Norms

Water Power Development- Emil Mosonyi Page No.-335, Tab.No.-1/92

[a] Coefficient of Friction for the investigation of penstock Supports **

S.N. Description Allowable Value

1 Steel on concrete or on brick… 0.45 - 0.50
2 Cast iron on concrete…………… 0.50 - 0.75
3 Steel on steel, without lubrican 0.30 - 0.50
4 Steel on steel with graphite… 0.20 - 0.22
5 Steel on steel, greased ………… 0.12 - 0.15
6 Steel roller on steel 0.05 - 0.10

Micro-Hydropower Sourcebook, Page No.147, Table No.5.7

[b] Allowable bearing capacity commonly used by design Engineers for Different soil (22)

S.N. Description Max. Allowable Bearing pressure, kgf/m2

0 50,000 100,000
1 Alluvial
2 Soft clay
3 Sand
4 Sand and gravel
5 Sand and gravel with clay
6 Shale
7 Rock

Micro-Hydropower Sourcebook, Page No.126, Table No.5.5

[c] Properties of material used in the manufacture of Penstock Pipe

coefficient of
Youngs moudle Ultimate tensile
linear
S.N. Description of elasticity strength Density (kgf/m3)
expansion
E (kgf/cm2) (kgf/cm2)
a(m/m oc)

1 Steel 21.10^5 12.10-6 3500 7900

2 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 0.28.10^6 54.10-6 280 1400
3 Polyethylene 0.02-0.08.10^7 140.10-6 60-90 940
4 Concrete 2.10^8 10.10-6 - 1800-2500
5 Asbestos cement 8.1.10-6 - 1600-2100
6 Cast iron 8.10^10 10.10-6 1400 7200
7 Ductile iron 17.10^11 11.10-6 3500 7300

Planning of Intake, page No. -67

[d] Emperial value of soil Partiles:

S.N Items Specific Weight of soil

1 Sand/Gravel 20 kN/m3
2 Rubble with Sand 19 kN/m3
3 Clay 20 kN/m3
4 Sandy clay / clayey sand 21 kN/m3
5 silt 19 kN/m3

Planning of Intake, page No. -67

512320028.xls 1 03/03/2021
 Norms
[e] Emperial value for pore volume proportion:

S.N Items pore volume proportion

1 Sand/Gravel 35 %
2 Rubble with Sand 45 %
3 Clay 60 %
4 Sandy clay / clayey sand 45 %
5 silt 45 %

Planning of Intake, page No. -67

[f] Emperial value for various friction coefficients (concrete/soil) :

S.N. Items Noncohesive soils cohesive soils

1 Sand 0.56 -
2 Gravel 0.6 -
3 rubble/stones 0.7 -
4 Clay - 0.2
5 Sandy Clay - 0.3

Design Criteria,Perusahaan Umum Listrik Negara, Page-II-7

[g] Unit weight
S.N Items unit unit weight
1 Reinforced concrete 2.40 t/m3
2 Plain Concrete 2.30 t/m3
3 Structural Steel 7.85 t/m3
4 Excavated rock, embankment & filling 1.80 t/m3
(natural)
5 Excavated rock, embankment & filling 2.00 t/m3
(saturated)
6 Excavated rock, embankment & filling 1.00 t/m3
(saturated)
7 Water 1.00 t/m3

[h] Physical Coefficient:

1 Internal friction angle and cohesion

Internal
Cohesion
S.N Items Friction angle,
(t/m2)
(o)
Excavated rock (embankment &fill),above
1 Water level 35 0
Excavated rock (embankment &fill),below
2 Water level 30 0
3 Foundation rock 50 100
4 Earth (embankment &fill) 25 0

2 Friction Coefficient

SN Items Coefficient
1 Concrete to concrete 0.65
2 Concrete to fresh rock 0.65
3 Concrete to wheathered rock 0.5
4 Concrete to earth 0.3

LITERATURE:
[1] CIVIL ENGINEERING GUIDE LINES FOR PLANNING & DESIGN HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT
- Chapter -4, Page-4-29
[2] MICRO HYDROPOWER SOURCEBOOK
-Civil Works, Page-138
512320028.xls 2 03/03/2021
 Khani Khola dolkha Hydroelectric Project-30MW
Design Calculation of Anchor Block
Long Straight Target
ANCHOR BLOCK NO: Penstock -05

DESIGN CONDITION OF ANCHOR BLOCK

Design Data:
9 D1 = Inside Diameter of Steel Pipe Lower 1.2 m 1.131429
= Inside Diameter of Steel Pipe Upper 1.2 m 1.131429
D2 = Outside Diameter of Steel Pipe 1.236 m
10 t = Thiciness of steel pipe shell 0.018 m
19 H = Design head at the I.P. of Anchor Block 422.081 m
13 Q = Maximum Discharge for power generation 5.1 m3/s
d1 = Distance between two anchor block 0 m
7 L1 = Pipe length between I.P. of Anchor Block and upper expansion joint 52.50 m
8 L2 = Pipe length between I.P. of Anchor Block and lower expansion joint 3.00 m
5 l1 = Pipe length between I.P. of Anchor Block and upper adjacent saddle pier 8 m
6 l2 = Pipe length between I.P. of Anchor Block and lower adjacent saddle pier 8 m
radians
1 a1 = Vertical angle of upper pipe axis 38.861 0 0.678
2 a2 = Vertical angle of lower pipe axis 45.244 0 0.790 radians

3 f = Horizontal intersection angle between upper and lower pipe axis 0 0 0.000 radians

11 gs = Density of Steel 7.85 t/m3

gw = Density of Water 1 t/m3
gc = Density of Concrete 2.30 t/m3
16 f = Friction Coeficient in expansion joint 0.02
12 C = Friction Coeficient between pipe shell and saddle pier ** 0.15
4 y = Cos-1(Cosa1xCosa2xCosf + Sina1xSina2) 0.111 radians 6.3830 0
(Combined angle of horizontal and vertical angle, which calculated from above equ.)
l = Friction coefficient of concrete and foundation 0.65
14 S = Weight of pipe shell per 1 m 0.53 t/m
15 w = Weight of contained water in pipe shell per 1 m 1.13 t/m
19 DA = Difference of Upper and Lower Inside Sectional Area of reducer 0.00 m2
21 Ho = Design Head at the axis of reducer 0.00 m
22 v = Water Velocity in the Pipe m/s
m = Coefficient of horizontal earthquake, 0.10
W = Weight of concrete of Anchor Block, - t/m
17 g = Gravity force 9.81 m/s-1
18 A = Inside Sectional Area of steel pipe m2
qa = Bearing Capacity of Soil 50.00 kgf/m2
V = Concrete volume of the anchor block m3

Acting Forces on the anchor block

Weight of pipe shell per 1 m
S1 = S2 = p*D*t*gs = PI()*D1*t*gs L1

= 0.532 t/m
Weight of contained water in pipe shell per 1 m l1
L2
l2
w1 =w2 = ((p*D /4)*gw
2)
=PI()*(1.05)^2/4
= 1.13 t/m

[1] Thrust due to incline of the pipe

a) For Upper Pipe:

W1 = 0.5(w1+S1)*l1*cosa1 Fig. No.1: General Figure of Anchor Block

= 5.181 ton
b) For Lower pipe
W2 = 0.5(w2+S2)*l2*cosa2
= 4.685 ton

[2] Axial Component due to dead weight of the pipe and friction force between saddle pier & the pipe:
T1 = S1*L1*Sina1+C(w1+S1)(L1-l1/2)*Cosa1
= 26.961 ton
T2 = S2xL2xSina2+C(w2+S2)(L1-l1/2)*Cosa2
= 0.959 ton
[3] Thrust due to friction of water in the pipe:
P1 = 2*f*Q L1
2*

g*p*D13
= 1.026 ton
P2 = 2*f*Q *L2
2

g*p*D23
= 0.059 ton

[4] Centrifugal force due to horizontal and vertical bend of the pipe
P3 = (2*v *Siny/2)
2

g
A = p*D2/4
= 1.131 m2
v = Q/A
= 4.509 m/s
P3 = 0.231 ton
5. Resultant force of water pressure acting at the bending point of the pipe
P4 = 2*H*A*Siny/2
= 53.153 ton

6. Thrust due to axial internal pressure acting to reducer

512320028.xls 3 Design Data & Forces
 P5 = Da Ho
= 0.000
6. Dead Weight of Anchor Block:
W" = gcon*V
7. Seismic Force:
F = m*W"

512320028.xls 4 Design Data & Forces

 Khani Khola dolkha Hydroelectric Project-30MW
Design Calculation of Anchor Block
Forces Calculation of Anchor Block
Long Straight Target
ANCHOR BLOCK NO: Penstock -05

1. Thrust due to incline of the pipe

a) For Upper Pipe a1 = 38.861 o
0.678 radians
W1 = 5.181 ton a2 = 45.244 o
0.790 radians
b) For Lower pipe f= 0 o
0.000 radians
W2 = 4.685 ton

[2] Axial Component due to dead weight of the pipe and friction force between saddle pier & the pipe:
T1 = 26.961 ton

3. Thrust due to friction of water in the pipe

P1 = 1.026 ton

[4] Centrifugal force due to horizontal and vertical bend of the pipe
P3 = 0.231 ton

5. Resultant force of water pressure acting at the bending point of the pipe
P4 = 53.153 ton

Stability Calculation of External Force for the Anchor block

x - Horizontal axis y - Vertical axis

y = Cos-1(Cosa1xCosa2xCosf + Sina1xSina2) = 0.111 radians 6.383 0

Classification Calculation Formula X Y Z

W1 = 0.5(w1+S1)*l1*cosa1 = 5.180936 ton
W1x = W1*Sina1*Cosf = 3.251
W1y = W1*Cosa1 ok = 4.034 ton
W1z = W1*Sina1*Sinf = 0.000
W2 = 0.5(w2+S2)*l2*cosa2 = 4.684704
W2x = W2*Sina2 = 3.327 ton
W2y = W2*Cosa2 ok = 3.298
W2z = 0 = 0.000
T1 = S1*L1*Sina1+C(w1+S1)(L1-l1/2)*Cosa1 = 26.961 ton
T1x = -T1*Cosa1*Cosf = -20.994
T1y = T1*Sina1 ok = 16.916
T1z = -T1*Cosa1*Sinf = 0.000
P1 = 2*f*Q L1
2*

g*p*D13 = 1.026 ton

P1x = -P1*Cosa1*Cosf = -0.799
P1y = P1*Sina1 ok = 0.644
P1z = -P1*Cosa1*Sinf = 0.000
P3 = (2*v *Siny/2)
2

g = 0.231 ton
P3x = -P3*(Cosa1*Cosf - Cosa2) = -0.15
2*Siny /2
P3y = P3*(Sina1 - Sina2) = -0.17
ok
2*Siny/2
P3z = -P3*Cosa1*Sinf = 0.000
2*Siny/2
P4 = 2*H*A*Siny/2 = 53.153 ton
P4x = -P4x(Cosa1xCosf - Cosa2) = -35.60
2xSiny/2
P4y = P4x(Sina1 - Sina2) = -39.47
2xSiny/2
P4z = -P4xCosa1xSinf = 0.000
2xSiny/2
P5 = D a Ho 0.000 ton
P4x = -P1*Cosa1*Cosf 0.000
P4y = P1*Sina1 0.000
= -P1*Cosa1*Sinf 0.000

512320028.xls 5 Forces Calculation

 Khani Khola dolkha Hydroelectric Project-30MW
Design Calculation of Anchor Block
Stability Calculation of Anchor Block
Long Straight Target
ANCHOR BLOCK NO: 05 Penstock -05

Force and moment due to dead weight and seismic forces 2.1770833
38.75773663305
Weight Arm Moment Seismic Arm Moment Arm
Segment No.
W" ton Length x (m) Mx (t.m) Force fi (ton) Length y (m) My (t.m) Length z (m)
1 93.02 2.250 209.29 9.30 2.520 23.44 0.00
anchorbolt 1 5.225 0.750 3.92 0.00 4.630 0.00
anchorbolt 2 15.675 2.250 35.27 0.00 4.132 0.00
anchorbolt 3 24.38333 3.500 85.34 0.00 3.685 0.00
anchorbolt 4 31.35 4.500 141.08 0.00 3.152 0.00
anchorbolt 5 0 0.000 0.00 0.00 2.537 0.00 0.00
0 0.000 0.00
Upper Pipe 0 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.000 0.00
Lower Pipe 0 0.00 0.00 0.47 0.000 0.00
Total 169.65 - 474.90 10.29 - 23.44

Stability Calculation of an Anchor Block

Horizontal Vertical
External Forces
Force (Px) Force (Py) Force (Pz)
W1 5.181 3.251 4.034 0.000
W2 4.685 3.327 3.298 0.000
T1 26.961 -20.994 16.916 0.000
P1 1.026 -0.799 0.644 0.000
P3 0.231 -0.155 -0.171 0.000
P4 53.153 -35.602 -39.468 0.000
P5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Total -50.972 -14.747 0.000

Centre of Gravity of the whole Block in the given axis:

x =Mx/W" 2.80 m 1.500
y =My/W" 0.14 m 2.640
z =Mz/W" 0.00 m

[A] NORMAL CONDITION

F(x) = Spxi = -50.97 ton
F(y) = SPyi +S wi = 154.91 ton Safe
M(z) = (S Pxi)*y+ (S Pyi)*x + S Mx 318.21 t.m Unsafe
=

[1] SAFETY OF OVERTURNING:

Length of Anchor Block,B = 5 m

Width of Anchor Block, A = 2.2 m 41.294
area of anchor block 18.77
The safety of overturning can be confirmed from the following equation:
B Mz = 0.446 < B/6 = 0.83 Safe
ex = I − I
2 Fy
Where, e- Eccentricity of the resultant force on the base, which measured from the centre of the base:
B- Base length of Anchor Block pmax=2100*p*l
Mz- Total Moment at axis z
SV- Total Vertical Forces fmax=pmax/ph0*hi
1 1.5 3750.3529411765
[2] SAFETY OF SLIDING: 2 3 7500.7058823529
3 4.5 11251.05882353
For normal loading condition the safety factor of sliding is taken as 1.5, 4 6 15001.411764706
Fy∗λ
FS=( )>1 . 5
Fx 5 7.5 18751.764705882
6 8.5
Where, l - Friction coefficient of concrete and foundation soil
l - 0.5 for the coefficient of concrete and gravel or weathered rock
l - 0.65 for the coefficient of concrete and firm rock
Fs- Factor of Safety
Fx, Fy, Fz -Total forces concerning to x,y,z axis

512320028.xls 6 Stability Analysis

 Khani Khola dolkha Hydroelectric Project-30MW
Design Calculation of Anchor Block
Stability Calculation of Anchor Block
Long Straight Target
ANCHOR BLOCK NO: 05 Penstock -05

= 1.98 > 1.5 Safe 17.08177172 >4 Safe

[3] SAFETY OF BEARING CAPACITY:

Fy 6⋅e
σ Max = ⋅( 1+ )<q a
A B
Where, smax - Maximum Compressive Stress
A- Area of the Base, m2
qa- Bearing Capacity of the foundation
B-Base Length of Anchor Block
e- Eccentricity of the resultant force on the base, which measured from the centre of the base:
Fy- Total Forces concerning to y axis

= 21.62 <50 t/m2 Safe

[B] EARTHQUAKE CONDITION

F(x) = SPxi + SFxi = -61.26 ton

F(y) = SPyi +S wi = 154.91 ton
M(z) = (SPxi)*x+(SPyi)*x+Swi*Xi+Spi*hi= 294.77 t.m

[1] SAFETY OF OVERTURNING:

The safety of overturning can be confirmed from the following equation:

B My = 0.597 < B/6 = 0.83 Safe

ex = I − I
2 Fy
Where, e- Eccentricity of the resultant force on the base, which measured from the centre of the base:
B- Base length of Anchor Block
Mz- Total Moment at axis z
SV- Total Vertical Forces

[2] SAFETY OF SLIDING:

For normal loading condition the safety factor of sliding is taken as 1.2,

Fy∗λ
FS=( )>1 . 2
Fx
Where, l - Friction coefficient of concrete and foundation soil
l - 0.5 for the coefficient of concrete and gravel or weathered rock
l - 0.65 for the coefficient of concrete and firm rock
Fs- Factor of Safety
Fx, Fy, Fz -Total forces concerning to x,y,z axis

= 1.64 > 1.2 Safe 14.21295257 Safe

[3] SAFETY OF BEARING CAPACITY:

Fy 6⋅e
σ Max = ⋅( 1+ )<q a
A B
Where, smax - Maximum Compressive Stress
A- Area of the Base, m2
qa- Bearing Capacity of the foundation
B-Base Length of Anchor Block
e- Eccentricity of the resultant force on the base, which measured from the centre of the base:
Fy- Total Forces concerning to y axis

= 24.17 <50 t/m2 Safe

512320028.xls 7 Stability Analysis

 Khani Khola dolkha Hydroelectric Project-30MW
Design Calculation of Anchor Block
Stability Calculation of Anchor Block
Long Straight Target
ANCHOR BLOCK NO: 05 Penstock -05

Reinforecement
in the wall
10 sqcm provide 16 mm dia @ 25 cn c/c

in the circumference of pipe

allowable stress in pipe= 600 kg/cm2
E steel 2.10E+06 kg/cm2
strain 2.86E-04
Econc 280000
stress in conc 8.00E+01 >20
force I the conc 5.60E+04
yield stress of steel 5000
area reqd 1.12E+01 16 mm@20 and 16 mm@25 dist

0.6528 551.4705882

512320028.xls 8 Stability Analysis

 Moment
Mz (m) pmax= 11785.71 21980
0.00
0.00 fn= 1178.571 883.9286
0.00 3535.714 7955.357
0.00 5500 19250
0.00 7071.429 31821.43
0.00 0 0
0 0
17285.71 59910.71

0.00

38.75774 581366.0495

31878

3750.3529
5625.5294
22502.118
50629.765
90008.471

140638.24
309404.12

512320028.xls 9 Stability Analysis

 Khani Khola dolkha Hydroelectric Project-30MW
Design Calculation of Anchor Block
Long Straight Target
Composit Section for CG or Arm length

[1] Mo = [(L*B)*(2/2+8)*2.3*4 + (0.5*L*B)*(1/3*2+8)*2.3*4]

H1 = 950.58
1 4.011
Mo1 = W*X' Width of Block 4
= [(B*L*g*4) + (0.5*B*H*g*4)]*X'
2 L = 106.99 *X'
3.809 X= 8.885 m ok
2 =B X- Arm length on X axis
1.5 y = [(0.5*B*H*((1/3)*H+L+1.5)+L*B*(L/2+1.5))]/[(B*H*0.5+B*L)]
X 0 y= 4.523 m
Y

[2] H1
0.75
1 Mo = [(0.5*L*H)*(2/3*1.5+6.5)+((L*B)*(2/2+6.5)*2.3*4 + (0.5*L*B)*(1/3*1.5+6.5)*2.3*4]
= 818.616
Mo2 = [(0.5*B*H*g*4)+(B*L*g*4) + (0.5*B*H*g*4)]*X'
L 2 = 113.091 *X'
7.07 X= 7.239 m ok

1.5 =B y = [(0.5*B*H1*((1/3)*H1+L+H2))+(L*B*(L/2+H2))+(0.5*B*H*((2/3)*H2))]/[(B*H2*0.5+B*L+B*H
3 y= 4.839 m 5.63
H2= 1.5
[3]
0.8
H1 Mo = [(0.5*L*H)*(2/3*1.5+5)+((L*B)*(2/2+5)*2.3*4]
1 = 588.57

L Mo1 = W*X'
7 = [(B*L*g*4) + (0.5*B*H*g*4)]*X'
7 = 102.12 *X'
1.5 =B X= 5.764 m ok
y = [(0.5*B*H1*((1/3)*H1+L))+(L*B*(L/2))]/[(B*H1*0.5+B*L)]
y= 3.704 m 4.132

[4] 1
H1 Mo = [(0.5*L*H)*(2/3*1.5+3.5)+((L*B)*(2/2+3.5)*2.3*4]
1 = 394.68

L Mo1 = W*X'
6.2 2 = [(B*L*g*4) + (0.5*B*H*g*4)]*X'
= 92.46 *X'
1.5 =B X= 4.269 m ok
y = [(0.5*B*H1*((1/3)*H1+L))+(L*B*(L/2+H2))]/[(B*H1*0.5+B*L)]
y= 3.356 m 3.685

[5]
H1 Mo = [(0.5*L*H)*(2/3*1.5+2)+((L*B)*(2/2+2)*2.3*4 + (0.5*L*B)*(1/3*1.5+2)*2.3*4]
1.1 = 257.37
1 Mo2 = [(0.5*B*H*g*4)+(B*L*g*4) + (0.5*B*H*g*4)]*X'
= 93.84 *X'
X= 2.743 m ok
L 2
5.5
y = [(0.5*B*H1*((1/3)*H1+L+(2/3)*H2-1.5))+(L*B*(L/2+H2*(2/3)-1.5))+(0.5*B*H2*((2/3)*H2-1.5
1.5 =B y= 2.199 m 3.152
3 y = [(0.5*B*H1*((1/3)*H1+L+(2/3)*H2))+(L*B*(L/2+H2*(2/3)))+(0.5*B*H2*((2/3)*H2))]/[(B*H1
3.699 1.5 2.199 m
H2 1.5

[6] H1 Mo = [(L*B)*(2/2)*2.3*4 + (0.5*L*B)*(1/3*2)*2.3*4]

1 = 0
1
Mo1 = W*X'
= [(B*L*g*4) + (0.5*B*H*g*4)]*X'
2 L = 0 *X'
6.017 X= #DIV/0! m ok
2 =B y = [(0.5*B*H1*((1/3)*H1+L-1.5))+(L*B*(L/2-1.5))]/[(B*H1*0.5+B*L)]
y= 1.765 m 2.537
y = [(0.5*B*H1*((1/3)*H1+L))+(L*B*(L/2))]/[(L*H1*0.5+B*L)]
3.265 1.500 1.765
(B*H2*0.5+B*L+B*H2*0.5)]

(1/3*1.5+2)*2.3*4]

B*H2*((2/3)*H2-1.5))]/[(B*H1*0.5+B*L+B*H2*0.5)]

2/3)*H2))]/[(B*H1*0.5+B*L+B*H2*0.5)]