Journal Pre-proof

Laminar blood flow inside a cerebral blood vessel using a finite

volume software program for biomedical engineering

Shu-Rong Yan , Shahab Naghdi Sedeh , Davood Toghraie ,

Masoud Afrand , Loke Kok Foong

PII: S0169-2607(19)32471-X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105384
Reference: COMM 105384

To appear in: Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine

Received date: 29 December 2019

Revised date: 1 February 2020
Accepted date: 4 February 2020

Please cite this article as: Shu-Rong Yan , Shahab Naghdi Sedeh , Davood Toghraie ,
Masoud Afrand , Loke Kok Foong , Laminar blood flow inside a cerebral blood vessel using a
finite volume software program for biomedical engineering, Computer Methods and Programs in
Biomedicine (2020), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105384

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Highlights

 Non-Newtonian blood flow in the cerebral blood vessels studied.

 We used Magnetic Resonance Image to take Digital Imaging.

 Impact of Reynolds number, power-law indexes and heat fluxes are investigated.

 Pressure drop increase with increasing the Reynolds number and power-law index.
 The maximum Nusselt number vessels accrued in the running position of the body

1
 Laminar blood flow inside a cerebral blood vessel using a

finite volume software program for biomedical engineering

Shu-Rong Yan1, Shahab Naghdi Sedeh2, Davood Toghraie3, Masoud Afrand4,5,* Loke Kok Foong6

1
Institute of Smart Finance, Yango University, Fuzhou 350015, China, glx682@126.com
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khomeinishahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khomeinishahr,
Iran
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khomeinishahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khomeinishahr,
Iran, Toghraee@iaukhsh.ac.ir
4
Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Ton Duc
Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
5
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

6
Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam,
Email: lokekokfoong@duytan.edu.vn

*Corresponding author
Email: masoud.afrand@tdtu.edu.vn
Corresponding author at: Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Abstract
• Background and objective:

Hemodynamic blood flow analysis in the cerebrovascular is has become one of the important research topics
in the bio-mechanic in recent decades. The primary duty of the cerebral blood vessel is supplying Glucose
and oxygen for the brain.

• Methods:

In this investigation, the non-Newtonian blood flow in the cerebral blood vessels studied. For modeling the
geometry of this problem, we used Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) approach to take Digital Imaging and
Communications in Medicine (DICOM) images and using an open-source software package to construct the
geometry, which is a complicated one. The power-law indexes, heat flux, and Reynolds number range in the
investigation are 0.6  n  0.8 , 5  q  15Wm2 and 160  Re  310 . Effects of Reynolds number,
power-law indexes and heat fluxes are investigated.

2
• Results:

We found that the pressure drop increase with increasing the Reynolds number and power-law index. The
maximum Nusselt number in the cerebral blood vessels accrued in the running position of the body in n=0.8.
Also, the highest average wall shear stress occurs in maximum power-law indexes and Reynolds number.
• Conclusion

By increasing the power-law index and Reynolds number, the wall shear stress increases.

Keywords: Blood flow; Power-law index; Cerebrovascular; Numerical simulation; Cerebral blood vessel;
Average Wall Shear Stress.

Nomenclature
AWSS Average Wall Shear Stress  Pa 
DICOM Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
CP Specific heat capacity [J.kg1.K1 ]
Dh Hydraulic diameter of the channel [m]
f ave Average friction factor
h x Local heat transfer coefficient [W.m2 .K1 ]
h ave Average heat transfer coefficient [W.m2 .K1 ]
H Dimensionless heat transfer coefficient
k Thermal conductivity [W.m1.K1 ]
K Consistency index  Pa.s n 
MRI Magnetic Resonance Image
Nu  x  Local Nusselt number
Nu Nusselt number
P Pressure  Pa 
Pr Prandtl number
Heat flux  W.m 
2
q
Re Reynolds number
Tw Wall temperature [K]

Tb Bulk temperature [K]

Greek symbols
 Density  kg.m 
3

 Shear stress  Pa 
.
 Shear rate

3
Super- and sub-scripts
h Hydraulic
n Power-law index
s Basic form

1. Introduction

Blood flow analysis in the cerebrovascular is has become one of the important research topics in the

bio-mechanic in recent decades. The primary duty of the cerebral blood vessel is supplying glucose

and oxygen for the brain. These vessels have complex geometry include non-linear carves,

constantly changing cross-sections, branches, which is very difficult to model and analyze these

vessels. There are several approaches for taking images for parts of the body to simulate them. The

common solutions for this problem are using Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine

(DICOM), Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT) scan and using

software like Sim Vascular [1] for making the cad model from DICOM. DICOM is used all over the

world to store, exchange, and transmit medical images. Some of the investigations focus on

different imaging manners like MRI [2, 3], CT scan [4], and the phase-contrast MRI method [5–7].

The hemodynamic is effected under the geometry and rheology of blood flow. Some of the studies

considered blood flow as non-Newtonian fluid [8–10], but on the other side, when shear rate and

velocity are low amounts, it is possible to assume blood as a Newtonian fluid. Based on some

authors, between parameters of hemodynamic and formation, there is a correlation [11].

Karimi et al. [11] analyzed the impact of the rheological model in the aorta by a model constructed

by CT scan images. They showed that wall shear stress in the Carreau non-Newtonian model

represented the nearest amounts to cross model. Eslami et al. [12] investigated the impact of wall

elasticity in the coronary arteries using hemodynamic numerical simulation. They illustrated that in

the time average wall shear stress, there is no difference between wall elasticity and rigid wall.

Abbasian et al. [13] demonstrated the impact of the various non-Newtonian model on transient

hemodynamic blood flow in the artery model. They indicated that Casson or Quemada blood

viscosity models have excellent overlapping with clinical measurements. Zhao et al. [14] simulated

4
the blood flow in the anterior coronary artery. They illustrated that the pressure significantly

increases near the artery. Afrouzi et al. [15] investigated the blood flow aneurysm in the arteries

using the Lattice Boltzmann method. They showed that the wall shear stress is directly related to the

power-law index. Qiao et al. [16] numerically simulated the effect of fluid-structure interaction

(FSI) on aorta blood flow. They illustrated that there is no difference between time average shear

wall stress in the elastic and rigid wall. Amiri et al. [17] analyzed the impact of elastic wall vessel

contain non-Newtonian blood flow and represented that in the comparison of numerical results with

clinical, the Newtonian results did not have a good match with clinical data. Wang et al. [18]

investigated the red blood cell (erythrocytes) flow by the particle moving semi-implicit approach in

the microvasculature and demonstrated that by thrombus radius increment, the velocity in some

cells increases. Duffin et al. [19] represented a mathematical model for anemia in cerebral blood

vessels that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. They have shown proper overlapping with

clinical data. Natarajan et al. [20] scrutinized the cerebral blood flow using illustration-inspired

flow fluctuations. They found that the flow fluctuations in this cerebral vessel model have a very

significant impact on CFD simulation. Ghafouri et al. [21] numerically investigated the movement

of red blood cells flow in the microchannel by Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM). They concluded

that all of their results, including the distribution factor of hematocrit, have an excellent agreement

with the results that they compered. Lopes et al. [22] compared the fluid-structure interaction (FSI)

and computational dynamic fluid (CFD) of the blood vessel flow. They exhibited that changing

mechanical properties of the blood vessel decreases the average wall shear stress (AWSS). Gudino

et al. [23] studied the impact of non-Newtonian models of blood flow in the blood vessel with

considering sedimentation of drugs, steady and unsteady simulation. They showed that by

increasing elastic properties, the concentration of drug particle increases.

In this investigation, the non-Newtonian blood flow in the cerebral blood vessels studied. For

modeling the geometry of this problem, we used Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) approach to

take Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) images and using an open-source

5
software package to construct the geometry, which is a complicated one. The power-law indexes,

heat flux, and Reynolds number range in the investigation are 0.6  n  0.8 , 5  q  15Wm2 and

160  Re  310 . Impacts of Reynolds number, power-law index and heat flux are investigated.

2. Formulation and methods

2.1. Subject information and conditions

The gender subject is female, and she has 31 years old, and she has a healthy body. She was a

volunteer for taking DICOM MRI. The various inlet velocity base of clinical results are 0.4 to 0.6

m.s 1 , the inlet temperature 310.15K, the average pressure outlet is 105 mmHg , and power-law

indexes can be found at Ref. [24]. Also, construction of the 3D model is based on Digital Imaging

and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) magnetic resonance image (MRI).

Table 1 Blood and Vessel properties [25, 26]

Density Heat capacity Thermal conductivity

 kg.m 
3
 J.kg .K 
1 1
 W.m1.K 1 

Blood 1060 3770 0.556

Vessel 1190 3600 0.235

2.2. Geometry construction

There are many approaches for constructing parts of the body represented until today. Each specific

model of cardiovascular needs many segmentation images to construct the geometry in a specific

way in each approach. DICOM MRI segmentations combined to construct a full 3D geometry

model using Sim Vascular [1], an open-source software package for cardiovascular geometry

construction from images to model. (See Fig. 1 for cerebrovascular model).

6
 Fig. 1 Cerebral blood flow schematic

2.3. Governing equations and numerical method

Power-law blood flow considers as incompressible, non-Newtonian, and time-independent flow.

Also, for governing equations, the finite volume method and the couple velocity and pressure

SIMPLE scheme are applied. The conservation equations demonstrated in the following:

Continuity equation:

.V  0 (1)

Momentum equation:

 V.  V  p  . (2)

Energy equation:

Cp V.T  . kT  (3)

Power-law model [27]:

.n
 K (4)

Prandtl and Reynolds numbers [28]:

u 2n Dh n
Re  (5)
K
7
 n 1
 u 
Cp K  
Pr   Dh 
(6)
k

The local heat transfer coefficient is indicated the heat transfer coefficient in each segmentation.

The local, average, and dimensionless heat transfer coefficients expressed as the following

equations [29]:

q ''(x)
h(x)  (6)
Tw (x)  Tb

1
A
Tw (x)  TdA (7)

Tb (x) 
 T VdA (8)
  VdA
1 L
L 0
h h(x)dx (9)

h
H (10)
hs

The local Nusselt number is indicated by the Nusselt number in each segmentation. The local and

average Nusselt number expressed as [30-32],

h  x  Dh
Nu  x   (11)
k

hD h
Nu  (12)
k

The friction factor is defined as follows[33-38],

2fLu in 2
P  (13)
Dh

3. Grid study

To study the grid, four types of grid are used. The impact of the dimensionless heat transfer

coefficient on the number of grid is studied to obtain the best grid. As shown in Fig. 2, it is found
8
that after type 3, the error is under 3%. Therefore, the type 3 of the grid number is the best grid

number to simulate the system.

Fig. 2 Grid study size of cerebral blood vessel model for numerical simulation

4. Results and discussion

Fig. 3 represents the average pressure drop in the cerebral blood vessel versus Reynolds number for

different power-law indexes. As indicated, the average pressure drop increases with increasing both

power-law index and Reynolds number. Also, by increasing the power-law index at different

9
Reynolds numbers, the average pressure drop increases. Considering the complex geometry of

cerebral blood vessels, we found that increasing the viscosity of blood flow caused by increasing

the density and pressure drop; for instance, at Re= 210, the difference between n= 0.6 and n=0.7 is

around 23%.

Fig. 3 Variation of pressure drop versus Reynolds numbers for different power-law indexes

Fig. 4 exhibits the variation of Nusselt number versus Reynolds numbers for different power-law

indexes and heat fluxes. This figure illustrated the impact on heat generated by the body ( in the
10
three-position of sleeping, standing, and running) on Nusselt number for different power-law

indexes. It is obvious that, by increasing heat flux, the temperature and Nusselt number increase

because the Nusselt number is the ratio of heat convection to heat conduction. At Re= 210, by

increasing heat flux in different power-law indexes at and Reynolds numbers, the average

dimensionless heat transfer increases about 50%.

11
 Fig. 4 Nusselt number versus Reynolds numbers for different heat fluxes and power-law indexes

Fig. 5a shows the contour of pressure at different Reynolds numbers. Fig. 5b represents the

contours of the velocity. Fig. 5a and 5b indicate that, by increasing the Reynolds number, the

pressure, and velocity of cerebral blood vessels increases. In the branches of the 3D cerebral vessel

model, the pressure drop increases at branching parts. Fig. 5c illustrates the velocity streamlines in

different Reynolds numbers and shows the behavior of velocity in the geometry.

12
Fig. 5a Contours of pressure at different Reynolds numbers

13
Fig. 5b Contours of velocity at different Reynolds numbers
14
Fig. 5c Contours of streamline at different Reynolds numbers
15
Fig. 6 indicates the Average Wall Shear Stress (AWSS) on the skin of cerebral blood vessel versus

Reynolds number for different power-law indexes. As shown, by increasing the power-law index

and Reynolds number, the AWSS increases. In the comparison of the higher power-law index to the

lower one, by increasing the Reynolds number, the slop of AWSS profile is more increased. It is

because of the increasing velocity gradient near the wall of the blood vessel by increasing Reynolds

number. Also, increasing the viscosity has a significant impact on the AWSS. The variation

percentages between power-law index and Reynolds number are from 5 to 46%.

Fig. 6 Average wall shear stress (AWSS) versus Reynolds number for different power-law indexes

5. Conclusion

Using computational fluid dynamics, we revealed the behavior of the non-Newtonian blood flow in

a cerebral blood vessel. The primary profit of this approach is the geometry modeled with

acceptable accuracy. The obtained conclusions expressed such as follows:

 By increasing the power-law index and Reynolds number, the wall shear stress increases.

 The variation percentage between power-law exponent and Reynolds number are from 5 to

46%.

16
  By increasing the Reynolds number, the pressure, and velocity of cerebral blood vessels
increases
 By increasing heat flux, the temperature and Nusselt number increase because the Nusselt
number is the ratio of convection to conduction.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was financially supported by the Bilingual Teaching Programme of Hainan University

(hndsyk 201909);the Key project of the National Social Science Fundation of the year

2018(18AJY013);the 2017 National Social Science foundation project (17CJY072);the 2018

planning project of philosophy and social science of zhejiang province(18NDJC086YB);the 2018

Fujian Social Science Planning Project(FJ2018B067);The Planning Fund Project of Humanities and

Social Sciences Research of the Ministry of Education in 2019（19YJA790102）

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships

that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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