Introduction to Science and Technology

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Introduction
Science and Technology deals with how our social, political and cultural values affect
scientific research and technological innovation, and then how these results are displayed
in society, politics, and culture in broader perspective.
Similar to people in any other part of the world, India has a rich legacy of scientific research
and innovation. A desire to know the unknown, accompanied with experimentation and
observation, has always generated scientific temper. This has led to the assumption that
truth resides in the real world with all its diversity and complexity. It has been the
responsibility of scientists to unravel the mystery behind a truth and utilize the available
resources for the progress of humanity.

• Development of Science in Ancient India

• Scientific and Technological Developments in
Medieval India
• Science And technology development Post-
Independence
 Atomic research
The Atomic Energy Commission was established in August 1948. It became the full-fledged
Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) in 1954 under Homi Jehangir Bhabha. He was the founder
of the atomic energy programme in India. The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre was set up at
Mumbai in 1967. India used atomic energy for the peaceful purpose of power generation. The
fi rst nuclear power station at Tarapur started generating power on October 1969. Two such
centres were constructed at Kota in Rajasthan and Kalpakkam near Chennai in Tamil Nadu. The
fourth one was set up at Narora in Uttar Pradesh. Besides the availability of hydroelectric
power, these centres generate power which is very essential for industrial development. India
carried out peaceful nuclear explosions at Pokhran in Rajasthan on 18 May 1974 and 11 May
1998.
Department of Science and Technology
Department of Science and Technology (DST) was established in May 1971, with the objectives
of promoting new areas of science and technology and to play the role of a nodal department
for organizing, coordinating and promoting S&T activities in the country.

Science and engineering Research Board (SERB)

The department identifies and promotes front-line and priority areas with support from the
Science and Engineering Research Council. The Science and Engineering Research Board was
set up in 2010 to enhance the level of basic research and also impart the necessary autonomy,
flexibility and speed in shaping the basic research programs and delivery of funds to
researchers.
SERB is a statutory body established through an Act of Parliament by the Department of
Science and Technology (DST), Government of India. The board also gives special attention to
scientists below the age of 35 years who want to undertake independent research in emerging
and frontier areas of science and engineering.
The board also offers the JC Bose National Fellowship to scientists and engineers for
outstanding performance and contribution, and the Ramanujan Fellowship for brilliant
scientists and engineers from across the world to take up scientific research positions in India
and especially to those who want to return to India from abroad.
The board also provides financial assistance for presenting research paper in international
scientific events, such as conferences, seminars, symposiums and workshops held abroad.
SERB extends partial financial support, on selective basis, for organizing scientific events. In
order to promote industrial research in the country, the Prime Minister’s Fellowship Scheme
for Doctoral Research has been launched jointly by the Science & Engineering Research
Board (SERB) and Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) under Public- Private-Partnership
(PPP) mode. The maximum fellowship amount under the scheme will be 6 lakh per annum
per candidate.
innovation in Science pursuit for inspired
Research (INSPIRE)
Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE), a flagship program of the department was
developed and implemented nationally by the Department of Science & Technology.
It aims to attract, attach, retain and nourish talented youth for strengthening the R&D base. INSPIRE has
three schemes as follows:
1. Scheme for Early Attraction of Talents for Science (SEATS),
2. Scholarship For Higher Education (SHE) and
3. Assured Opportunity for Research Careers (AORC) with fi ve components including the
INSPIRE Award, INSPIRE Internship, INSPIRE Scholarship, INSPIRE Fellowship and
INSPIRE Faculty Award.
In other schemes, the fellowships named after J. C. Bose, Ramanujan and Raman are being
awarded to different categories of researchers.
The other programs aimed at HRD are as follows:
• BOYCAST fellowships
• SERC student fellowships
• Young scientist fellowships
• Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana was initiated in 1999 to encourage secondary school students to
stick on to a career in science. The Women Scientists Scheme was launched in 2002 to encourage woman
scientists to continue their service in scientific profession.
It was approved by the Government of India in the 11th Plan and is being continued in the
12th Plan.
 Important Autonomous Bodies, Boards and
Undertakings
The Technology Development Board was constituted in 1996. It provides financial assistance to
industrial concerns and other agencies for attempting development and commercial application
of indigenous technology or adapting imported technology for wider domestic applications in
the following areas:
• Health and medicine
• Engineering and electronics
• Chemicals and lubricants
• Agriculture and biotechnology
• Information technology
• Road/air transport
• Energy and waste utilization
• Telecommunication
Some of the technologies successfully produced and marketed include:
• Genetically engineered Hepatitis B vaccine
• Bio-fertilizer from maize waste
• Gluten with the brand name Suryamin
• DL-2-Amino-1-butanol
• Cefixime recombinant hepatitis B vaccine
• CAL reagent for detection of bacterial endotoxin
 Autonomous Institutions
• National Centre for Cell Science, Pune.
• National Brain Research Centre, Manesar.
• Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad.
• National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi.
• Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneshwar.
• Institute of Bio-resources and Sustainable Development, Imphal.
• Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Biotechnology Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.
• RGCB-Hindustan Life Care Limited Joint Technology Development
Incubator for Diagnostics, Kerala.
• Institute of Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru.
• Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad.
• National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani.
• Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Gurugram.
• National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali.
 •Scientist, in a broad sense, is a
person engaging in a systematic
activity to acquire knowledge.

•So many people in this world have

changed the way we live and think,
with their inventions and work. Here
is a list of some of the famous
scientists in history, and a brief about
them.

Scientists And Their

Contributions
All our discoveries today
are based on the ideas
of peoples who lived
before us; and without
their round work,
modern inventions would
have been impossible.
Some of the Famous Scientist
What we have received from inventions

computer air-conditioner
TV

How did you

spend your
summer holiday?
plane train car
I put forward
the theory
about black
holes.
 Isaac Newton
• Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March
1726) was an English physicist and mathematician.

• Newton's Principia formulated the laws of motion and

universal gravitation, which dominated scientists' view of
the physical universe for the next three centuries.

• Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and

developed a theory of colour based on the observation
that a prism decomposes white light into the many
colours of the visible spectrum.
Some Law’s
 Albert Einstein
• Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a
German-born theoretical physicist. He developed the
general theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern
physics (alongside quantum mechanics). He Postulated
photons travel in discreet energy packets (individual
photons)

• Einstein is best known in popular culture for his mass–

energy equivalence formula E = mc2 (which has been
dubbed "the world's most famous equation").
 Mass

 Perform precise experiments in

most controlled conditions of his
time with his wife

 Eventually learn that substances

can be
burned, squeezed, shredded, bu
t not destroyed. That the total
mass throughout the universe
remains the same.

 Lead to the Law of Conservation

of Mass
Antoine Lavoisier
 Energy

Through vigorous experiments:

 He found, as the amount of

electricity went up the available
magnetism went down

 Discovered all types of energy are

intertwined and can be measured

 Lead to the Law of Conservation of

Energy

Michael Faraday
 Speed Of Light
 Comes from the Latin word celeritas translated as
“swiftness” or “speed”

 670,616,629 mph (constant used was 670 mil. mph)

 DuChâtlete  Robert Recorde

Squared and Equality

 Einstein
• Thinks out of the Box:
•It was THOUGHT that
energy and mass were
separate, but he connects
them with the speed of light
•Shuttle example
•Discovers:
•When someone watches an
object recede away from
them the object will be seen
to undergo mass
dilation, length changes,
and time dilation.
•Basically means that the
mass of one object is a
measure of its energy (and
vice versa)

•Publishes Theory of Relativity

in 1905
Some illustrations

Moving object
Theory and comparison
 The Formula in History
 NuclearWeapons
 The Sun (Payne)
 Black Holes (Chandrasekhar)
 Creation and eventual
destruction of the Earth
 EiffelTower
 Smoke Detectors
 Exit Signs
 Pet Scans
 RadiationTreatments
 Cobalt
 Carbon Dating
 Carbon 14
 Marie Curie
• Marie Skłodowska Curie (7 November 1867 – 4
July 1934), born Maria Salomea Skłodowska,
was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and
chemist who conducted pioneering research on
radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a
Nobel Prize, the first person and only woman to
win twice, the only person to win twice in multiple
sciences.
• Her achievements included the development of
the theory of radioactivity (a term that she coined),
techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and
the discovery of two elements, polonium and
radium.
Some Illustrations
Henri Becquerel

• 1852-1908

• Discovered natural radiation in uranium in 1896

• Unit of radiation named after

• 1 disintegration/second = 1 Bq

• Shared Nobel Prize with the Curies in 1903

 Stephen Hawking
• Stephen William Hawking (8 January 1942) is an
English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, author and
Director of Research at the Centre for Theoretical
Cosmology within the University of Cambridge.
• His scientific works include a collaboration with Roger
Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the
framework of general relativity, and the theoretical
prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called
Hawking radiation.
• Hawking's scientific works included a collaboration
with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity
theorems in the framework of general relativity and the
theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often
called Hawking radiation.
• Initially, Hawking radiation was controversial. By the late
1970s and following the publication of further research,
the discovery was widely accepted as a significant
breakthrough in theoretical physics. Hawking was the first
to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of
the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics.
Idea to the Theory
 Archimedes
• Archimedes of Syracuse (c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC) was an
Ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer,
inventor, and astronomer.
• In the 3rd Century BC, Archimedes: invented the sciences
of mechanics and hydrostatics.
• discovered the laws of levers and pulleys, which allow
us to move heavy objects using small forces.
• invented one of the most fundamental concepts of
physics the center of gravity.
• calculated pi to the most precise value known. His upper
limit for pi was the fraction 22⁄7. This value was still in use
in the late 20th century, until electronic calculators finally Give me a place
laid it to rest. to stand on, and
• discovered and mathematically proved the formulas for I can move the
the volume and surface area of a sphere. earth.
Some Principles
 Nikola Tesla

• Nikola Tesla (10 July 1856 – 7

January 1943) was a Serbian American
physicist, inventor, electrical engineer,
mechanical engineer and futurist best
known for his contributions to the
design of the modern alternating
current (AC) electricity supply system.
• His work fell into relative obscurity after
his death, but in 1960 the General
Conference on Weights and Measures
named the SI unit of magnetic flux
density the tesla in his honor.
 Some Facts
His alternating current (AC) induction motor
and related polyphase AC patents, licensed
by Westinghouse Electric in 1888.
Attempting to develop inventions he could
patent and market, Tesla conducted a range
of experiments with mechanical
oscillators/generators, electrical discharge
tubes, and early X-ray imaging. He also built
a wireless-controlled boat, one of the first-
ever exhibited. Tesla became well known as
an inventor and demonstrated his
achievements to celebrities and wealthy
patrons at his lab, and was noted for his
showmanship at public lectures. Throughout
the 1890s, Tesla pursued his ideas for
wireless lighting and worldwide wireless
electric power distribution in his high-
voltage, high-frequency power experiments
in New York and Colorado Springs.
 C. V Raman

C.V. Raman, in full Sir Chandrasekhara

Venkata Raman, (born November 7, 1888,
Trichinopoly, India—died November 21,
1970, Bangalore), Indian physicist whose
work was influential in the growth of
science in India. He was the recipient of
the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930 for the
discovery that when light traverses a
transparent material, some of the light
that is deflected changes in wavelength.
This phenomenon is now called Raman
scattering and is the result of the Raman
effect.
The Famous Experiment

Krishnan started the experiment at the beginning of January 1928.On 7 January Krishnan
discovered that no matter what kind of pure liquid he used, it always produced polarised
fluorescence within the visible spectrum of light. As Raman saw the result, he was astonished
why he never observed such phenomenon all those years.[That night they named the new
phenomenon as "modified scattering" with reference to the Compton effect as unmodified
scattering. On 16 February they sent a manuscript to Nature titled "A new type of secondary
radiation", which was published on 31 March.
On 28 February 1928, Raman and Krishnan obtained spectra of the modified scattering
separate from the incident light. Due to difficulty in measuring wavelengths of light, they had
been relying on visual observation of the colour produced from sunlight through prism.
Raman had invented an instrument for detecting and measuring electromagnetic waves
called a spectrograph.That moment they could employ the instrument using monochromatic
light from a mercury arc lamp which penetrated transparent material and was allowed to fall
on a spectrograph to record its spectrum. The lines of scattering could now be measured and
photographed.
 Thomas Edison
• Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18,
1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He
developed many devices that greatly influenced life
around the world, including the phonograph, the motion
picture camera, and the long-lasting, practical electric
light bulb.

• He also invented the electric chair, in order to prove that

alternative current is also harmful, not only benefic.
Electric Chair lightbulb Phonograph

Motion Pictures
 Michael Faraday

• Michael Faraday (22 September

1791 – 25 August 1867) was an
English scientist who contributed to
the fields of electromagnetism and
electrochemistry. His main
discoveries include those of
electromagnetic induction,
diamagnetism and electrolysis.
• It was by his research on the
magnetic field around a conductor
carrying a direct current that
Faraday established the basis for
the concept of the electromagnetic
field in physics.
 Max Planck

• Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (1858 – 1947),

was a German theoretical physicist who
originated quantum theory, which won him the
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.

• This was not only Planck's most important work

but also marked a turning point in the history of
physics.

• A constant (Planck’s constant) and an institute

bear his name.

E = hν h = Planck’s constant
It is not the possession of truth, but the
success which attends the seeking after
it, that enriches the seeker and brings
happiness to him. Max Planck
 Alfred Nobel
• Alfred Bernhard Nobel (21 October 1833 – 10
December 1896) was a Swedish chemist,
engineer, innovator, and armaments
manufacturer.
• He was the inventor of dynamite. Nobel also
owned Bofors, which he had redirected from its
previous role as primarily an iron and steel
producer to a major manufacturer of cannon and
other armaments. Nobel held 355 different
patents, dynamite being the most famous. His
fortune was used posthumously to institute the
Nobel Prizes. The synthetic element nobelium
was named after him. His name also survives in
modern-day companies such as Dynamit Nobel
and AkzoNobel, which are descendants of
mergers with companies Nobel himself
established.
 Alessandro Volta
• Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio
Anastasio Volta (18 February 1745 –
5 March 1827) was an Italian
physicist, chemist, and a pioneer of
electricity and power, who is credited
as the inventor of the electrical battery
and the discoverer of methane.
• With this invention Volta proved that
electricity could be generated
chemically and debased
• the prevalent theory that electricity
was generated solely by living beings.
Volta's invention sparked a great
amount of scientific excitement and led
others to conduct similar experiments
which eventually led to the development
of the field of electrochemistry.
 Benjamin Franklin

•
Benjamin Franklin (1706 January
6, 1705 – April 17, 1790) was one of
the Founding Fathers of the United
States.
•
Franklin's discoveries resulted from
his investigations of electricity.
Franklin proposed that "vitreous" and
"resinous" electricity were not
different types of "electrical fluid" (as
electricity was called then), but the
same electrical fluid under different
pressures. He was the first to label
them as positive and negative
respectively, and he was the first to
discover the principle of conservation
of charge.
 Blaise Pascal

• Blaise Pascal (19 June 1623 –

19 August 1662) was a French
mathematician, physicist,
inventor, writer and Christian
philosopher.
• Pascal's earliest work was in
the natural and applied
sciences where he made
important contributions to the
study of fluids, and clarified the
concepts of pressure and
vacuum by generalizing the
work of Evangelista Torricelli.
 James Watson

• James Dewey Watson (born April 6,

1928) is an American molecular biologist,
geneticist and zoologist, best known as
one of the co-discoverers of the structure
of DNA in 1953 with Francis Crick.
Watson, Crick, and Maurice Wilkins were
awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine "for their
discoveries concerning the molecular
structure of nucleic acids and its
significance for information transfer in
living material“.
 Galilei Galileo
• Galilei Galileo (1564- 1642) was an Italian physicist, mathematician,
astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific
Revolution.

• His achievements include improvements to the telescope and

consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism.

• Because of his criticism of an earth centered universe, Galileo was

placed under house arrest.

• In 1992, the Catholic church apologized for their censure-ship of

Galileo. Until the time of Galileo, European scientists relied largely on
Aristotle's approach of philosophical analysis to explain physical
phenomena.

• Galileo demonstrated the advantages of experimentation, and argued

that physics should be a mathematics-based.

• After developing the first telescope useful for astronomical research,

this ground breaking scientist discovered the four moons of Jupiter.
 Niels Bohr

• Born in Copenhagen in 1885

• Researched structure of the atom
• First to postulate that electrons travel around nucleus
of atom.
• Predicted splitting of uranium atoms
• Gave lectures, never “boring”
• Won Nobel prize in physics in 1922
 Sir Ernest Rutherford
• Born in Nelson, New Zealand, 1871
• Discovered alpha and beta particles in 1898
• Devised method of counting alpha particles
with H Geiger
• Investigations of alpha scattering in 1910 led
to the discovery of the nucleus
• Won Nobel prize in chemistry, 1908
 Enrico Fermi

• Born in Rome, 1901

• Contributed to early theory of beta decay
and neutrino.
• Demonstrated nuclear transformation with
neutrons in elements.
• Led experiment that performed first
controlled nuclear reaction.
 Otto Hahn

• Born Frankfurt-on-Main, Germany, 1879

• Discovered radiothorium, radioactinium, and
mesothelium.
• Developed methods of separating radioactive
particles.
• Discovered fission by bombarding uranium
and thorium with neutrons, 1938 with
Strassman.
• Won Nobel prize in chemistry in 1944.
 Lise Meitner

• Born in 1978
• Isolated protactinium with Otto Hahn in
1917
• Worked with Hahn on behavior of beta rays
• Helped discover fission with Hahn and
Strassman
• “Meitnerium” named after her (elm 109)
 John Dalton
• John Dalton (1776 – 1844) was an English chemist,
meteorologist and physicist. Later, Thompson,
Rutherford Bohr, Schrodinger and many others
contributed to our present model of the atom.

• While parts of Dalton’s atomic theory were correct,

today’s model of the atom with electrons, protons
and neutrons did not emerge until the middle of the
20th century.

• In the modern era, who revived and formalized

the concept of atoms originally proposed in
ancient Greece by Democritus? For 2000
years prior to this revival, the commonly
accepted concept that matter is continuous
has been attributed to Plato and Aristotle.
 James Clerk Maxwell

• James Clerk Maxwell (1831 – 1879) was a Scottish theoretical

physicist.
• His theory of electromagnetism united all previously unrelated
observations, experiments, and equations of electricity, magnetism,
and optics into a consistent theory.
• Maxwell's equations demonstrate that electricity, magnetism and
light are all manifestations of the electromagnetic field.
• Maxwell's achievements have been called the "second great
unification in physics", after the first one realized by Isaac Newton.

In Science, it is when we take some interest in the

great discoverers and their lives that it becomes
endurable, and only when we begin to trace the
development of ideas that it becomes fascinating.
Maxwell's Demon refers to
James Maxwell
the hypothetical creature
that James Clerk Maxwell
postulated, who could
bend the Second Law of
Thermodynamics.
 Wallace Hume Carothers
• Wallace Hume Carothers (1896 – 1937) was an American
chemist, inventor and the leader of organic chemistry at
DuPont and was credited with the invention of nylon and
helped lay the groundwork for Neoprene
• Carothers had been troubled by periods of mental depression
since his youth.
• Despite his success with nylon, he felt that he had not
accomplished much and had run out of ideas. His unhappiness
was compounded by the death of his sister, Isobel, and in 1937
he committed suicide.
• As Nobel prizes are not granted posthumously, the suicide
eliminated the high probability of a Nobel prize for Carothers.
 Aryabhatta-I
Earth’s Rotational Time

•At age of 23, he noted down the observations and

calculations for a mathematical system to figure out
the working of universe

•In his book, stated Earth was Spherical in shape, rotate on its
axis
and like other planets, revolve around sun in elliptical orbit.
•This happened 1500 year and 2000 year before Copernicus
and Galileo.

•He also calculated that the Earth takes 23 hours 56 minutes

and 4.01 sec to complete one rotation.

•Modern value of this is 23:56:4.091 And he also gave Zero

 Bhrama Gupta
Rules for Zero
•Bhramahguta gave zero its exalted status as a
number in mathematics.

•He framed rules of operations

•In his book, Bhramasphuta Siddhanta, he

explained addition or subtraction of zero

•To any quantity leaves it unchanged. Product of any

quantity with zero leaves zero and division of any quantity
by zero is infinity
He gave thefollowing formula used in GP series
a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + ----

Area of cyclic quadrilateral with sides a, b, c , d

= √(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)(s-d) where 2s = a+b+c+d
 Nagarjuna
-I
Discovery of alloys
• Discovered process of alloying in 2nd BC.

• His book Rasarathnakara, retains notes

on process of extraction of silver, tin
and copper from their ores and their
purification.

• Also mentioned process of distillation,

sublimation, calcination and coloring
of metals.
 Maharshi Kanada

Atomic Theory
• Stated that, Everything in this world is made
up of pramanu [atom], the real entities
which are obtained when a matter is divided
and subdivided until further division is not
possible.

• It believed that kanada was the earliest

proponent of atomic concept in universe and
it was Just 2500 years before John Dalton.
 Bhaskara-II

Gravity
• He was first to conceive and write on the notion
of gravity and effort of its force

• In his book, Surya Sidhanta, he mentioned :

objects fall on earth due to a force of attraction
by the earth. Therefore, the earth. Planets,
Constellations, moon and sun are held in orbit
due to this attraction

• This happened 500 years before the famous

apple fell on Sir Isaac Newton’s head.
 Some Other Famous Scientist

Light Bulbs
Thomas Edison
Levi
Strauss
JamesNaismith
 Nathaniel Wyeth

The plastic
soda bottle
Elisha Otis

Otis elevator
Orville & Wilbur Wright
Alexander
Graham
Bell
Innovation to Society
 Chindogu
• ‘Chindogu' is the Japanese word
meaning the art of useless idea.
• A Chindogu cannot be for real use.
• A Chindogu must exist.
• Chindogu are tools for every day life.
• Chindogu are not for sale.
• Chindogu cannot be patented.
The noodle eater’s hair guard
DUSTER SLEEPER
FOOD COOLER
 Back Scratcher's T-Shirt.
The solution to infernal itching
 Portable office
Finally the essential accessory of the businessman's uniform, the neck tie, is of
practical use.
Personal rain saver
Hay Fever Hat
Portable Zebra Crossing
Solar powered lighter
Conclusion

“We progress when we

-Plato
think more and better.”
NOW IT’S
YOUR
TURN!