ABSTRACT

To transfer the heavy objects is very difficult. By using crank hook it is easy to carry the
heavy loads. Crank hook is a mechanical component used to carry heavy loads and
machinery elements to transfer from one place to another place. Heavy crane hooks are used
in ship yards. Steel, carbon and high carbon steel are the materials used for manufacturing of
crane hooks. Crank hook undergoes circumferential Stress, shear stress.

The main objective of this project is to design a crane hook in AUTOCAD 2016.

Chapter one

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Cranes are industrial machines that are mainly used for materials movements in construction
sites, production halls, assembly lines, storage areas, power stations and similar places. Their
design features vary widely according to their major operational specifications such as: type
of motion of the crane structure, weight and type of the load, location of the crane, geometric
features, operating regimes and environmental conditions. A hook is a tool consisting of a
length of material that contains a portion that is curved or indented, so that this portion can be
used to hold another object. In a number of uses, one end of the hook is pointed, so that this
end can pierce another material, which is then held by the curved or indented portion. In the
industries crane hooks are one of the important components. They are used to transfer the
materials having heavy loads. Crane hooks are liable components subjected to failure due to
stress in accumulation of heavy loads. Area of cross section, material and radius of crane
hook are the design parameters for crane hook. Failure of a crane hook mainly depends on
three major factors i.e. dimension, material, overload.[ CITATION 1 \l 1033 ]
1.2 History of crane hook

The first known construction cranes were invented by the Ancient Greeks and were powered
by men or beasts of burden, such as donkeys. These cranes were used for the construction of
tall buildings. Larger cranes were later developed, employing the use of human tread wheels,
permitting the lifting of heavier weights. In the High Middle Ages, harbour cranes were
introduced to load and unload ships and assist with their construction – some were built into
stone towers for extra strength and stability. The earliest cranes were constructed from wood,
but cast iron, iron and steel took over with the coming of the Industrial Revolution.
For many centuries, power was supplied by the physical exertion of men or animals, although
hoists in watermills and windmills could be driven by the harnessed natural power. The first
'mechanical' power was provided by steam engines, the earliest steam crane being introduced
in the 18th or 19th century, with many remaining in use well into the late 20th century.
[1]
 Modern cranes usually use internal combustion engines or electric
motors and hydraulic systems to provide a much greater lifting capability than was previously
possible, although manual cranes are still utilized where the provision of power would be
uneconomic.[ CITATION 4 \l 1033 ]

1.3 Types of Crane Hooks

Crane hooks are classified depending on their manufacturing materials as well as the intended
usage and, (amongst other factors) according to this, some aspects are more important than
others. Different types of crane hooks can be classified according to their shapes, method of
manufacture, mode of operation or other unique characteristics. They are made in a variety of
styles to meet specific needs and they are rated for loads of specific type and size. To
understand this deeply, we’ll focus on the main types of crane hooks available in the market
and see which applications they are most suitable for.

Before we start though, is important to remember that crane hooks or lifting hooks are
necessary in order to move different and many types of loads and that there are a lot of uses
depending on the application the intended use is for

Single Crane Hooks vs. Double Crane Hooks

This being said, when you’re looking to define crane hooks depending on their shape, you
will usually be able to choose between single crane and double crane hooks. As the name
suggests, the main difference between these two options is the number of hooks included, and
there are different sub-types possible such as the C-hooks (which is essentially a single hook
variant with a slightly different shape).

– Single Crane Hooks are the right choice if your machinery deals with loads of up to 75
tons; this lifting hook is very simple and easy to use no matter which variant you choose.
 Fig 1.1 shows single Crane Hooks 

– Double Crane Hooks are similar in conception, but their design provides superior bearing
which is suitable for heavier loads of over 75 tons.

Fig 1.2 shows Double Crane Hooks 

Forging Crane Hooks vs. Laminated Crane Hooks
When it comes to the manufacturing methods used to create crane hooks, there are two main
styles available: forging crane hooks and laminated crane hooks. Each option offers particular
benefits and drawbacks that must be kept in mind while deciding which is better suited for
our specific requirements.

Forging Crane Hooks are forged from a single piece of high quality steel with low carbon
which is cooled slowly to ensure optimum stress resistance (usually ranging from 16Mn to
36MnSi). These hooks typically feature very simple manufacturing and are also very simple
 to use, since they’re made of a single piece, with installation being very straightforward.

 Laminated Crane Hooks are a little more complex, and are comprised of several steel
plates riveted together to ensure higher stress resistance and increased safety. These hooks are
conceived in a way that allows the hook to keep working even if some of the individual parts
are damaged. Laminated hooks are available as single hooks as shown fig1.4a or double
laminated hooks as shown fig1.4b, and there are several models available to match different

(b) Fig 1.4 Shows Laminated Crane Hooks  (a)

applications.

Closed Hooks vs. Semi-Closed Crane Hooks

If you are concerned about having the right hook attachments, then you have to choose
between closed and semi-closed crane hooks. These types of hook feature an attachment for
added security for carrying heavy loads; as the name suggests, the attachment can be closed
or semi-closed.
Closed Crane Hooks attachments are somewhat harder to use and more time-consuming, but
they offer the highest possible safety measures and load bearing potential.

Fig 1.4 Shows Closed Crane Hooks 

 Semi-Closed Crane Hooks aim to bridge the gap, as they offer increased security levels
compared to standard lifting hooks, while being reasonably simpler to attach and dismount
than closed hooks.

Fig 1.5 Shows Semi-Closed Crane Hooks 

Electric Rotary Hooks
If you have a requirement for a state of the art crane hook that offers the best features as well
as the highest convenience, you will likely have to choose between electric rotary hooks or
other types of sophisticated crane hooks.

An electric rotary hook is a sophisticated piece of equipment that will improve the crane’s
manoeuvrability and effectiveness when hauling containers. These hooks feature the ability to
rotate while keeping a strong hold on the cargo, which means they can be extremely
convenient and productive in situations that involve moving many containers around limited
spaces

Fig 1.6 Shows electric rotary Hook

1.4 applications of crane hooks

A crane is a machine, equipped with a hoist, wire ropes or chains and sheaves used to lift and
move heavy material. Cranes are mostly employed in transport, construction and
manufacturing industry. Overhead crane, mobile crane, tower crane, telescopic crane, gantry
crane, deck crane, jib crane, loader crane are some of the commonly used cranes. A crane
hook is a device used for grabbing and lifting up the loads by means of a crane. It is basically
a hoisting fixture designed to engage a ring or link of a lifting chain or the pin of a shackle or
cable socket. Crane hooks with trapezoidal, circular, rectangular and triangular cross section
are commonly used.
 The applications of crane hooks are classified into three sections which are:
1. Construction: in this section are mainly used in construction applications, such as
mobile cranes, rough- and all terrain cranes, crawler cranes and tower cranes
2. Industrial: Typical applications in this section are overhead cranes in a wide variety
of industrial settings such as steel mills or ship yards
3. Rigging: This type of forged hooks is produced in heat treated carbon or heat
treated alloy steels. A general purpose rigging hook with optional latch. Load must be
applied in line with eye firmly in the base (bowl-saddle) of the hook. Note: The latch
is designed to retain such items as slings and chain under slack conditions and is not
intended to support the load.[ CITATION 6 \l 1033 ]

1.5 The Components Of Crane Hook

Figure1.7 shows the

assembly of the
components of the
crane hook.

Table1.1 shows the

names of the TABLE1.1
components of crane
hook
 CHAPTER TWO
Crane hooks are the components which are generally used to elevate the heavy load in
industries and constructional sites. Recently, excavators having a crane‐hook are widely used
in construction works site. Studied the stress pattern of crane hook in its loaded condition, a
solid model of crane hook is prepared with the help of ABAQUS software. Real time pattern
of stress concentration in 3D model of crane hook is obtained. The stress distribution pattern
is verified for its correctness on an acrylic model of crane hook using shadow optical method
(Caustic method) set up. By predicting the stress concentration area, the shape of the crane is
modified to increase its working life and reduce the failure rates. investigated circumferential
stress concentration factors with shallow notches of the lifting hooks of trapezoidal cross‐
section employing finite element analysis (FEA). The stress concentration factors were
widely used in strength and durability evaluation of structures and machine elements. The
FEA results were used and fitted with selected generic equation. This yields formulas for the
fast engineering evaluation of stress concentration factors without the usage of finite element
models. The design rules of the lifting hooks require using ductile materials to avoid brittle
failure; in this respect they investigated the strain based criteria for failure, accounting the
stress triaxiality analyze the stress state in the hook using approximate and exact methods.
They calculated stresses in various parts of the hook material firstly by assuming hook as a
straight beam and then assuming it as a curved beam. Analytical methods were used with the
help of computers, using FEM presented the solid modelling and finite element analysis of
crane boom has been done using PRO/E WILDFIRE 2.0 and ALTAIR HYPER MESH with
OPTISTRUCT 8.0 SOLVERY studied the probable causes which led to a failure of the crane
hook in service. The study of accident includes: details of the standards governing the
manufacturing and use of lifting hooks, experimental analysis, mechanical behaviour of steel
of reported hook and simulation of the thermal history of the hook. From the literature survey
it is understood by this author that there is a lot of scope for studying the design and the stress
analysis with different cross sections. Taking into this consideration, the author has embarked
on studying the design as well as stress analysis of crane hook with four different cross
sections such as rectangle, trapezoidal, triangle and circular cross sections.[ CITATION 2 \l
1033 ]
CHAPTER THREE: DESIGN OF THE CRANE HOOK IN AUTOCAD
3.1 INTRODUCTION OF AUTOCAD
CADD is an electronic tool that enables us to make quick and accurate drawings with the use
of a computer. Drawings created with CADD have a number of advantages over drawings
created on a drawing board. CADD drawings are neat, clean and highly presentable.
Electronic drawings can be modified quite easily and can be presented in a variety of formats.
There are hundreds of CADD programs available in the CADD industry today. Some are
intended for general drawing work while others are focused on specific engineering
applications. There are programs that enable you to do 2D drawings, 3D drawings,
renderings, shadings, engineering calculations, space planning, structural design, piping
layouts, plant design and project management[ CITATION 3 \l 1033 ]

3.2 The History of CAD

In 1883 Charles Barbage developed idea for computer. First CAD demonstration is given by
Ivan Sutherland (1963). A year later IBM produced the first commercial CAD system. Many
changes have taken place since then, with the advancement of powerful computers, it is now
possible to do all the designs using CAD including two-dimensional drawings, solid
modelling, complex engineering analysis, production and manufacturing. New technologies
are constantly invented which make this process quicker, more versatile and more powerful.
The first true 3D computer model created on CAD systems in the late 1970s was the 3D
wireframe model. Computer generated 3D wireframe models contain information about the
locations of all the corners and edges in space coordinates. The 3D wireframe models can be
viewed from any direction as needed and are in general reasonably good representations of
3D design. With most CAD systems, creating 3D wireframe models usually starts with
constructing 2D entities in 3D space. Two of the most commonly used methods for creating
3D wireframe models are the Box method and the 2D Extrusion method.[ CITATION 8 \l 1033
]

3.3 THE UNITS OF THE CAD

Every object we construct in a CAD system is measured in units. We should determine the
system of units within the CAD system before creating the first geometric entities.
So that all units we use in our projects are in centimetre (cm)
 3.4 Designing of crane hook in AUTOCAD 2016
3.4.1 making the hook
When Making the Hook We Will Use Line, Circle, Rectangle, Trim, Extrude, fillet and Mirror
Commands

FIG:3.1 SHOWS DROWING OF LINE WITH LENG OF 20CM

4.

FIG:3.2 SHOWS DROWING OF CIRCLE OF DAIMETER 47 TO THE ENDOF THE LINE

FIG:3.3 SHOWS DROWING OF TWO TANGENT CIRCLES WITH DAIMETRS OF 15 AND 5 INSIDE THE CIRCLE
5.
FIG:3.4 SHOWS DROWING OF LINES TANGENT TO THE CIRCLE AND CONNECTING TO THE END OF THE
6.
LINE

FIG:3.5 SHOWS AFTER CUT UNWANTED PARTS

7. BY USING TRIM COMAND

FIG:3.6 SHOWS MERORING THE OBJECT 8.

FIG:3.7 SHOWS EXTRUDING THE OBJECT 9.

FIG:3.8 SHOWS EXTRUDING THE OBJECT

FIG:3.9 SHOWS EXTRUDING THE OBJECT 10.

FIG:3.10 SHOWS ASSEMBELING THE OBJECT

11.
FIG:3.11 SHOWS HOOK OF THE CRANE

FIG:3.12 SHOWS FILLATING THE HOOK OF THE CRANE WTH RADIUS OF 5

12.
 References
[ CITATION 2 \l 1033 ]International journal of current engineering and scientific research (ijcesr)
[ CITATION 3 \l 1033 ]Textbook of Engineering Drawing; Second Edition
[ CITATION 6 \l 1033 ]Rope block Lifting & Rigging_Metric2017v2