result, which lets us substitute the limits of integration, thereby
producing a procedure with fewer steps.

Substitution in Definite Integrals Theorem C Substitution Rule for Definite Integrals

Let g have a continuous derivative on [a, b], and let f be continuous on the
make a substitution in a definite integral, three changes are required:
e the substitution in the integrand.
range of g. Then
b g1b2
e the appropriate change in the differential. f1g1x22g¿1x2 dx = f1u2 du
nge the limits from a and b La Lg1a2
a) and g(b). where u = g(x).

Proof Let F be an antiderivative of f (the existence of F is guaranteed by Theo-

rem 5.3A). Then, by the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,
g1b2
g1b2
f1u2 du = C F1u2 D = F1g1b22 - F1g1a22
Lg1a2 g1a2

On the other hand, by the Substitution Rule for Indefinite Integrals (Theorem B),

f1g1x22g¿1x2 dx = F1g1x22 + C
L
and so, again by the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,
b
b
f1g1x22g¿1x2 dx = C F1g1x22 Da = F1g1b22 - F1g1a22 
L
1
x +1
 EXAMPLE 13 Evaluate 2
dx.
2
L0 1x + 2x + 62
SOLUTION Let u = x2 + 2x + 6, so du = 12x + 22 dx = 21x + 12 dx, and
note that u = 6 when x = 0 and u = 9 when x = 1. Thus,
1
x + 1 1 1
2(x + 1)
2
dx = dx
L0 1x2 + 2x + 62 2 L0 1x2 + 2x + 622
1 9 11 9
= u-2 du = -
d
2 6 2u 6
L
1 1 1
= - - a- b = 
18 12 36
p >4
2 cos 1x
 EXAMPLE 14 Evaluate dx.
Lp2>9 1x

SOLUTION Let u = 1x, so du = dx> A 21x B . Thus,

296
 p >4
2 cos 1x p2>4
dx = 2 cos
1x #1 dx
Lp2>9 1x Lp2> 21x
9
p>2cos u
=2 du
Lp>3
p>2
= C 2 sin u D = 2 - 23
p>3
The change in the limits of integration occurred at the second equality. When
x = p2>9, u = 2p2>9 = p>3; when x = p2>4, u = p>2. 

y  EXAMPLE 15 Figure 1 shows the graph of a function f that has a continu-

ous third derivative. The dashed lines are tangent to the graph of y =1 f2 x at (1,
5
y = f (x) 1) and (5, 1). Based on what is shown, tell, if possible, whether the following
integrals are positive, negative, or zero.
4
5 5
(a) 1f 2x dx (b) f¿1x2 dx
L5
1 L1
3 5
(c) L f– 1x (d) f‡1x2 dx
(1, 1) 2 dx L1
1 (4, 1) (5, 1)
2 1

1234 5 x SOLUTION
(a) The function f is positive for all x in the interval [1, 5], and the graph
indicates
5
Figure 1
that there is some area above the x-axis. Thus, f1x2 dx 7 0.
L1
(b) By the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,
5
L f¿ 1x 2dx = f 15 2 - f11 = 1 - 1 = 0
21
(c) Again using the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (this time with f¿
being an antiderivative of f–), we see that
5
L f– 1x 2dx = f¿ 15 2 - f¿ 11 2 = 0 - 1 - 1 = 1
1 2
(d) The function f is concave up at x = 5, so f–152 7 0, and it is concave down at
x = 1, so f–112 6 0. Thus,
5

f‡1x2 dx = f–152 - f–112 7 0 

L1

Figure 2
 Thi nd Fundamental Theorem of Cal- culus can be restated in this way:
s b
exampl L F¿ 1t 2 dt = F1 b2 - F1 a
e 2a
illustrat If F(t) measures the amount of some quantity at time t, then the Second
es the Fundamen- tal Theorem of Calculus says that the accumulated rate of change
remark from time t = a to time t = b is equal to the net change in that quantity over the
able interval [a, b], that is, the amount present at time t = b minus the amount present
propert at time t = a.
y that
to  EXAMPLE 16 Water leaks out of a 55-gallon tank at the rate
evaluat V¿1t2 = 11 - 1.1t where t is measured in hours and V in gallons. (See Figure 2.)
ea
297
definite
integral
all we
need to
know
are the
values
of an
antideri
vative
at the
end
points
5
a and b.
For 1
exampl
e, to
evaluat
e f–
L
1x2 dx,
all we
needed
to
know
was
f¿152
and
f¿112;
we did
not
need to
know f¿
or f– at
any
other
points.

Acc
um
ula
ted
Rat
e of
Ch
ang
e
The
Seco
 V '(t) Initially, the tank is full. (a) How much water leaks out of the tank between t = 3
and t = 5 hours? (b) How long does it take until there are just 5 gallons
remaining in the tank?
10

SOLUTION
time t. V(t) represents the amount of water that has leaked out through
(a) The amount that has leaked out between t = 3 and t = 5 hours is equal to the
5
area under the V¿ 1t curve from 3 to 5 (Figure 3). Thus
5 5
2 1.1 5
V152 - V132 = V¿1t2 dt = 111 - 1.1t2 dt = c 11t - t2
d L L = 13.2
3 3 2 3

35 10
t Thus, 13.2 gallons leaked in the two hours between time t = 3 and t = 5.
(b) Let t1 denote the time when 5 gallons remain in the tank. Then the amount
that has leaked out is equal to 50, so V1 t21 = 50. Since the tank was initially
Figure 3
full (i.e., nothing has leaked out), we have V1 02 = 0. Thus,
t1

V1t12 - V102 = 111 - 1.1t2 dt

L
0

50 - 0 = c 11t t1
- 1.1 2d
2 t 0

0 = -50 + 11t1 - 0.55t2

1

The solutions of this last equation are 10 A 11 ; 211 B >11, approximately

10
6.985 and 13.015. Note that since 10 111 - 1.1t2 dt = 55, the entire tank is
drained by time t = 10, leading us to discard the latter solution. Thus, 5
gallons remain after 6.985 hours.

Concepts Review
1. If f is continuous on [a, b] and if F is any of f there, 3. By the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,
b d
then 1a f1x2 dx = . 1c F¿1x2 dx = .
b
2. The symbol C F1x2 Da stands for the expression . 4. Under the substitution u = x3 + 1, the definite integral
1 2
10 x 1x
3
+ 124 dx transforms to the new definite integral .

Problem Set 5.4

In Problems 1–14, use the Second Fundamental Theorem of Cal- In Problems 15–34, use the method of substitution to find each of
culus to evaluate each definite integral. the following indefinite integrals.
2
2
1. x3 dx 15. 23x + 2 16. 23 2x - 4 dx
L0 2. x4 dx
L-1 L L
dx
2 2
3. 13x2 - 2x + 32 dx 4. 14x3 + 72 dx 17. cos13x + 22 18. sin12x - 42 dx
L dx
L L
-1
4 L1
1 3
2 19. sin16x
dx - 72 20. cos A pv - 27 B dv
5. dw 6. dt
L1 w 2
L1 t
3 L L
4 8 21. x2x 2 + 4 dx 22. x21x3 + 529 dx
7.
1t0dt 8. L 13 w dw
1 L L
L -2 4 4
s -8 2 -12>7
v A 23v2 + p B 7>8 dv
9. a + 13 dy 10. ds 23.
dx
x1x + 32 24.
L y L L
y2 L s2
 -4 1
p>2 p>2
11. L cos x dx 12. 2 sin t dt 25. x sin1x2 + 42 dx 26. x2 cos1x3 + 52 dx
L L z cos 23 z2 + 3
0
x sin 2x 2 + 4 A B
Lp>6
1 1
13. 12x4 - 3x2 + 52 dx 14. 1x4>3 - 2x1>32 dx 27. dx 28. dz
29 L L L 2x 2 + 4 L
0 0
A 23 z2 + 3 B 2
8