CK-12 Chemistry Concepts - Intermediate

Answer Key

Chapter 9: Covalent Bonding

9.1 Energy and Covalent Bond Formation

Practice

Questions

Use the link below to answer the following questions. Please only read the first two
pages.
http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/vrchemistry/electronsandbonds/intro1.htm
1. Why can two atoms come closer together if they form a covalent bond?
2. What role do the electrons have in attracting the two atoms?
3. Are two atoms closer together more or less stable than when they are apart?

Answers

1. The bonding pair of electrons comes between the two atoms and screens the
positive nuclei from repulsing one another.
2. The negative charge of the electrons attracts the two nuclei closer together.
3. More stable because energy is given off when the bond is formed.

Review

Questions

1. What is a diatomic molecule?

2. What does lower potential energy do to a system?
3. What is the ideal distance for two atoms?

Answers

1. A molecule containing two atoms.

2. It stabilizes the system.
3. The distance at which potential energy reaches a minimum.

9.2 Lewis Electron-Dot Structures

Practice
Questions

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Use the link below to answer the following questions:
http://chemistry.about.com/od/generalchemistry/a/lewisstructures.htm
1. Who developed the electron-dot structure system?
2. Are lines or dots more commonly used?
3. How are unbounded electrons represented?
4. Which atom is selected as the central atom?

Answers

1. G.N. Lewis.
2. Lines
3. With dots.
4. The one with the lowest electronegativity.

Review

Questions

1. What is a single covalent bond?

2. How can covalently-bound atoms obey the octet rule?
3. Des the hydrogen molecule obey the octet rule?

Answers

1. Two electrons are shared between two atoms.

2. The shared electrons are counted as being a part of both atoms.
3. No, it has a single covalent bond with the two electrons allowing each atom to
attain the helium configuration.

9.3 Single Covalent Bonds

Practice

Read the article and practice drawing Lewis structures for some of the single covalent
bond compounds listed at the end.
http://www2.fiu.edu/~landrumj/LewisStructures.pdf

Answers

See the answer key at the end of the problem set.

Review

2
Questions

1. How does a covalent bond form?

2. What do the spins of the shared electrons need to be?
3. Do lone pair electrons form covalent bonds?

Answers

1. Electrons in two adjacent atoms form overlapping orbitals.

2. The spins need to be opposite one another.
3. No.

9.4 Multiple Covalent Bonds

Practice

Questions

Read the material at the link below and take the quiz (Test Bite).
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa_pre_2011/atomic/covalentr
ev1.shtml

Answers

Given on the web page.

Review

Questions

1. Why is the first ethene Lewis structure incorrect?

2. What do the single electrons in nitrogen do to for a triple bond?
3. Draw the Lewis structure for ethyne C 2H2.

Answers

1. There are too many electrons.

2. The three single electrons form a triple bond.
3. H-C:::C-H or H-C=C-H

9.5 Coordinate Covalent Bonds

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Practice

Questions

Use the link below to answer the following questions:

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/dative.html
1. What is another name for a coordinate covalent bond?
2. In forming ammonium chloride from ammonia and HCl, what is transferred to the
nitrogen?
3. Give another example of the formation of a coordinate covalent bond?
4. In the reaction between ammonia and BF3, which molecule provides the
electrons for the bond?

Answers

1. A dative covalent bond.

2. The hydrogen nucleus (contains no electrons).
3. The formation of H3O+ for a proton and a water molecule.
4. Ammonia donates its lone pair electrons.

Review

Questions

1. Where does the third covalent bond in the CO molecule come from?
2. Why is the incorrect structure for CO above wrong?
3. Are coordinate covalent bonds stronger or weaker than regular covalent bonds?

Answers

1. From an oxygen lone pair.

2. Carbon would only have six valence electrons.
3. They have the same strength.

9.6 Covalent Bonding in Polyatomic Ions

Practice

Questions

Do problem 2 on the web site below:

http://teachers.yourhomework.com/lipetz/bondingandlewisstructures.pdf

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Answers

See the answers on page three of the sheet.

Review

Questions

1. What are two characteristics of polyatomic ions?

2. Which atom becomes the central atom in the structure?
3. Where is the charge on the ion placed?

Answers

1. a. More than one type of atom in the structure, b. has overall electric charge.
2. The least electronegative one.
3. Outside the bracket.

9.7 Resonance

Practice

Questions

Do problem 3 on the web page below:

http://teachers.yourhomework.com/lipetz/bondingandlewisstructures.pdf

Answers

See the answers on page three.

Review

Questions

1. How many electrons total are in the ozone structure?

2. What is changed in the two resonance structures of ozone?
3. How can we think of the covalent bonds in ozone?

Answers

1. 18.
2. Only the location of the electrons.
3. As “one and half” bonds.

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9.8 Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Practice

Questions

Use the link below to answer the following questions:

http://chemistry.about.com/od/workedchemistryproblems/a/How-To-Draw-A-Lewis-
Structure-Octet-Exception.htm
1. What is the first step in drawing the Lewis structure?
2. What is the next step?
3. Which atom will be the central atom?
4. Do you complete the octets for the non-central atoms?

Answers

1. Determine the number of valence electrons.

2. Determine the number of electrons needed to obey the octet rule.
3. The least electronegative atom.
4. Yes.

Review

Questions

1. What is an incomplete octet?

2. What is an odd-electron molecule?
3. Why are there extra electrons in the expanded octet?

Answers

1. The number of electrons around the central atom is less than eight.
2. A molecule whose total number of valence electrons is an odd number.
3. The d orbital will contribute electrons to the bonding process as well as the outer
valence electron set.

9.9 Bond Energy

Practice

Questions

Use the link below to answer the following questions:

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http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Theoretical_Chemistry/Chemical_Bonding/General_Principl
es/Bond_Energies
1. What is needed for bonds to break or form?
2. The shorter the bond length, the ______ the bond energy.
3. A higher bond energy means what?
4. Why is the energy change positive when a bond is broken?

Answers

1. An energy change.
2. Higher
3. A bond is less likely to break.
4. Energy is absorbed.

Review

Questions

1. What does a high bond energy mean?

2. What kind of bonds do more reactive compounds have?
3. Which will react more readily: a C-H bond or a Cl-Cl bond?

Answers

1. A bond is strong.
2. Lower bond energy.
3. A Cl-Cl bond because it has a lower bond energy.

9.10 VSEPR Theory

Practice

Questions

Use the link below to answer the following questions:

http://www.ehow.com/about_4739704_what-vsepr-model.html
1. When was the VSEPR model first proposed?
2. What is the basic theory behind the model?
3. What is the significance of this theory?

Answers

1. 1940.
2. Electrons work together to repel each other.

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 3. Both shape and physical properties of a molecule are determined by the
arrangements of atoms.

Review

Questions

1. Who did the major work in developing the VSEPR theory?

2. Where are the electrons that are involved in bonding?
3. What is the basic idea behind the VSEPR theory?

Answers

1. R.J. Gillespie and R.S. Nyholm.

2. In the valence shell.
3. Electron pairs repel each other and affect the shape of the molecule.

9.11 Molecular Shapes: No Lone Pairs on Central Atom

Practice

Questions

Use the link below to answer the following questions:

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch8/vsepr.html
1. What is the shape of PF5?
2. What C-H bod angles would we predict for methane if the molecule were planar?
3. What molecule has the configuration of an octahedron?

Answers

1. A trigonal bipyramid.
2. 900.
3. SF6

Review

Questions

1. What are the bond angles in carbon dioxide?

2. What molecule has bond angles of 109.50?
3. What is the geometry of the BF3 molecule?

Answers

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 1. 1800.
2. Methane.
3. Trigonal planar.

9.12 Molecular Shapes: Lone Pair(s) on Central Atom

Practice

Questions

Use the link below to answer the following questions:

http://www.mpilkington.com/23.pdf
1. What is the general principle in dealing with molecules containing more than four
electron pairs?
2. In the picture with five electron pairs around the central atom, why is the
arrangement on the right preferred?
3. In the picture with six electron pairs, why is the configuration with the lone pairs
at 1800 to each other more stable?

Answers

1. Minimize number of 90° angles involving lone pairs.

2. There are no 900 angles in that arrangement.
3. The number of 900 angles is decreased.

Review

Questions

1. Why does water have a bent geometry?

2. Why is ammonia not a planar molecule?
3. How would we write the configuration for xenon tetrafluoride using the ABE
system?

Answers

1. The oxygen lone pair electrons repel each other.

2. The lone pair electrons change the bond geometry.
3. AB4E2

9.13 Bond Polarity

Practice

9
Questions

Take the quiz on the right-hand side of this page

http://www.sophia.org/determining-bond-polarity/determining-bond-polarity-tutorial

Answers

Answers are given as part of the quiz.

Review

Questions

1. What is the bond type of a bond with a difference of 1.9?

2. What would be he bond type for BH2?
3. Your friend tells you that the LiF bond is covalent. What do you say?

Answers

1. Mostly ionic.
2. The electronegativity difference for the B-H bond is 0.16, so this would be a
covalent bond.
3. The electronegativity difference is 3.0, so the bond has to be ionic.

9.14 Polar Molecules

Practice

Questions

Use the link below to answer the following questions:

http://preparatorychemistry.com/bishop_molecular_polarity.htm
1. How do you identify polar bonds in a molecule?
2. What electronegativity difference would indicate a polar bond?
3. Is a molecule with symmetric polar bonds a polar molecule?

Answers

1. Look at the electronegativity values of the two atoms in the bond.

2. A difference of great than 0.4.
3. No, the dipoles cancel each other.

Review

10
Questions

1. What is a dipole?
2. How does shape affect the polarity of a molecule?
3. What is the difference between a polar bond and a polar molecule?

Answers

1. By looking at the electronegativity values of the atoms in the bond?

2. Dipoles that are not symmetrical will not cancel each other out.
3. A polar bond is a dipole; a polar molecule has dipoles that do no cancel one
another out.

9.15 Van der Waals Forces

Practice

Questions

Use the link below to answer the following questions:

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/vdw.html
1. What are intermolecular attractions?
2. How cold must helium get before it forms a liquid?
3. Can large numbers of molecules be held together by dispersion forces?
4. Do long thin molecules develop stronger or weaker dipoles than short fat
molecules?

Answers

1. Attractions between two different molecules.

2. 4K.
3. Yes.
4. Stronger, more room for electrons to shift.

Review

Questions

1. What attractive forces develop between polar molecules?

2. What creates London dispersion forces?
3. Are London dispersion forces permanent or temporary?
4. Are the dispersion forces for Cl2 stronger or weaker than the ones for Br2?

Answers

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 1. Dipole-dipole forces.
2. Movement of the electrons.
3. Temporary.
4. Weaker, the melting point and boiling point for Cl2 is lower.

9.16 Hydrogen Bonding

Practice

Questions

Use the link below to answer the following questions:

http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/161Ahydrogenbond.html
1. What are the features of N and O that cause then to form H bonds with H?
2. Will all H atoms form H-bonds?
3. What is the length of an H-bond compared to the length of a covalent bond?

Answers

1. They are more electronegative than H and have lone pair electrons.
2. No, the H must be attached to a sufficiently electronegative atom (N, O, or F).
3. A hydrogen bond is about twice as long as a covalent bond.

Review

Questions

1. How strong is a hydrogen bond?

2. What happens when H is covalently bonded to N, O, or F?
3. How does the shape of the water molecule affect its properties?

Answers

1. About 5% as strong as a covalent bond.

2. These strongly electronegative atoms pull the electrons in the covalent bond
close to themselves, leaving H as almost a bare proton.
3. The bent shape allows several water molecules to bond together, which
influences its physical properties.

9.17 Valence Bond Theory

Practice

12
Questions

View the presentation at the link below and take the quizzes.
http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/bonding/bondingflash.htm

Answers

Answers are given during the quiz process.

Review

Questions

1. Where are electrons according to valence bond theory?

2. How do covalent bonds form?
3. Do the orbitals of the two electrons involved in the bond need to be the same?

Answers

1. Electrons occupy atomic orbitals.

2. Electrons from two different atoms overlap.
3. No, they can be two different types of orbitals.

9.18 Hybrid Orbitals – sp3

Practice

Questions

Use the link below to answer the following questions. Read only the sections on
ammonia and water hybridization.
http://www.adichemistry.com/general/chemicalbond/vbt/hybridization-illustrations.html
1. What are the bond angles in ammonia and in water?
2. What contributes to these unexpected bond angles?
3. What happens to the lone pair electrons in ammonia when hybridization occurs?
4. Does the same thing happen with water?

Answers

1. 1070 in ammonia and 1050 in water?

2. Lone-pair electron repulsion of other bonds.
3. These electrons become hybridized.
4. Yes, both lone pair sets of electrons are hybridized.
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Review

Questions

1. Why is carbon expected to form only two covalent bonds?

2. How many covalent bonds does carbon actually form?
3. What needs to happen to allow carbon to form four bonds?

Answers

1. There are only two unpaired electrons for bond formation.

2. Four.
3. The paired electrons need to be hybridized so the orbitals are all equivalent.

9.19 Hybrid Orbitals – sp and sp2

Practice

Questions

Use the link below to answer the following questions. Only read the boron section.
http://www.adichemistry.com/general/chemicalbond/vbt/hybridization-illustrations.html
1. How many unpaired electrons are in the ground state of boron?
2. Where does the boron get three unpaired electrons for bonding to form BCl 3?
3. What is the geometry of the BCl3?

Answers

1. One.
2. A 2s electron is promoted to a 2p orbital and then sp2 hybridization takes place.
3. Trigonal planar.

Review

Questions

1. Does the ground state beryllium atom contain any unpaired electrons?
2. Why does one 2s electron in Be get promoted to a 2p orbital?
3. What is the geometry of the two sp orbitals?

Answers

1. No.
2. The electrons need to be unpaired.
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 3. Linear.

9.20 Sigma and Pi Bonds

Practice

Questions

Use the link below to answer the following questions:

https://sites.google.com/site/ed350201003/Task
1. What kind of overlap makes a sigma bond?
2. What kind of overlap makes a pi bond?
3. Can a sigma bond be formed by overlapping an s and a p orbital?
4. In methane, which carbon electrons are not involved in bonding?

Answers

1. End-to-end overlap of atomic orbitals.

2. Side-to-side overlap of atomic orbitals along a plane perpendicular to a line
connecting the nuclei of the atoms.
3. Yes.
4. The 1s electrons.

Review

Questions

1. What is the hybridization around each carbon in ethene?

2. What are the two bonds in C=C?
3. What is the shape of the ethene molecule?
4. How are the ethyne pi bonds oriented in relation to each other?

Answers

1. sp2.
2. One is a sigma bond and one is a pi bond.
3. It is planar.
4. They are perpendicular to each other.

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