‣Re GwmW I Gi RvZK

mvaviY cÖ¯‘wZ
1. 1° A¨vj‡Kvnj n‡Z: cÖvBgvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj GwmW WvB‡µv‡gU ev cvig¨v½v‡bU Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡j mgmsL¨K Kve©b cigvYywewkó
Kve©w·wjK GwmW Drcbœ nq|

2. A¨vjKvBj / A¨vivBj mvqvbvBW n‡Z (Ruet-10):

A¨vjKvBj / A¨vivBj mvqvbvBW‡K jNy HCl mn Av`ª© we‡kølY Ki‡j Kve©w·wjK GwmW I A¨v‡gvwbqv Drcbœ nq|

(N) 3. wMÖMbvW© weKviK n‡Z: OH

CH3 - MgI + CO2 → CH3 - COOH + Mg
I
4. G÷vi Øviv: Dw™¢¾¡ ‣Zj I cÖvYxR Pwe© n‡jv D”PZi d¨vwU Gwm‡Wi UªvBwMømvivBW G÷vi| G G÷vi‡K jNy HCl GwmWmn Av`ª©
we‡kølY Ki‡j D”PZi d¨vwU GwmW I wMømvwij ev wMømvwib Drcbœ nq| mvaviY G÷viI e¨envi Kiv hvq|

5. cÖfveK H3PO4 Gi Dcw¯
wZ‡Z A¨vjwKb, Kve©b g‡bv·vBW (CO) I DËß Rjxq ev‡®úi wgkÖY‡K D”PPvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i 350°C -
400°C ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j Kve©w·wjK GwmW cÖ¯‧Z nq|

6. (C) A¨vjwWnvBW / wK‡Uv‡bi RviY:

A¨vjwWnvBW ev wK‡Uvb‡K RvwiZ Ki‡j Kve©w·wjK GwmW cvIqv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î RviK wn‡m‡e H2SO4 I K2Cr2O7 ‡K e¨envi Kiv
n‡q _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq A¨vjwWnvB‡Wi Rvi‡Y mgmsL¨K Kve©b cigvYy m¤úbœ GwmW Drcbœ nq| wKš‧ wK‡Uv‡bi Rvi‡Y Kg
Kve©b cigvYy m¤úbœ GwmW Drcbœ nq|

7. wg_vbwqK Gwm‡Wi wk‡ívrcv`b (CO I A¨vjKvwj †_‡K):

8. wg_vbwqK Gwm‡Wi wk‡ívrcv`b (wg_vbj †_‡K):

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9. (C) ‡eb‡RvwqK Gwm‡Wi wk‡ív`b (UjyBb †_‡K): f¨vbvwWqvg †c›U·vB‡Wi Dcw¯
wZ‡Z 300°C ZvcgvÎvq UjyBb‡K evqyi mvnv‡h¨
RvwiZ Ki‡j †eb‡RvwqK GwmW cvIqv hvq|

V2O5 - Gi cwie‡Z© Co - Mn - A¨vwm‡UU cÖfveK e¨envi Ki‡j 170°C - G RviY wµqv m¤úbœ nq|
10. ‡eb‡RvwqK Gwm‡Wi wk‡ívrcv`b (‡eb‡RvUªvB‡K¬vivB †_‡K): dzUšÍ UjyBb‡K †K¬v‡ivwb‡kb Ki‡j †eb‡Rv UªvB‡K¬vivBW Drcbœ nq| c‡i
†eb‡Rv UªvB‡K¬vivBW‡K †j․n P‚‡Y©i Dcw¯
wZ‡Z Rjxq Ca(OH)2 mn‡hv‡M Av`ª© we‡kølY Ki‡j ‡eb‡RvwqK GwmW Drcbœ nq|

11. A¨vwmwUK GwmW / B_v‡bvwqK Gwm‡Wi wk‡ívrcv`b: †c‡Uªvwjqvg Zvc we‡qvR‡b Drcbœ A¨vwmwUwjb M¨vm‡K 60°C ZvcgvÎvq 1%
HgSO4 I 20%H2SO4 Gi wgkÖ‡Y Pvjbv Ki‡j B_vb¨vj Drcbœ nq| Gici B_vb¨vj‡K g¨v½vbvm A¨vwm‡UU cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯
wZ‡Z
60°C G evqyi Aw·‡Rb Øviv RvwiZ K‡i Drcbœ A¨vwmwUK GwmW‡K 118°C G cvZb Kiv nq|

‣Re Gwm‡Wi RvZKmg~‡ni mvaviY cÖ¯‘wZ

12. G÷v‡ii cÖ¯‘wZ:
(C) (V) G÷vixwd‡Kkb: (Buet-18, 16, Ruet-17,11, Buet-08)
‡h‡K‡bv Gj‡Kvnj- i. A¨vwmUvBj †K¬vivBW, ii. A¨vwmwUK GwmW, iii. A¨vwmwUK, GbnvBWªvBU Gi mv‡_ wewµqvi G÷vi Drcbœ K‡i|

(C) 12. A¨vmvBj †KøvivB‡Wi cÖ¯‘wZ (Buet-05):

‣Re Gwm‡Wi m‡½ dmdivm (III) ‡K¬vivBW (PCl3) , dmdivm (V) ‡K¬vivBW (PCl5) ev _v‡qvbvBj †K¬vivBW (SOCl2) ‡hvM Ki‡j
Abyiƒc GwmW †K¬vivBW •Zwi nq|

13. (C) A¨vgvB‡Wi cÖ¯‘wZ:

(i) ‣Re Gwm‡Wi A¨v‡gvwbqvg jeY‡K DËß Ki‡j cÖwZ AYy jeY †_‡K GK AYy cvwb Acmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g GwmW A¨vgvBW cÖ¯‧Z nq|
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 (ii) Kve©w·wjK GwmW I BDwiqvi wgkÖY‡K DËß Ki‡j A¨vgvBW Drcbœ nq|

(iii) wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq Mvp A¨v‡gvwbqv `ªeY‡K A¨vmvBj n¨vjvBW ev GwmW A¨vbnvBWªvBW ev G÷v‡ii m‡½ wgwkÖZ Ki‡j GwmW Drcbœ
nq|

14. (C) GwmW GbnvBWªvBW cÖ¯‘wZ (A¨vmvBj †K¬vivBW n‡Z):

15. (C) GwmW GbnvBWªvBW cÖ¯‘wZ (Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡W †_‡K):

16. B_v‡bvwqK A¨vbnvBWªvB‡i wk‡ívrcv`b:

kbv³KiY:
* Kv‡e©vw·wjK GwmW kbv³KiY: cixÿYxq bgybv †h․‡Mi mv‡_ NaHCO3 `ªeY †hvM Ki‡j hw` CO2 M¨vm wbM©Z nq Ges Zv Pz‡bi
cvwb‡K †Nvjv K‡i, Z‡e - COOH g~j‡Ki Dcw¯
wZ wbwðZ nq|
CH3 - COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3 - COONa + CO2 + H2O
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 ↓ + H2O
* wf‡bMvi: GwmwUK Gwm‡Wi 6-10% Rjxq `ªeY‡K wf‡bMvi e‡j| GwU Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Y wcÖRvi‡fwUf wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq|
* diwgK GwmW GKvav‡i GwmW I GjwWnvBW wnmv‡e wµqv K‡i:

MvVwbK ms‡KZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq, G‡Z A¨vjwWnvBW I Kv‡e©vw·wjK g~jK Dfq _vKvq Bnv GjwWnvBW I Gwm‡Wi b¨vq wµqv K‡i|
* diwgK Gwm‡Wi GwmWiƒ‡c wµqv:
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 i. Rjxq `ªe‡Y H+ Avqb †`q

H - COOH H - COO- + H+
ii. Bnv ÿv‡ii mv‡_ wewµqvq jeY I cvwb
H - COOH + NaOH → HCOONa + H2O
hv Gwm‡Wi •ewkó¨

* diwgK Gwm‡Wi GjwWnvBW wnmv‡e wµqv:

i. diwgK GwmW †dnwjs `ªeY I U‡jb weKviK‡K weRvwiZ K‡i h_vµ‡g Cu2O Gi jvj Aat‡ÿc I Ag Gi a~mi mv`v Aat‡ÿc
m„wó K‡i, hv GjwWnvB‡Wi •ewkó¨|
H - COOH + [Ag (NH3)2]OH → Ag ↓ + NH3 + (NH4)2 CO3 + H2O
H - COOH + Cu(OH)2 + NaOH → Cu2O ↓ Na2CO3 + H2O

2. wjUgvm cixÿv: Rjxq `ªe‡Y •Re GwmW AvqwbZ n‡q H+ Drcbœ K‡i| ZvB Rjxq `ªe‡Y ‣Re GwmW bxj wjUgvm‡K jvj K‡i|

3. B_v‡bvwqK GwmW kbv³KiY: K¨v‡KvwWj A·vBW cixÿv:

K¨v‡KvwWj A·vB‡Wi `yM©ÜB B_vb‡qU g~j‡Ki Ae¯’vb wbwðZ K‡i| diwgK ev wg_v‡qvwbK GwmW I wewµqv †`q bv|
4. G÷v‡ii kbv³Kvix wewµqv: Zxeª ÿv‡ii Dwcw¯
wZ‡Z G÷vi nvBWªw·j A¨vwg‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i nvB‡Wªv·vwgK GwmW Drcbœ
K‡i|

5. A¨vgvB‡Wi kbv³Kvix cixÿv: A¨vgvBWmg~n cvZjv NaOH A_ev HCl mn dzUv‡j A¨vgvBWwU Av`ª© we‡køwlZ n‡q Kve©w·wjK
GwmW Ges mv‡_ cuPv gv‡Qi MÜhy³ A¨vwgb A_ev SuvSv‡jv MÜhy³ NH3 M¨vm Drcbœ K‡i| D³ NH3 M¨vm jvj wjUgvm‡K bxj K‡i
Ges HCl wm³ KuvP`‡Ûi NH4Cl Gi mv`v †auvqvi m„wó K‡i|

D‡jøL¨, BgvBWmg~n I G cixÿvq A¨v‡gvwbqv M¨vm wbM©Z K‡i| Z‡e BgvBWmg~n 5% NaOH Gi `ªeYxq Acic‡ÿ A¨vgvBWmg~n
`ªeYxq|
HgO cixÿv: cixÿvb‡j •Re bgybvq Rjxq `ªeY wb‡q Zv‡Z njy` e‡Y©i HgO ‡hvM K‡i mvgvb¨ DËß Ki‡j hw` HgO `ªexfzZ nq
Ges `ªeY eY©nxb nq, Zvn‡j †evSv hv‡e, •Re bgybv‡Z -CONH2 g~jK Dcw¯
Z|

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 mswkøó wewµqvmg~n
1. ‣Re Gwm‡Wi mvaviY wewµqv (Butex-18):

2. Kve©wµwjK Gwm‡Wi H - cigvYyi cÖwZ¯’vcb (Butex-03):

(i) avZzmn wewµqv: 2R - COOH (aq) + Mg(s) → (RCOO)2Mg(s) + H2(g)
(ii) ÿvimn wewµqv: RCOOH + NaOH → RCOONa + H2O
(iii) GQvov, RCOOH + Na2CO3/NaHCO3 → RCOONa + H2O + CO2
Drcbœ CO2 M¨vm Pz‡bi cvwb‡K †Nvjv‡U K‡i| G wewµqv Øviv cÖgvwYZ nq, ‣Re GwmW †hgb B_v‡bvwqK GwmW ev A¨vwmwUK GwmW,
H2CO3 ‡_‡K kw³kvjx GwmW| G wewµqvi mvnv‡h¨ •Re GwmW Z_v Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi mbv³KiY Kiv nq|

3. Kve©vw·wjK g~j‡Ki - OH As‡ki cÖwZ¯’vcb (Buet-16):

HCl
(i) G÷vi MVb: RCOOH + R'OH RCOOR' + H2O G wewµqv‡K G÷vixKiY ev G÷vixwd‡Kkb e‡j|
(ii) A¨vmvBW n¨vjvBW MVb: RCOOH + PCl3 → RCOCl + H3PO3
RCOOH + PCl5 → RCOCl + POCl3 + HCl
RCOOH + SOCl2 → RCOCl + SO2 + HCl
(iii) A¨vgvBW MVb: 2RCOOH + (NH4)2SO3  2RCOONH4 + CO2 + H2O

RCOONH4 100-200°C RCONH2 + H2O

R - COOH
(iv) A¨vbnvBWªvBW MVb:

4. weRviY:

5. (C) wWKv‡K©w·‡jkb:

6. A¨vjKvBj g~j‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb:

7. A¨v‡iv‡gwUK Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi we‡kl wewµqv:

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 GwmW RvZKmg~‡ni mwµqZvi µg nj RCOCl > (RCO)2O > RCOOR' > RCONH2
GwmW n¨vjvBW A¨vbnvBWªvBW G÷vi A¨vcgvBW

8. G÷v‡ii Av`ª©we‡kølY: GwmW ev ÿvi Øviv dzUv‡j G÷vi Av`ª©we‡køwlZ n‡q GwmW I A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcbœ K‡i|

9. G÷vi †_‡K A¨vgvBW MVb: A¨vj‡Kvnj ev cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z A¨v‡gvwbqvi Mvp `ªe‡Yi m‡½ G÷v‡ii wewµqvq GwmW A¨vgvBW I
A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcbœ nq| G wewµqv‡K G¨vwg‡bv we‡kølY e‡j|

10. G÷v‡ii weRviY: Na/C2H5OH ev LiAlH4 Øviv G÷vi weRvwiZ n‡q 1° A¨vj‡Kvnj cwiYZ nq|

* A¨vmvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi ivmvqwbK wewµqv:

11. Av`ª© we‡kølY:

12. G÷vi MVb:

13. A¨vgvBW MVb / A¨vgv‡bvjvBwmm :

14. A¨vmvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi weRviY (A¨vjwWnvBW MVb):

c¨vjvwWqvg (Pd) hy³ BaSO4 Gi Dcw¯
wZ‡Z, A¨vmvBj †K¬vivBW DËß H2 M¨vm Øviv weRvwiZ n‡q A¨vjwWnvBW Drcbœ K‡i|
G‡ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ BaSO4 ÔcÖfveK welÕ iƒ‡c Pd Gi cÖfveb ÿgZv n«vm K‡i wewµqv‡K A¨vjwWnvBW MVb ch©šÍ wbqwš¿Z K‡i| GB
wbqwš¿Z weRviY‡K Ô‡iv‡RgyÛ weRviYÕ e‡j|

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15. A¨vmvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi weRviY (A¨vj‡Kvnj MVb): kw³kvjx weRviK †hgb-B_v‡i `ªexf‚Z wjw_qv †UUªvnvBwWª‡Wv A¨vjywg‡bU Øviv
A¨vmvBj †K¬vivBW‡K weRvwiZ Ki‡j Abyiƒc Kve©b cigvYyhy³ cÖvBgvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj Ges HCl M¨vm Drcbœ nq|

* A¨vgvB‡Wi ÿvi I A¤ø ag©:

ÿviag©: `ye©j ÿviKiƒ‡c B_vb¨vgvBW HCl Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i jeY Drcbœ K‡i|

..
ÿvia‡g©i e¨vL¨v: GwmW A¨vgvBW (R - CO N H2) AYyi N - cigvYy‡Z wbtm½ B‡j±ªb hyMj _vKvq Giv ÿviKiƒ‡c †cÖvUb MÖnY
Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB A¨vgvBWmg~n `ye©j ÿviKiƒ‡c wµqv K‡i|
.. 
R - CO N H2 + H+ → R - CO N H3)
A¨v‡gvwbqv I A¨vwg‡bi Zzjbvq A¨vgvBWmg~n `ye©j ÿviK| Gi KviY n‡”Q, A¨vgvBW g~j‡Ki N - cigvYyi wbtm½ B‡j±ªb hyMj
AbyiYb cÖwµqvq mÂiYkxj _v‡K| ZLb N -cigvYyi wbtm½ B‡j±ªbhyMj C cigvYymn `ye©j Kve©b-bvB‡Uªv‡Rb wØeÜb (C = N) m„wó
K‡i| d‡j N cigvYy‡Z AvswkK abvZ¥K PvR© m„wó nq Ges †cÖvUb MÖnY ÿgZv n«vm cvq| ZvB A¨vgvBWmg~n A¨v‡gvwbqv I A¨vwg‡bi
Zyjbvq `ye©j ÿviK|

A¤ø ag©: `ye©j GwmWiƒ‡c B_vb¨vgvBW †mvWv-A¨vgvBW (NaNH2) - Gi mv‡_ wewµqvKv‡j A¨vgvBW - g~j‡Ki GKwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
cigvYy †mvwWqvg Øviv cÖwZ¯
vwcZ n‡h †mvwWqvg jeY I NH3 M¨vm Drcbœ nq|

* GwmW A¨vgvB‡Wi ivmvqwbK wewµqv:

16. Av`ª© we‡kølY:

17. bvBUªvm Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv:

18. P2O5 Gi mv‡_:

(N) (C) 19. ndg¨vb wW‡MÖ‡Wkb:

20. weRviY Øviv:

* GwmW A¨vbnvBWªvB‡Wi ivmvqwbK wewµqv:

21. Av`ª© we‡kølY:

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22. Mvp NH3 Gi mv‡_ wewµqvq A¨vgvBW MVb:

23. cÖvBgvix A¨vwg‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv:

24. ‡m‡KÛvwi A¨vwg‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv:

25. (C) A¨vj‡Kvnj I †db‡ji mv‡_ G÷vix wd‡Kkb:

26. GwmW A¨vbnvBWªvB‡Wi weRviY: GwmW A¨vbnvBWªvBW‡K kw³kvjx weRviK wjw_qvg A¨vjywgwbqvg nvBWªvBW-ev wjw_qvg †UUªv
nvBwWª‡Wv A¨vjywg‡bU Øviv weRvwiZ Ki‡j cÖvBgvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj I cvwb Drcbœ nq|

D`vniY: (i) B_v‡bvwqK A¨vbnvBWªvBW‡K ï®‥ B_v‡i `ªexf‚Z wjw_qvg †UUªvnvBWª‡Wv A¨vjywg‡bU Øviv weRvwiZ Ki‡j B_vbj I cvwb
Drcbœ nq|

(ii) g„`y weRviK †hgb, †mvwWqvg A¨vgvjMvg (Na,Hg) I cvwb †_‡K Drcbœ Rvqgvb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Øviv B_v‡bvwqK A¨vbnvBWªvBW‡K
weRvwiZ Ki‡j B_vb¨vj I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i|

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* G÷v‡ii Drm:
G÷vi myMÜhy³ Zij c`v_©| mywgó MÜ Gi cÖavb •ewkó¨| AwaKvsk dj I dz‡j wbw`©ó cÖKv‡ii G÷vi Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e Dcw¯
Z _v‡K
e‡j Giv myMÜhy³ nq|
(K) cvKv Kjvq - A¨vgvBj ev †c›UvBj A¨vwm‡UU, CH3COOC5-H11
(L) cvKv-Kgjvq-AKUvBj A¨vwm‡UU, CH3COOC8H17
(M) cvKv Av‡c‡j-AvB‡mvA¨vgvBj AvB‡mvf¨vjv‡iU, (CH3)2CHCH2COOCH2CH2CH(CH3)2
(N) ‡Rmwgb dz‡j - †ebRvBj A¨vwm‡UU, CH3COOCH2C6H5
(O) cvKv Avbvi‡m - n - weDUvBj weDUv‡iU, C3H7COOC4H9

Some important bvgavix wewµqv:

* (N) Djd wKkbvi weRviY (Wall Kishrer Reduction):

Kve©wbj g~j‡Ki weRvi‡Y A¨vj‡Kb: wK¬‡gb‡mb weRviY Ges walff-Kishner reduction GKB KvR K‡i|

* Claisen condensation:

(N) * wd«R cybwe©b¨vm (Buet-04):

Abv`ª© A¨vjywgwbqvg †K¬vivB‡Wi Dcw¯
wZ‡Z †db‡ji G÷vi‡K DËß Ki‡j †dbj G÷v‡ii AvYweK cybwe©b¨vm N‡U Ges A‡_©v I c¨viv
nvBWªw·wK‡Uvb Drcbœ nq| G wewµqv wd«R cybwe©b¨vm bv‡g cwiwPZ| †hgb, ï®‥ AlCl3 Gi Dcw¯
wZ‡Z wdbvBj B_v‡bv‡qU‡K DËß
Ki‡j A‡_©vnvBWªw· A¨vwm‡Uv‡d‡bvb I c¨vivnvBWªw· A¨vwm‡Uv‡d‡bvb Drcbœ nq|

G wewµqvq B_v‡bvwqj g~jK (-COCH3) †dbjxq Aw·‡Rb n‡Z †ebwRb ej‡qi A‡_©v Ges c¨viv Ae¯
v‡b ¯
vbvšÍwiZ nq| AwaK
ZvcgvÎvq (160°C G) A‡_©v mgvYy Ges Kg ZvcgvÎvq c¨viv mgvYyi cwigvY †ewk nq|
* HVZ Reaction: CH3COOH + Cl2 Re
dP
 CH2(Cl)COOH

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