Magnetics for Neutral Current Compensation in
Three-Phase Four-Wire Distribution System
Bhim Singh, Fellow IEEE, P. Jayaprakash, Student Member, IEEE, and D P Kothari, Senior Member
IEEE
Abstract— In this paper, a number of methods for neutral
current compensation using magnetics are proposed and these
are compared with reported techniques. The proposed neutral
current mitigation techniques include a Scott-transformer, T-
connected transformer, star-hexagon transformer and star-
polygon transformer designed for mmf (magneto motive force)
balance. These transformer configurations along with the
conventional transformer configurations such as a star-delta
transformer and a zig-zag transformer are analysed, designed,
simulated and verified by developing prototypes. The
transformers provide a path to the zero sequence fundamental as
well as harmonics currents. Two single phase transformers are
required for the proposed Scott- connection and T-connection
where as three single phase transformers are required in other
methods. The neutral current compensation schemes using
transformers are modeled and simulated using MATLAB with its
Simpower systems (SPS) toolboxes and compared to demonstrate
the effectiveness of the proposed transformers. Laboratory
prototypes of the transformers are developed and their test
results are presented to validate the design of transformers for
neutral current compensation.
Index Terms—Neutral Current Compensation, Scott-
transformer, T-connected Transformer, Zig-zag Transformer,
Star/DeltaTransformer, Star/Hexagon Transformer,
Star/Polygon Transformer. Power Quality,
I. INTRODUCTION
T HREE-PHASE four-wire distribution systems are facing
the severe problem of excessive neutral current and
harmonic neutral current along with other power quality
problems such as high reactive power demand, harmonic
currents and unbalanced loads. There are many standards
proposed to control the quality of electric supply in the
distribution system [1-4]. The power quality problems and
their mitigation techniques are reported in the literature over
the years [5-17]. The problems related to harmonic neutral
Bhim Singh is with Dept. of Electrical Engg., Indian Institute of Technology,
Delhi, Hauz-Khas, New Delhi-110016, India (bhimsinghr@gmail.com)
P Jayaprakash is with Dept. of Electrical Engg., Govt. College of Engg,
Kannur, Kerala, India-670563 (email: jayaprakashpee@gmail.com).
D P Kothari is with Vellur Institute of Technology, Vellur, Tamil Nadu, India
(email: dpk0710@yahoo.com).
978-1-4244-7781-4/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE
current has been researched and some remedial measures have
also been patented [18-22].
The typical loads in a three-phase four-wire distribution
system may be computer loads, lighting ballasts, small rating
adjustable speeds drives (ASD) in air conditioners, fans,
refrigerators and other domestic and commercial appliances
etc. It has a significant portion of the third harmonic current
component. The iron-cored inductive ballasts as well as
electronic ballasts in fluorescent lighting also contribute to
third harmonic currents [23]. Observations on computer power
systems have indicated harmonic neutral currents from zero to
1.73 times the phase current in the United States in a survey
[24]. It also revealed that 22.6% of the sites have neutral
currents exceeding the full load phase currents and this
scenario is becoming worst in the recent years due to the
proliferation of such nonlinear single-phase loads. The major
reason for such excessive neutral current is the proliferation of
nonlinear loads as well as unbalanced loads in the three-phase
four-wire distribution system.
Residential and commercial supply networks show dominant
non-linear loads and they are modeled as harmonic voltage
sources [25-29]. The excessive neutral currents in the neutral
conductor result in wiring failure due to improper sizing of
neutral conductor. Moreover, excessive neutral to ground
voltage may appear and this results in the malfunction of
sensitive equipments. The transformer is also overheated due
to harmonic currents and these result in insulation damage and
failure [25]. Some corrective measures suggested are given
below.
1. Derating of transformers [24]
2. Over sizing of neutral conductor [24]
3. Use of four-leg active filters [13]
4. Use of zig-zag transformers [30-34]
5. Use of star/ delta transformer [35-38]
The derating of the transformer leads to low efficiency
operation and increased heat due to losses. However, the
application of the zig-zag transformer or a star/delta
transformer for reduction of the neutral current has an
advantage of passive compensation, ruggedness and less
complex.
In this investigation, some new transformer configurations
are proposed for neutral current mitigation for three-phase
four-wire distribution system. First one is based on a Scott-
connected transformer arrangement and the Scott-connected
windings of the transformer provide a path to the zero
sequence fundamental as well as harmonics currents. There
are only two single phase transformers required for the
proposed Scott- connection. Some other new configurations
investigated are based on T- connected transformer, star-
hexagon transformer and star-polygon transformer. The
magnetic solutions for neutral current compensation are tested
by simulation using MATLAB software with its Sim power
systems (SPS) toolboxes and then these are verified by
developing prototypes in the laboratory environment.
II. NEUTRAL CURRENT MITIGATION TECHNIQUES
The magnitude of the neutral current in three-phase four-
wire distribution system depends on the harmonic content and
phase unbalance of the load currents. The passive technique
for neutral current mitigation involves LC filters, zig-zag
transformers and star / delta transformers [30-38]. But the LC
filters are not effective for voltage source type loads [29]. A
phase shifting and zero sequence current filter is patented [18]
and a zig-zag transformer for harmonic neutral current
reduction is also patented in [19].
Fig.1 (a) shows a zig-zag transformer connected in parallel
to the load for filtering the zero sequence components of the
load. The zig-zag transformer consists of three single phase
transformers with turns ratio 1:1. It acts as an open circuit for
positive sequence and negative sequence component of load
currents and the current flowing through the zig-zag
transformer is only the zero sequence components [31]. The
phasor diagram of the transformer shows that the resultant
voltages are 120º phase shifted. The zero sequence component
of load currents can be locally circulated using a star/delta
transformer as shown in Fig. 1(b). The secondary delta
connected winding provides a path for the zero sequence
currents and hence the supply neutral current is reduced to
zero. The relative value of a series inductance (Zsn) with
transformer impedance plays a significant role in the
effectiveness of the neutral current compensation [34].
Therefore, the transformers must be installed near the load or
it is required to connect a high value of series inductance.
In this paper, some new transformer configurations are
proposed for the neutral current compensation in a three-phase
four-wire distribution system. The Scott-Transformer and T-
connected transformer are used in the power system for
different applications [39-41]. The proposed configuration of
T-connected transformer for neutral current compensation is
shown in Fig. 1(c) and in this two single phase transformers
are used for neutral current compensation. These single phase
transformers are connected in T- configuration and it shows
that the resultant voltages are 120º phase shifted. The
transformer is simple and the windings are suitably designed
for mmf (magneto motive force) balance. Similarly, a Scott-
transformer is proposed for neutral current compensation and
is shown in Fig. 1 (d) and as compared to earlier T-connected
transformer, the required numbers of windings are reduced. A
star-hexagon transformer is reported along with voltage source
converters as DSTATCOM which also helps in neutral current
compensation [42]. A star-polygon transformer [43] is
reported for some other application, but it is proposed for
neutral current compensation for the first time in this paper.
Similarly, a zig-zag transformer is analysed in detail for zero
sequence harmonic compensation in the literature [44]. These
transformer configurations are designed, simulated and then
experimented for compensation of source neutral current.
III. DESIGN AND MODELING OF MAGNETICS
The neutral current compensation techniques using a zig-zag
transformer, a star/delta transformer, T-connected transformer,
Scott-transformer, star-hexagon transformer and star-polygon
transformer are properly designed and modeled to study their
effectiveness. The performances of designed transformers are
simulated using the MATLAB software with its Sim power
systems (SPS) toolboxes. The design and modeling equations
are explained below.
A. Zig-Zag Transformer:
The connection of the zig-zag transformer and its phasor
diagram are shown in Figs. 1(a). Three single phase
transformers each of rating 1.4kVA, 140/140V are selected.
B. Star-Delta Transformer:
The connection of the star/delta transformer and its phasor
diagram are shown in Figs. 1(b). The voltage ratio of the
transformer is 1:1. Three numbers of single-phase
transformers of each of rating 2.4 kVA, 240V/240V are
selected.
C. T-connected Transformer
Fig. 1(c) shows the connection of two single phase
transformers for interfacing with a three-phase four-wire
system. The T-connected winding of the transformer provides
a path for the zero sequence fundamental current and
harmonic currents and hence offers a path for the neutral
current when connected in shunt at PCC. Under unbalanced
loads, the zero sequence load neutral current divides equally
into three currents and takes a path through the T-connected
windings of the transformer. The current rating of the
windings is decided by the required neutral current
compensation. The voltage across each winding is designed as
shown below.
The phasor diagram shown in Fig. 1(c) gives the following
relations to find the turn’s ratio of windings. Hence, two
single-phase transformers of rating 2.4 kVA,
240V/120V/120V and 2.1 kVA, 208 V/208 V are selected.
D. Scott-Transformer
The Scott-connected transformer at the PCC provides a path
for zero sequence harmonics and fundamental neutral currents.
Fig. 1(d) shows the connection of Scott-transformer and its
phasor diagram. There are only two single phase transformers
required to get the neutral terminal. In order to obtain the
neutral terminal, the voltages across windings of one
transformer, Va1 and Va2 are equal and is equal to Va cos
30º. Similarly, for the second transformer windings, the
voltages are Va sin 30º and Va respectively. The current rating
depends on the neutral current to be compensated. In proposed
scheme, two single phase transformers of 2.1 kVA,
207V/207V and 2.4 kVA, 240V/120V are selected for neutral
current compensation.
 Fig.1 Schematics of transformer connected system along with phasor diagram of (a) zig-zag transformer (b) star-delta transformer (c) T-connected transformer
(d) Scott-transformer (e) star-hexagon transformer (f) star-polygon transformer.
E. Star-Hexagon Transformer:
The connection of the star/hexagon transformer and its
phasor diagram are shown in Figs. 1(e). Three numbers of
single-phase transformers of each of rating 2.6 kVA, 240
V/140V/140V are selected.
F. Star- Polygon Transformer:
The connection of the star/polygon transformer and its
phasor diagram are shown in Figs. 1(f). Three numbers of
single-phase transformers of each of rating 2.6 kVA, 240V/
203V/75V are selected.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
The proposed neutral current compensation techniques using
magnetic such as Scott-transformer, T-connected transformer,
star-hexagon transformer and star-polygon transformer are
modeled and simulated using MATLAB. These systems are
modelled along with conventional methods such as zig-zag
transformer, a star/delta transformer with linear and non-linear
balanced and unbalanced loads. The performances of neutral
current compensation techniques with balanced and
unbalanced linear/ non-linear loads are observed to study their
effectiveness. The system data is given in Appendix.
A. Simulated results of zig-zag transformer
Fig. 2 shows the performance of a zig-zag transformer for
the neutral current compensation of three-phase four–wire
non-linear balanced/unbalanced loads. The load neutral
current (iLn) is observed to be mainly harmonic current and the
current in the supply neutral current (isn) is nearly zero due to
proper compensation. The kVA rating of the zig-zag
transformer is observed to be nearly 4.2 kVA.
B. Simulated results of star/delta transformer
The performance of neutral current compensation of a three-
phase four–wire system using star/delta transformer is shown
in Fig. 3 for non-linear loads. The voltages at PCC (vs), supply
currents (is), unbalanced load currents (iLa, iLb, iLc), supply
neutral current (iSn), load neutral current (iln), star/delta
transformer neutral current (iTn), star/delta transformer
winding currents (iT) and kVA rating of transformer are
demonstrated under varying load conditions. The kVA rating
of the star/delta transformer is observed to be nearly 7.2 kVA.
C. Simulated results of T-connected transformer where as the supply neutral current is 0.048 A only as shown
Fig. 4 shows the performance of proposed T-connected in Figs. 8(g), (h) and (i) respectively.
transformer for neutral current compensation of a three-phase The performance of neutral current compensation of a three-
four–wire load. The voltages at PCC (vs), supply currents (is), phase four–wire system using Scott- transformer at linear
unbalanced load currents (iL), supply neutral current (iSn), load loads is shown in Fig. 9. The load currents are shown in Figs.
neutral current (iln), T-connected transformer neutral current 9(a), (b) and (c) respectively and the supply currents are
(iTn), T-connected transformer winding currents (iT) and kVA shown in Figs.9 (d), (e) and (f) respectively. The supply
rating of transformer are demonstrated under varying load neutral current is 0.645 A only where as the load neutral
conditions. The source neutral current is maintained at nearly current is 6.52 A and the transformer neutral current is 5.87 A
zero by providing the compensation of zero sequence as shown in Figs. 9(g), (h) and (i) respectively.
harmonic load neutral currents. The kVA rating of the T- The Scott-transformer winding currents are shown in Figs.
connected transformer is observed to be nearly 4.48 kVA. 9(j), (k) and (l) respectively. It is observed that they are almost
equal and are one-third of the load neutral current. It is
D. Simulated results of Scott-connected transformer observed that the magnitude of the source current is reduced.
The performance of neutral current compensation of three- When the load is nonlinear and balanced, the load neu9l
phase four–wire non-linear loads is carried out using Scott- current is observed to be mainly triplen harmonics current and
transformer and is shown in Fig. 5. The voltages at PCC (vs), this is compensated using the Scott-connected transformer.
supply currents (is), unbalanced load currents (iLa, iLb, iLc),
supply neutral current (iSn), load neutral current (iln), Scott- VI. COMPARISON OF MAGNETIC SCHEMES
transformer neutral current (iTn), Scott- transformer winding A comparison of winding voltages and kVA rating of
currents (iT) and kVA rating of transformer are studied and it different magnetic schemes are shown in Table I. In general,
is observed as same as that of the T-connected transformer. all the transformers are capable of mitigating fundamental as
But the number of winding required is less in Scott- well as harmonic neutral currents. It is observed that the kVA
transformer as compared to a T-connected transformer. rating of zig-zag, T-connected and Scott transformers are
E. Simulated results of star/hexagon transformer lower compared to other schemes. But, the T-connected and
Scott transformers require only two single phase transformers.
The performance of neutral current compensation of a three-
Moreover, Scott-transformer requires less number of windings
phase four–wire system using star/hexagon transformer is
compared to T-connected transformer. It is observed that the
shown in Fig. 6 for non-linear loads. The voltages at PCC (vs),
supply currents (is), unbalanced load currents (iLa, iLb, iLc), application of magnetics mitigates the source neutral current
supply neutral current (iSn), load neutral current (iln), to zero along with the magnitude of source current is reduced
and the THD of source current is also reduced.
transformer neutral current (iTn), transformer currents (iT) and
kVA rating of transformer are demonstrated under varying
load conditions. The kVA rating of the star/hexagon VII. CONCLUSION
transformer is observed to be nearly 7.8 kVA. The neutral current mitigation techniques for a three-phase
four-wire distribution system using magnetics have been
F. Simulated results of star/polygon transformer
demonstrated and some new cost effective method using
The performance of neutral current compensation of a three- transformers have been proposed for neutral current
phase four–wire system using star/polygon transformer is compensation. The proposed neutral current mitigation
shown in Fig.7 for non-linear loads. The voltages at PCC (vs),
supply currents (is), unbalanced load currents (iLa, iLb, iLc),
TABLE I.
supply neutral current (iSn), load neutral current (iln), COMPARISON OF KVA RATING OF TRANSFORMERS USING
star/polygon transformer neutral current (iTn), star/polygon SIMULATION FOR A LOAD KVA OF 21.6 KVA
transformer currents (iT) and kVA rating of transformer are Transformer Winding ITa VA Total
demonstrated under varying load conditions. The kVA rating voltages (A) rating kVA
of the star/delta transformer is observed to be nearly 7.8 kVA. (V) /phase rating
(kVA) (%)
Zig-zag 140/140 10 1.4 4.2
V. EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION
Transformer (19.4%)
Laboratory prototype of a Scott-transformer is developed Star-delta 240/240 10 2.4 7.2
and is tested at linear and non-linear loads for the neutral transformer (33.3%)
current compensation. Scott- 240/120 10 2.4 4.48
connected 208/208 2.08 (20.7%)
A. Experimental results of Scott-transformer Transformer
The performance of neutral current compensation of a three- T-connected 240/120/120 10 2.4 4.48
phase four–wire system using Scott- transformer is shown in transformer 208/208 2.08 (20.7%)
Fig. 8 at non-linear loads. The load currents are shown in Figs. Star-hexagon 240/140/140 10 2.6 7.80
8(a), (b) and (c) respectively and the supply currents are transformer (36%)
Star-polygon 240/203/75 10 2.6 7.80
shown in Figs. 8(d), (e) and (f) respectively. The load neutral
transformer (36%)
current is 6.78 A and the transformer neutral current is 6.78 A
 Fig.2 Performance of Zig-zag transformer for neutral current
compensation with nonlinear load
Fig. 3 Performance of star/delta transformer for neutral current
compensation with nonlinear load.
Fig. 4 Performance of T-connected transformer for neutral current
compensation with nonlinear load.
techniques include a Scott-transformer, T-connected
transformer, star-hexagon transformer and star-polygon
transformer designed for mmf (magneto motive force)
balance. These transformer configurations along with the
conventional transformer configurations such as a star-delta
Fig. 5 Performance of Scott- transformer for neutral current compensation
with nonlinear
Fig. 6. Performance of Star- Polygon transformer for neutral current
compensation with nonlinear load.
Fig. 7 Performance of Star-Hexagon transformer for neutral current
compensation with nonlinear load.
transformer and a zig-zag transformer have been analysed,
designed and simulated. A simple connection of suitably
designed windings of Scott- transformer for mmf balance has
been proposed for neutral current compensation. The
simulation model of the Scott- transformer has been verified
 (a) (b) (c)
(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

Fig. 8. Neutral current compensation using Scott- transformer for non-linear (g) (h) (i)
load (a) Load current in phase ‘a’ (b)Load current in phase ‘b’ (c) Load
current in phase ‘c’ (d)source current in phase ‘a’ (e) source current in phase
‘b’ (f) source current in phase ‘c’(g) Load neutral current (h) Transformer
neutral current(i) Source neutral current.

by developing a prototype in the laboratory. The Scott-

transformer requires only two single phase transformers and
hence this method is found simple and cost effective
compared to other methods of neutral current compensation. It
has been verified that the application of magnetic mitigates the
source neutral current to zero along with the magnitude of
source current is reduced and the THD of source current is
also reduced.
(j) (k) (l)
Fig. 9. Neutral current compensation using Scott-transformer for linear load
(a) Load current in phase ‘a’ (b) Load current in phase ‘b’ (c) Load current
in phase ‘c’ (d) Source current in phase ‘a’ (e) Source current in phase ‘b’
(f) Source current in phase ‘c’ (g) Source neutral current (h) Transformer
neutral current (i) Load neutral current (j) Transformer current in phase ‘a’
(k), Transformer current in phase ‘b’ (l) Transformer current in phase ‘c’.

VIII. APPENDICES Star/Hexagon Transformer: Three single-phase

transformers of 2.4 kVA, 240 V/140 V/ 140 V each.
A. Supply voltage: Three-phase, four-wire, 415 V (L-L), 50 Star/Polygon Transformer: Three single-phase
Hz transformers of 2.4 kVA, 240 V/203 V/ 75 V each.
Loads: (i) Linear: 20 kVA, 0.80 pf lag
C. Data for Laboratory Prototype
(ii) Non-linear: Three single-phase bridge rectifier
with R = 25 Ω and C = 470μF Supply voltage:Three-phase,four-wire,220 V (L-L), 50
Hz
B. Data for Simulation Loads: (i) Linear: 5 kVA, 0.80 pf lag
Zig-zag Transformer: Three single-phase transformers of (ii) Non-linear: Three single-phase bridge rectifier
1.4 kVA, 140 V/140 V each. with R = 25 Ω and C = 470 μF.
Star/Delta Transformer: Three single-phase transformers Scott-connected Transformer: Two single-phase
of 2.4 kVA, 240 V/240 V each. transformers.
T-connected Transformer: Two single-phase transformers Transformer 1: 2.4 kVA, 120 V/60 V
Transformer 1: 2.4 kVA, 240V/120V/120V Transformer 2: 2.1 kVA, 105 V/105 V
Transformer 2: 2.1 kVA, 208V/208V
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