Name: _______________________________________________

 
 
 
 

Variation
 

 
Date:
 
 
 
 
Time:
 
Total marks available:
 
Total marks achieved: ______
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
Questions
Q1.

A student investigated osmosis in a courgette.

The photograph shows a courgette.

 The student weighed pieces of courgette and placed them in five different concentrations of sugar
solution.
After one hour she dried and reweighed the pieces of courgette.
She calculated the percentage change in mass.
The graph shows the results of this investigation.

(i) Draw a line of best fit on the graph.

(1)
(ii) Use your line of best fit to estimate the concentration of sugar solution that would result in no
change in mass.
(1)
estimate = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . moles per dm3
(iii) Explain why there was an increase in the mass of the courgette in the sugar solution at 0.2 moles
per dm3.
(3)
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
Q2.

(a) The diagram shows a section through a leaf.

    (i)  Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
The cell that will make the most glucose is
(1)
   A   
   B   
   C   
   D   
(ii) Describe how carbon dioxide enters the leaf.
(2)
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Describe the process that takes place in the leaf to produce oxygen.
(3)
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
(b) Root hair cells take in water and mineral ions from the soil.
 Draw one straight line from each substance to the process by which it enters the root hair cell.
(2)
(Total for Question is 8 marks)
Q3.

Explain how the structure of the villi allows efficient absorption in the small intestine.
(3)
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
Q4.
The peppered moth (Biston betularia) exists in dark and light forms.

(i)   Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
Characteristics such as colour are coded for by alleles.
An allele is
(1)
    A  a single chromosome
    B  a single gene
    C  an alternative form of the same chromosome
    D  an alternative form of the same gene

(ii)  The allele for the dark colour is B and is dominant.

The allele for the light colour is b and is recessive.
Complete the table to show all possible genotypes of dark moths.
(2)
possible genotypes of dark moths
 
 
(iii) Complete the Punnett square for a cross between a moth heterozygous for colour and a moth
homozygous recessive for light colour.
(2)
%%%    
     
     
(iv) Give the ratio of light to dark moths in the Punnett square in (a)(iii).
(1)
      ..............................................................................................................................................
Q5.
The graph shows the variation in height.

(i)    Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
The range in heights of the students is due to
(1)
    A   environmental influences only

    B   genetic influences only

    C   environmental and genetic influences

    D   neither environmental nor genetic influences

(ii)  Describe the variation in height of these students, as shown in the graph.
(3)
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
Q6.
Mike was investigating variation in a school of 650 students.
He recorded the blood group and measured the heights of the students.
The graph shows the variation in blood group.

(i)   Calculate how many of the 650 students have blood group A.

(2)

number of students with blood group A =..............................................

(ii)    State the type of variation shown in the graph for the blood groups of students.
(1)
      ..............................................................................................................................................
Q7.
Human variation

Mike was investigating variation in a school of 650 students.

He recorded the blood group and measured the heights of the students.
The graph shows the variation in blood group.

(a) (i)   Calculate how many of the 650 students have blood group A.
(2)

number of students with blood group A =..............................................

(ii)    State the type of variation shown in the graph for the blood groups of students.
(1)
      ..............................................................................................................................................

(b) The graph shows the variation in height.

 (i)    Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
The range in heights of the students is due to
(1)
     A   environmental influences only

     B   genetic influences only

     C   environmental and genetic influences

     D   neither environmental nor genetic influences

(ii)   Describe the variation in height of these students, as shown in the graph.

(3)
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
(c)  Taller animals may have an evolutionary advantage.
Explain how evolution by natural selection brings about changes in a species.
(3)
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
Q8.
Inheritance
The peppered moth (Biston betularia) exists in dark and light forms.

(a) (i)   Complete the sentence by putting a cross (img) in the box next to your answer.
Characteristics such as colour are coded for by alleles.
An allele is
(1)
    A  a single chromosome
    B  a single gene
    C  an alternative form of the same chromosome
    D  an alternative form of the same gene

(ii)  The allele for the dark colour is B and is dominant. The allele for the light colour is b and is
recessive.
Complete the table to show all possible genotypes of dark moths.
(2)
possible genotypes of dark moths
 
 
(iii) Complete the Punnett square for a cross between a moth heterozygous for colour and a moth
homozygous recessive for light colour.
(2)
%%%    
     
     
(iv) Give the ratio of light to dark moths in the Punnett square in (a)(iii).
(1)
      ..............................................................................................................................................
*(b) Peppered moths can be eaten by birds.
In areas where there is pollution, trees are covered by dark sooty deposits.

The graphs show the percentages of dark and light coloured moths in the same four
Using the information in the graphs, explain how the peppered moths have been affected by natural
selection.
(6)
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................

The family pedigree shows the inheritance of sickle cell disease through three generations.

  *   Explain why it is important that individuals X, Y and Z have pedigree analysis completed before
they consider having
       children.
        You should use diagrams and mathematical calculations to illustrate your answer.
(6)
 
 
 
 
 
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................
      ..............................................................................................................................................