TEKNIK MATERIAL DAN METALURGI

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI

DAN REKAYASA SISTEM
INSTITUT TENOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER
Sukolilo , Surabaya 60111Telp. (+6231) 5943645 , 5997026 , 70800753
Fax. (+6231) 5943645 , 5997026
E-mail :material@its.ac.id

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 ABSTRACT
The experiment of Impact test is performed to know about resistance of a metal according to
the impact load, the sensitivity and resistance of a metal due to the notch, and the effect of
temperature to the impact load resistance of a metal.in this experiment, we use strip steel for
the specimen, also use standards the ASTM E23 standard. There are three variances for the
specimen experiment, from the dry ice temperature, without treatment, and from the boiling
water temperature. There are also several tools that we used, like impact test machine, heater,
miser, and clamp. To do the experiment, we must follow the step. First, we need to prepare
the specimen and the tools that we will use. Put the specimen in to the dry ice until -20 0C and
put the other specimen in to the boiling water until 90 0C. Then, put the test specimen on anvil
and the notch must be positioned in the center in the direction of the pendulum's eye. Then,
pull the pendulum until until the needle shows angle 1400. After that, release the pendulum
until the pendulum hits the specimen. When the pendulum starts swinging after hits the
specimen, we can stop the pendulum so that it is not dangerous. After the pendulum stopped,
write the data for final angle of the pendulum. After performed the experiment, we can
analyze the specimen and calculate the data to find the impact energy, the impact strength,
and percentage fracture. The impact energy for specimen from dry ice is 39,00424 J, then for
without treatment specimen 112,3082 J, and specimen from boiling water is 162,4511 J. For
the impact strength values also from the specimen from dry ice, without treatment, and from
boiling water are 0,3611 J/mm2 , 1,1344 J/mm2 , and 1,3885 J/mm2. And for percentage
fracture percentage from the specimen from dry ice, without treatment, and from boiling
water are 100%, 76,868%. And 85,47%.

Keywords: ASTM E23, Impact Test, Strip Steel

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................................................i
TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................................................................................ii
LIST OF PICTURES..........................................................................................................................iv
LIST OF TABLE..................................................................................................................................v
CHAPTER I..........................................................................................................................................1
I.1. Background...........................................................................................................................1
I.2. Problems................................................................................................................................1
I.3. Experiment Objective...........................................................................................................1
CHAPTER II........................................................................................................................................2
II.1. Steel........................................................................................................................................2
II.2. Strip Steel..............................................................................................................................3
II.2.1. Composition..................................................................................................................3
II.2.2. Application....................................................................................................................4
II.3. Impact Test...........................................................................................................................4
II.4. Mechanical Properties..........................................................................................................5
II.4.1. Strength.........................................................................................................................6
II.4.2. Ductility.........................................................................................................................6
II.4.3. Toughness......................................................................................................................6
II.4.4. Modulus Resilience.......................................................................................................7
II.4.5. Impact Resistance.........................................................................................................7
II.5. Transition Curve..................................................................................................................7
II.6. Ductile and Brittle Fracture.................................................................................................8
CHAPTER III.....................................................................................................................................10
III.1. Flow Diagram..................................................................................................................10
III.2. Materials and Tools........................................................................................................10
III.2.1. Experimental Tools.....................................................................................................10
III.2.2. Experimental Materials..............................................................................................10
III.3. Treatment Table.............................................................................................................11
III.4. Standard Test..................................................................................................................11
III.5. Experimental Steps.........................................................................................................11
III.6. Experiment Circuit.....................................................................................................11
CHAPTER IV.....................................................................................................................................13
IV.1. Data Analysis..................................................................................................................13

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 IV.1.1. Experiment Result Table............................................................................................13
IV.1.2. Impact Energy Calculation........................................................................................13
IV.1.3. Impact Strength..........................................................................................................14
IV.1.4. Percent Fracture Area................................................................................................14
IV.1.5. FATT and Energy vs Temperature Curve...............................................................15
IV.2. Discussion........................................................................................................................15
IV.2.1. The Effect of Temperature on Impact Energy.........................................................15
IV.2.2. Impact Strength..........................................................................................................16
IV.2.3. Fracture Pattern.........................................................................................................16
IV.2.4. FATT Curve................................................................................................................17
CHAPTER V......................................................................................................................................18
V.1. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................18
V.2. Suggestion...........................................................................................................................18
BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................................................vi
ATTACHMENT.................................................................................................................................vii

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 LIST OF PICTURES

Picture II.1.(a) Specimen used for Charpy and Izod impact tests.(b) Schematics drawing for
impact test and Specimen placements for both Charpy and Izod tests.......................................5
Picture II.2. Schematic description of transition temperature...................................................8
Picture II.3. Brittle and Ductile Fracture...................................................................................9
Picture III.1. Flow Diagram of Impact Test............................................................................10
Picture IV.1. FATT Curve.......................................................................................................15
Picture IV.2. Fracture Pattern..................................................................................................16

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 LIST OF TABLE

Table II.1. Cold-forming strip steels..........................................................................................3

Table III.1. Heat Treatment Table...........................................................................................11
TableIII.2. Experiment Circuit of Impact Testing...................................................................11
Table IV.1. Impact Test Data Result........................................................................................13

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

I.1. Background
During the period of use, a material usually receive various kinds of loading, one of
which is shock load. Impact load is often defined as the load acting on a structure in a very
short time, generally less than 1 second, even for only a few milliseconds. Some examples of
impact loads are air pressure loads due to bombs, bullet shots, or collisions of objects on
structures. The existence of this impact load will certainly have a more dangerous impact
when compared to static loads such as in tensile tests, because the very fast strain rate results
in very fast fractures.
The initial test was developed in 1905 by the French scientist Georges Charpy and then
the test was used during World War II, because of that, there were many brittle fracture
phenomena that led to the welded joints of warships and their tankers. Among the fracture
phenomena, some are partially broken and some are actually broken into two parts. This
phenomenon occurs especially in winter, when ships are in the high seas or at anchor and it
turns out that medium steel, which is usually ductile, can turn brittle when under certain
conditions.
One of the most famous cases was on the Titanic, when the Titanic collided with an
iceberg, the steel hull and wrought iron rivets failed due to the brittle reclaim. A type of
catastrophic failure in the structure of a material, fracture that occurs without prior plastic
deformation and at very high speeds. Causes of fracture include low temperature, high impact
loads and high sulfur content. On the night of the Titanic disaster, each of these three factors
emerged: The water temperature was below freezing, the Titanic was traveling at high speed
when it hit an iceberg, and its steel hull contained high levels of sulfur, which would make the
steel structure a more fragile.
Therefore,it is very important to do an impact test on the material, and currently every
material to be used in various engineering fields in general, one of which really needs to go
through an impact test in order to meet good safety standards. mpact tests are used in studying
the toughness of material. A material's toughness is a factor of its ability to absorb energy
during plastic deformation. Brittle materials have low toughness as a result of the small
amount of plastic deformation that they can endure. To know the factors of impact testing
result,The kind of impact tests will be studied through this experiment.

I.2. Problems
Based from the background above, the problems of this experiment are as follow:
1. How does the resistance of a metal according to the impact load?
2. How do the sensitivity and resistance of a metal due to the notch?
3. How does the effect of temperature to the impact load resistance of a metal?

I.3. Experiment Objective

From the experiment problems above, the objectives of this experiment are as follow:
1. To know about resistance of a metal according to the impact load.
2. To know about the sensitivity and resistance of a metal due to the notch.
3. To know the effect of temperature to the impact load resistance of a metal.
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
II.1. Steel
Steel is an alloyed metal with iron as a basic element and carbon as its main
alloying elements. Carbon content in steel ranges from 0.2% to 2.1% by weight
according to grade. Function carbon in steel is an element hardener by preventing
dislocation shift on the crystal lattice (crystal lattice) of atoms iron. Another common
alloying element added besides carbon is manganese (manganese), chrome
(chromium), vanadium, and tungsten.
(Arifin: 2017:1)
Steels are the most complex and widely used engineering materials because of
the abundance of iron in the Earth’s crust, the high melting temperature of iron
(15348C), a range of mechanical properties, such as moderate (200–300 MPa) yield
strength with excellent ductility to in excess of 1400 MPa yield stress with fracture
toughness up to 100 MPa m-2, and associated microstructures produced by solid-state
phase transformations by varying the cooling rate from the austenitic condition.
(Totten, 2006:14)
Steels can be classified by their carbon component. In general, carbon steels
contain up to 2% total alloying elements and can be subdivided into low-carbon,
medium-carbon, highcarbon, and ultrahigh-carbon (UHC) steels. Low-carbon steels
contain up to 0.25% C. The largest category of this class is flat-rolled products (sheet
or strip), usually in the cold-rolled or subcritical annealed condition and usually with
final temper-rolling treatment. The carbon content for high formability and high draw
ability steels is very low (<0.10% C) with up to 0.40% Mn. These lower carbon steels
are used in automobile body panels, tinplates, appliances, and wire products.
(Totten, 2006:25)
Medium-carbon steels containing 0.30–0 .55% C and 0.60–1 .65% Mn are used
where higher mechanical properties are desired. They are usually hardened and
strengthened by heat treatment or by cold work. These grades, generally produced as
killed steels, are used for a wide range of applications that include automobile parts for
body, engines, suspensions, steering, engine torque converter, and transmission. In
general, steels containing 0.40–0 .60% C are used as rails, railway wheels, tires, and
axles.
(Totten, 2006:29)
High-carbon steels containing 0.55–1.00% C and 0.30–0 .90% Mn have more
restricted applications than the medium-carbon steels because of higher production
cost and poor formability. High- carbon steels find applications in the spring industry
(as light and thicker plat springs, laminated springs, and heavier coiled springs), farm
implement industry (as plow beams, plow shares , scraper blades, discs, mowers,
knives, and harrow teeth ), and high strength wires where improved wear
characteristics and higher strength than those attainable with lower carbon grades are
needed.
(Totten, 2006:29)
UHC steels are experimental plain carbon steels with 1.0–2.1% C (15–32 vol%
cementite).Optimum superplastic elongation has been found at about 1.6% C content.
These steels have the capability of emerging as important technological materials
because they exhibit superplasticity.
(Totten, 2006:29)
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II.2. Strip Steel

Strip steels are manufactured by hot rolling to thicknesses not less than
2mm, and then finally cold rolled to the required final thickness. Since coldforming
(e.g. by deep drawing, stretch forming or bending) is a widely usedapplication for
low-carbon strip steels, a final recrystallization anneal is applied. Considerable
processing expertise is required to optimize the grainsize, the crystallographic
orientation (‘texture’) of the grains and the solute(C and N) content in order to
enhance the formability of the strip. The presence of a strong yield point is
undesirable, as the irregular flow may lead Materials for engineering 104 to a poor
surface finish due to the presence of Lüders lines. Additions ofniobium or titanium can
be made to ‘getter’ the C and N solute atoms to form carbides or nitrides, thus
improving the cold-forming response, the steelsbeing known as interstitial-free (IF).
With mild steels of higher C content, small Nb, V or Ti additions lead to sufficient
precipitation of finely divided precipitates during cooling from the hot-rolling temperature to
give rise to significant precipitation strengthening.These materials are known as high-strength
low-alloy (HSLA) steels.Other approaches to achieving high strength in low-carbon strip
steelsinclude solution strengthening, notably by the addition of up to 0.1% phosphorus for use
in automobile body pressings, and dual-phase steelswhich are heat-treated to form a mixed
microstructure of ferrite and martensite(see later in this section). The latter have a low yield
strength but a highwork-hardening rate, leading to excellent formability, but the alloying
elementsneeded to promote this microstructure make them relatively expensive.
(Martin, 2006:103-104)
II.2.1. Composition
A tabulation of the cold-forming strip steels presently being used (along with their
yield and tensile properties, ranges of carbon content, and alloying additions) are listed in
Table II.1. This tabulation includes the important category for interstitial-free steels, which
have excellent deep-drawing characteristics,
Table II.1. Cold-forming strip steels

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(ASM,1997:1088-1089)
II.2.2. Application
One of strip steel application is for steel wire, which can be cold drawn from any of
the types of carbon steel or alloy steel rod. Low-carbon steel flat wire can also be produced
by slitting cold-rolled flat sheet or strip steel to the desired width. The width-to-thickness

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ratio and the specified type of edge generally determine the process that will be necessary
to produce a specific flat wire item. The edges, finishes, and tempers obtainable in flat wire
are similar to those furnished in cold-rolled strip. It should be noted that a product having
an approximately rectangular section, rolled from carbon steel round wire of selected size,
without edge, is also known as carbon steel flat wire.
(ASM,1997:747)
II.3. Impact Test
Impact testing techniques were established so as to ascertain the fracture
characteristics of materials. In the impact test, rapid loading is used.(Wardani, 2016: 244)
It was realized that the results of laboratory tensile tests could not be extrapolated to
predict fracture behavior; for example, under some circumstances normally ductile metals
fracture abruptly and with very little plastic deformation. Impact test conditions were
chosen to represent those most severe relative to the potential for fracture, namely,
deformation at a relatively low temperature, a high strain rate, and a triaxial stress state.
(Callister,2000 :250-251)
There are two standardized tests for impact test, the Charpy and Izod, were designed
and are still used to measure the impact energy, sometimes also termed notch toughness.
The Charpy V-notch (CVN) technique is most commonly used in the United StatesFor
both Charpy and Izod, the specimen is in the shape of a bar of square cross section, into
which a V-notch is machined (Picture 1a). The apparatus for making V-notch impact tests
is illustrated schematically in (Picture 1b). The load is applied as an impact blow from a
weighted pendulum hammer that is released from a cocked position at a fixed height h. The
specimen is positioned at the base as shown. Upon release, a knife edge mounted on the
pendulum strikes and fractures the specimen at the notch, which acts as a point of stress
concentration for this high velocity impact blow. The pendulum continues its swing, rising
to a maximum height h’, which is lower than h. The energy absorption, computed from the
difference between h and h’, is a measure of the impact energy. The primary difference
between the Charpy and Izod techniques lies in the manner of specimen support, as
illustrated in (Picture 1b)
(Callister,2000:252-253)

Picture II.1.(a) Specimen used for Charpy and Izod impact tests.(b) Schematics drawing
for impact test and Specimen placements for both Charpy and Izod tests

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The impact strength (Is) is determined by dividing the energy impact by the cross-
sectional area the effectiveness of the test object, which is calculated by the equationas
below;

E W .l(cosβ−cosα )
Is= = ...........................................(II.1)
A A

Where cos α and cos β are the angles of the initial pendulum and corner of each end.
(Wijaya,2016:183)
II.4. Mechanical Properties
Many materials are subjected to forces or loads when in service; examples
include the aluminum alloy from which an airplane wing is constructed and the steel
in an automobile axle. In such situations it is necessary to know the characteristics of
the material and to design the member from which it is made such that any resulting
deformation will not be excessive and fracture will not occur. The mechanical
behavior of a material reflects its response or deformation in relation to an applied
load or force. Key mechanical design properties are stiffness, strength, hardness,
ductility, and toughness. The mechanical properties of materials are ascertained by
performing carefully designed laboratory experiments that replicate as nearly as
possible the service conditions. Factors to be considered include the nature of the
applied load and its duration, as well as the environmental conditions. It is possible for
the load to be tensile, compressive, or shear, and its magnitude may be constant with
time, or it may fluctuate continuously.
(Callister, 2014:169-170)
II.4.1. Strength
Strength in tensile strest divided into two, there are tensile strength or we can say
ultimate tensil strength and yield strength. The tensile strength, or ultimate tensile strength
(UTS), is the maximum load divided by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen.

P max
σu= ................................................................ (II.2)
A0

The tensile strength is the value most often quoted from the results of a tension test; yet in
reality it is a value of little fundamental significance with regard to the strength of a metal.
For ductile metals the tensile strength should be regarded as a measure of the maximum
load which a metal can withstand under the very restrictive conditions of uniaxial loading.
(Dieter, 1961:238)
The yield strength is the load corresponding to a small specified plastic strain divided by
the original cross-sectional area of the specimen.

P e=0,002
σ 0= .............................................................
A0
(II.3)

Because of the practical difficulties of measuring the elastic limit or proportional limit, the
yield strength and yield point are the preferred engineering parameters for expressing the
start of plastic deformation. When the design of a ductile metal requires that plastic

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deformation be prevented, the yield strength is the appropriate criterion of the strength of
the metal.
(Dieter, 1961:239)
II.4.2. Ductility
Ductility is another important mechanical property. It is a measure of the degree of
plastic deformation that has been sustained at fracture. A metal that experiencesvery little
or no plastic deformation upon fracture is termed brittle. Ductility may be expressed
quantitatively as either percent elongation or percent reduction in area. Percent elongation
(%EL) is the percentage of plastic strain at fracture,or
l f −l 0
% EL=
l0 ( )
× 100.................................................

(II.4)

Knowledge of the ductility of materials is important for atleast two reasons. First, it
indicates to a designer the degree to which a structure will deform plastically before
fracture. Second, it specifies the degree of allowable deformation during fabrication
operations. We sometimes refer to relatively ductile materials as being “forgiving,” in the
sense that they may experience local deformation without fracture, should there be an error
in the magnitude of the design stress calculation.
(Callister, 2014:184-185)
II.4.3. Toughness
Toughness is a mechanical term that may be used in several contexts. For one,
toughness (or more specifically, fracture toughness) is a property that is indicative of a
material’s resistance to fracture when a crack (or other stress-concentrating defect) is
present (as discussed in Section 8.5). Because it is nearly impossible (as well as costly) to
manufacture materials with zero defects (or to prevent damage during service), fracture
toughness is a major consideration for all structural materials. Another way of defining
toughness is as the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform before
fracturing. For dynamic (high strain rate) loading conditions and when a notch (or point of
stress concentration) is present, notch toughness is assessed by using an impact test. For
the static (low strain rate) situation, a measure of toughness in metals (derived from plastic
deformation) may be ascertained from the results of a tensile stress–strain test. The units
are the same as for resilience (i.e., energy per unit volume of material). For a metal to be
tough, it must display both strength and ductility. Hence, even though the brittle metal has
higher yield and tensile strengths, it has a lower toughness than the ductile one.
(Callister, 2014:186-187)
II.4.4. Modulus Resilience
Resilience is the capacity of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed
elastically and then, upon unloading, to have this energy recovered. The associated
property is the modulus of resilience, Ur, which is the strain energy per unit volume
required to stress a material from an unloaded state up to the point of yielding.
Computationally, the modulus of resilience for a specimen subjected to a uniaxial tension
test is just the area under the engineering stress–strain curve taken to yielding, or
ϵy

Ur=∫ σ dϵ.....................................................(II.5)
0

Assuming a linear elastic region, we have

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1
Ur= σ ϵ y..............................................................(II.6)
2 y

In which ϵy is the strain at yielding.

(Callister, 2014:185)
II.4.5. Impact Resistance
Impact resistance is often erroneously referred to as impact strength, when in fact it
is not about strength at all. Strength refers to a force, and impact resistance is an energy; it
is the energy required to break the sample in two or more pieces. Like elongation to break,
impact resistance is sensitive to any particles, voids, or other inhomogeneities that act as
flaws. Stresses concentrate around filler particles. The larger the particle and the more
sharp the edges, the greater the stress concentration. As impact takes place, the stress
concentration exceeds the strength of the polymer and failure occurs in the form
of microcracks, which then rapidly spread and eventually lead to macroscopic failure. For
fillers with poor adhesion to the polymer, impact leads to de-wetting and formation of a
void around the filler particle. In some brittle polymer/poorly bonded filler combinations
this void formation actually helps impact resistance, for example in the case of fine, well
dispersed, stearic acid-coated calcium carbonate in PP homopolymer or in PVC
(DeArmitt,2017 :520)

II.5. Transition Curve

Brittle fracture is promoted by three main factors, (1) a triaxial state of stress, (2)
a low temperature, and (3) a high strain rate. In the previous section it was shown that
the presence of a notch provides condition 1 and contributes to condition 3.
Temperature has a strong effect on the basic flow and fracture properties of the metal.
For all metals the yield stress or flow stress increases with decreasing temperature.
With fee metals, where there is no ductile-to-brittle transition, the increase in yield
stress on going from room temperature to liquid-nitrogen temperature (— 196°C) is
about a factor of 2. In bcc metals, which show a ductileto-brittle transition, the yield
stress increases by a factor of 3 to 8 over the same temperature range. Figure 7-5
illustrates the trends in fracture stress and yield stress with temperature. It also shows
that the reduction of area at fracture in a tensile specimen drops off rapidly over a
narrow temperature interval. The temperature range at which this transition occurs is
called the transition temperature.

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Picture II.2. Schematic description of transition temperature.

While this picture of the ductile-to-brittle transition does not provide for the structural
details embodied in the dislocation theory, it does give an easily grasped working model of
the phenomenon. As originally proposed, this classical theory ascribes no major effect to the
role of strain rate; yet recent experiments have indicated that strain rate may be more
important than plastic constraint in producing brittle fracture. Using sharp cleavage cracks as
notches, Felbeck and Orowan were unable to produce cleavage fracture in steel plates unless
the crack reached a high velocity. Extensive plastic deformation was present at the base of the
crack in all cases. These experiments could be interpreted only by considering that the jaeld
stress is raised to the value of the fracture stress, not by plastic constraint, but by the effect of
high strain rate on increasing the yield stress. It is difficult to separate these two effects, and
additional experiments would be very worthwhile. However, it is interesting to note that the
yield stress of mild steel is very sensitive to strain rate. Also, the large increase in transition
temperature that is brought about by using a notched-impact test can be understood on this
basis when it is considered that the strain rate in the impact test is about 10 times greater than
in the ordinary tension test.
(Dieter, 1961)

II.6. Ductile and Brittle Fracture

Simple fracture is the separation of a body into two or more pieces in response to an
imposed stress that is static (i.e., constant or slowly changing with time) and at temperatures
that are low relative to the melting temperature of the material. Fracture can also occur from
fatigue (when cyclic stresses are imposed) and creep (timedependent deformation, normally at
elevated temperatures) . For metals, two fracture modes are possible: ductile and brittle.
Classification is based on the ability of a material to experience plastic deformation. Ductile
metals typically exhibit substantial plastic deformation with high energy absorption before
fracture. On the other hand, there is normally little or no plastic deformation with low energy
absorption accompanying a brittle fracture
Ductile fracture is characterized by extensive plastic deformation in the vicinity of an
advancing crack. Furthermore, the process proceeds relatively slowly as the crack length is
extended. Such a crack is often said to be stable. That is, it resists any further extension unless
there is an increase in the applied stress. In addition, there will ordinarily be evidence of
appreciable gross deformation at the fracture surfaces (e.g., twisting and tearing)
On the other hand, for brittle fracture, cracks may spread extremely rapidly, with very
little accompanying plastic deformation. Such cracks may be said to be unstable, and crack
propagation, once started, will continue spontaneously without an increase in magnitude of
the applied stress.

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Picture II.3. Brittle and Ductile Fracture

(Callister 236-239, 2009)

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 CHAPTER III
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

III.1. Flow Diagram

Below is the flow diagram of impact test experiment.

Picture III.1 Flow Diagram of Impact Test

III.2. Materials and Tools

Below are the materials and the tools that we used in this experiment.
III.2.1. Experimental Tools
In this experiment of Tensile Test, there are several tools that we use:
1. Impact testing machine .........................................................................(1 piece)
2. Heater ...................................................................................................(1 piece)
3. Miser.....................................................................................................(1 piece)
4. Clamp ...................................................................................................(1 piece)
5. Thermometer .......................................................................................(1 piece)
III.2.2. Experimental Materials
The material used in this test method is a type of strip steel
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III.3. Treatment Table

Below is the treatment table for the test specimen,

Table III.1 Heat Treatment Table

No Specimen Temperature
1 Strip Steel -40 °C
2 Strip Steel 25°C
3 Strip Steel 90°C

III.4. Standard Test

In this experiment, the test standards and test specimens use the ASTM E23
standard

III.5. Experimental Steps

In this experiment of tensile test, there are several steps that we must do:
1. Preparing test specimens in accordance with ASTM E23 testing standards.
2. Notch loading according to ASTM E23 testing standard.
3. Conditioning the test specimens in accordance with the temperature variations
determined by the conditioning time of about 30 minutes.
4. Place the test specimen on anvil and the notch must be positioned in the center in
the direction of the pendulum's eye.
5. Increase pendulum or burden.
6. Remove the pendulum until the pendulum hits the specimen.
7. Record the amount of energy used to break the test specimen on the manual scale
needle.
8. Observe the fracture section of the specimen and describe it (sketched) on the
report to identify the type of fracture.
9. Generate an impact testing technique report.

III.6. Experiment Circuit

The experiment circuit of this experiment are shown on table below,
Table III.2 Experiment Circuit of Impact Testing
1.Specimen Preparation 2.Specimen Placement on 3. Performing Impact
Testing Machine Testing

4. Record energy 5.Observing fracture 6.Make a report

absorbed from section

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needle scale

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 CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

IV.1. Data Analysis

After the experiment has been performed, then the data tabulation and calculation are
showed as follow,
IV.1.1. Experiment Result Table
The data noted based on experiment before from each specimen are tabulated on
table below,
Table IV.1 Impact Test Data Result
Specimen Tested Without Treatment Dry Ice Hot Water
Length(l), mm 54 57 55
Thickness (a), mm 11 12 13
Thickness(b) mm 9 9 9
2
Area(A), mm 99 108 117
Temperature (T),
o 25 -40 100
C
Initial Angle (α) 140 140 140
Final Angle (β) 90 120 70
Impact
112,3082 39,00424 162,4511
Energy,Kgm
Impact Strength,
1,1344 0,3611 1,3885
Kgm/mm2
*Information:
a= Section length under the notch(mm)
b= Specimen width (mm)
A= Cross section area under the notch (mm2)
IV.1.2. Impact Energy Calculation
To calculate impact energy from the impact test, we can use following formula,
E¿ M . g . L .(cosβ−cosα )
..........................................(4.1)
Where:
E :Impact energy (Joule)
M : Pendulum mass (Kg)
g :gravitational acceleration (9,8 m/s2)
L :Length of the pendulum (meter)
Β :Final pendulum angle
α :Initial pendulum angle

For the example we calculate without treatment data, from the data we have:
M=17 Kg; g= 9,8 m/s2; L= 0,88 m; α= 140°;β=90°. So,
E¿ ( 17 x 9,8 ) . ( 0,88 ) . ( cos 90 °−cos 140 ° )= 112,3082 J

Then, for dry ice treatment data, from the data we have:
M=17 Kg; g= 9,8 m/s2; L= 0,88 m; α= 140°;β=120°. So,
 LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM METALURGI I
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E¿ ( 17 x 9,8 ) . ( 0,88 ) . ( cos 120° −cos 140 ° )= 39,00424 J

Then, for hot water treatment data, from the data we have:
M=17 Kg; g= 9,8 m/s2; L= 0,88 m; α= 140°;β=70°. So,
E¿ ( 17 x 9,8 ) . ( 0,88 ) . ( cos 70° −cos 140 ° )= 162,4511 J

Then, with the same calculation method, we have Impact energy for -40 oC
temperature (From Dry Ice) is 39,00424 J Jand for 100 oC temperature (From Hot
Water) is 162,4511 J.
IV.1.3. Impact Strength
To calculate Impact Strength we can use following formula:
E
I=
A
...........................................................(4.2)
Where:
I :Impact Strength (J/mm2)
E :Impact Energy (J)
A :Cross section area under the notch (mm2)

Calculation example:
Based on calculation from IV.1.2 we can calculate the Impact strength in no
treatment condition, where from data we got, we have
E = 112,3082 J; A= 99 mm2, so
112,3082
I= =1,1344 J /mm2
99
Then, with same calculation method, we have Impact strength for -40 oC
temperature (From Dry Ice) is 0,3611 J/mm2 and for 100 oC temperature (From Hot
Water) is 1,3885 J/mm2.
IV.1.4. Percent Fracture Area
To calculate percent fracture area from the impact test we can use following
formula,
A
%Fracture Area= x 100 %
Ao
....................................(4.3)
Where:
A : Cross section area after fracture
Ao : Cross section area under the notch

1. For calculation in Without Treatment condition (25°c), the calculation is as follow,

Data:
Ao : 99 mm2
A : 76,1 mm2
76,1
%Fracture Area= x 100 %
99
¿ 76,868 %(Brittle Fracture) or 23,132 % Ductile
2.For calculation from Dry Ice condition (-40°c), the calculation is as follow,

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Data:
Ao : 108 mm2
A : 108 mm2
108
%Fracture Area= x 100 %
108
¿ 100 % (Brittle Fracture) or 0 % Ductile
3.For calculation from hot water condition (100°c), the calculation is as follow
Data:
Ao : 117 mm2
A : 100 mm2
100
%Fracture Area= x 100 %
117
¿ 85,47 % (Brittle Fracture) or 14,53% Ductile

IV.1.5. FATT and Energy vs Temperature Curve

After calculating the impact energy and percent fracture area, then we can plot
them into energy vs temperaure curve and also FATT curve for further analysis,

FATT Curve
180
160
140
Impact Energy (Joule)

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
Temperature (°C)

Picture IV.1 FATT Curve

IV.2. Discussion
In this impact test practicum uses the charpy method by following the principles of ASTM
E23, where there are 3 specimen treatments on strip steel, namely at normal temperatures (25
° C), at low temperatures (-40 ° c) and at high temperatures (100 ° c) , where for discussion of
each aspect will be explained as follows.
IV.2.1. The Effect of Temperature on Impact Energy
In this practicum, we can calculate the impact strength as we can see on Table IV.1.
Table IV.1. shown that specimen that tested with hot water has the highest value of impact
energy 162,4511 Kgm. Then followed by specimen without treatment 112,3082 Kgm and
the last specimen with dry ice 39,00424 Kgm. So, we can conclude that temperature has an
effect to impact energy. Impact energy is related with toughness properties in a material.
Toughness is an amount of energy to break a material. So, the lower temperature the
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smaller toughness that specimen has. When specimen tested with dry ice or in low
temperature, it means the energy comes out from specimen to environment. It makes the
size of atoms will be smaller and the atoms can’t vibrate (stay in initial place). If the atom
stay at initial place and can’t move, if there is direct load, its easier to break the materials.
Thats why specimen that tested with dry ice has the lowest impact energy. Different with
specimen at high temperature. When the specimen at high temperature, it means the
specimen take the energy from environment. Based on theory, if the specimen takes the
energy from environment, that specimen can takes energy higher than specimen that did
not take the energy. The size between atoms will be larger and possible for atoms to
vibrate and move left/right. It makes if there is direct load, its harder to break a material
and makes impact energy will be larger.
IV.2.2. Impact Strength
After we calculate the impact energy, we can calculate the Impact strength. From the
table IV.1, we got 1,1344 J/mm2 for without treatment specimen, 0,3611 J/mm2 for low
temperature specimen (from dry ice), and 1,3885 J/mm2 for high temperature (from hot
water). We can see the specimen that has a highest number is for specimen from the hot
water,and the smallest number of impact strength is from dry ice. . From the data we know
that the specimen from hot water has a biggest number of impact energy, different with dry
ice specimen that has the smallest number of impact energy. That is the reason why the
specimen from hot water has the highest number of impact strength. There are some things
that affect to the number of impact strength. First, is an impact energy, the bigger the
number of impact energy, the greater the number of impact strength too. Because the
number of impact energy is directly proportional of the number of impact strength. Then
the smaller cross section, the bigger number of impact strength.
IV.2.3. Fracture Pattern

Hot Water Dry Ice Untreated

Picture IV.2 Fracture Pattern
After we conducted the impact test experiment, and give three different treatment
for specimen (hot water, dry ice, untreated). We can analyze whether ductile material or
brittle material through fracture pattern. For specimen which treated by hot water the
specimen didn’t break into two part and just have a bit crooked on its body, while for
untreated specimen, it almost break into two part but still adhere at the edge of the
specimen moreover at the break spot looks bumpy and uneven. The most different one was
the specimen treated by dry ice, as we all know that low temperature change the material
properties from ductile to the brittle one. So it broke easily into two part and the break spot
looks so flat without any visible bumps on its surface.

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IV.2.4. FATT Curve

The FATT (Fracture Area Temperature Transition) curve provides an explanation
regarding the relationship between the effect of temperature on the impact energy and the
percentage of fracture of a material. If we look at the FATT diagram below the blue line
shows the relationship between temperature and impact energy, while the orange line
shows the relationship between temperature and the percentage of fracture. The blue line
shows that when the temperature is low the impact energy is also low but when the
temperature (-40) to (100) degrees, the impact energy rises linearly, then after that the
impact energy returns constant, it means that the higher the temperature the higher the
energy required to break the specimen into two or more pieces, but the opposite happens
on the orange line, at low temperatures the percentage of fracture tends to be high (the
specimen will break easily/brittle), and the more the temperature is raised the smaller the
fracture percentage (the more ductile specimen).

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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

V.1. Conclusion
After conducting experiments for some materials related to the tensile loading we
came to the following conclusions:
1. To determine the resistance of metal according to impact load is based on impact
energy. The higher impact energy the higher resistance of metal to form fracture.
Based on experiment, the highest metal resistance according to impact load is
specimen at heat temperature (hot water) 162,4511 Kgm then followed by without
treatment 112,3082 Kgm and dry ice 39,00424 Kgm
2. The function of the notch at specimen is as a centre concentration of load so, fracture
will happened at that position.
3. Based on experimen, the higher temperature the higher the impact load resistance of a
metal. The impact load resistance of a metal can related with impact strength. As we
can see in table IV.1. specimen with dry ice treatment has the lowest impact strength
0,3611 Kgm/mm2 then followed with specimen without treatment 1,1344 Kgm/mm2
and specimen with hot water 1,3885 Kgm/mm2
V.2. Suggestion
The suggestions for implementing practicum to make it even better are as follows:
1. Make sure that the specimen measurement (temperature, length of the specimen,
initial angle, final angle) are correct to minimize the calculation error.
2. Make sure no one standing in front of the impact testing machine.

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Callister, W. D. (2014). Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction ninth edition. United
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DeArmitt, C. (2017). Applied Plastics Engineering Handbook. Elsevier Inc. .
Dieter, G. (1961). Mechanical Metallurgy. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Dieter, G. E. ( 1961). Metallurgy and Metallurgycal Engineering Series. London: Mc Graw Hill Book
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Janosec, M. (2007). Microstructure and mechanical properties of cold rolled, annealed HSLA strip
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Martin, J. (2006). Materials for Engineering : Metals and Alloys. Woodhead Publishing.
Totten, G. E. (2006). Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies. Portland Taylor and Francis.
Wardani, C. U. (2016). ANALISIS PENGUJIAN IMPAK METODA IZOD DAN CHARPY MENGGUNAKAN
BENDA UJI ALUMUNIUM DAN BAJA ST37. 244.
Wijaya, I. S. (2016). Charpy impact test pada kampas rem hybrid komposit phenolic resin matrik. 183.

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ATTACHMENT

Without
Specimen Tested Treatment Dry Ice Hot Water
Length(l), mm 54 57 55
Thickness (a), mm 11 12 13
Thickness(b) mm 9 9 9
Area(A), mm2 99 108 117
Temperature (T), oC 25 -40 100
Initial Angle (α) 140 140 140
Final Angle (β) 90 120 70
Impact Energy,Kgm
Impact Strength,
Kgm/mm2

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