sum of member's performance

additive
e.g. brainstorming

qualitative (maximization) or
quantitative (optimization)

best member's performance

Bias Intensity explanations for failure
Compared to actual unitary or divisible three types
performances occuring when disjunctive
hypothetically working idependently are added group performance (AGP)
e.g. problem solving eureka effect

Potential Group Performance (PGP) Types of Group Tasks

Insufficient all member have to be successful

Discussion biases Discusion Intensity Discussion of information
qualities of members
should fit each other conjuncvtive
solution: equally consider shared and unshared solution: presenting every own point Core Concepts
info avoiding repeated focus on info building (repeating) and avoid to give own weakest member's increased group size =
initial preference - avoid biased shared knowledge opinion (based on own points), motivation specifies certain performance is the result decreased potential
characteristics/knowledge are
distributed within group

hidden profile task Group Composition

info. distributed so that

Insuficcient individuals cannot come up
evaluation biases Processing of Information
Processing intensity with solution with own info

solution: avoid assuming shared info as more solution: processing other member's
sharing info is crucial
accurate, avoid assuming info consistent with info. and integrate in own opinion by Group Performance
own prefernec is more accurate avoid sticking to own preferences

sum of activities aimed at

counters social loafing, maximizing the group specific
dispensability component of group performing AGP= PGP - process
losses + process gains
feedback affecting
continous visibility of optimizing the collaborative generation, Group Performance Management
individual contributes modification and integration of individual Group Process
documenting contributions in a group

three basic principles

techniques Group Synchronization
deviding desicion-making in
phases

specific

debate, devils advocacy dialectical

physical tasks - average
Losses Gains
performance of indivdual ringelmann effect
decreses with group size

solution: nominal group production blocking brainstorming

Coordination

same group size, one idea per time; trust

members work authorities (especially
increased group repeated individual task performance disjunctive tasks)
Individual-to-individual transfer individually
potential results in individual growth

relevant and collective

only if individual
contribution is visible!
strong effect in
additive task importance of group
own contribution not visible social loafing goals
Social competition outperforming each other

stronger members compensate

for weaker members
contributions seem to
increased group repeated collective task performance dispensability Motivation Motivation Social compensation
have little impact
potential results in individual growth Group-to-individual transfer
additive tasks mostly

role induction
task
anticipating other's reduction sucker effect avoid being responsible for weak
of effort, avoid being exploited group performance - effort (work harder)
depends on status Köhler effect
(strong-weak)
Group Learning
conjunctive tasks mostly

learning processes that can only

occur if several people work
interactively on the same task
improved actual repeated collective task performance Group-to-individual-in-group
group performance results in member's improved ability to transfer
perform within groups focus on one idea after being idea mentioned stimulates
Individual Individual
mentiones, at expense of thinking cognitive restriction cognitive stimulation consideration of category
capability capability
about other categories otherwise neglected

Social Influence

improved actual repeated collective task performance

group performance results in group's improved ability to Group-to-group transfer
perform group tasks