A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW

A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi mvaviY cÖ¯‘wZ

1. A¨vj‡Kb n‡Z:
400°C ZvcgvÎvq ev UV-iwk¥ I cÖfveK n¨v‡jv‡Rb evn‡Ki Dcw¯
wZ‡Z A¨vj‡K‡bi mv‡_ n¨v‡jv‡R‡bi wewµqvq A¨vjKvBj
n¨vjvBW Drcbœ nq|
400°C
CH4 + Cl2 Fe cÖfveK CH3 - Cl + HCl
400°C
CH4 + Br2 CH3 - Br + HBr
Fe cÖfveK

A¨vj‡K‡bi mv‡_ n¨v‡jv‡R‡bi wewµqvq µg: F2 > Cl2 > Br2 (*I2 wewµqv K‡i bv|)
A¨vj‡K‡bi wewµqvi µg: 3° > 2° > 1° A¨vj‡Kb|
2. A¨vjwKb †_‡K (Lviv‡mi bx‡Z NU‡e):
mvgvb¨ ZvcgvÎvq nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cviA·vBW Gi Dcw¯
wZ‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb n¨vjvBW we‡kl K‡i HBr Gi mv‡_ A¨vjwK‡bi wewµqvq
A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW Drcbœ Kiv hvq|
HO
R - CH = CH2 + HBr 2 2
R - CH2 - CH2 - Br [c¨viA·vBW e¨envi bv Ki‡j gvK©wbK‡fi bxwZ cÖ‡hvR¨ nZ]
R - CH = CH2 + HX → R - CH (X) - CH3
Z‡e GwU HF, HCl, HI Gi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ nq Z‡e|
* HCl gvK©wbKf bxwZ‡Z cÖ‡hvR¨, wKš‧ Lviv‡mi bxwZ‡Z cÖ‡hvR¨ nq bv|
[C] 3. A¨vj‡Kvnj n‡Z:
1. Abv`ª© ZnCl2 ev Conc. H2SO4 Gi Dcw¯
wZ‡Z A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mv‡_ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb n¨vjvB‡Wi wewµqvq A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW
Drcbœ nq|
ZnCl2 / Mvp H2SO4
R - OH + HX R - X + H2O
GB wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wewµqvi µg: 3° > 2° > 1° Ges HX Gi wewµqvi µg:
HI > HBr > HCl
CH3 - OH (l) + HBr (aq) Mvp H2SO4 CH3 - Br (l) + H2O(l)
Zvc
Zn Cl2
CH3 - OH + HCl CH3 - Cl + H2O

2. 350°C ZvcgvÎvq cÖfveK Al2O3 Gi Dci w`‡q A¨vj‡Kvnj I HX ev®ú Pvjbv Ki‡j A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW Drcbœ nq|
350°C
R - CH2 - OH + HX Al O R - CH2 - X + H2O
2 3

3. DËß Ae¯
vq A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mv‡_ PX3 I PX5 Gi wewµqvq A¨vjKvBj n¨vjBW Drcbœ nq|
Zvc
3R - OH (l) + PX3 3R - X(l) + H3PO3(l)
Zvc
R - OH (l) + PX5(s) R - X + POX3 + HX

4. R - OH + SOCl2   RCl + HCl + SO2
_v‡qvwbj †K¬vivBW

* A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW cÖ¯‘wZ:

4. n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb: n¨v‡jv‡Rb evn‡Ki Dcw¯
wZ‡Z †ebwR‡bi mv‡_ n¨v‡jv‡R‡bi wewµqvq A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW Drcbœ nq|

F2 AZ¨šÍ mwµq Ges I2 AZ¨šÍ gš
i e‡j G‡`i‡K e¨envi Kiv nq bv|

69
5. Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg je‡Yi we‡qvRb Øviv (m¨vÛ‡gqvi wewµqv):
100°C ZvcgvÎvq wKDcÖvm n¨vjvBW I H n¨vjvB‡Wi Zxeª GwmW Øviv †ebwRb Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg †K¬vivB‡Wi wewµqvq A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW
Drcbœ nq|

6. ‡d¬v‡iv‡bwRb cÖ¯‘wZ (we‡kl wewµqv):

7. CCl4 / cvBwib / Kve©b †UUªv †K¬vivBW cÖ¯‘wZ:

Av‡jvK
(i) CH4 + 4Cl2 CCl4 + 4HCl [evwYwR¨K c×wZZ
ï®‥ AlCl3
(ii) CS2 + 3Cl2 CCl4 + S2Cl2
mvjdvi g‡bv‡K¬vivBW

n¨v‡jvdg©
wg‡_b AYyi 3wU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy 3wU n¨vjvBW g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯
vwcZ n‡q, wg‡_‡bi †h UªvBn¨v‡jv‡Rb RvZK Drcbœ nq, Zv‡K
n¨v‡jvdg© e‡j| Gi mvaviY ms‡KZ CHX3
* n¨v‡jvdg© wewµqv:
‡h wewµqvq †Kv‡bv ‣Re †h․‡Mi mv‡_ n¨v‡jv‡Rb I ÿv‡ii wgkÖY‡K DËß Ki‡j n¨v‡jvdg© •Zwi nq, Zv‡K n¨v‡jvdg© wewµqv e‡j|

CH3 - CH2 - OH + X2 + NaOH   CHX3 + HCOONa + H2O+NaX

kZ©:
‡hme A¨vj‡Kvnj AYy‡Z g~jK _v‡K Ges †hme Kv‡e©vwbj g~jK (A¨vjwWnvBW I wK‡Uvb) wewkó †h․‡M

CH3 g~jK _v‡K; Zviv n¨v‡jvdg© wewµqv ‡`q| ‡hgb:

H
|
* CH3 - CH2 - CH n¨v‡jvdg© wewµqv w`‡ebv, KviY GLv‡b CH3 - CH2 - CH g~jK we`¨gvb|
| |
OH OH
* GwmW I GwmW RvZK n¨v‡jvdig wewµqv w`‡ebv|
* Av‡qv‡Wvdig cÖ¯‘wZ:
B_vbj (A_ev †cÖvcv‡bvb) Gi mv‡_ DËß ÿvi NaOH A_ev KOH `ªeY I Av‡qvwW‡bi wewµqvq njy` e‡Y©i Av‡qv‡Wvdig Drcbœ
nq|

70
 ‡K¬v‡ivdig
* cixÿvMv‡i †K¬v‡ivdig cÖ¯‘wZ: (CUET-05, MAT-00)
cixÿvMv‡ii B_vb‡ji mv‡_ weøwPs cvDWvi I cvwbi wgkÖY‡K DËß Ki‡j †K¬v‡ivdig cvIqv hvq| wb¤œwjwLZ PviwU av‡c GwU m¤úbœ
nq|
Ca(OCl)Cl + H2O → Cl2 + Ca(OH)2
H3C - CH2 - OH + Cl2 → H3C - CHO + 2HCl
H3C - CHO + 3Cl2 → Cl3C - CHO + 3HCl
2Cl3C - CHO + Ca(OH)2 → 2CHCl3 + (HCOO)2Ca

* ‡K¬v‡ivdig kbv³KiY (Kvwe©j A¨vwgb cixÿv Øviv):

‡K¬v‡ivdig I A¨vj‡Kvnjxq KOH `ªe‡Yi mv‡_ A¨vwbwjb wgwk‡q 60°-70° ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j DMÖ MÜhy³ wdbvBj
AvB‡mvmvqvbvBW ev Kvwe©j A¨vwgb Drcbœ nq| GwU †K¬v‡ivdig wbwðZKiY cixÿv|


CH3 - NH2 + CHCl3 + KOH(alc) 60 70C
 CH3 - N = c + KCl + H2O

*Kvwe©j G¨vwgb wewµqvi †gKvwbRg

‡K¬v‡ivdi‡gi cwie‡Z© DbœZ †PZbvbvkKiƒ‡c 2-‡eªv‡gv-2-‡K¬v‡iv-1,1,1-UªvB‡d¬v‡iv B‡_b (CF3CHBrCl) e¨envi K‡i| Gi

evwYwR¨K bvg Ô‡d¬v‡_bÕ

A_ev n¨v‡jv‡_b| GQvov ¯
vwbK †PZbvbvkK iƒ‡c (1) †K¬v‡ivwg‡_b (CH3Cl) I (2) †K¬v‡iv B‡_b (C2H5Cl) e¨eüZ nq|

71
* R - X Gi weL¨vZ wewµqv:
CH2 OH
R - CH2 - X + KCN CH 3   R - CH2 - CN + KX
* ‡K¬v‡ivdi‡gi Rvib / dmwRb M¨vm cÖ¯‧wZ / †K¬v‡ivdig Cl2 AYy Dcw¯
wZ / CHCl3 Gi weï×Zv hvPvB / CHCl3 Gi Aweky×Zv
hvPvB:
Av‡jv
2CHCl3 + O2(g) 2COCl2 (g) + 2HCl(g)
HCl + AgNO3 → AgCl ↓ + HNO3
(mv`v Aat‡ÿc)
‡K¬v‡ivdi‡gi Rvi‡Yi ci Drcbœ HCl wmjfvi bvB‡UªU `ªe‡Yi mv‡_ wewµqvq AgCl Gi mv`v Aa‡ÿc †`q| d‡j †K¬v‡ivdi‡gi
AYy‡Z †K¬vwib cigvYyi Dcw¯
wZ cÖgvwYZ nq| GwU GKB mv‡_ CHCl3 Gi Aweï×Zv cÖgvY K‡i| A_©vr c`Ë ‡K¬v‡ivdig Av‡MB
evZv‡mi Aw·‡R‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i dmwRb M¨vm I HCl ‣Zwi K‡i‡Q| dmwRb M¨vm GKwU welv³ M¨vm|
‡K¬v‡ivdig msiÿY:
i. iwOb (ev`vgx †evZ‡j c~Y© Ae¯
vq ivLv
ii. 1% B_vbj †hvM K‡i (99% cvwb + 1% B_vbj)
CH3 - CH2 - OH + COCl2 → (C2H5)2 CO3 + HCl
WvB B_vBj Kv‡e©v‡bU
[C] * †K¬v‡ivdig n‡Z †K¬v‡ivwcwµb cÖ¯‘wZ:
‡K¬v‡iv wc wµb
↓ ↓
n¨v‡jvdig bvBwUªK GwmW
Mvp HNO3 Gi mv‡_ †K¬v‡ivdig‡K DËß Ki‡j †K¬v‡ivdig Gi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYywU bvB‡Uªv (-NO2) g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯
vwcZ n‡q
bvB‡Uªv †K¬v‡ivdig ev †K¬v‡ivwcwµb (CCl3 - NO2) I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i|

CHCl3 + HO - NO2   CCl3 - NO2 + H2O
[C] * †K¬v‡ivdig n‡Z †K¬vwiUb cÖ¯‘wZ:
‡K¬v‡iv wiUb
↓ ↓
n¨v‡jvdig wK‡Uvb
jNy NaOH / jNy KOH Gi Dcw¯
wZ‡Z †K¬v‡ivdig I Gwm‡Uvb Nbxfeb wewµqv Øviv †K¬vwi‡Ubv Drcbœ K‡i|

‡K¬v‡ivdig n‡Z wg‡_b •Zwi: DËß Ae¯
vq `¯ÍvP‚Y© I cvwbi wewµqvq Drcbœ Rvqgvb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ms¯ú‡k© †K¬v‡ivdig weRvwiZ n‡q
wg‡_b I HCl M¨v‡m cwiYZ nq|
Zn + 2H2 O Zn (OH)2 + 2[H]; CHCl3 + 6[H] → CH4 + 3HCl
‡K¬v‡ivdig n‡Z B_vBb •Zwi: CHCl3 ‡K avZe Ag mn 600°C G DËß Ki‡j B_vBb •Zwi nq|
2CHCl3 + 6Ag → HC  CH + 6AgCl
A¨vj‡Kvnj
‡K¬v‡ivdi‡gi ÿvixq we‡kølY: CHCl3 + 4NaOH(alc.) H - COONa + 3NaCl + 2H2O
‡K¬v‡ivdig n‡Z wgw_wjb †K¬vivBW cÖ¯‘wZ: Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + 2[H]
Zn/HCl CH2Cl2 + HCl
CHCl3 + 2[H] wgw_wjb †K¬vivBW
‡K¬v‡ivdig n‡Z wg‡_b Ges wgw_wjb †K¬vivBW cÖ¯‧wZ Avm‡j CHCl3 Gi weRvi‡Yi `y‡Uv D`vniY|

A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi kbv³KiY:

* cixÿv bs-1 : NaOH Ges AgNO3 `ªeYmn cixÿv:

R - X + NaOH (aq) Zvc R - OH + NaX [cÖ_‡g NaOH ‡hvM]
NaX + AgNO3 → AgX ↓ + NaNO3 [Zvici AgNO3 ‡hvM]
‣ewkó¨c~Y©

72
 e‡Y©i Aat‡ÿc
AgX Gi Aat‡ÿ‡ci gva¨‡g A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW wbwðZKiY nq| Avi AgX Gi •ewkó¨c~Y© eY© Ges NH4OH ‡hv‡M AgX
Gi Aat‡ÿcY †`‡L ‡Kvb n¨v‡jv‡Rb MÖæc hy³ wQj ZvI †evSv hvq|
* cixÿv bs-2 : Kvwe©j A¨vwgb cixÿv:
R - X + AgCN Zvc R - N = C = AgX
‣Re bgybvq AgCN ‡hvM Ki‡j A¨vjKvBj AvB‡mv mvqvbvBW Z_v `yM©Ühy³ Kvwe©j A¨vwgb Drcbœ nq hv Øviv A¨vjKvBj
n¨vjvBW wbwðZKiY nq|
mswkøó wewµqvmg~n:
 
‡K›`ªvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv: n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡K‡bi (R - CH 2  X ) AvswkK abvZ¥K PvR©hy³ Kve©b‡K †K›`ªvKl©x weKviK ev
wbDwK¬IdvBj AvµgY K‡i| d‡j n¨vjvBW Avqb (X-) †K›`ªvKl©x weKviK Øviv cÖwZ¯
vwcZ nq| †K›`ªKl©x weKviK ev wbDwK¬IdvBj
Øviv R - X Gi n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYyi n¨vjvBW Avqbiƒ‡c cwiZ¨³ nIqvi wewµqv‡K †K›`ªvKl©x ev wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯
vcb (SN) ejv
nq|

wbDwK¬IdvBj ev †K›`ªvKl©x AvµgYKvix weKviK Z : = : OH, : O R , : C N, RCO O :, : NH3, : NH2 - R BZ¨vw`|

n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡K‡b wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯
vcb (SN) wewµqv‡K `y †kÖwY‡Z Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| †hgb, (i) GK AvYweK
wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯
vcb (SN1) Ges (ii) wØAvYweK wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯
vcb (SN2) wewµqv|

GK-AvYweK wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb ev SN1 wewµqv:

GKwU gvÎ wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎvi Ici †Kvb wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯
vcb wewµqvi MwZ wbf©ikxj n‡j Giƒc wewµqv‡K GK AvYweK
wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯
vcb wewµqv (SN1) e‡j|
‣ewkó¨: (i) G wewµqv `yÕav‡c N‡U
(ii) 3° -n¨vjvB‡Wi †ÿ‡Î SN1 wewµqv mn‡R N‡U
(iii) ‡cvjvi `ªve‡K SN1 mn‡R N‡U
(iv) G‡ÿ‡Î wewµqvwU 1g µg nq|
(v) Drcv‡`i R¨vwgwZK MVb wewµq‡Ki Abyiƒc
D`vniY †gKvwbRgt
(i) cÖ_g av‡c 3° n¨vjvBW R - X AYywU ax‡i ax‡i we‡qvwRZ n‡q 3° Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb I n¨vjvBW Avqb MVb K‡i|

(ii) wØZxq av‡c H Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb `ªæZ wbDwK¬IdvBj †hgb, (: - OH) Gi m‡½ hy³ nq|

Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb MVb I G‡`i ¯’vwqZ¡ RX -Gi mwµqZvi Ici wbf©ikxj| RX Gi mwµqZvi µg nj wb¤œiƒc:
‡hgb: 3°RX > 2° RX > 1° RX > CH3X A_©vr, Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avq‡bi ¯
vwq‡Z¡i µg 3° > 2° > 1°|

wØ-AvYweK wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb ev SN2 wewµqv:

cÖ_g wewµqK †hgb, RX I wØZxq wewµqK †hgb wbDwK¬IdvBj (:-NH2 ev OH-) Df‡qi NbgvÎvi Ici †h cÖwZ¯
vcb wewµqvq
MwZ wbf©ikxj Giƒc wewµqv‡K wØAvYweK wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯
vcb wewµqv (SN2) e‡j|
‣ewkó¨: (i) G wewµqv GK av‡c N‡U
73
 (ii) wewµqvi MwZ n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb I AvµgYKvix wbDwK¬IdvBj (‡hgb HO-:) Df‡qi NbgvÎvi Ici wbf©ikxj
(iii) 1° n¨vjvB‡Wi †ÿ‡Î SN2 wewµqv mn‡R N‡U
(iv) G‡ÿ‡Î wewµqvwU wØZxq µg n‡q _v‡K,
(v) A‡cvjvi `ªve‡K SN2 wewµqv mn‡R N‡U|
(vi) Drcv‡`i R¨vwgwZK MVb wewµq‡Ki m¤ú~Y© wecixZ|
SN2 wewµqvi †gKvwbR‡gi †ejvq Kvh©Kix msN‡l©i Rb¨ A¨vjKvBj wÎgvwÎK MV‡b Kve©‡bi †h cvk¦© X -cigvYy _v‡K Gi wecixZ
w`K †_‡K wbDwK¬IdvBj ( HO : ) AvµgY K‡i _v‡K|

SN2 wewµqvi wbqš¿K nj RX Gi cÖK…wZ| AwaK kvLvhy³ A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW SN2 wewµqv‡K evav †`q| ZvB SN2 wewµqvq R-X
Gi mwµqZvi µg nj wb¤œiƒc| †hgb, CH3X > 1° > 2° > 3°|
SN2 Gi D`vniY: Rjxq KOH Øviv CH3Cl Gi ÿvixq Av`ª©we‡kølY SN2 ‡K․kj Abymv‡i N‡U| G‡ÿ‡Î CH3 - OH Drcbœ nq|

* wMÖMbvW© weKviK cÖ¯‘wZ:

n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kbmg~n ev A¨vwibmg~n ï®‥ B_vixq `ªe‡Y g¨vM‡bwmqvg avZzi Muyovi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i A¨vjKvBj ev A¨vivBj
g¨vM‡bwmqvg n¨vjvBW ev wMÖMbvW© weKviK Drcbœ K‡i|
ï®‥ B_vi ï®‥ B_vi
CH3 - I + Mg CH3 - MgI C6H5 - Cl + C6H5 - MgCl

* wMÖMbvW© wewµqvi †gKvwbRg

* wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡Ki cÖ‡qvM:

(i) wMÖMbvW© weKviK †_‡K nvB‡WªvKve©b:
wMÖMbvW© weKviK cvwbi ev A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji ms¯ú‡k© Av`ª© we‡køwlZ n‡q nvB‡WªvKve©b •Zwi K‡i|

74
 C2H5MgI+H-OH → C2H6 + Mg(OH)I
C2H5MgCl+CH3-OH → C3H8 + Mg(OH)CI
* wMÖMbvW© weKviK †_‡K A¨vj‡Kvnj:
wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡Ki mv‡_ wg_vb¨vj ev dig¨vjwWnvB‡Wi wewµqv Øviv cÖvBgvwi ev 1° A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖ¯‧Z Kiv hvq|

wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡Ki mv‡_ dig¨vjwWnvBW ev‡` †h †Kvb A¨vjwWnvB‡Wi wewµqv Øviv †m‡KÛvwi ev 2° A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖ¯‧Z Kiv hvq|

wMÖMbvW© weKviK Gi mv‡_ wK‡Uvb Gi wewµqv Øviv Uviwkqvix ev 3° A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcbœ Kiv hvq|

* wMÖMbvW© weKviK ‡_‡K wK‡Uvb:

wMÖMbvW© weKviK I GwmW †K¬vivB‡Wi wewµqvq wK‡Uvb Drcbœ nq|

* wMÖMbvW© weKviK †_‡K Kve©w·wjK GwmW: Abv`ª© ï®‥ eid (CO2) Gi Ici wMÖMbvW© weKviK †hvM Ki‡j hyZ †h․M Drcbœ nq| c‡i
hyZ †h․M‡K jNy HCl mn Av`ª© we‡kølY Ki‡j Kve©w·wjK GwmW Drcbœ nq|

* DU©R - wdwUM wewµqv: ï®‥ B_vixq `ªe‡Y avZe †mvwWqvgmn A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW I A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi wgkÖY‡K wid¬v· Ki‡j
A¨vjKvBj †ebwRb Drcbœ nq|

A¨vjKvBj †ebwRb Drcv`‡bi G wewµqv D™¢ve‡Ki bvgvbymv‡i DU©R -wdwUM wewµqv bv‡g cwiwPZ|
* AcmviY wewµqvi †gKvwbRg: cÖwZ¯
vcb wewµqvi gZ AcmviY wewµqv‡ZI GK AvYweK AcmviY (E1) I wØAvYweK AcmviY
(E2) GB `yB cÖKvi wgKvwbRg N‡U|
* GK AvYweK AcmviY ev E1 Gi ‡gKvwbRg:
E1 ‡gKvwbRg `y av‡c N‡U
(i) cÖ_g av‡c R - X ‡_‡K we`vqx MÖæc X- P‡j hvq Ges Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb m„wó nq|

75
 (ii) wØZxq av‡c `ªveK Gi Avµg‡Y Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avq‡bi  -Kve©b †_‡K GKwU H cigvYy †cÖvUbiƒ‡c AcmvwiZ nq| d‡j  -Kve©‡bi
gy³ B‡j±ªb hyMj  I  Kve©‡bi g‡a¨ web¨¯Í n‡q Kve©b-Kve©b wØeÜb MVb K‡i| d‡j A¨vjwKb Drcbœ nq| cÖ_g avc axiMwZ‡Z
Ges wØZxq avc `ªæZMwZ‡Z N‡U|
cÖ_g avct

wØZxq avct

* wØAvYweK AcmviY ev E2 Gi †gKvwbRg:

E2 ‡gKvwbRg GK av‡c N‡U| G wewµqvq ÿv‡ii cÖfv‡e  Kve©b †_‡K GKwU H+ Ges we`vqx MÖæc X- GK mv‡_ AcmvwiZ nq|
d‡j -Kve©‡bi B‡j±ªb hyMj  I  Kve©‡bi g‡a¨ web¨¯Í n‡q Kve©b-Kve©b wØ-eÜb MVb K‡i|

* cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv ebvg AcmviY wewµqv:

n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡K‡bi m‡½ wbDwK¬IwdwjK weKvi‡Ki wewµqvq cÖwZ¯
vcb I AcmviY wewµqvi g‡a¨ †Kvb wewµqvwU cÖvavb¨ jvf
Ki‡e Zv wb¤œiƒc Ae¯
vi Ici wbf©i K‡i|
i. n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡K‡bi MVb hZB Uviwkqvix †_‡K cÖvBgvwii w`‡K n‡e wewµqvwU ZZB E2 ‡gKvwbR‡g NU‡e| Gi wecixZµ‡g
SN2 ‡gKvwbRg cÖvavb¨ jvf K‡i|
ii. kw³kvjx wbDwK¬IdvBj †hgb: A¨vj‡Kvnjxq KOH A_©vr, A¨vj‡Kv·vBW Avqb AcmviY E2 wewµqvq mnvqZv K‡i|
wKš‧ A‡cÿvK…Z Kg kw³kvjx wbDwK¬IdvBj †hgb: Rjxq KOH A_©vr, nvBWªw·b Avqb Øviv cÖwZ¯
vcb SN2 wewµqv cÖvavb¨ cvq|
iii. AwaK †giæK `ªveK SN1 wewµqv‡K cÖvavb¨ †`q; wKš‧ A‡cÿvK…Z Kg †giæK `ªveK E1 wewµqv‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i| Avevi E2
wewµqvq Kg †giæK `ªveK I kw³kvjx ÿviK (A¨vj‡Kvnjxq EtO-) AwaK Kvh©Kix; cÿvšÍ‡i SN2 wewµqvq AwaK †giæK `ªveK I
Kg kw³kvjx ÿviK †hgb, Rjxq KOH `ªeY Kvh©Kix nq|
* mvB‡Ri m~Î:
Òn¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb †_‡K HX Acmvi‡Yi †ejvq †h Kve©‡b Kg msL¨K  nvB‡Wªv‡Rb _v‡K, †mB Kve©b †_‡K H cigvYy 
Kve©‡bi n¨v‡jv‡Rb mn wg‡j HX iƒ‡c AcmvwiZ n‡q A¨vjwKb Drcbœ K‡i|Ó
Aci K_vq, n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb (RX) ‡_‡K HX AcmviY Ggbfv‡e N‡U †hb A‡cÿvK…Z †ewk kvLvwš^Z A¨vjwKb cÖavb Drcv`
n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb,


* A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi we‡kl wKQz wewµqv:

i. mvqvbvBW g~jK: (-CN) Øviv cÖwZ¯’vcb:
A¨vj‡Kvn‡j `ªexf‚Z cUvwmqvg mvqvbvBW (KCN) Gi m‡½ n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb‡K DËß Ki‡j A¨vjKvBj mvqvbvBW (A¨vj‡Kb
bvBUªvBj) Drcbœ nq|
A¨vj‡Kvnj
R - X + KCN R - CN + KX
CH3CH2Br + KCN B_vbj CH3CH2CN + KBr
ii. bvBUªvB‡ji Av`ª© we‡kølY:
bvBUªvBj‡K A_©vr, A¨vjKvBj ev A¨vivBj mvqvbvBW‡K jNy HCl Øviv Av`ª© we‡kølY Ki‡j mgmsL¨K Kve©b cigvYyhy³ Kve©w·wjK
GwmW I A¨v‡gvwbqv Drcbœ K‡i|
HCl
Ar / R - CN + 2H2O Ar / R - COOH + NH3


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 wKš‧ hw` bvBUªvBj‡K jNy ÿvi †hgb, jNy NaOH `ªeYmn DËß Ki‡j cÖ_‡g bvBUªvBj Av`ª© we‡køwlZ n‡q Kve©w·wjK GwmW I
A¨v‡gvwbqv Drcbœ nq| c‡i Drcbœ GwmW ÿv‡ii mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i †mvwWqvg jeY I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i|
O
||
NaOH
‡hgb- CH3 - C  N + 2H2O CH3 - C - OH + NH3
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
Abyiƒcfv‡e, Ar - C  N + 2H2O NaOH Ar - COONa + NH3 + H2O Ar =

* bvBUªvB‡ji weRviY:
bvBUªvBj‡K Rvqgvb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb A_ev i¨v‡j wb‡Kj Gi Dcw¯
wZ‡Z H2 Øviv A_ev LiAlH4 I B_vi wgkÖY A_ev †mvwWqvg I
A¨vj‡Kvnj wgkÖY Øviv weRvwiZ Ki‡j 1° ev cÖvBgvwi A¨vwgb Drcbœ K‡i|
Ar / R - C  N + 4[H] LiAlH4, B_vi Ar / R - CH2 - NH2

CH3 - C  N + 4[H] LiAlH4, B_vi CH3 - CH2 - NH2

Abyiƒcev‡e †`Lv‡bv hvq, Ar - C  N + 4[H] Ni Ar - CH2NH2
wdbvBj mvqvbvBW †ebRvBj A¨vwgb
Z‡e, bvBUªvB‡ji AvswkK weRvi‡Y A¨vjwWnvBW Drcbœ nq|
R - C  N + 2[H] LiAlH(OC2H5)3 R - CH = NH
B_vi A¨vjwWwgb

R - CH = NH + H2O   R - CHO + NH3
A¨vjwWwgb A¨vjwWnvBW

A¨v‡iv‡gwUK bvBUªvBj ev A¨vivBj mvqvbvBW cÖ¯‘wZi c×wZ wb¤œiƒc:

* A¨vivBj n¨vjvB‡Wi †ebwRb ej‡q B‡j±ªb AvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb / H - cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv:

A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW B‡j±ªbvKl©x cÖwZ¯
vcb wewµqv †`q Ges n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYy A‡_©v I c¨viv wb‡`©kK nIqvi Kvi‡Y A‡_©v I c¨viv -
mgvYyi wgkÖY cvIqv hvq|

77
* n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYy‡K OH g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vcb:

* n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYy‡K - NH2 g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vcb:

* DDT cÖ¯‘wZ: (B‡j‡±ªvwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv)

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