Michael Vince Miacmillan Advanced with key i MACMILLAN Fo 8 g E¢Michael Vince Wiacmillan sanglish ‘@irammar In Context AdvancedMacmillan education exwaon Towns Road, Oxford OX 370 ‘avon of Macmillan Vublshers Limited ‘Companies and represenatives throughout the wor IN 978-1-4080-7052-2 (vith key ition) IRBN O78.1-4050.7147-§ (without bey edition) ‘Text © Michael Vinew 2008 Design and ilustration © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2008 fest published 2008 All ights reserved; no part ofthis pualleation may be reproduced, stored in 3 sisevalxystem, tramemite in any orm: ary ary meane, sertenne,mirchaniesl, photneapyIng, recording, artherwike without the palos writen rpermucon af the pollivhes ae me Devignee by Gilet Davier gutted by Fad Blunt; Chee Ede; Andy Hammond; Jonans Kors Daven Lingard Joke Motedale; Sarsh Naylor {Cover design by Katie Stephens Cover photographs hy Alanty/Raley-Cooper Photography, Image Source, Photedse, Stockbyte I would keto thank Cl Rahineon, Amanda Dnlmheon:and Sora Cans oethete suppor! aad help role. 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Holly Harry 1S, lubon Archive pp 18108, 19, Relsled Collection p 851, AFP 14th, Kazumi. Nagacaves 157, Altrende images) 207, Frank Whitney p 211; Hadden Davie 9 103; Image 10 p 108; Image Source! pp 160, 280, 213, 214; Jopler Mlle! Fainil/ Photenwoustap p63, Many Evans Pture Ubaiey/ pp 113, 16): Photodise/ p $9, 67, 187, 191, 212; Rex Features / pp SE, 98; lence Plcture Libranyf NASA p 168, Ed Young p 186, ST Pietures/ Willa Carupbell p38; Stockbye/ pp 9, 22,98, 13%; Superstock pp 48,852, 103, ‘ranted anc boundn thaiand 2012 2011 2010 2000 2008 Moa7GS4IaIIntroduction ‘This book is designed to revise and consolidate grammar points at the level of Council of Europe Framework (CEF) C1 and C2. It assumes that the basic points have been covered. These can he practised in Macmillan English Grammar In Context Essential and Macmillan English Grammar In Coatext Intermediate. The practice material includes a wide range of topics to reflect botl everyday language uuse and the kinds of subjects learners might be studying in schools or colleges. Many learners are likely to use English to learn another subject during their education and the choice of text tries to reflect this fact, Some texts contain information which learners should find Interesting or challenging. The intention in general is that language should have a familiar context and that leamers should have something to use language for. Within cach unit, excrcises range in difficulty. This allows learners to build up their confidence with the simpler, more familiar tasks before moving onto the more challenging ones later in the unit. The longer, topic-based texts include highlighted words whose definitions can he found on the accompanying CD-ROM. This is a good opportunity for learners to widen thetr vocabulary and see grammar used In realistic contexts ‘The Review section at the back of the book offers more activities for students who have finished the other exercises. It is also for students who tee! that they haven't fully grasped the grammar point and need some further practice, In addition, it can be used a8. means of testing or revising previous study, either in class or at home. The CD-ROM ‘This includes two lurther exercises tor each unit in this book, and a test section. Plus, where you see highlighted words like this, you will find the definitions in the glossary section. Just follow the link from the homepage. To the student Macmilloi English Grammar In Context has been written to make grammar more \exesting than other books on the market, We hope you find it enjoyable as well as usetul. If you are studying at home, the units can be covered in any order but the ‘exercises within cach unit have been graded. If you find some exercises difficult, read the presentation page again. The extension setivities and Review offer the opportunity of further practice. To the teacher Unlike many other grauminat books, Mucinillun English Gauunar In Coutext pats ‘grammar into context. The aim is to encourage students to see grammar used more realistically and in move interesting ways. The topics covered in the exercises can be used as a starting point for a lesson, as @ subject for discussion, and asa means of helping to bulld students’ vocabulary In useful areas, ‘There Is opportunity for individual study, group work and homework, plus testing, in the different sections of the book.we anouewn = 10 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 8 present simple, present continuous (1) present simple, present continuous (2) past time 4 as present perfect future time | - tense contrasts passive hearsay reporting have and get something done, other uses of get conditional and if-sentences (1) conditional and if-sentences (2) unreal past tense as m modals (1): obligation, modals (2): possibility, certainty modals (3): other uses ecommendation, ability would indirect speech report verbs questions. articles (1) articles (2) number and quantity nouns pronouns, so, it, there 92 100 104 110 4Unit Topic 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 at a2 43 4 adjectives adjectives with infinitive or -ing adverbs making comparisons place and movement, prepositional phrases time words - verb and preposition prepositions with adjectives and nouns verbs followed by -ing or infinitive relative and non-finite clauses adverbial clauses adverbial participle clauses phrasal verbs (1) . phrasal verbs (2) phrasal verbs (3) organizing text (1) ‘organizing text (2) organizing text (3) inversion and fronting emphasis Review Wordlist Grammar index Answer key Page 8 128 128 132 136 142 146 150 154 158 162 166 170 174 178 184 188 _ 192 198 208 208 220 224 225present simple, present continuous (1) basic uses of present simple and present continuous ‘© Use present simple for facts, or things that always happen. Water freezes at 22 degrees fahrenhelt and O degrees Ceti. ‘Sea water contains an average 2.7% salt by weight. ‘© Use present simple for routines and habits. The birds return tothe isand every spring, Fidalererabs turn red when they become angry ‘© Use present continuous for actions happening at the moment of speaking, and not finished. Sorry tm busy at the moment. I'm doing my homewort. 12 Prosent continuous is also used for actions happening generally around the time of speaking, rather than exactly at the same time. I'm reading a realy interesting book state and action verbs ‘Some verbs have meanings which refer to states or conditions, and others have meaninas viich refer to actions. State verbs are either only used in simple form, or have a different meaning when used In continuous form. state verbs normally in present simple © belong, consist of, contain, cost, depend on, deserve, matier, ow, possess, resemble ‘Does this belong to you? Fresh frat contains 2 range of vitamins «believe, imagine, know. prefer realize, understand, mesn ‘Some people sil believe that the Earth is fat. © seem This seems to be vilat we're looking foc «© costs sometimes used in continuous to describe a process that is still going on, We're having 3 house buit, and it's costing a fortune! © realize, regret, understand These are normally used with state meanings in present simple, but can be used In continuous to show 3 changing situation, usually with an adverbial which shows that change s happening. Some people don't realize how dengerous cars can be. People are slowly realizing te cost of giobal warming. Do you understand ths point? We're understanding more and more about the universe. verbs with state and action meanings state action © do What do you do? (= what's your job) What are you doing? (= explain your actions) © be, have This house is over 100 years old. He Is being very ily! Do you have 2 car? Ym having a great time here. © Imagine, suppose, think, expect | suppose this is Jim, ‘You're supposing he i gully. (= make an assumption) imagine you fee! the same. Ghosts! No, you're imagining things! What do you think? (= have an opinion) — What arc you thinking? {Fm thinking of changing jobs. (= considering) I don’t expect him to understand ‘Are you expecting someone?© hope, wonder Thope you haven't been waiting long. We're hoping to continue the talks ext week, (less definite) © enjoy, like, love Normally state verbs, but uften used in continuous for actions going on at the inoment enjoy /love going fur long walks ‘Are you enjoying the party? Imm loving every minute of my new job! © appear Your vie appears to be wut of date, Torts appearing is Hernlet ai Ure Giavid © look ‘With the state meaning of ‘seem, /ook can be used in present simple only. This buok looks inierestiry. In descriptions of appearance, look can be used in both simple and continuous. Jira tooks i. Helen is looking well © see. hear 1 s00/ hear youve had your haircut. Jancis eing Harz: (= spending time with) 1 didn’t hear any noises. ‘You ve hearing things! (= imagining) © feel, see, smel, teste The room smetls avvful! 1r'm smelling the flowers! (an active choice) © ache, feel, hurt ‘Verbs that describe how the body feels can use elther simple or continuous forms with ttle change in meaning, My foo burs, My foot ts hurting. I eet sick I'm feeling sick © weigh, measure This bag welghs more than 25 kilos. I'm welghing the parcel before | post it Iimsmolling the cheese, Itsmells off to me. What are you doing? Note that what is said here about present simple and present continuous is generally true for simple and continuous use in other tenses. © present simple, present continuous (1)1 Underline the correct form. a Some kinds of fish courtain /are coutaining high levels of dangerous metals. b Scientists nowadays slowly begin to mnuersiand /are slowly heginmring fo understand more about how the brain works. € What do your think /ure you thinking of Kate's new hairstyle? 1's unusual, isnt i? Lyudl music can be really annoying, Some people dort realize / arent realtzing what a nnulsance it can be. © You cant really have seen a UFO! You imagine /are innagining things! {Technicians report that they have /are having ditticulty installing the new computer system. 9. Nowine for me! take /Pm taking antibiotics for an ear infectior h Iu career terms, having a good degree appears / is appearing to make little difference. |The Nattonal Theatre considers /s considering putting on a new production of Uncle Vanya. joes this wallet belong /1s this wallet helonsiug to you 2. Underline the present simple / continuous verb e1rors in the lext, Write a correction at the end of the line where necessary. 'S Tiptree et Worwiek veg TAL. Fridays 15th Coober Hi everyone L have problems getting a new phone connection have, so instead a Pm having OF sCreting Cais 05 usuly Z'm actualy sitting down to write a b letter. ‘Tim imoqining you'll be surprised Yo get this as I've never been c rmuch of a lettey-writer. E'm putting tke return actress in 6) letters at $e top, because: 40 tell you the 4th I'm beginning to feel quite lovey hee. Welly peviaps I'm not meaning that exactly. There are ploniyy of people For me to tax to. Zn fact Z settle in to the student life quite wel but I don't really know anjon’ yet. I'VE got a room in 0 house 4 Jong wy Free college, and I'm seeming to spend @ tong time on He bus. A lot of Studtnts hire eutl’y So L'm trying to Find 6 chap bike, and £ also thirk of moving néarér to college when I can ind Somewhere. Sorry = an interruption, someone knocks at the door. More later. Lefer. One of #2 girts dowmstairs bas @ party, aref Z'm invited. Ard He plone line tas been Pixel, so Tm expecting iou'll 4 an &= rmait Brom me very Soon! Tn £068 I Considcr tearing up this IC¢¢Cr, $0 ust ignore everything EVE said e233EP TSC ry 3 Complete the text with the present simple or present continuous form of the verb in brackets. European traffic accident rates fail to meet targets Althenigh the number of deaths ¢8USed in traffic accidents in the EU a (go down) /$ qoing down experts b (sti tey) to find ways of reducing the number throughout the EU to around 25,000 fatelives per year by 2040. Traffic safety c (improve) but uxpurts d (believe) that ‘aéhifeving the 2010 coal wil prove aiicur., REGENt statistics e (show) that in 2005 in the EU 41.600 people were killed In road accidents, Although progicss Nas boon mad. most experts: F (agree) thot this tigure will have fallen 10 any arnundt 332,000 hy 2010, which 9 (means) that the EU tatget will be missed by atout 7,000. On the other hand, as the amount of traffic (inerease), itis possibie WBiRUEUIBL ure situation is not realy as vad as it i look) « Honever one j (interpret) the etatietica, it (remain) ‘rue that as time goes on. it | (become) harder and harder to reduce tha ngures, especialy since accidentreduction schemes m (cnst) ‘let of maney. Mary countries have tied and failed to reduce the number of accidents, and in the EU as a whele, only Sweden 1 (pursue) (we goal uf zero accidents. Accident reduction is more dificult for newer EU members who o (currently face) very rapie growth in watt and p (nave) alificuty in building new roads and in Introducing safety migasures ata fast enough rate. To complicate matiers,. most rev members 4 (havo) \ery ite experionee in dealing with the demands ef heavy traffic. Exports + (suggest) thal any satety programme must alsa sel about changing the way drivers 5 (behave) «Despite whet people often t (say) itu (seem) to be the younger sonoration that v (cause) most secidarts, Eni i thls rescaren, many countries w (introduce) OUehOr driving tests. and x ‘eoncentrate) 07 the man causes of accents: speed, reckleSs|OvertAKiNg, alcohol, ond exereannIgGnee, ae Cees Write four sentences about yourself using these verbs: enjoy hope regret. think (of +ing) Use a dictionary and write an example for each of these verbs, using present simple. belong consist of contain cost depend on deserve matter own possess resemble © present simple, present continuous (1)present simple, present continuous (2) ‘more uses of present simple Present simple is also used © in informal spoken instructions, with you. You open this part of the camera here. Then you take out the battery :perative form. Formal written instructions such 2¢ recipes use th Take 3009 of fowe Add three eggs © in newspaper headlines to descrite events. There are other conventions for waiting headlines, such as leaving aut articles, using active verbs, and preferring short words. Three die in plane crash. MPs say no to green laws. ae _— © forperformative verbsaccept, apologize, dare, deny, understand, see (with a meaning of inderstand!) ete These are verbs which, when used in present simple, describe an action as the word isspoken, agree with you. accept your offer understand — Isee Thank you, accept your after. © for verbs reporting news: gather, hear, see, tell, say, understand, Thear you've gata new jab. People tell me she's dificult to wore with, We understand that the house is now for sak (See Unit 19, reporting verbs) © in here comes, there goes, here ts. ‘These expressions include Inversion of verb and subject Here comes trouble! There gacta brave man! ‘Here lies John Smit, (weltten on atom) colloquial narrative and commentary Although narrative generally uses past tenses, there are uses of present simple and present continuous In everyday speech. © In jokes, present simple can be used instead of past simple for narrative events, and present continuous instead of past continuous. ‘Aman goes to see his psychitist. he says he Is having problems becouse he imagines he's a pair of curains. The psychiatrist tells him to pull himsell together © In sports commentaries, present simple is often used to describe events happening as the ‘commentator speaks. ‘And raw Rooney erosses te hi vay line and passes to Giggs. Present continuous is also used in commentaries for continueus and changing events. ‘And ther Italians are moving up in the outside lane.'» Plot summaries in films and books are generally ir present simple. Tom and Daisy are an old couple vio five a dull ie in a suberb of Birmingham. But everthing changes when their granddaughter Karon comes t0 say. summary of meaning in the continuous © verbs that describe activities which continue for some time, eq play, rain, read, work, write etc It raining. Thetildien are playing upstairs. Note that the activity may not be going on at the exact moment of speaking. I'm reading Hasty Potter and the Goblet of Fire, (I haven't finished it yet, but I'm not reading, at this moment) verbs that describe a changing situation, eg change, get + adjective, grow, increase tc Its getting dark. Computers are changing ail the time. repeated actions with continually etc Jn everyday speech we can use present continuous with an adverb such as continually, forever, constantly, always to witicize actions that we foal are irritating or annoying, or which we with to exeggerate, The adver) is usually stressed in speech, You are continually intervuptiv! He's forever getting into trouble! Is that my jacket? Give it back, you're always wearing my clothes! simple or continuous? In some cases, the choice between simple and continuous is part of the attitude of the writer or speaker, especialy in explanations und descriptions of situations. Professor Thome expains that some patients eat {00 much because Whey grows up in famies with poor eating habits. Professor Thome explains that some patients are eating too much because they are growing up in foles wth poor eating habits The first exarnple (present simple) describes something that js generally We, the second (present continuous) describes something more Lemporary or something not always the case. © present simple, present continuous (2)‘These exercises include material from Unit One, Underline the correct verb form. Tick the sentence if both forms are possible. Lean’ walk any more, My kaee i realy nuiting /reully Inet. v b This cheese is smelling / simelis terrible! © Thanks for your e-mail. /m hoping /J hope to get back to you very soon. What are you doing /do you doy “Yn a musician.” © We're having our house completely redecorated. It’s costing /Itcosts a lot. § In this country, more than a million people are living /live in poverty. 9 h Cats you stop thie car? I'm feeling / 1 feel a Vit sick. “What's the answer?! “Walt a moment, Pa thinklng / think, |. [think we're beginning / we begin to understand this problem. Nice to see you again! You're looking / You look really great! Put the verb in brackets into present simple or present continuous. a Somebody (knock) iS knocking at the door. Can you see who it is? bb First you (cook) the onionsin a littic oil until they are golden brown. © Carlos (forever lose). bis tempor with people! He must learn to calm down, Here (comey the bus! You'd better hurry! © ‘Where's Jack? “He (read) the paper in the kitchen.’ # Whenever! put ip my hand, Harry (kick) me tinder the desk. 4g. I'm sorry, but | (not understand) _ you. hy Maria (leave) now, so could you get her cout? i Come and eat your dinner. It (get) cold. J 1¢heary ‘you dit really well in your exams. Well done! ‘Complete each sentence with the present simple or present continuous form of the verb in brackets. @ (youds) Are you doing. auything at dre moment? Laneed some lnelp with the computer. bb This product (contain) no added chemicals of any kind. © Nobody (visit) Rome without going to see the ruins of the Homan Forum. Sarah (begin) to regret not taking the job is Fraiice she was: offered. © Martin (ce) “Tina at the moment. They've been going out together for the past month, f I'm sony, but I(not know) where George is at the moment. gs Helen ready yet?" ‘She (take) hr time, but she says she'll be ready soon.” bh The larger of the twa roams (measure) Ambyam i What (happeny the street now? Lean’t seen anything from here. J There's nobody else 10 do the job, 90 | (supposed Fave wo do tt,Complete the two texts with the present simple or present continuous form of the vert in brackets. If both forms are possible, write both. Doctors express concern over heavy school bags Fvery year thousands of children aga). gO tothe doctor because of back pain, andin fact, this kind of problem b (rapidly become) one of the snest eununon childhood complaints, And what exacily ¢feause) this outbreak of back strain annd muscle fatigue? [td (seem) = thateven quite young children e (take) more and more to school — not just books, but | Berea epee eee ot patie - much. ‘Some kids g (carry) more than 25% of their bodyweight in a bag 5 thor has utes cartoon ceracteron dhe baw, but which f aciually give) . themserlous backache. reported Dr Blaine Sachs, a GP In North London, ‘Most parents F(simply not realize) shat j happen) to thie calrr Investigators to report on train crash | Aceldent investigators k (still examine) the wreckage of the hish speed train which left the rails and avertuned in carthwest Frgland last week. According ta reports, they + not believe) the accident m (involve) river error. “We n (expect) lo publish a inquiry into this accident quite soon,!a | spokesman announced yesterday. "Engineers 0 (work) round the clock to replace | the track, and we p ¢hope) to restore a normal service within two weeks. We |g reatiey that people + (depend) on the BPsiay ance’ Casbestana) os rich eosione nc pert cad op accident. However, we & (check) Uhousands of sections of track al overt © country to make sure that nothing ike this can ever hapoen aya’ “Seen . — Rewrite the sentence so that it contains a word from the list and has same meaning. belong contain cost look matter see scom smell think weigh # Isthiscar yours, sir? Does. this ear belong +0 you, sir? b This perfume has a nice smell. ¢ Think there’s a mistake, ¢ Idon't understand what you mean, f What's your opinion? At birth a baby elephant is about 90 kg in weight. g Isthe price important? ... mci h What's the price of this model? | ‘This book could be interesting. J Whar’s in the nox? © present simple, present continuous (2)© Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing a form of the word in capitals. 2 Apparently, Harry i a very good card player. say They Say Harry iS a very good card player. b This maths problem Is Incomprehien UNDERSTAND cc Thave the same opinion as you, - AGREE ‘Where's Anna?! ‘At work in the garden work © Stop shouting, the teacher's in the couidor, - COME f Somebody is at the door. i KNOCK 9 According to some people, UFOs have landed on Farth BELIEVE by Ws hotter all he ine ere, — oer 1 Skiing is my favounite sport. LOVE, j_ Peter keeps losing his homework! ALWAYS, 7 Complete the text with the present simple or present continuous form of the verb in brackets, d= —b BHA S £ Big Brother’s watching you! Aburglar a (try) tries _ to break into @ big house in the country. He b (walk) very quietly across the garden when he ¢ (hear) avoice: “Big Brother d (watch) you!" He e (turn) around, but he + {not see) anything. So he g (rep) nearer to the house, ‘Suddenly he h (hear) the voice again and he i (see) a 8 RE hhanging from a tree. A parr (sit) in the cage. The burglar k (ask) the parrot, ‘Did you say that stuff about Big Brother?” The parrot | answer) "Yes | did.’ ‘Is that your name then?’ The parrot m (say) ‘No, my name's Montmorency.' The burglar n (latigh) “What kind of stupid idiot would name his parrot Montmorency?’ The parrot o (reply) ‘The same stupid idiot who named his Rottweiler ‘Big Brother’ that’s the guard dog that p (stand) tight behind you! a Ti“ 8 Complete the text with the present simple or present continuous form of the verb in brackets. Where both are possiole, write both. Students now taking longer to finish studies Inthe USA some universiy sindents nowadays a (spend) are Spending more and more lime in University before graduating. In American universities arany students b (pay) their own Fees, and this (mean). ‘more (ime working aiid less studying, Alan Chester is 2-25-yeat-uld joumnaisn student from Ohio whe el (take) sin years to complete his ‘undergtadtunte degree. In order to pay tuition fees and other expenses he o (work) four days a week in the university kitehen, while in the nniversity holidays he (0) a filetine job."1g (fing) it aificut at the moment to study and pay my bills at the saime time he b (adi) ‘Buti (uy) com ty Dest aed | i manage tu keep the wolf fiom the door! Alan's parents k (understand) his decslon to take longer to graduate, They 1 now) what I m (go) through, and they 1 (help) me as much as they can. It's hard, but Io (learn) sa to look after myself, and 1 p (experience) “Stuff that might be useful une day when I'm a joumolist! He q (paint out) that some students r (take) amore time 10 graduate because they s (not really knows) what they # (want) to study. ‘New courses of study 1 (develop) all the time, new subjects ¥ (appear) ‘on the curriculum. Some students ww (spend) time experimenting with different courses before choosing their major. So it’s nat all about money. 1 (think) — ‘universities y (go) through 2 pesiod of change like everything else, and students have to adapt to this changing situation! Bee a ELS oLad ‘A Use these verbs in present simple or present continuous to make more interview questions like these below: do own believe in have like weigh. Use the questions to interview a partner, What do you +hink of ... 2 (name a film book etc) What are, you ceading at the, moment? Look these words u jonary and find example sentences which use the present simple form: gather, hear, see, tell, understand © present simple, present continuous (2)past time past simple basic use Use past simple © for finished events in the past which have a definite time, In 1969 the first men Inaded on the Moon © in narrative, {he cone opened anc two hays eame into the mom © for past habits and routines, ustilly with 2 time expression. eur pecple m Victonan times took a bath every day Many common verbs have icregular past forms which have to be learnt, Alwayscheck in a dictionary if you are not sure of the past form, other uses of past simple © Past simple can also be used for very recent events. without @ time exoress What happened to you? Someone hit mot © Past simple is also used in conditional sentences and with it's time (see Units 12, 13, 14). 1s time we left ast continuous basic use Use past continuous @ to describe a continuing unfinished action in the past. ooked out ofthe window and saw that It was raining. Whenever Ivisited him, he was working in his garden. © for. continuing unfinished action interrupted by a sudden past ection. Wife we were getting reacy 10 go out, the an suddenly stopped. Wile was getting ready for bed. the doorbell rang. © for activities as background description. olen tooked down ino the busy street. Crowds of poeple were pushing afong the pavement, ond cars were hooting. © for two continuing events happering at the seme time. While Jim was painting the outside of the house. Sarah was decorating the bedrooms. other uses of past continuous Past continuous can also be used © to emphasize that an action was still continuing, ‘They started producing the car in 1946 and were sti! producing it shir years later. © 10 descilbe a changing situation (ee Unit2). Iwas becoming more and more dificult to find work. Her performances were getting beter and better © with forever continually, always etc (see Unit 2) to criticize actions we feel are annoying. of which ‘we wish to exaggerate. AL School, he was always getting into woudl. ‘She vas forever falling ia love with the wrong kind of man, ‘We do not generally use past continuous to describe habitual actions in the past. Thot summer we were going swimming naarly every day ‘That summer we went swinyning nearly every doy.past perfect simple and continuous ‘© are used to refer to events in the past which happened before other events in the past, usually wher there is no time expression to make this clear. Past perfect simple refers to finished events and past perfect continuous to unfinished, recently completed or continuing events, 8y the ime we gut tu the citena, dhe fit had started, He'd been working Ircail nur ane! be ell realy tre In both exemples, the past perfect happens before the past simple. '¢ are common after verbs such as realize, remember, know understand etc. When I got on the bus, Irealized had left my watet at hare. ‘© are commen in reported speech (see Unit 17), «are not used to emphasize that an event happened 2 long time ago. Compare the use of past simple and past continuous with past perfect tenses. While we were watching a fm, the fie alarm went off. (past events) | remembered the events of ihe day before. At | 1.00 while we had been watching 2 film, the fre alarm had gone off. (past seen from the past) Only use past perfect tenses when absolutely necessary to show that one event in the past happened before another event in the past, Often the meaning is clear without using past perfect. When we scribe a series of short actions, we usually use past simple. ibe habits and states itt the past, expecially when we make contras's with the present, Any time reference tends (o be general. the pronunciation ts just tw J used to play chess quite often, but | haven't played for ages. In those days peopl used to wash al thei clothes by hand. used to like tennis, but | don't play much nove ‘+ Used to refers only to the past. There are ne other terse forms in modern English, though they can be found inolderliterery texts. ‘2 The question is normally Did you use to? Did you use to play hiderard-veek wine you were a cid? The negative is normally dldit use to. in those days, people didn’t use to travel abroad so much. ‘© Past simple is. ako used to describe past habits, with other details added to mate a contrast between pastand present. When I was younger played chess quite often, but ! haven't played for ages. ‘¢ Beused 10 something has ne connection with be used to, and means be accustomed to something. Toin this case Is 3 preposition, so It followed by a noun or -ing. lan't cat any more. I'm not used to such big meas. She can't climb sil these stops! She's not used to taking so much exercise! would 1 conbe used to describe a person's habitual activity. It cannot be used with state verbs, Every suminer we would stay ina sna vilage in the rnuuitei, It's not possible to say Aru terwtis-bet tte penetrate © Would's more common in more literary texts, reminiscences etc past tenses used as polite forms ‘¢. Past simple and past continuous are often used when the speaker is being more polite orless direct. The time reference 's to present time. Did you want to see ine abvut enything? J was wondering wal you wanted. © past timeComplete the sentence using the verb in brackets and would or used to. If both are possible, write both. 2 Every day the young prince (go) Would qo / used +o go hunting in the forest b Wild animals (sometinnes come) into the garden at night. © | (enjoy) computer games, but I’ve grown tired of them. ¢ Brian (speuk) ~ lalian quite well, but he’ forgotten it all, @ Every day Anna (wake up) ss at 4,00 am and go to work at the bakery. £ My mother (often play) the piano and sing alter dinner. © | (own) 2 racing bike but I sold it and bought a scooter. Tony (betive) that one day he would be famous, | When I was student | (usually go) to bed about 1.00 am. j Helen (live) in an ald boat on the eanal 2 Complete the two texts about World War 1 with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Use past simple, past continuous, past perfect simple or past perfect continuous, Only use a past perfect form If it is necessary to make the meaning cleat The condition of Britain in 1917 Site grmtmrrencale ninecd) Seeded Gr enssre thar ihn wim bel Unser the Defere< of tre Real Act it was able 1 take aver land and turn ft aver to food provlucton. In Febeuaty 1917 i b(setup) the Women’s Land Asmy to weruit women us farm worker. By then, however, the food Supply in Britain ¢ became) desperate, German Ueats d(onky ‘one n every four British merthatit chips and Britain had only six weeks’ supply (of wheat let, As food supplies @ (rn) short, so prices (se) Woges gdtally tse) dating the war because people were mostly prepared 1o siete beter pay wo suppore she war efor bur prices were now alot double what they h (be) in 1914, Poorer people could not even afford basic supplies such as bread. Shops (close) carly cach afternoon as they j (run out) of goods to seGerman reactions to the Treaty of Versailles 1919 “The oxerall reaction of Germans was horror and outeage. They certainly k (nor believe) = they Very) the eae They m (uot even thine) they n (lose) the war In 1919 many Germans o (not really understand) howbsd Germany's military situation p (be) atthe end of the war in 1928, They believed that the German goveramient ‘(simply agree) toa ebatelire, and thar therefore Germany shonid have heen at the Paris Peace Conference to negotiate peace. They were angry that their government wasnot represented at the talks aad Usa he Als ree) them wo eeept ash treaty without any choice oreven a comment. At fist, the new governments (refuse) ~ 10 ign the treaty and at one point it (00%) asthough war might break out again. However, Ebert. the new German leader, was nan impossible postion. elictanely: he agired to secept the termsof the treaty and it was digned on 2s June 1919 3 Underline the correct form. Only use the past perfect form when other forms are not possible a When Doea wert / hu gone to pay for the petrol she wus putting / kad put in ber car, she reulized / was realizing UUhat she fost / utd lost hes credit card, b White 1 was wattieg /liad watted for my meal to arrive, I saw / was ime into the restaurant were staring / ad been staring at me from 2 nearby table. ¢ When | heard / wus hearing the noise at the window, | knew /Inid known that someone tried / wis tring to break Into the house. Maria didn't remember / waste remembering any been driving too fast and in fact had almost stopped / was alenost stopping before she teached the crossroads, © By the time the fire engines arrived / was arriving at the cottage, Tom and his neighbours already put out /Ihad already put ont the fire andl were carrying / had been carrying furtiture out of the blackened building f "What did you do were you doing in the High Street at that time of night, and why did you run aveay / nad you nm away when the officer told / was telling you tu stop?” asked Uhe lawyer o While Sally paitned /was painting the ceiling, she fell off / was falling off the ladder but luckily she didn't break / waar breaking any bones. h Our taxi to the airport didn’t tuna up / wasa’t turning up on time, and so by the time we got /were getting t0 the checkin desk, the flight alteuly closed / lat ulreaty closed. | Marlowe walked slowly Into the room, He dla’ forget / hadn't forgotten hls last visit to the house, whe Miss LaPorte had fired / was fring two shots at him, so he had taken / was taking no chances this thme. J. Alice could sce that the tall hoy find / was having difficulty making himself understood, but she decided /was ileciding not to help him. Aiter all, nobody had helped / wats helping her ducing her first days in this country! ng that the two men who had followed about the accident, except that slue wilu't drive / Jud nut Baraca aiad Choose a novel or story, and select one or two pages. Make a list of the past tenses used ‘on these pages. Are these the only tenses possible, or are others also acceptable? Translate some of the sentences in Exercise 2 into your language. Does your language havea similar set of tenses, oF is it different? © past timepresent perfect present perfect simple Use present perfect simple © to refer to events connected to the present, without e del Someone has stolen my bike! I've just had an ide, © to refer to indefinite events that happened at an unknown time in the past. This time is often recent, and is often used in news iterns when the information is ‘current’. Archacclogists have discovered an Anglo Saxcr valace in London, Police have vecaptured (wo esceped prboness. The time can also be all tinte up to the present. ‘No-one has (ever) proved that alens exis © torefer to indefinite events with a result in the present. My car has broken down. (That's why Iwant a lift from you) '® to describe what has been done or how many things completed in 2 period of time. The building has been completed on time. United have scored three goal, and there’ stil half an hour Wet, te past time, often with just. © to describe e living person's experiences, what he or she has done in life so far. ‘She has painted soxne of dhe Les! portraits of recent years, © to describe a state that lasts up to the present, with state verbs. ve worked in this departinent for the past sie months, © Lo refer to 3 repeated action in a period of time up to the present. ve cooked dinner every night for ten years! ‘© with some time expressions. ve worked here since 2002. This isthe fist time I've eaten squid! Viole already seen this film Note that most tine expressions can be used with various tences. Ive lived he for ten yee, (present perfect spl: a ail here) ‘Tived tev for Urse year. (pas simple: Fn not there now) present perfect simple or past simple © Use present perfect simple for unfinished time and past simple for finished time. She has painted some of the best portraits of recent years She painted some of the best povtrets of recent years. In the first sentence the action has happened in a period up to the present, and may well continue, In the second sentence the action is finished. The artist may be dead. The events are in a period of, time not connected to the present. © Use to show speaker attitude. Speakers mey decide whether they see an event as connected to the present (present perfect simple) or not (past simple). This may be a matter of time or place. Tense use ishere a matter of choice, rather than ot grammatical 'right” or ‘wrong! I've left ny books ot home. (The speaker feels the eventis recent ori till near home.) {ett my books at home (The speaker teels the event Is distant in time and place) © Use with different time expressions. haven't been to the cinema for ages /3 fora time. Present perfect refers to an action over a peried of time and for describes how long the period is. Its ages J 3 long time since I went to the cinema, Its ages describes a period of time since on event and past simple describes when thet event happened,present perfect continuous Use present perfect continuous for recent continuing activities, continuing up to the present, {I've been waiting here for haif en hour! I haven't been taking 2 lot of exercise itoly ve been working ‘ura Jot lately. © to explain » presentsituation. I've been washing the dog — inat’s why my clothes are wet. to emphasize the length of a continuing activity. I've been working on my project al marning © fora repeated activity, to emphasize the repetition of the activity. He's been phoning me overy day since the party. ‘© with how Jong questions. How long have you been having these disturbing dreams? (this is 9 continuing process, and isn’t finished) ‘© with mean, think, consider. I've Been thinking of changing my od. {ve been meaning to get in touch with Helen «© with time words lately, recently all (day), every (morning), for since. What have you been coing lately / recently? 1 been working on these accounts all day /since 9.00/ for hours. present perfect continuous or present perfect simple © With state verbs such 2s live, work, there Is litle contrast. How long have you lived here? How long have you been living hore? Verbs such as sit stay. wait prefer the continuous form, ‘© With event verbs. present perfect simple emphasizes completion. I've written my lees. (finished) ‘ve been writing lates. (describes my activity during a recent period) © present perfect1 Complete the sentence with the present perfect simple or past simple form of the verb in brackets. 2 lan Mean isa British writer who, according to many critics, (write) has anttten some of the best novels of recent years. b Bom in 1946, he (spend) much of his childhood abroad as his father was an amny officer He (stutly) _— Binglish titerature and creative writing at the universities of ‘Sussex and Fast Anglia, He (write) a number of successful collections of short stories and novels. © Mis novel ‘he Child in Tine (win) the Whitbread Novel Awaid in 3987. £ His later novels, inchiding Amsterdam, Atonement and Suttnay, (Ve} vey successful. 9 Amstentain (recelve) the Booker Prize for Fiction in 1998, bh Atonement and Saturday (also win) Miterary prizes 1 However, McEwan (elays be) - a controversial writer. Some writers (accuse) - hhim of stealing details in Atoncrnent from the work of another author, Lucilla Andiews. k_ Mowever, hie (point out) the acknowledgement made to Lucila Andrews in an authors note in the book. 1 During this controversy, the American author Thomas l'ynchon (write) a defence of McEwan in a British newspaper. 2 Underline the correct form. The nature of intelligence Tor many years scientists a tried / hove been trying to define the nature of human inteliigence. However, they bb were / hove been uvable to agree on wheter there is ‘one kind of intelligence, or several kinds. In the early 20th century, Charles Spearman came up / has the concept of 'g' ot ‘general inteligence, He d gave / had given subjects a variety of different tests and e found / tas found that the people who f parfonmed / have performed wall. in the tests used / have used one part of the brain, which he h called / has called‘, fr al the tests. More recently, research i found / hes found that this ‘idea may well be true, as one part of the brain (the lateral prefrontal cortex) shows increased blood flow during testing. However, some scientists betieve that intelligence is ¢ matter of how much people j learned / have teamed rather than some ability they are bora with, They believe that environment also matters.3 Rewrite the sentence so that it means the same as the first sentence. Use present perfect simple or continuous. 2 [came here at 3.00 and now it’s 5.00. Vhave. been here. For two hour, bb thaven’t scen this film hetore, Ihisis . ttm. © Mark isasleep. Mark tobed @ Uegan work here in 1998, 1 since 1999, © Anna isn't here yet. Anna yet. £ Wedon't know each other. We before 9. There Isn't any food left. Someane all the food. h We started waiting in this queve half an hour ago! We for half an hou, 1 Wsa long time since 1 was last here ' a long tine. | ‘This is our seventh wedding anniversary. we seven years. 4 Complete the text using the present perfect simple, present perfect ‘continuous or past simple form of the verb in brackets. The ageing population i ‘The numberof men ane women In he 1S aged 60 oF over sti 9 work. alrise) has been rising tar more than a decade. Economists b (aive) a number of reasons Tor this Whi) First, singe 1985 the US economy ¢ (expand) 20 there d (bo) an increased clemand for IAINOIIE AT the same time, the cost of some services, such as health care, e (increase) 30 workers need (a earn more migney i ater ie, fa addition, chancrs in soeial Security benents arn rules #(have) a considerable effect on Jabot patterns, First, in 1977 and 1983 changes to the Sacial ecurily Act g (raise) the full-benefit social studies age from 65 to O7 and hi (introduce) other changes that make delaying Retirement more attractive. Then, in 1986 the Age Discrimination Act (end) retirement for all workers, allowing them to work later in life. Changes to pension laws j {also encourage) workers to stay in employment longer, as this gives them, more chance of a larger pension when they retire, Pesaro Cunaiad A Choose one of these topics and say what has happened, what has been happening or what has happened. These can be fletional if you prefer. news of family and friends climate change the political situation in your country Use your knowledge of the news to make lists of: things that have happened recently things that have been happening things that happened Need more practice? Go {0 the Review on page 208, © present perfectfuture time will and won't Use will and won't © for factual predictions. Inflation will increase by 1% over the next twelve months Inflation will almost certainly inerease by 1% over the next twelve manths. Other qualifying edverbials include definitely, probably, no doubt ‘© for habits of which the speaker disapproves, He will keep opening the winciow. Jack i So lazy. He'll spend the whale day Iying in hed reacing the papers © for an assumption taken from the facts. ‘Thee phone's ringing * ‘That'll be Sue. I'm expecting her to phone. ‘© foran immediate decision. ‘Anything to dank, sir” ‘TH just have a glass of water, please." © Willis used to express many other meanings connected with the future (see Unit 15) Offer rfearry that for you Refusal They won't give me my hall hack! In speech, contractions are frequently used, s0 I'l, you'll, he'll etc are the usual spoken forms. shall and shan’t ‘© Shall and shan‘tare forms of will used in first person singular and plural in formal and deliberate speech, and in many modal uses (see Unit 16). We sal! inform you, upon adimision, of the rules of the Library. “Tikgive you my work on Friday.” ‘I shall lock ‘onward ta receiving i!” be going to. Use be going to ‘©. for personal plans and intentions. I'm going to stay in this everiing and watch an old film. ‘What are you going to do now? Iuon't know! ‘© when the cause of a possible event is present. Look atthe colour of the sy! A's going to snow. © fordecisions about the future. 1've decided what 'm going to do. 'm going to phone the police will oF going to? © In many cases, will as prediction can be replaced by going to, expecially i everyday speech. Thi is not true [or other meanings of vil. Inflation will increase by 1% over the next twelve months. As | see inflation is going to increase by 1% over the next twelve months, © Normally going to cannot be replaced by will withuut changing the meaning. ‘© Was going to describes events which were supposed to happen, but did not. Iwas going to come over and see you, but [left it too late. be to, be about to, be on the point of, be due to © Be (ois used to describe arrangements with future reference. The conference fs C0 take place in July © The past arrangement form fs was / were (o have done. There was to have been 2 second natch but it was cancelled.© Be (ust) about to describes what is going to happen very soon. ‘cat talk nave fm just about to go out, ‘© ‘The past form describes an event inthe past which was golng to happen soon. Iwas about to 90 to bed wien the phone rang. ‘© Be on the point of has a more formal meaning than about to. David ison the point of leaving the company © Be due to do, be due describe what is expected to happen. ve tran is de to arrive at ary moment, The train is due, present simple and continuous '* Present continuous can be used for a fixed arrangement (one aheady definitely made). We're having a party on Saturday. Do you went fo come? Using going (0 in this example gives Ure saine infoimation. We're going to have a part cn Saturday. Du you went iacurne? 1 Present simple can be used for a fied future event. There is no personal choice here, ‘Next yeer Clnistns is un a Toes. future time clauses © Alter time expressions 23 soon as, after, be/ore, by the tie, immediately, te monnent, until, when etc we use present simple although there is @ future reference. As soon as we make a decision, we'llet you know. © Present periect is also used instead of present simple to show completion. As soon as I've finished thi letter I" holp you 12 Going (0 is also possible instead of will to show a future plan. 45 soon as I've saved up enough money, 'm going to buy a car. future continuous Use future continuous for n event or a stote at a future point. 7his tme next week, they'll be lying on the beach in the Seychelles! © events that have already been arranged for a future dete. The Rolling Stones will be performing in Moscow in June, ‘© very formal requests, Will you be wanting anything eke, sir? future pertect simple and continuous © Use for time looked back on from a future point. By the time the exam hegins. 'l! have forgotten everything! by the end af the manth, Hf have been working at this company fer ton years! ‘These examples look into the future to "when the exem begins’ and ‘the end af the monty, and then, back from there. At that future point, the speaker can say Ihave forgotten’ or "have been working’. © Use to express an assumption. You'll have heard the news about Anna, Isuppae? hope, expect, think, believe, doubt whether © ‘These verns introduce and show our attitude to future actions. © With think, expect, believe we show negative meaning by using don’t think / expect / believe. don't think you'like this don't believe It he late © Hope can be followed by will or a present tense. The other verbs are followed by will hope you have / will have a good time. | expect you'll want some t20. doubt whether they'll he here befare six. © future time1 Underline the best verb form, ‘2 ‘Have you decided yet? "Yes, Lilac / ave the roast beet, please.’ b_ Q: How twill Ihave known / will I kuow that I have won a prize? A: You wre ceiving / will ceive an email giving full details, © Quick get out of the car! It's sols to burst /1’s bursthig into flames at any minute: d_ Don’t come round hefore micday, because I'l be clearing /1 clean the house until then. @ Sorry I can’t come on thursday evening, #1 going to work / 'm working late on an important project. F The east of construction is almst certainly rising / will almost certainly rise before the end of ‘the year as wage Increases begin to take effect. 4g. The conference is going to begin / begins next Friday morning at 9.00. hh Here's the money you asked lor~ E1000. What will you /are you going fo do with it? | Why don't you give Helen this cheap perfumne instead of the expensive one! She wou't Inve Auowa / won't know the uiiferencet } Just want to remind everyone that we'll be holding / we hold a Latin-American evening at the town hall this Friday. 2. Choose all possible forms, A, Bor C, to complete the sentence. 2 "The fish Is very fresh. And the beef Is very good too." ‘I think A, ® the fish." b ‘There's someone knocking at the door! Who can it he at this time of night?” : Helen, She said she might came round to waten the midnight movie an TV.’ © ‘I've just received some new sales figures. them very much, I'm alraid. 4 Over the next six months, the company ten new supermarkets in France, e with this Kind of problem before, [ expect, so Il leave you to get on with It £ According to sources close to the prime minister's office, the foreign minister 9) Well, that’s all for today. you next week af the same time, if that’s all right. pyejust receive some new h Next year some (ime travelling, and then look for a teaching job. SES AQUFES | The problem wwe have with Jack Is that he Insist on opening all the windows In the cotd weather, J There's not much bread, I'm afraid. | hope eat if all before the others arrive! Ar this raie, by the time we get to the party, most people : | “The riot police are rmning into the square. There trouble! & Alin going to have Brit have Cm about to have b A Tht’ going to be 8 That tt be cAe5 ane to be © A Yonrre not geing t lke 8 You won't Hike You're not Hiking 4 Als going to open Bill! be opening Cs opening © A Ym are going ta deat 8 Yon are deating You'll have dealt f Aisou the poiutofresigning Bis duc to resign Cis ahout to resign 9 Al'mgoing to see Bin seeing CI see h Al mspending BLMn going to spend CIM spend | Aisgolng ta Bisabout to cit A yon won't Byou aren’tabout to C you're not going to k A will leave B will have left Care on the point of leaving | Ais suing to be B will be Cis cue to be3 Complete the sentence with the present simple or will-future form of the verb in brackets. a We will usually resportd (o enquiries immediately we (receive) Ceeeive. them. b_ When we (reach) 4 an agreement, we'll sk our legal department to draft a contmet. € Work on the second stage of the project (begin) as soon as the first stage (prove) successful d_ Until the economic situation (improve) ~ the company (not auy further investment in this field, © A detalled break-down of the figures (appear) e ‘on our web siteas soon as both companies (sign) the agreement, ¥ Our office (contact) you the moment we (have) any news. 9 Our human resources team (then assess) your application before we (decide) Whether you can go forward to the next stage. b By the time the hanks (reach) an agreement on this iste, the amount of debt (be) out of control 4 Write a new sentence with the same meaning coutaining the word in capil a The 12:h English Teaching Conference takes place on $-12 June, To The. 12th Enqlish Teaching Conference 18 +0 tate place on 5-12 dune. bb The president is expected to arrive here at 9.30. DUE Everyone was on the point of leaving when the fire alan went off. ABOUT ¢_ He's got the bad habit of playing very loud music late at nigh, WILL © The car has broken down, we're niles trom anywhere, and we haven't got aa phone. So, what’ our plan? To £ Gand news! Jane is expecting a hah! HAVE, 9 Lintended to phone you last night, but it stipped my mind. GoING hh Fm eniving to Leeds anyway on Tuesday, 50 why don’ I give you & if? vu. i "Vhete’sa letter for you.’ t’m sure that’s my new credit card’ wit, have caught the thief by now. WILL j Texpect the poli © future time5 Complete the text with will be, will have or will have been + the correct form of the verb in brackets. What are your hopes for the future? {t's hard to make predictions too far into te future, bul I think Ican say quite alot about my ie in about ten years! ime think I (still tive) soll S+il be living, in the same city. By that time 7 cs 3 2 | Fs FA {1b (finish) my studies, and, who knows, perhaps tc (find) < ‘good job, And | d (probably go out) With the same friends too! Vo optimistic about the future, so | think that by the time I'm 35, say, © (make) ny Fortune, By then | f trun) myown company for about ten years, and | g (almost certainty become) a millionaire! So tf (drive) ‘an expensive sports car, | hope! | think we should all be worried about what the world ibe) Vike in filly years time, By then, I hope that the world’s governments j (Find) ‘ ‘an answer to the problem of slobal warming, but perhaps scientists k (tll search) ‘ for technological solutions. t's qu possible that we I (sil talk} about the problem, aswe are now! By the time I'm filty, | expect that nearly everything m (change) and everyone n (\ry) Uheir best to adapl to new circumstances, For example, | can't imagine that we o (use) cars, because by then most of the oil in the world p (run out) a People a(travel) in eleattic cars, or perhaps we r (walk) - ‘everywhere. | hope that scientists s (solve) the pollution probicm, but who knows! Perhaps some other worse problem (come) along hy theat& Choose the cunect form, A, B oF C, 10 complete the sentence. *Can | talk to you lor a moment?" Sony, 8 # Actually, Sue's house tomorrow, so if you like | could leave the books for her David and Susan in May, but they've had to change thelr plans. We 2 party for Professor Allan on Friday evening, and we'd like you to come. Tye done a lot of revision, but I'm sure that when | sit down to do the exam 7 Chris doesn’t do much work. the whole day drinking collec and fouking out ol the wines. 3 Come hack ahout 4:30 the report by then, and you can take a copy. ho , but Il let you know if | get delayed. i ‘What time is the plane supposed to get here?! any minute nove” j Quick, runt The bomb ! 8 Al‘ just going to leave. B In just leaving. CIM just leave. b AFI pass BI'm going to pass CIM be passing © Avwill be getting martied B were going to set inarried expect they will get married d Aare giving Bare chout to she wlll lve ¢ Al‘ forgetting everything BI’ forset everything CI be forgetting everythit 1 Ate’ going to spend B He spend He will hve spent 9 Al finished BI have finished era, h Ame not du ta he tate B ant nat going to be late don’t think Pt be tae 1 awitt come 8 was gomng 10 arrive cis due j Aisesploding B wilt explode is going to explode EXTENSION ACTIVITY Make some personal predictione about ten years’ time (or chore ‘another lenath of time), ‘what you will /won't be doing where you will /won't be what you will / won't have done by then. ‘According to the 2006 Revision, the world population will probably increase by 2.5 billion over the next 43 years, passing trom the current 6.7 Lillivis (0 9.2 billion in 2050." Use esearch in library or ‘on the Internet to find more predictions about the next fifty years. © future timetense contrasts 1 Complete the sentence using a suitable form of the verb in brackets. a ‘What exactly did 4ou do when you saw Une smoke?" I pressed the fie alarm.” (so) bb ly the time we get to the stadium, the match . (tard © ‘ow long bere for? “I don't know. | haven't decided yet.’ (Stay) 9 Jackson _... the Nobel Prize, but says she iy still hoping for recognition. (vin) © you happen to see any one in the garden, don’t worry. It - the gardener. (oe) £ ‘Y'm sorry to be late. Ihope you long. (val) 9 Anna didn’t understand why the mysterious stranger ner such a letter end) h ‘Tom sends his apologies but he 2 a fow minutes late. (be) | Idon't like this bed, I unicontforiable, (eed) j There a strike thls morning, but It has been cancelled, (be) kc Its really unfale! You (always) me! (eritheie) | 'm giad I've run into you. 1 to get in touch with you for ages. (mean) 2. Underline the best verb form. The arguments about climate change According to ell the measurements, climate change a happens / is. ‘happening, but science b appears / is appearing to be splition what to do about it Unfcrtunately, scientists ¢ do not all agree / are not all agreeitug ‘about the causes of global warming. In a recent book, two solontists = Fred Singer, a climate physicist. and Dennis Avery. a biologist ~ a argue ane arguing that the warming currently observed around the world is part ‘of 4 4,500-year cycle in solar energy. Singer, an outspoken erie of the lea trat humans e warm / are warming the planet, and Avery, t believe ate believing that a well-established, 1,500,year cycle in the Earth's climate can explain most of the global warming Ural g takes place / has teken place in the last 100 years. We are currently on an upswing, getting warmer after the Litle ice Age, but in a few hundred years h will be / are back on the downswing, and getting colder again. They i sey / are saying that efforts to slow down the current warming by reducing, of greenhouselzases are at best pointless, or at worst economically damaging, This, of course, is not whal Ue fourth assessment report of ‘the UN intexgovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) j has sald / said a few weeks ago. That report from the UN climate science working, group k has concluded / concluded that it lis / has been likely thet rising greenhouse gas concentrations m have caused / caused most recent ‘warming and that, depending on our actions now to slow the growth of emissions, warming by 2400 n will provably be /is probably between about 1.5°C and 6°C. So, which scientists o tail / are celling us the ruth?geography 3 Choose the correct phrase 1 10 15 for each gap. New tunnel planned beneath the Alps For centuries, the Alps a 10 as anatural (atlélbarrier between northern and southern Europe. Sending Italian wire to tle Netherlands, or German washing machines to Greece, ba long, slow journey along narrow alplfé valleys, through tunnels and over passes. The amount of fédiahiticrassing the Alps in HEAUVIGARERWENICIES © sharply over the last twn decades. In 1990 an estimated 40 million tonnes d __, by road; in 2001 that eto 90 milion tonnes, wth further, big increases expected by 2010. But concerns for the Alpine environment and fears over safety | _— (o big pressure to rove frefaht off the roads and onto the railways. Both Switzerland's Gotthard road tunnel and France’s Mont Blane road tunnel g major fires in the last ten years in which many h As lang agn as 1994, the Swiss in a nationwide AGRERAII to put all Freight crossing thelr country onto the railways. Naturally, such an afibitiels plan {overnight but now the project dlibUeH the ‘engineering fill the 21st Century k —... Deep beneath the Alps, the Swiss! ahiigh speed rail Wiikinetween Zurich and Milan, It m (at 57 kilometres (35 miles), the world’s longest tunnel, A key (BalURB of the project, which is new Lo alpine transport, i the fact that the entire railway line nat the same atitue of 500 metres (1,650 4) above sea level This @ .. trains using the line to reach speeds of 240 krrvh (149 mph), reducing the travel Gine between Zurich aud Milan from today’s four hours to just two and a half will allow 8 has risen are building 9 had risen’ died i8-haveserved was not golng 11. have suffered to happen 42 ig slowly taki vill Include 43 will stay have led, 14 voted means 15 went 4. Complete the text with the appropriate form of the verb in brackets. POLICE SEEK MISSING SHED j Aaayeorold mana (got) got home from werk on Flay to tnd that comoone | P b ste) the shed om his back garden Martin raha, wo (we) | q sn Fae Roe, Oa 3 ‘se colt his es. Ter wes singly g nothing thre. ho) it tio ward Agi wo | é Ft) the men wl they (alsassemal) te sted, 8 nr esoume) that wr cranam as them todo Te Wo men g i are of ina white van Poin vestigate a 5 | Gssue oxen ot tect nen é5 Complete the text with the appropriate form of the verb in brackets. Life expectancy ‘Our country a (gn) 'S quing through a period of accelerating change Today, there b (oe) around 3.7 million people aged over 6D n this country but the large numbers of people who « (belong) Jo the baby+boom generation d (pruduce) ani &RPOSION in the umber of elderly people irom around 2011, By 2030, there e (be) Some 88 million and because the birth-ate in the period alter the post war baby boom f (decline) sharply, these elderly people g (represent) amuich large share othe country’s population than ever before in our history. In 1965, when wen fintroduce) ‘our national pension scheme, there i (be) abcut eit working age people for every relired person, whereas today, there j (be) — about five, aud im 2030, there k (be) only three. There | (be ) another drama change which also m (ate) this situation, as thanks to medical advances and ier living Sandan, eexpectany 1 (increase) and o (continuc) tn increase in future years. loday people can expec to lve three years, longer than in 1966, By 2030, they p live) anaveiage of 4,5 yeais longer. ie Pte ees teC 6 Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals. a There's party at our house on fi WE We. are. having @ party on Fridaty b Thists my frst tp to Siberta, BEFORE © What's your job, exactly? Do Karen's ha wes shor oe. a HAVE © Vim leaving in a minate, so {can’t talk now: Just £ IWsatong me since I last went to the theatre, FOR © When was the Invasion of Britain by the Romans? INVADE h H'm suce it won't sain tomorrow. pon 1 Isthis your sultcase? bors j When I have enough money, I'm going to huy a new computer. SAVED7 Complete the text with the appropriate form of the verb in brackets. Child employment in Victorian Britain In Vietnnan London, aid rks were children whe a (search for) Starched for vatushie Bibi plate 0 the shores ofthe River Thames. They b (aot do) this from boats, but € (wait) umn the ude ¢ (go) (ou, and then @ (erat) shout inthe river mud looking for anything valuable. Henry Mayhew, a Vitoria wrt, interslew) n his book about poor working people in London in the 1850's. My family is Insh though | washorn in London. My father g (work) a8 Londou Docks, Hei strong bodied a‘mudlad man of 34.1 (go) 10 school with my brothers for about three years and (learn) reading end writing and arithmetic. One of my brothers ithe) at sa for the past five years. K (work) in the neighbourhood ot Millwall picking up pieces of coal and iron, copper and bits uf canvas on the surface, When baigenigh I (cary) coal tothe shore some of itm fll) san the mad and we # (pick up) ‘The most | 0 (ever see) ‘my companions find is onestilling’s worth a day ‘usally thinteen of fourteen mud lrks, boys and girls round there are Limehouse n the summer and siboys steadily inthe winter. When hargeman p (ges ld) of one, hie generally q vow) them into the ‘The police boat F (chase) ane two oF three times. One nights (see) a large piece of copper drop down where they &epsir) a ship. That evening 259 ship u (come) ont of the docks, 1v (Stripiomt) tuny clothes and w (dive) down several feet, x (seize) the piece of copper and later ean had Write a short news report, like the one in Exercise 4. If you prefer, find @ report in your own language and translate it, Write a report about yourself for an online dating service. include information about what you do, what you are doing, and things you have done recently. Make yourself sound as interesting as possible! @ tense contrastsPassive passive forms The besic formation is be + past participle. All tenses and simple or continuous forms are possible, but ‘Some ate much more common than others. | be + past porticiple resent simple passive __Thomachines are controled by compte. Present continuous passive Tho crime is boing investigated. will passive The building will be completed next yeor past simpie passive Tne new school was opened by the Mayor past continuous passive Tie man died wihife he was being taken 10 hospital Present perfect passive A thousand new books have been published this month, ms aS ‘Only transitive vorbs (vers with an object) can be made passive, Some transitive verbs cannot be made passive: become, fit, get, have, lack, let, like, resemble, suit why use passive? ‘© 10 move important information to the beginning of the sentence The new swimming pool has just been opened. ‘© tobe impersonal in a scientific or technical process The plastic casings are produced in China ‘© when the performer of the action is general (eg pecple) or ebvious from the context, oF unimportant, or Is intentionally not named Allpupis are taughe computer skis. The match has been cancelled. The workers have been told that the factory wil cose next week, ‘We can also use it + passive decide to show an impersonal decision, It has been decided to close the factory © Use of the passive Is partly a matter of choice, though some verbs may be wed more often In passive than active. agent and instrument © We can mention who or what performed the action using by and a word or phrase. The new winner pool has just been opened by Ue Mayst. The parked car was hit by « lorry ‘© The agent is not mentioned if it is unknown, genersl, obvious or unimportant etc, but is mentioned If the speaker wants to draw attention to It. | was told I wouldn't need visa. | was told by the Embassy that ! woukin’t neod 3 visa © We use with when comething ic used deliberately for a purpose During the robbery, the manager was hit with 2 baseball bat. ‘Compare: Tivo passengers were nit by flying glass By shows that the action was accidental, net deliberate. verbs with two objects ‘Verbs such as bring, give, lend. pass, pay. promise, sal, send, show, tell can be made passive in two ways: They gave Sarah a price. ‘They sent me a lerter Sarah was given a prize. Iwas senta letter A prize was given (0 Sarah A letter was sent to me,verbs with object and complement Some verbs have an adjective or noun phrase as a complement. When they are made passive, the complement still fallews the verb. People consder her attractive They elected Jim class representative. She is considered attractive. Jim was elected ciass representative. verbs and prepositions when a prepositional verb is made passive, the preposition goes at the end of the sentence and has no object. ‘Someone is looking after the children. The children are being looked after. ‘Someone shot at them. They were shot at. make The passive forms of make are followed by to-infinitive. They made Helen waite the test again. Helen was made to write the test again. Helen was made to write the test again, see, hear, feel Verbs see, hear, feel, watch, notice etc have different meanings when followed by bare infinitive, or ing. | save him leave, (completed) vy hi feaving, (incomplete) When see end hear + bare infinhive are changed to a passive, the verb Is followed by fo Infinitive. He was seen to eave. (wmnplete) He wes seer leaving, incomplete) @ vaccive1 Rewrite the sentence using a passive form so that it does not contain the words underlined. ‘9. They are collecting the rubbish on Tuesday this week. The rubbish is being collected on Tuesday this week, b The potice have already arrested both of the suspects, We have decided that your contract will not be renewed. Someone stole my bike last week, © The chef cooked the fish perfectly. We'll reach a decision next week. 9 The builders completed the huilding at the end of last month, hy Roaple deliver all our products to your doar, 1 We have asked Pauline ta take over the job until the end of June. j. While they were making the film, the moncy ran aut. 2. Complete the text with a passive or active form of the verb In brackets, in a suitable tense according to the context Local cheeses Traduional cheeses a (produce) 4% produced an many regions of the UK and b (name), alier the area in which :hey € (first develop) theeldar, a hard cheese witha steong, nutty taste, is he most popular and d (now make) all over the world, A true’ Cheddar mus: come from the counties of Somerset, Dorset or Devon in southwest England or specifically from the } Somerset village from which ite (ake) ftsname. Wensleydale (came) from the Yorkshire Hales (valleys) innorthern England, Originally made from sheep’ milk, it g (base) gst, on a recipe introduced by the Cistercian monks in the 11th century and has a mild refreshing flavour. Traditional Lancashire, from northwest England, has alight salty flavour. During the Industral Revolution (around 1760-1830), | Lancashire cheese (become) the staple | lood ol the mill workers. Caerpiully, a crumbly cheese, 1 frst produce) the Welsh cown of J that name tn abou 1831, The cheese J (cosk) 1) overnight in sali ater te seal in the mowsture i was popular with the local coalminers who k (lose) — alot of i ‘counties of Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, Mprize) 5 the ‘king’ of British cheeses,3. Complete the text with a suitable passive form of the verb in brackets. Blocked drains shut gallery link ‘A multi-million pound underground tunnel connecting two of Edinburgh's art galleries a (close) Aas been closed far twn weeks sa that blacked drains which have dogged ‘the building from the outset can be fixed. Ihe repair work b (estimate) to cost around £100,000 but it is unclear who will foot the bill. Major losses © (exvect) at the museum and at the gallery restaurant, which 4 (house) 4m the tink and & (force) to shut whilst the work f (camry out) The head of huildings said it was likely that the feult had occurred while the tunnel 9 (construct) “Tt probably happened while ith (build) because we have had blockage problems since it opened, We I (tell) ‘it will cost around £100,000 — who will pay for it wil be the issuc’ A spokeswoman for the National Galleries said: “Everything j (do) 10 ensuite minimal disruption th visitors. Many of the educational workshops and evants k (accommotate) elsewhere in the galleries. The National Gallery of Scotland and the Royal Scottish Academy Building 1(not affect) by the work, et! will open as normal Unouyirout The work to the fauly drainage system at the Weston Link, which m (only complete) ‘in August 2005, will take eight weeks from mid-February vatil the start of March 4. Rewrite cach sentence so that it contains a passive verb and by + an agent or with + an instrument, 2 A number of trainee doctors examined Dore. Dora was examined by a nuuber of trainee doctors, The extent of the flood-lamtage ln surprised everyone, © Someane used 2 counterfeit key to open the security door, 4 The freezing conditions put off many would-be shoppers, e used a brick to stnmash the window, @ Sontevt £ The high cost of gas and electricity is hitting some families hard. 4 The force of the explosion blew in the windows on nearby buildings. h The high winds damaged several buildings. | Somebody used a blunt instrument to hit the security guard on the head. j The unusually high tide completely washed away the sea wall © passiveErte rd 6 5 Complete the text with a sultable passive form of the verb in brackets. Wangari Maathai Waugati Masthai a (award) wa.awarded . the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004. She b (praise) hy the Nohel committee as 2 sBUrCE of inspiration for everyone in Africa fighting for sustainable development, democracy and peace. When she started her Grewn Belt igvenent in 1977, Kenya was suffering from deforestation and desertification, Thousands of trees ¢ (cut down) and many families ¢ (leave) in poverty as.a result, Since then, her successful campaign to mobilize women to plant some 30 million trees e (copy) by other countries. During that time the movement (transform) - into a campaign on education, niitritian and other issues. Her campaign has not always: been popular. Mrs Maathai g (arrest) several limes for campaigning against deforestation in Altica and once she h (beat) unconscious by heavy handed police, But in elections in 2002, she i (cleet) 425 an MP as part of an opposition caaltion which swept to povwer, and she j (appoint) 2s 2 depuity environment minister in 2003. Complete the sentence using a passive, so that it means the same as the first sentence. a The managing director promised ine a pay-rise. 1 was promised a pay-rise, by the managing director, They sent me the contract hy couner the next day. ‘The contract ¢ A multi-national company is taking over our firm. Ourfinn s Several people noticed the man trying to climb in the window. by several people, € They awarded Daviel a medat for bravery. David - ce - 1 They made Sylvia take the exam again. sylvia a g An elderly aunt gave Paul the paintings. Paul hh ‘The police ate going to look into the case. ~ by the police. i. They considered any further rescue attempts pointless. Any further j_ They elected George president for a second term. George _7 Rewmite each sentence about the James Bond film stage, using 2 passive form where possible, a Pinewood Studlos will rebulld the Janes Bond stage which fire destroyed at the weekend, according to a statement fren the studios. According to a statenunt Srom Pinewood Studios, the. dames Bond stage, hich was destroyed by Sire at the weckend,.uil be rebuit... - & Nobody has yet confirmed the cause of the blaze the celebrated slage completely gutted. Iver Heath, Buchinghamshize, which left © They had completed shooting of the latest production and were removing the film sels, a spokesperson explained. 4 “We have not yet assessed the full effects of this incident, but #t won't alfect the tinancial performance of the company.” © Someone called Buckinghamshire Fire Brigade at 1118 BST on Sunday. # Eight tire engines tackled the blaze, and the smoke was visible from (en miles away. damage and they required special 3. The roof covering the stage caved in through equipment to reach it h tis the second time fire has destroyed the stage, originally built for the 1977 Bond film: The Spy Who Loved Me. i They previousty rebuilt the building following a fire in 1984 after which they tigated six people for bums, smoke inlualation, atxl shock. } Since its reopening, when they christened it The Albert R Broccoli 007 Stage after the long-time producer of the series, they have used it in five James Bond films acu ron woe Lad A. Choose 2 paye front a book or magazine, and count the number of passive tenses. Do this with several different kinds of texts. Do some have more passives than others? B_ Translate the answers to Exercises 2 and 4 into your language. Haw Is the passive used differently in your language? @ passivehearsay reporting Hearsay reports describe what people say, tenor believe, think, consider, know, etc. and are often ‘used in news reporting, They are introduced by a passive form of the report verb, either in present simple or past simple form with a to-infinitive. The report can refer to the present, or past, or a time before the time of reporting. present verb, present reference We use a present reporting verb and refer toa state or action in the present. passive present infinitive The patient is said 10 be as well as can be expected, (That's what people say now ahout the present situation.) present verb, past reference ‘We use a present reporting verb and refer toa state or action in the pest, passive past infinitive __The robbers are thought to have stolen more than £3 milion. (That's what people say now about the past situation.) past verb, reference to time of reporting ‘We use a past reporting verb and refer to a state or action at the time the report wes made. past simple passive present infinitive last weel, the Fre Minister was said to be undecided, (That's what people said then ahout the situation then) past verb, reference before time of reporting ‘We use a past reporting verb and refer to a state or action at the time before the report was made. past simple passive past infinitive a ‘Mrs betleved to have taken the cor by mistake (That's what people said then about something that had happened earlier)continuous forms Continuous infinitive forms are also possible. The escaped men are belleved to be wearing prison clothes. Tho injured man is thought to have been trying to climb the cit. i present continuous wear tobe weating ppast continuous infinitive wear tohave been wearing Canina ee) ater as passive infinitives eho be followed by passive i are a number of diseases which are known to be caused by poor hygiene. ‘men are said to have been recaptured. At the time of the wreck, the diamonds were thought to have been fost Hearsay report expressions c Present passive intinitive eat to be eaten past passive infinitive eat tohave been eaten passive participles ‘@ These can be used with report verbs like appreciate, deny, enjoy, remember ete. lappreciated being met at ift efiport Mr Archwood denied having been convicted of any cnme. @ Note that there may be no difference between using past and present participles. Hedenied being there. He denied having been there Present passive continuous eat_—being eaten past passive continuous eat having been eaten © hearsay reporting“ 41 Rewrite each sentence about ancient beliefs so that it does not contain the words underlined. 2 In Irish mythology, people said a meteor was a soul passing from purgatory to heaven, im trish mathology, a meteor was said to be a soul passing from . purgatory to haven. b In Greek mythology, people believed the Lec tree was able tu carry messages frou a worshipper to Zeus, te father of the gods. © Inancient Lgypt people thought bats’ blood cured blindness, In Auec mythology, people believed the Sun was the home of the god! Quetzaicoatl. © In Norse mythology, people thought the bravest wacriors lived after death in the hall of Valhalla, £ Inancient Fgypt, people believed the scarab, or heetle, carried the Sun across the sky. 2 Rewrite each sentence so that it begins with the words underlined. 2. People say that ihe company’s Enropean division is having a good year. The company’s Luropean division . fs. Said +o.be. having @ good year: b Incontrast, they say that the Fac East division has been suffering from rising costs. © People helieve that the company has heen talking to @ competitor about a possible merger. d People kitow some dizectors have been thinking on these lines for some time. People believe the CEO. Carl Graham, is making an attempt to focus the business more sharply in some areas. £ People say lie Js also looking at the possibility of job cuts. g Teople think the company is holding a top-level meeting about these matters neXt Week,3 Complete the sentence so that it means the same as the first sentence, 2 Oak Island in Canada is ane of many places in the warld which people think is the site af buried treasure (ak Island in Canada is onc of many places in the world which is thought +o be the site. of buried treasure. b People say that the treasure isin place called ‘the money pit’. ‘The treasure ts ¢ People think that pirates buried the treasure centuries ago. Pirates are . The money pit story dates back to 1795, when people report that a local youth fell into.a hole at (he foot of a large tee. ‘The money pit story dates back to 1798, when a local youth Is © Peopte believe that he and a Iriend discovered traces of treasure in the hole. He anid a fiend are {People say thal the tw men fond a treasure chest in later excavations, The two men re - oo. 9. However, before they could open the chest, people say that water flooded in. However, before they could open the chest, water Is * hh Since then, people believe that more than a dozen groups of treasure hunters have searched for the treasure. Since then, more than a dozen groups of treasure hunters are 1 Pevyple thatiak that Some explorers are | However, people now report that tne prt is a natural phenomerton, of the remains of old colonial lortitications. However, the pit is now ‘ explorers (anid old pieces uf metal I Rewnite each sentence using appreciate. deny. enjoy. lke or remember and the word in capitabs. 2. Thanks for taking me to the station. TAKEN lappeciate being takex to the. station. b Iwas shown around the schoo}, and | enjoyed it. BEING € Edon’t remember when they arrested me! BEING 4. Heald he kd it when people tk him selously TAKEN © Tina sald she hadirt been paid to appear in the play. HAVING £ Ldon’t remember when they gave me the anaesthetic, BEING Thanks for giving me another chance. - Givin © hearsay reporting5 Write a new sentence with the same meaning contai 19 the word in capitals. a People say that the hat sold yesteslay ai the auction was worn by Napoleon during the invasion of Russia in 1812. SAID The hat scld yesterday at the auction is Said +o have. been wom by Nagoleon during the invasion of Russia im 1612. b People think that the earthquake in the North Sea was caused by a release in pressure after coil and gas extraction. THOUGHT © People belleve that Hartlet the tortoise, who has Just dled aged 176, was owned by Charles Darwin, BELIEVED d People now know that three patients were infected with the disease through blood. transfusions, KNOWN © People think that more than a hundred football supporters were involved in the riot after the match, THOUGHT F People believe that the recent forest fires in California were started deliberately. BELIEVED. 9 People now know thet three other religious leaders were arrested at the same time, BEEN h People believe that the helicopter which crashed yesterday killing 18 service personne! was shot down. BELIEVED Rewrite each sentence so that it isa hearsay report, using a form of the verb in capitals. 2 Two suspects have been arrested. THINK Tuo suspects are. thought to have been arrested, - b The plane crashed Into the sea near a small island. BELIEVE, ¢ The minister is considering changing the laws on smoking in public. ‘SAY 4. Yesterday the situation had improved. RuPORT @ Whales have been seen in the area for the first time. ‘SAY § ‘The fire broke out at 3 am. BELIEVE 9 Last year the company recorded rising profits. REPORT h ‘The number of unemployed has fallen by 10%. THINK7 Read the inforusation about the life of Shakespeare and the exaiuple leetsay sentence. Then wiite seven more hearsay sentences about events in his life, beginning ‘he is believed or ‘he is thought’. The life of Shakespeare We know some definite facts about Shakespeare's life. but wecan only make informed gWesées about many other details. ‘+ lis eetual birthday is unknown but is celcbruted today on 22 April, just three days befuve his USBI was ceeded in the pirish FBI of the Holy Trinity Church on 26 April. 1564. «He probably started iis education at the age of seven in $571, « In 1582, aged 18, he marricd Anne Hathaway, aged 26. + Twins, Judith and Hamnet, were born in 1585, + Between 1585 and 1592 Shakespeare probably left his family In tetford to oln acanpany of actors 1c was probably both « yay sua pana In 1589-1590 he may have written his first play, Henry V1. Part One. * By 1592 he was well known in London asa writer. ¢-In1899-93 Shakegpere may have ernie the poem Veni a dats web: onan Pet seer cid Bes se ois «101505 he may hove wrtlen 4 Mléswnmer Nigh’ Dean. probly for wedding Romcour! Juliet was peobably also written in this year, [le continued to write regularly: + i139 stelhainncyam se lee eal. an. ¢ L6U0-L6UL 1s when he probably wrote Hamlet. «In 1608 Queen Hlzbeth wor present aa pelarmanceof A Adam's Nil’ Draw and after her death that year, the new king, James I, watched a performance of As You Like It. 14.1616 Willan Shakespear ded on 23 Api Hels burke tu Stratford ou AvUn, We is Hhonght +o have been born on 23 Ape, [Bled tian eh atad ‘A Make some comments upon these topics, using hearsay reporting. aliens global warming historical situations 8 Comment on situations In the news, using hearsay reporting. Need more practice? Go 10 the Review cn page 208. @ hearsay reportinghave and get something done, other uses of get causative have ‘© Fora service someone does for us we use to have something done. There is a full range of tenses ‘but the most common are present continuous, going to, present perfect and past simple. The infinitive is also used. have + object + past participle present continuous We're having our Hat decorated. going to She going to have 2 tooth taken out. resent perfect, He has had his nose altered, past simple had my hair cut a week 200. infinitive We want to have our car repainted © Vle do not mention the agent (the person who performed the action) unites: this is important. Vin quiny & have my photowaph taken by a top fashion photographer. '® We may also mention the place where we have things done. Thave my hair cut 2t my local hairdresser’. ‘© We ako use causative have to describe unfortunate events that have happened to people. ‘Matia had her car stolen last nigh. He had his nose broken while lie was playing waby. They had their house broken Into recently. get something done In everyday speech we often use get instead of have for present continuous and past simple, but not for present perfect. Vie¥e getting our flat decorated, He's getting his nose altered. He yuthinose-alierech (not possible) he got his ruse broken in fig Matiates-got-Hercersteten: (not possible)get meaning manage \We also use get something done to mean ‘manage to do it, with a sense of achieving something, This does not mean that somebody else did the work. {aot my work finshed inthe end, 1 gut my york fisted inthe eri, (=| meneged to do itin the end) Jack is ctfeult to wore with, but ha gets the jab done (~ He manages ta da the job) Have you got the computer to work ret? (© Hove you managed to make it work?) get with -ing Gets also used to mean ‘start to do something’, wiven we give someone an order, Get moving! (=star) get someone to do something / have someone do something Thismeans that we make them co i got him to check the figures 4 second tne just lo make sure, We can alka say: Thad him check the figures « second lune just (0 ineke sure. get married etc Get also forms expressions with married, arrested, accepted, chosen etc. ‘He got arrested on the way out of the statun, They're getting marriad in Paris next month | got accepted for the job! © have and get something done, other uses of get1 Rewrite each sentence without the words underlined, using a causative have construction. Make any other necessary changes. 2 Some painters have painted the outside of our house. We have. had the outside. of cur house. painted. b A haltdressor cut Martin’s hair yesterday. © Some plunbery are installing a new conta heating systet at uur House tomurrow, 4 An optician is going to exomine my eyes this afternoon, A-surgcon altered ‘Tom’s nose last year. # ‘Thesdry-cloaners cleaned my leather coat specially. 9. AMaN specials has valued our patntings. bh A mechanic Wuked a the car before Maria bul 1 Alennpoatee replaced the windaws In our howse last peak j Adentist is goi § to take out two of Julia’ teeth. 2. Rewrite each sentence with a causative have construction, beginning as shown. Include the agent (the person who performed the action) if this is important. a. Katie's car was stolen by one of her friends. Katte had her ear stolen by one of her Sriends b A photographer Is going to take a photo of us. We © Can you come quickly? Someone has broken into my house. Can you come quickly? 1 Tracey Emin, the well-known British artist, is going to laura — - © A well-known architect designed their house They = fA lucal tailor inakes all my » t @ Someone repaired Dave's bike at @ shop in the High Street. Dave hy A surgeon is replacing my hip next week. 1 - - 1 Someone broke one of Tony's fingers while he was playing cricket. Tony j A local firm is going to redecorate Maria's flat, Marla oo3. Write a naw sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals, Leave out any unnecessary agents a > a Someone broke the leg of one of the players. Gol One. of the. players got his lag troken. Andy wants a doctor to alter his nose. HAVE ‘The police arrested Anna as she was leaving the shop. GoT Doclots amputated the patent leg after the accident, Hap ‘The shop on the comer usually repairs my shoes. HAVE I made sure that Tom checked all the windows before he left. - GOT Jiu says he'll be late because he Is at Une halrdresser's. GETTING Mave you managed to start your work yet? GoT Someone bias stolen Sie er Han 4 Complete the text with one word in each gap. A few weeks ago, while we wore out at the cinema, wea had — our house broken into, We'd been meaning to b lode fitted on the windows, bat we hadn't « the work d and so the buiglars fount it easy to get in, Luckily we e hhave many things lakew, When te poice atived, they F sto go through the house and check what was missing. We were actually q anew Kitchen fitted at that time, and some power tools had been stolen. One of the burglars was seen acting suspiciously near another louse a few days later, and h Ihimselt amested. Wher lie had # his fingerprints: talen at the pace satian, the pace ware ahle to prnve he was the ae wh had burgled us, Since then we j had new locks fitted and 2 rew alarm installed. Next wack we're ke bart put on the ground floor windows, se we'e hoping rot to! turated again, . ese CL A Make a list of thins you have Yor, aie Haviny Uone, ihave liad Joie, ate yoirty (0 have done, had done. ‘Some people use cosmeticsurgery to have thelr apnearance changed. Do some research in library or on the Internet, ond make a list of things people con have dene. Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 2us, @ have and get something done, other uses of getconditional and if-sentences (1) real conditions (first conditional) © I+ present simple + will/ won't (do) ‘This shows the results In the future of a real situation, with possible or likely results. Hypu eatal the ice-cream, you'll be sick! © other variants Hf canaiso be followed by can /can't, present perfect (to emphasize completion). going to, present continuous with future meaning. ‘you can’t answer Exercise 1, you won't be able to do Exercise 2 Hf you've finished washing the fou, ll help you clean the kitchen. Hf you're going to buy 2 car, Il lend you some! the money. Iyou're going to the shops, It! came with you! ‘The second clause can contain could requests, be able to, can, going to, imperative, had better, couldand might ote. 11 give you the money. could you get ine some stares? Myou've fined weshinn the fo, you can start cleaning Ne kitchen. Hitrains this afternoon, we're going to stayin and watch sean DVDs. Myou're going to buy 4 cay, make sure you yet it iecked ly 4 yaraye. Myou're going to the shops, you'd better take sunie murney! Cole scores nove that could be the end af the match! future results: if clauses with will © There are some if-tentences thet describe the possible results of an offer In these sentences, wills used in the iFclause. talk 9 your teacher if that wilt stop you worrying so much © In some itsentences, ifis followed by emphasised wil, meaning ‘insist on’, or won't meaning ‘refuse to’. Hf you will wear such thin clothes, of course you'l feel cold! H you won't listen to common sense, there's no point my talking to you © Ifcan be followed by will and would as polite request forms. ‘Mf you'l just wait here, 1 tell Mr Brown that you've arrived. Hf you'd just fll in this form, Vl check the details. unreal conditions (second conditional) © if +past simple + would (da) “his shows the results whieh would follow from an imaginary situation, with imposible or unitkaly results ‘f the Farth didn’t have a Monn, there wouldn't be any tides. © Could and might are often used instead of would, as are other modals. If we all worked together ve could solve the problem fasterThe difference between real and unreal may he a matter of speaker choice and context. Ityou buy a bke, you'll gota tot fater {You are really thinking of buying one ~ perhaps we are in the hike shop.) Hyou bought bile, you'd get a lot fitter (We ave only discussing possihilities) Ifyou buy a bike, you'll get bought a you'd cet 6 impossible past conditions (third conditional) © if + past perfect + would have (done) / (passive would have been done) Used for the results which would follow from an imaginary past situation. AS we cannot change the past, this is an impossible condition. Passive forms are common. {f the ship had had more lifeboats, more passengers wrould have been saved. If the ship hadnt hit an icebero, it woulan’t have sunk. Hf another ship hadn't arrived soon afterwards. none of the passengers would have been saved. © Could have and might have are often used Instead of would have, as are other modals.. 1 the ship had been travelling moro slowiy,Itmight have avalded the iceberg. mixed conditions © if + past perfect + would (do) Used for an imagined or actual event in the past with o result in the present. Hf she had worn her seat-bel, she would stil be alive. Hyou hadn't given rie. lift 'd probably still be ot te station! © f+ past simple + would have (done) Used for a present state which has influenced past events. I you weren't so lezy you'd have finished your work by now. If she was betier-quaiifed, she would have got the job. © conditional and if-sentences (1)1. Complete each sentence giving computer advice using an if-condition, so that it has the same meaning as the first sentence, 2 Dun press that burton ou the Keyboacd, ar youl lene what yourve wereten, Wf gon. press thad Luddon on the kequuard, you'll lose whed you've written. Make a back-up copy of your work or you'll lose tt. You won't You need virus protection to avoid having problems with your computer. Ifyou don't 2 a - d_ Sitting too Long at the computer will make your back and arms ache, Your es 7 2 © Don't (umn off the computer before closing all programs, or you could have probletus. You # You'll lose your work unless you save it before closing the word-processing program. - i g_ You can save a lot of time by Teatning the keyboard short cuts. 1 h Runntng too many programs at the same time will robably make the computer crash. The computer will ee : = 2 choose the correct option, A, ¥ or C, to complete the sentence. 2 Why don't you use the Intemer? If you lad looked up the Information ou the met, you 4 b if Alice acyele helmet, she might have been serlously Injured. c a If there wasn't any water on the Earth. life Luckily I checked iny diary. biethday: © Yon don't helieve in yourself. That's why yout falled your driving test. Tf yon were mare self- confident, I'm sure you 1 thal, 1 would have completely forgotten her £ Ifyou travelled to the Sun at the speod of light, you there in about eight and a half minutes. If you're thinking of having a sun-and-sca holiday, - yourself from the sun, h You can start looking at the nest unit if you Exercise 5. i 1t'sa lot quicker going by train than by car, And even if you by car. it's impossible to ud anywhee to pack. J itwe an hour exira every diy, we could finish the project a week early. 2 A. would know theanswer —B Anew the answer (Cit kntow the answer b A wort wearing Bleadut heer weaning € ier t wearing © Awawltn’t have begin Rill not begin © wnulde’s begin 6 A laidn't done Baidu do. C would da © Apassed 8 wowld have passed will pass # Aare B would have arrived would arrive @ Ayou have protected you should protect € you veil! protect hy A woukl luwe finished B finisheat have fished i Awent B Juul gone co J Awrk B Fauve workec! had workedChoose the correct option, A, B or C, to complete the sentence. » Youtcan start doing Section 7 if you © Section 1 b If you've become completely contused, you start again, © Could you get me a book from the library, if | the details. ot a moment, Il see if can find another question paper for you. © Ilgo over the figures again, IF you " Iryou the instructions, then of course you'll get the answers wrong! 9 Ifyou dictionary, then make sure you know how to use it! h If- finish any project on time, 1 a couple of days off! 2 A.will finish Bue suing to finish have finished > Awilt B had better Care going to A sive you B wil give you € have given you 4A yow'll wait B yen Ihave waited yon are waiting = Awill think that helps, B think that will help, will think that sill help. A ren reanting Brew € won't rau 9 Awill nse Bhave sed Care going to nse h A had better take Bam able to take Cain going to take 4 Complete the sentence with a suitable form of the verb in brackets. The Earth after humans fall the people on Farth a (disappear) disappeared —— tnmormw, naire b (beggin) to feelainithe planet. For a start, if people na longer ¢ (pollute) ‘the atmasphere, the air d (soon become} lean again, I there e (he) no people 10 maintain boildings they #fsoan begin) 10 ht more soli pars (ake) thousands of years to csappear. In general iF the 65 billion huraans no longer h (compet) with other sti on Earth, most species (benefit) _ For exanple, ifhumans no longer J (cath) fish, the aumbers oF Fish worldwide k leventaly inereate) However it humans (vanish) Irom the Earth, endangered’ of arinals trot weceaarRy recover) : 2s sonte are already too few in number. Some endangered species n (have! greater difficulty surviving if no humans 0 (take) the trouble to protect ther from other species Even it we no longer p (poison} the planet, several decades 4 Wo by) Defore all dangerous chemicals ¢(disappead) And even if the burning, of f@88illiWels s (cease) tomorrow, te oceans t not absorb) all Ue CO, isthe atmosphere for thousands of yes, In Une end, hou, abe visitors u (land) ‘um the Earth in 100,000 years time, they v (Gnd) no sigs (hat am advanced civilization had ever lived here, © conditional and if-sentences (1)5 Complete the sentences about the possible future far our world, using a suitable form of the verb in brackets, depending on whether you think the sentence describes something real / possible or ‘unreal / impossible. a Ifthe Earth (stop) Stopped spinning, one side Gahways be) In darkness, b Ifthe polar ice-caps (melt) completely, sea-levels worldivide (rise) hy about 60 metres © I we (recycle) more household waste, there (be) - less damage to the environment, Ian astronaut (fall) 110 a black hole in space, what (happen) ? © If people (not stop) using cars so neh, the country’s roads (eventually grind) toa standstill + What (happen) ‘vhen the world’s supplies of oil (ran out) ? 4g. If human belngs (finally stan) living on the Moon, they (need) to produce water artificially. h If these (not be) any money (the world be) a better place? i we (not stop) overfishing the work's oceans, many species (evome) extinct, J. Ifeveryone in the world (jump) up and down at the same time, there (he) no measurable effect (apart from 6.5 billion footprints) 6 Comment on each sentence begi 2 Mrs Allen's neighbour searched his garden shed, and found the missing eat inside. If MPS Allen’s neighbour hadn't Searched his garden Shed, he. wouldn't have Found. the missing cat inside. & The hikers were rescued quickly from the storm on the mountain because one of them had her ing as shown, Some forms may be passive. mobile phone with her, ir 3 7 «The boy who fell Into the sea from the boat was wearing a Iife jacket, so he survived, iG . ¢ Mr Anderson woke up because he heard the smoke alarm, andthe family managed to escape the fire, if © Rescue workers didn’t search the car properly and didn’t notice the injured man. a ¥ Luckily most of the statt had left the room to attend a meeting, so only one person was injured by flying glass from the broken window. ta 9. United didn’t win hecause the goalkeeper made a mistake in the last minute of the match. to . — oe b A police officer stopped Pratt for drink-criving, and took a DNA sample, which led to his being, charged with the previously unsolved murder of Mrs Jones. It - - oo -7 Put the verb in brackets in a suitable form, using a negative where necessary. The extinction of the dinosaurs ‘The dinosaurs probably hecare Guin after a giant aeteFBId hit the Earth about 65 million years ago. But what (happen) would have happened if this asteroid b (miss) 7 Scientists believe that in this case, dinosaurs ¢ (continue) — to deine the Earth, and that modern animals d (probably exist) - Instead of elephants and lions and so on, there e (be) 7 different types of dinosaurs, because the animals we have now simply 4 (be abled to/e¥6lve, Some scientists have even suggested that dinosaurs 9 (evelop) long Uv sau ines a itt Ueligs, Wut thi Ts iurity view. ‘The yeueral view fy that nertaps dinosaur bralns h (grow) larper, but If they Hexst) today, dinosaurs | (change? very much in general, and k (look) _ much he same. the prosptcts for human beinas would not be 50 good, however. It the asteroid I (collide) with the Eaeth, there m (probably te) ‘any humans alive today. When the astercid disaster wiped out the dinosaurs, it gave manintals the advantage, Without that space éallisiaa, mammals n (stand) — “ ot much chance against the déniinaint dinosaur species. PANO est Lad A. Write some endings for these if-sentences. If the weather gets hotter / colder, If | was able to live anywhere in the world, If scientists hadn't discovered how cleciicity works, If you want to learn a forvign language, Choose an example from eacth section on pages 0-51 and translate these ‘examples into your language. © conditional and if-sentences (1)conditional and if-sentences (2) unless Unless is used when we say that if something does net happen, comething alse will happen (or be trua) asa result. Ifyou don’t help me, wenn’t he abe ro ft ab won't be able to lift this unless you hela me. otherwise Otherwise is another way of saying if not. It can also come at the end of a separate sentence. Help me wath ths, otherwise | won't be able to Iti. Help me with this. | won't be able to lft it otherwise. ifonly ‘ Honly cen be used as a way of emphasizing if Moly you'd told; | could hove hoped you ‘@ The if only clause can also be used alone as an exclamation, Monty you'd told me! provided / providing (that), as long 2s, on condition (that) ‘These are more empnatic ways of saying only... #f. You can only go to the party iF you are home before 12.00. You can go to the party provided you are home before 12.00. You can go 0 the party, as fong as you are home before 12.00. You can go to the party. an candition that you are home before 1? 00 evenit © Even if canako he used in conditional sentences to emphasize if. Even if you begged him to take the monay, he wouldn't accapt. if (you) should..., if you happen to © If « chould omphacizas that an event is net very likely, or ta make a request seem more Indirect or polite, If you should see hint tomorrow, could you gine fim my message? ‘© I+ happen to has a similar effect, and can be used with should to emphasis unlikelihood or distence. Phrases such 0s by any chance are alsy used in the seme wey. if you happen to be in the noighbourhacd, de dap in and coo us. you should happen by ony chance to find the moner, can you send it back? iF) were tony Thick often used in writing whieh speculates about the future. If the government were te tower taxes, they would certainly win vores © This can also make an event seam ess likely. If | were to offer you more money, vrauld you stay in the job? if (it) were/ was not for / hadn't been for... This decries how ane event denends nn another Ife were not for Helen, ovr tam would be the worst inthe reo (if Heten wasn't a really good player...) In naam’t been forum, tre chid would have drowned (ifdim hada't jumped in to rescue the child ..)but for We can use but for to mean ‘ifit were not for. But for your assistance, we would not have succeeded, supposing, suppose, imagine These are ways of expressing conditions without i, Supposing you had I's milion What weuk you spend it on? Imagine you were presiient iow would you change the county? if s0/if not These can refer to‘ previous sentence and form a condition. If Jean is too il to play, Mary can play instead. Jean may be too ill to play. f so. Mary can play instead. ean may stil be able to play. f net, Mary ean play instead. leaving out if in everyday speech, we can use an imperative phrase + and + will clause Instead of an /-conéltional sentence. If you come over here, |'ll show you what | mean. Game over here and I show you what moan, if + adjective In informal instructions, we con leave out the verb to be in phroses with adjectives such as interested, necessary ete you ete interested, vline this nunber M interested, phone this ruber if Imight, if | con /eould ... ‘Might and can could are used in an if-clause which stands alone as a very polite request. If could just have another [cok (zCould Ihave another ook?) J Leight help you vnth your coat had @).... were (t).... should (I)... {tis possible to begin formal conditional sentences by inverting had or were or should and the subject, leaving out if see Unit 40).. © conditional and if-sentences (2)1 Underline the correct form. ‘2 Small dogs can be carried on a passenger’s knee If only / provide! they do not cause inconvenience to passengers. b_ Ever if/ supposing you could visit any country in the world. Where would you go? € Twould like to thank the many colleagues who have made invaluable contributions: utiless / but for theit help. this project would not have heen possible. 6. You must register your copy of the CD-ROM online, otherwise / uitess it will not Work. © Tithe goversnsent were ta /shinld balance the budget, it would be able to increase spending. £ You can easily get into trouble if you happen to be / on comdition that you are in the verong place at the wrong time. 9 We will give you a guaranteed price of €150 for your old computer, even if/ othenvise doesn't work. hy According to the survey, most people arc happy to welcome forcigners to their count Jong us / otherwise they dou't start behaving like for 1 Please don't Interrupt the lesson as fone as / less you have an Important polnt to make. J tC be stented tanger te ave / (ft tant beer fava Wey ajay, Astanas worl irubably Have won the race. 2 Choose the correct option, A, B or C, to complete each sentence about security issues. thet vars wouldn't be broken © teaving valuable property tn parked ca Ww. a serions crime, what exactly shioutd you do? @ b © Please do not use the 999 emergency number _ yout are reporting. a penutne emergency. a You Were travelling abroad, what could you do to smprove your personal satety? the information provided by members of the public, the police would have a much more dillicult job. Police often conduct security checks in this area so they may stop you, and your might be asked for your identity card or passport. ° any objectionable items on the website, let us know and we will have thent removed. hh CCTV cameras Instatted in the store, tay shophifwers would escape Uevection. i people locked all their doors anid windows, there would he fewer break-ins. i your computer has a virus protection program, you might stil fall victim to e-mail scams or maticious soltware. 8 A Unless people stopped B Imagine € If auly people stopped b A Unless you witness B if you were to witness CC sfanly you witness cat 2 provided Cumiess dA Supposing Bifso CAs long as © A Supposing 8 Provided that CIF were not for 1 Aothenvise Bitso Coven it 9 A Unless you wotice B Ifyou happen towctice Cif you were to notice fy A If there were ta he B Ifanly there were C fit weren't for 1 adfony RAthenvise C Fvenif i 4 Unless B Even if © Qn condition thatre eying ‘Write @ new sentence with the same meaning, beginning as shorn. a Wewill refund your booking fee, provided you cancel 48 hours in advance, We will only refund your booking Fee if you cemeel 4B hours in advance bb wish you'd told me about the cheap fights to Italy. W - ! © Thauko to the shill of the surgeon, te chlld survived, ste et us know if you have second thoughts. 11 you should © Ifyou hadn' helped me, | would have made a complete mess of U But Please come this way, sit. Could I take your coat? Please come this way, sie. IF - 9 You can olfer me mote money, but { still won't sel the house to you! Even h I you let ine get a word in edgeways, Ill tell you what I discovered. let i IC you changed your mind about the job, we'd be interested in hearing from you If you were j_ Aslongas there are no delays, well be there by six. Unless 4 complete the text with one word in each gaj Environmental issues Everyone agrees that a UmlCSS the worlds tiger population is protected, tigers b eventually become extinct. If it « not for the efforts made by international campaigns: ‘over past decades, the extinction d already have become 4a fact. Tigers can €0@xist with human beings, local people ars involved in conservation. However f i ciger abIEIG are redeveloped there is no guarantee of success. Government ‘agencies must be Involved, and there must be adequate finance: 9 conservation projects are Aégleétd. An organized programme with safegiiafds must be introduced. Ih the ifeyal URGES quickly move back i. there were no tigers lef in che world:how j we all feel! According to some environmentalist. that day may be coming sooner rather than later. EXTENSION ACTIVITY A. Make a list of instructions 4 teacher might give to 2 dass, including: unless otherwise provided /as long as/ on condition Make true examples which include: ‘even if ifyou should if it hadn't been for supposing ifso imperative + and + will clause ‘Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 208. @ conditional and /f-sentences (2)unreal past tense wishes about the present ‘ke a second conditional sentence, these wishes use a past tensa form to express 2 tealing about the present. Vwish tknew thearswer (= If Iknew the answer, it would be better) I wish fe wasn’t raining! (= if it wasn’t raining, it would he better.) Tish they were aitiiiny wales, J wish | we J ware lying on the bosch >t this moment! {wish £ was tying on a beach. Wishes with could also express a feeling about the present. I wish I cauld get a better joh (now) wishes about the past Wishes about the past use past perfect in the same way as a third conditional sentence. wish I had brought an umbrella with ma. (210 Thad Brvughit an ernbiella with ine, it would have been better) I wich wo'd toft carkec (= If we had left earlier it would have been better.) ‘hope Wishes about the future are oxpresied with hope. Thope you enjoy your trp. (future) Thope can /will be able t0 get 3 beter job. (future) wishes with would / wouldn't '® Wishes with would / wouldn't are about general behaviour or habits, often bad ones which we wist would change. | wish everyone would eave me atone. wish you'd stop interrupting me. | wish you wouldn't do thet ‘Using unreal past tense can give the same meaning in some contexts, wish itdide't rain so much. itmay or may nat be reining now) 1 with ie wouldn't rain so much (i's probably raining now) © To wis! someone would do something vant aly mean that we would like thet to doit | wish you would ask for my advice more often.if twere you \e use if | were you for giving advice. Note that / and you are siressed more heavily than were. The itt clause can come at the beginning or at the end, wouldn't touch that wie, #1 were you. It were you, Vd ae (0 te pole, would rather, would sooner 18 We can use would rather ! would sooner + infinitive to express choice. Would you rather stay at home? Id rather have tea than coffee ‘© would rather! would soaner + person + unreal past are used to show what we would like someone ‘else to do or not to de. d rather you didn’t tell aryone. (jt would be better if you didn’t tell) Id sooner she went to university than got a job now. would prefer (see Unit 16 Would) © We can use would prefer + to-infinitive to express a preference, Do yeu want to go out? No, | think I'd prefer to stay at home We can compare preferences with rather than, 1rd prefer to go out fora meal tonight rather then stay in and cook. '¢ Would prefer + that + unreal past or would prefer it if + unreal past can he used to show what we |would like someone else to do or not to do. Vd prefer that you didn’t mention tis to.anyone. 11d prefer it Hf you diin’t mention this 9 anyone, © We can also use would prefer + person + to-infinitive with the zame mesning. {fd prefer you not to mention this to aryone. ‘it’s time + unreal past ‘ie use its time + unreal past to express what we think we cugh« to de. “wy shoes are wearing out. Its time (that) ! Bought some new ones, "alteady 8 00. think i's tine (that) we left We also often say It's time we were going. if, as though «© Real comparisons with as if, a8 though use fook, seen, appear ete with present or future meaning. He looks as if he wants to leove. (real) It seenns as though City ore yotty (0 wi. (veal) doesn’t look as if ever repay rny debts, (real) ‘© Unreal comparisons with as if and as though use was/ were to refer to the present if the comparison seams unteal or imaginary. She als as if she was /were queen! (unreal ~ she isn") © unreal past tenseUnderline the corroct form. 2. Parents who also work often wish they lve / ad mere time to spend with their children, b_ No doubt the prime minister new wishes he lichted / ud Istoned to what other people were saying befare he made his decision. «Local councillors say they wish more people could / would let them kniow what they thin about the new antismoking laws d Many people wish that fast-food companies wou stop / tad stopped targeting.children with advertising. © Local residents gonorally wish that tourists si’t leave /Jaulnt lef so much litter behind in the tewn, F Uhave bad nothing but uouble with this computer, and { now wish that | id Duy / teal not oust Mt. 9. When we grow older. with hindsight we all wish that we spent / Fuad spent our time at school more profitably, he We wisth we knew / wai! Anow how to solve te problem ol vandalism, but so tar we haven't come up with a pertect sotution, Doctors say they wish that more people paid / had paid attention to the amon 1 of salt they j [Rope / wish could believe what politicians say, but 'm afraid | can't, Choose the correct option, A, B or C, to complete the sentences about the generation gap. a Ws time that older people © listening to what younger people say. b Some nlder people treat teenagers acit they all dangoronis criminals, © Some older people wish there more police officers on the street, and blame all bad behaviour on the young. dPochaps its time that young people more responsibly towards other people. © Generally speaking, young people spend their time with other young people. { Many older people the world to be just the sane ay it was when they were young. 9 Older people also wish that young people more politely. hy Some people think that 16-year-olds were given the vote. | Many young people, however, lave no talth In politic, and just wish the world different. | Some of them —_ if everyone just left them alone and stopped asking them for their opinions. 9 Awanld stat 8 start started b Awere B would C prefer © were B had beent Care d Aacted B would act act © Awisl Bwroul rater Cope fA rather B would profs Cas thougis 9 Aluul behaved — Bdidhtt behave C swould behave bh Aasit Bitstine C they wouldir't prefer i Abs B fund beer cowie | Awoukd rather Bas thous ‘© would prefer it3) Write a new sentence with the saine mearting, beginning as sliown. It seoms that more and more young people will go Into higher education In future. Inseemsas ( more and more qoung people will go into higher education in the Future. Most parents want their children to study a useful subject Icading,to a good job. Most parents would rather Students, however, usvally want their parents to lel them make their own choices. Students, however, usually wish — . Later on, though, some students regret not having chosen thelr courses more carefully. Later on, though, some students wish: University advisers dou't usually want students to choose a subject simply because they think they are good at it University advisers usually prefer students The naval advice is: ‘Think about what kind of work you ivant to do tn the futute.* ‘The usual advice is: ‘U1 Soure studeaits seein from their behaviour to be only interested in having a good time. Some students betiave as When they leave university, many students regret not having worked harder. When they leave university, many students wish ‘They also think they will never repay their stictent loans. also seems to them as Universities should now pay a Ws atiention (0 students’ financial problems. 4. Complete the text using one word in each gap. Neighbours and noise Do you ever wish that your neighbours 9 044d turn down their susie? Perhaps you'te tying to sleep anid you wish that the people nest-dear b not holding an all-night hathecve party in their garden. Or do you feel it you moved to an GiiintabILEd island? Don't worry - you are just another victim of noise pollution. OF couise, must people would prefer & it cars e no nolse at all, neighbours ¢ a5 quiet as mice. and nobody 9 about the stzcets in cars with open ‘windows and high-powered sound sysiems. You may even wish you b stop children from playing in the street, or planes fiom passing overhead. But in the end iV youl Just yet used 101 Close the ‘windows, buy some earplugs, laugh and tum up your own stereo, Just act k If the noise sy. ' simply not there! Viho knows, perhaps it will go away! ca EXTENSION ACTIVITY A. Make a list of wishes about pest, present and annoying habits. B Choose an example from each section on page 60 and translate into your language. ‘Need more practce? Go to the Review on page 208. © unreal past tensemodals (1): obligation, recommendation, ability must Use musi © fora necessary action. You must keep this dbor locked. © togive someone an order. You must be more carefull © todescrihe a duty. Iveryone must recycle as much as pastie © tomake astrong recommendation. You realy must go and see The History Boys. ‘© to cemphaslz0 an intention. | must lend you this boot. ‘© for formal questions (must you et). Must you go? ‘Have to is more commonly used for questions in spoken English. Do you have to go? have to/ has to Use have to /has to © fora necessary action. We have to be there by six © for a tule. We have to wear a unitorm at cur school In most contexts, must or have to are both possible. Some speakers may use have to because itis longer and ailows more emphasis You have to be move careful I eryone has to recycle 2s much as possible ‘© Have tois the more commonly used question form, Do you have to go? © Have ! has got to canbe used informally instead of have ro. We've got to be there by six. ‘must not, do not have to © Must not describes what is not allowed. Your mustn't start vin tel ys © Do not have to or have / har not got to describes what is not necessary Tony doesn't have to go to college ths aftemoon. Tony hasn't got to go to college ts afternoon, had to, didn’t have to @ We use had to as a past form of must. Sorry fm late Thad to stay on at work I didn't hove to pay t9 take my bike onto the trun should, shouldn't (ought ¢o, ought not to) Use should, shouldn't (ought to, ought not to) @ to make a recommendation, when we say What We think i 2 good Idea. You should come to work on your bike. It would be much quicker to say what we think is the right thing to do, 1 think you ought to go to the doctor. You look terrible: to say that something is corroct or incorrect. You shouldn't walte your name ot dhe top of the kexier, The answer ought to bea whole number. @ In formal writing; should can be used with a similar meaning to must, but is more polite. AAll students should report to the examination roam by 8 30,should have, shouldn't have (ought to have, ought not to have) © Use (o say that we think someone has made a mistake or done something wrong. You shoulkn't have put in so much sat You ought not ta have written your name at the top of the letten had better (not) '¢ Use to make a recommendation, when we say what we think is the right thing to do. Note thet this is often contracted to you'd better etc. I think you'd better go to the doctor You kok tere beto 12 This is formal way of saying must in ingtructions. You are to leave here at ance! All suclents are to repert at 90 need, need to © Need isa modal verb, with ro 3rd person form. itis used mainly in questions and negatives. The meaning is similar to have to. Need you ask? The Prime Minister need not worry © Need to is a normal verb. Sarah needs to be mare careful. You don’t need to warn. D0 I need to fill inthis form? didn't need to, needn't have (done) © Didn't need to describes a past situation, where something was not necessary, so it was not done. Kate looked after the children, so we didn’t need to take them to the nursery. © Needn't have done describes a past situation, where something happened or was done, but It was not nocassary. Ineeda’t have gone so esily 0 the office. The meeting was cancelled, be able to, can, could © Be able to emphasizes that a difficulty has been overcome. Hairy can't speat, but he fs able to communicate with sign language. Iis also possible to use can in this context, © We use Lense forms of be able to to make the description of abllity more definite than can, o for time references not covered by can / could. Tif be able to finish this tonnowrows (= Van and will) Thaven't been able to find the answer ye © Could describes a general past ability, Jane could swiny 200 rmoires when she wes rine, © Was | were able (0 describes having the ability and doing something successfully, Moria was able to swim (0 the socks and rescue the child In this context, using could might suagest an unfulfilled possbilhy. ‘She could swt tothe roxks, but she decided not to. © In negative sentences, couldn’t has both meanings. However, she couldn't / wasn't able to rescue the pet dog, Note thet modal have more than one meaning (see Units 14, 15). © modals (1): obligation, recommendation, ability1 Underting the correct form. 2 You mustn't /don’t have to couduct any chemistry expetiittents unless you ate wearing safety alasses, b There are alot of hooks which Anna did not have to read / need not have read as part of her university course, but which she decided to read out of interest. € We don't have to / We'd helter ot talk for too long, These calls are expensive d_Iwent tose the dentist yesterday, but luckily I didu't need to have /1 needn't have had any painful treatment! © You did't have to tell me /shoulder't have told me about the party. Now I's not a surprise! f Some people helieve that the government does not have to / should not allow genetically modified crops to he grown on a large scale, as they could spread out of control, 4g ‘These books are on the wrong shelf, They shonldi't / mustn’t be here. fh The report concluded that the rescuers sould not have alteinptet / didnt have toattempt to move the Injured passengers before medical help arrived. {Please put the paper cups and plates in the bin, We mnsti’t /don’t have to leave the room in a mess. J There is plenty of time. We mustn't be / dou’t have to be at the cinema until 8.00. 2 Complete the sentence using one word in each gap. In the early years of motoring, driversdidn’t have to take a driving test. You sign the application form at the end of the page, or it will not he accepted. Hurry up. We... to get to the airport by 9.20. think we had stop and ask someone the way. “This bus is goin to take anes. We hhave taken a taxi. Important notice. AN new arrivals to report to the reception desk, ‘Thanks for coming. I'm glad you make it You look really tired, You take a few days off and have a holiday. Sony I'ma bit late. 1 to pick up the children from school You not decide innmediately whether (o join the class, yerteance 3 Write a new sentence with the same meaning, beginning as shown. @ I lwere you, I'd take an umbrella. Ithink youd better take an umbrella we ” b Is Saturday momning school compulsory Iti your country? Do students 7 In the third week, students must hand in a typed copy of their first lab report. In the third week, stents are Sheila changed the battery in her camera, but it wasn’t necessary. Sheil the battery in her camera. @ You look really il, If 1 were you, I'd stay at home today. You look really ill 1 to stay at home toxlay. £ Tt was a bad idea to leave the windows apen while it was raining, You _—g The theaire tickets were free, so there was no need for us to pay. The theatre tickets were free, so we h can stay here until 10.00. 1 leave until 10.09. i Helen managed to stop the car before it crasived into a wall, Helen was Steve's laptop had a wireless Internet connection, so there was no need for him to connect It to.aphon Jine. Steve's laptop had a wircless Internet connection, so he 4 Complete the text with one word in each gap. Rupbish ~ or feflseas we a should really call it~ is big news at the moment. For many years. people in Britain b had to pay a ocalitax (council tax) which Includes a charge for refuse collection. In many parts of the country people have also been « to ask their local council to remove unwanted household items, such as furniture and electrical appllances, However, in recent years, as a result of EU legislation, councils have d to reconsider how they collect rubbish, and what hey do with i. n the pest, ousehokders simply e {0 put out their dustbins once ‘2 week, and lhe council collected the rubbish. Now the emphasis is on recycling, and householders ' o separate recyclable waste (paper, plestic, cans and bottles) from organic waste (food and garden waste) and other items, ‘Really weg have started doing this years ago! explained Karen Graham from recycling consullants WasteNot. ‘We h to stop {ing up holes in the ground with rubbish anu look at what other counties have | able (0 do.’ One likely change is thal soon householders | have to pay for their rubbish collections. ‘People k pay according to how much rubbish they produce, and we 1 (0 reward people who recycle and ConsUiié less. People in Beiglui, for example, m hhad to get used to this system — and it seams to have worked’ And if you (ink that weighing your rubbish is a strange idea, you had n et used lo il. Before long, an electronic @fb in your dustbin will be weighing the bin and Waleilatiy tow much you on ° to pay. een Cnc oLad A. Make a list of: things you have to do in your job, or in your studies things you think you ought to do things in the past you should not have done Choose an example from each section on pages 61-05 and translate these examples into your language. ‘ion, ability obligation, recommendati © modals (1):modals (2): possibility, certainty can/ could © We use can tomake statements about what Is generally possible, thean be very cola herein winter. (= it s sometimes) © We use could 10 refer to past possible situations. 1m thse days, sips could travel for weeks on end without seeing land, © We use easily 10 emphasize a possibility with could, People could easily fll down these stais in the dark. © We use could atways to point out. possible choice or deasion. You could always phone her when we ger to the cinema, (© We use can or could when we ask questions about possibilt Who an /could that be outside Mr Smith's office? (© We use can haraly or could hardly when we think something is impossible. {It can/ could hardly be Jane Tompson. She's in Bertin tis week. © We use can onlyor could only when we are sure about the answer, Itcan/ could only be the new sales manager may, might, could © We use may, might or could to describe what is possible in particular situations. They are common, with be. This may /might/ could bu: te last tine f eve see you. The cer won't start The bailey may / might / could be dead © We often add well ot just between may / might /could be and the verb to emphesize the possibility, ust makes the possibility less likely. You may /might/could well have the answer! (Pethaps it's possible) Your plan may /might /could just work! (its unlikely, but possible) © We use may/ might as well when we say that there is no reason for not doing something, usually because we are disappointed something else has not heppened. There's no point waiting for the bus any longer, We might as well start waking, © Wecan use may not or might not for negative possibilities. We cannot use could not for this meaning. 1 may / might not bo hero tomorrows (may J might not have tie to como. © We use may have, might have, and could have for possible events in the past. Jeck isn't here yet, He may /might /could have missed the (rain © The negative forms are may not have, might not have. We cannot use could not have. Perhaps he’s stil at home. He may not have got out message, © We use might have and could have 10 show annoyance, when someone falls to do something we fee! they should have done, You might have told me the maich was cancelled! ! went allthe way there for nothing! © We use might have and could have when we are shocked because something nearly happened. Thank heavens he's sale! He could have drowned! can't be, couldn't be © We use can't or couldn't when we are certain that something is impossible, That definitely can’t be /coulda’t be Torn over there, Hes i Canada.must be ‘@ We use must witen we are certain something is true. You most be tired after working so hard. There must be suine mistake. [definitely booted @ table for live can't have done, couldn't have done '@ We use can’t have or couldin’t have when we are certain that something in the past was impossible. Helen can’t have taken /couldn’t have taken the car She did't have the keys ‘¢ We use surely to emphasize that we can’t believe what hes happened, Surely you can’t have carried all thase begs on your oul 1s We use can’t have been / wouldn't have been when we are sure something wasn't true, We can also use could /ceni with herdly and only. That can't have been successful, ('m sure it wasn’t) That could hardly have been an easy thing to do. ('mn sure it wasn't) Judging by the powpprints,itean only have been 2 very forge anieral. must have done © We use must have when we are certain something in the past was true. [can't ind my wallet I must have dropped it in the sipermarket. ‘ean’ fina my watt, I must nave aropoed it nthe supermarket. be bound to, be sure to, be certain to ‘© When we need to describe a future event which we are sure will happen, we use be bound to, be sure to or be cortain to. We're going (0 the scaside tomorrows so (t's bound to rain. Don't worry about the exam. You're sure to pass! should, ought to © We use sliould, ovglit to describe something we think is probably true, or has falled to happen. Thre vught to be 2 carpark ot the wrd uf th’s oad. (think there is) There should be ¢ turnin lee] (but there isn't) should have, ought to have © We use should have, ought to have when we describe what we expect has probably happened, or believe has failed to happen. They should have arrived in Lendon by now (that's probable) The plone ought to have landed. Where ‘sit? (it hasn't landed) : possibility, certainty © modals (2):1 Choose the corract form, A, B or C, to complete the sentence. a Why dow’t you phoue Katie wow? She A yet. b ‘Takesome sun-block and wear a hal, asit___ get very hot In the middle of the day. ¢ There's no point waiting here any longer. We go.and have something to cat. Lucky you managed to hang on to that tree. You. down the cif. © ‘What am | going to do about a present for Carol ‘You some flowers.’ f Ldon’t know what tiie 11 be home, |. be quite late, I'm afraid, 9. Don't worry about your driving test. You... to pass. hh There's no sign of the dog anywhere. Someone it out. | Why don’t you ask Nick about if? He know thhe answer, I suppose. j ‘There must be some kind of technical problem. The film by now. a Acan’t have left Banust have left C might have left b Anust Beam could have © Acan hunily Bure bund to Canight as well dd Acoulé have fatten B anust have fallen C may have faten © Anish have sent Her Banust have ser Her C could ahways Scud her £ Anmst Bean Cmay o Amy Bmust Cave bord to hh AB bowl to have tet Bamust have fet Cea tet 1 Acan B may’ as well might J Ashould have stated Brust have started C might have started 2 Choose the best cor juation 1 {0 10 for sentences a to j. Fm still waiting for the money the bank Js supposed to have sent ne, ‘There's still no sign of Alex. I's getting rather Inte to deal with this now. ish you wouldn't leave your bag near the door like that. You'd better (ake your umbrella with you, - ‘This piece is the right shape, but It doesn’t fit. ae ‘There should be a filling station here. sa very lang hook. Oh sorry, yes, these are your keys, Leave yourself plenty of time for the journey. ~sereance + You're bound (o need it if you don't. 2 Surely you can't have finished! It already! Sit shoukl have gathors benoe 4 Itcan take quite a long time In the rush hour, 5 Itcan't be the right one after all, 6 Tha’s strange! I can't see one anywhere! 7 You could always conte back tomorrow, 8 8 He may have missed the tala I suppose I must have picked them up by mistake. 10 Someone could easily fall over it and hut themselves,3. Write a new sentence with the same meaning, beginning as shown. 2 Ruming is not allowed on the stairs. There is a danger of accidents, Running is not allowed on the stairs. You coud / might have. an accident You'd hetter not use this ladder, Look at i! Vim sure it’s not safe, You'd better nat use this ladder. Look at itt It | think Lknow how this window got broken. I’m sure someone kicked a ball against it 1 Uhiuk [know how this window got broken. Someone Unless you follow instnctlons, It's possible for a gymnasium to be a dangerous place. Unless you follow instructions, a gymnasium I've tumed off the electricity. I'm sure i's safe to touch these wires now. I've turned off the electricity. It ‘Quen! Why didn’t you tell me that piece of metal was hot! Ouch! You Where are the fie fighters? 1 expected them to have arrived by now. Where are the tire lighters? ‘Iney Tm sine you didn't clean this bow! properly. You J can see stains on it 4. Complete the text using onc of the phrases 1 10in cach gap. Jcan'thave set off 2 could caslly be 3could expect Hmntrevebeen Scan’thave been 6 could easily sail_7 might have 8 mist have mad= should have reached 10 might involve 16th-century explorers Amagine what it 4 like 10 have sailed around the world ina small wooden ship, as Drake td his nen did in 1577-1580, On aship only some 85 meues long, ith cay for dhe 80 or so ef to live comfortably, Exploration was part of war and GMA wih ‘oer nations, so these voyages __ attacks on other ships aud towns, and had to make 1 PRB. There were all the wsual dangers too..\ ship d destroyed bya storm or run out of food and water, and the captain @ little idea of where the ship was orwhere was going, Explorers many wrong decisions in an aye when there wete only basic maps and Ag0ig3H6H equipment, and in unknown parts of ecean where a shipg for weeks without reaching kine, Very often places they thought they harmed out tobe much further on, or ina different direction, However, they! on such long voytiges without some general idea of the places they} to reach along the way, and as knowledge of navigation improved, voyages heeame more and more successtul, eacuraicuaiad possibility, certainty Write some sentences about these situations. You notice that a large crowd of people has gathered outside, shouting and singing, Who could they be? What could have happened? What might happen next? You hear a knack at the door, and when you open it there isa large parcel outside. Who could have sent it?) Whatcould itcontain? What might you have to do next? Need more practice? Go ta the Review on page 20H. © modals (2):modals (3): other uses can/could Could is generally considered to be more polite than can. Use can could © for requests. an /Could you carry this tor me? © tok for perinision, Can /Could fieave early? © to make an offer. Gan /Could | offer you some tea? © to make 2 suggestion. Can /Couldi make 2 suggestion? cantt/cannot © Use when something is not allowed. You can't leave your bike heve. {© Use to emphasize that something is unbelievable. You can't be serious! cen + be + -ing © Use when you wonder what is happening. Who can be knocking on the door at this time? could © Use to express surprise. How could you waste so much money! © Use to emphasize how you feel. Fim so unhapoy | could ery! How could you be so clumsy, that vase was worth huncreds of pounds. couldn't © Use to mean ‘It doesn’t matter tome at all. couldn't care less what you do/ when you leave | who you are whether you ge or not ete ©. Use with a comparative for emphasis. Iuegs couldn't be better!may Use for polite requests May I make a suggestion? © Use in be thatas it may... an idiom meaning ‘perhaps that fs true but Television brings tho family together, even though whan watching it they don’t talk to each othor. They are physical together, but no communication takes place. $0 in some respects, watching television together makes the members of a family distant from one another. Be that as ft may, being together asa family at last keens the younger members at home, and away from possibly entscia actives. © Use in tryat// you ete. may .., a formal phrase meaning "Although | try I can't remember Try as tmay, just can’t remember, might © Use in the formel phrase try 43 1/you etc. might. Try as I might, | couldn’ reach the shelf. (Although I tried, | couldn.) Use as emphatic form of ‘perhaps I'l do that” | might just da that! 1 Use to express annoyance at a bad habit might have known it ves you! © Use as emphatle form of ‘although you are..” You might be older than me, but... shall © Use for an offer, ‘Shall carry that for you? Use to ask for advice when uncertain, What shall we do? © Use in formal legal language (ell persoro). The tenent shall be responsibfe forall repairs. shouldn't have done, needn't have done © Use to express our ttianks for gifts, said in @ way that expresses thanks, You realy shouldn't have brought me llowers. That's very kindof you. will / won't © Use for an assertion about a result etc. M1) definitely win! No, you won't © Use for an offer or agreement. 118 do the weshing-up © Use for 2 promise. MN be home by vial. twon't be late © Use fora threat. You! be sorry! won't 8 Use for a present refusal. J won't do i! (see Unit 16, wouldn't) need doing ‘© Tho custbin needs emptying. Somcone needs t0 empty other uses © modals (3)1 Underline the best form. Tobe honest, 1 couldi’t /can’t care less whether you come to my party oF not! 1t’s difficult to know whether to stay here, or try and walk. What might / shall we do? How Kind of you (o have brought sucl a lovely present, but you really shouldn't /conldn’t have My phone isn’t working very well. The battery needs / won't charging, Look how much they have charged us for the meal! That won't be / can’t be tight! Excuse me, da you think you cond / shall possibly open the window? Just look al this room! How could /might you make such a mess? Don't worry about the washing-up. Flo i/It reeds doing i the nora {Try as she could / might, Marta couldnt pull the cork out of the bottle, j Everything is going well with my new job, In fact, things cauldn’t / wan't be better, so+eance 2. Complete the sentences famous people did not say, using » medal word or phrase in each gap. 2 William Shakespeare, dramatist: To be, or not to be ...” No, that can“ be right. 'Ilhave to Usui of searethsing else. b Nell Armstrong, flrst man on the moon: Well, It was a great trp! What now? Any ideas? ¢ Genghis Khan: I'ma tired of conquering the world. think | stay at home and relax for afew years. Isaac Newton, selentist It was very silly of une tu sit under tis tree. 1 an apple would fall on my head © Christopher Columbus explorer: Excuse me, lel me the way to America? | seem to be lost. £ Emperor Qiu Shilwuangs you lake the wall down, and build ita few more meties in that direction? g Luctwig Beethoven, composer: | think this music changing a bit. How about adding some guitars and drums? hy Michelangelo, artist: Paint pictures all over this dome? You serious! Ill fall and break my neck! 3. Read the description of cach situation, and write what you would say. @ A friend comes to your house and brings you some Aowers. Say something polite as yon accept the git “Thanks, buck You cealy shouldn't have. brougié we Rowers!” Your teacher is carrying a plie of heavy books, Offer to help, © A friend tells you that he / she is thinking of running away from home and joining a circus asa clown. You tnink this i a silly idea, dA friend boasts that they are taller U1an you, so they are Lutter at basketball, © Its hot in the classroom, and you ask your teacher for permission to open the window. You are having an argument with a friend, and tell him / her that you don't care what he / she says.4 choose the best sentence 1 t0 10 t0 follow sentences a 10 j. 2 Why don't you take a day off for a change? It would do you ood. b So you're the one who broke the window! © ‘This maths problem is really hard to understand. Teel really great today! © Harry Isa really trtitating person. 4 That’s funny, there’s someone knocking at the door. 9 I'm not your litte sister any more, you know! h I'l be homeas soon as I can. The last part of your answer doesn't quite make sense. j_ I'm sorry but 1 simply refuse to treat someone like that. 11 In fact, he’s so annoying sometimes I could scream. 2 Tjust won't doit 3 Could you help me with it? 4 needs reavriting a bit. 5 Tinight have known it would be you! 6 I certainly won't be very late. 7 Who can that beat this time, I wonder! 8 Nes-tmightnstderthan! 9 And just because you're oleer than me doesn’t mean you're always right! 40 In fact, I'm so happy | could jump with joy? 5. Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals. 4 Isit all right if try that shot again? coup Could | +14 that Shot again? Bo b Before we start playing, you should adjust the net. NEEDS € Do you want me to hold the flag while you take your shot? SHALL 4 Althongh I ry, I can't skate propery. May © | promise not io tet the teem down WONT f Htdoesnt matiet to me whether you run tn this race or not LESS @ You never know, perhaps United will win all their matches! Just 1b No member of the club is to use insulting language to any other member, SHALL 1 Now the weather has improved, its an ideal situation, COULDNT j Thaw’ kind of you, but there was no need for you to buy my’ ticket. HAVE other uses © modals (3)‘The following exercises practise grammar from units 13 and 14. Choose the correct option, A, B or C. to complete the sentence. ‘Well, if you always feel tired, Ithink you © go to bed earlier! b Tim sorry | dropped the eggs. 1 to carry so matty things at thee same ne, © You give accredit card number when you make your booking, or we cennot reserve your room, 4 Wegoing ta got colder later. take a pullover with ya e You... to begin writing until | give the instruction. f Insuruction to the author: colunins in the two-column format .... 3-1/4 Inches wide. g You park outside the school, This is a ‘ne parkin h I've been trying to contact Maria all day, but! reach her yet. 7 You 100k upall the woreis yon don’t know. You can guess some of them from the context. In my country, all the young men _ spend twro years in the armed forces. a Adon't have to Binust Cshontd b Adbon't have t try — Bshouldnr't have tied Encedn't have tried © Amust B have got to Chul better A You hae 10 B Yowd better You are to © Aarenot Binust not € should uot f Ahuven't got tobe Bhad better be Cave lobe 9 Ashoutdnrt Budor't have to Cneed not hh Acould’t Bhavew't been uble to Cruistn't i Armusta’t Bueedn't Chad better not i Ashowta Bhiave ta Const ‘Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals. a Is our final test compulsory? HAVE, Do we have to take the inal toot? b I think you were wrong to put so muci lemon in the cake. HAVE, ¢ Tim's computer crashed, but Ite managed to save the pages he was working on. was, d_ Its forbidden for passengers to pass beyond this point, NOT € I think you should see an eye specialist about this problem, HAD f Paula statted the class immediately, as it wasn’t necessary for her to take an entrance test, DIDN'T 9 Our tickers were free. Have, h_ It veas necessary tor Dave to leave before the end of the performance. ap | We bought a second tin of paint, bur it wast't necessary. AVE i. Kate didn't take her umbrella, which was a mistake. Nave,