LESSON 1: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
THAT DEFINED SOCIETY
*Science is as old as the world itself.
1.Brain surgery (6000 yrs, Cappadocia, Turkey)
Trepanation- a small round hole in the head
2. Thousand yr. old agricultural practice
-raising fish in rice paddies by Chinese farmers
-sustainable farming
3. Mummification in the Philippines
*Mummification- preserving deceased human
*Mummies- classified by means of preservation
How can science be defined?
1. Science as an idea. It includes ideas and theories
and all available scientific explanations.
2. Science as an intellectual activity. It
encompasses systematic and practical study.
3. Science as a body of knowledge. It is a subject
or a discipline or a field of study…
4. Science as a personal and social activity.
Science is both knowledge and activities.
Philosophy- development of noble ideas
Religion- to rationalize the origin of life
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
th th th th
-started in 16 to 18 century (15 to 17 ) in Europe
Why? Because of the invention of printing machine
and the blooming intellectual activities
-Emergence or birth of modern science
-period of enlightenment in math, physics, astronomy,
biology and chemistry
-refers to historical changes in thought and belief
Science ideas
SR
Humans Society
RELIGION VS. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
*Scientific individuals suffered condemnation from the
religious institutions.
SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR
REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS
*Creativity, Curiosity, Critical Thinking
*SCIENTISTS: Driven by their passion to know and
discover
*SCIENCE IDEAS, SCIENCE DISCOVERIES,
TECHNOLOGY
I. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
-A renaissance men where his ideas were thought
experiment.
-Had been appointed as a canon at Frombork
Cathedral in Poland
-Strongly influenced by the book Epitome (1496 by
Johannes Mueller.
-Commentariolus (Little Commentary)- summary of
his ideas
-His book: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
(On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in
1543
*Copernican model (Heliocentrism)
-The sun is the center of the universe.
-Two kinds of planetary motion:
1.Orbits of V and Me lay inside E’s orbit
2.Orbits of Ma, S, and J lay outside E’s orbit
-Great problem: position/placement of stars
II. CHARLES DARWIN
-Theory of Evolution by means of natural selection
-Developed his interest in natural history
-Joined a 5-year voyage through HMS Beagle on
the Island of Galapagos
-published his book The Origin of Species
(1589/1859) most important work in scientific literature
-The Descent of Man book: introduced the idea of all
organic life, including human beings
-replaced the dominant views of religion
Johnson (2012)- Darwin is a genius
Gribbins (2003)- Father’s library
III. SIGMUND FREUD
-Famous figure in the field of psychology
-He is not a traditional thinker.
*Method of Psychoanalysis: scientific way to study
the human mind and neurotic illness.
:This method was unorthodox-focuses
human sexuality and evil nature of man.
*Human sexuality- way people experience and
express themselves sexually.
Rosenfels (1980)- towering literary figure
Weiner (2016)- Effective method in neurological
CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
*Development of Science in MESOAMERICA
Mesoamerica- includes entire area of Central America
from Southern Mexico up to S. America
1.Maya Civilization
-lasted for 2000 years
-are known for their works in astronomy
-most scientifically advanced society
*The pyramid of Chichen Itza in Mexico- is situated
at the location of the Sun
-predicting eclipse and using astrological cycles in
planting and harvesting
a. known for weaving cloth
b. devised mica (a rainbow of glittery paints made
from mineral)
c. One of the first people to produce rubber products
(3000 years) in 1844
d. Mayan hieroglyphics
e. mathematics, number system based on numeral
20, concept of zero
2. Inca civilization- made advanced scientific ideas
though an old civilization
a. stone buildings
b. irrigation system
c. calendar with 12 months (for their religious festival
and planting season)
d. first suspension bridge
e. quipu, a system of knotted ropes
f. Inca textiles
3. Aztec civilization- Mesoamerican culture in
Central Mexico (1300-1521)
a. Mandatory education
b. Chocolates- Cacao beans tribute to Gods (In
Mayan, they used it as a currency)
c. Antispasmodic medication- for muscle spasms
d. Chinampa- Land was divided into rectangular areas
and surrounded by canals (floating garden)
e. Aztec calendar- enabled them to plan their
activities, rituals and planting season
f. Canoe- a light narrow boat used for traveling in
water system
*Development of Science in ASIA
Asia- is the biggest continent and the home of
ancient civilizations
-a host to many cultural, economic, scientific and
political activities for all ages
1. INDIA- is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast
bodies of water
a. Known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical
works
*Iron steel: considered as their best and held with
high regard in the Roman empire
b. Medicine
*Ayurveda- system of traditional medicine (2500 BC),
alternative medicine
*Susruta Samhita- surgical and med procedures
c. Astronomy
-They developed theories on the configuration of the
universe, 360 with 12 parts of 30 days each
*Siddhanta Shiromani (12th century)- ancient text
about longitudes, lunar and solar eclipses, risinggs
and settings, moon’s crescent, etc...
d. Mathematics
*Indus Valley Civilization- The people tried to
standardize measurement of length
*Mohenjo-daro ruler
*Aryabhata (476-550)- Aryabhatiya book, introduced
trigonometric functions, tables and algorithms of
algebra
*Brahmagupta (628 AD)- gravity was a force of
attraction, use of zero, negative nos
*Madhava of Sangamagrama- founder of
mathematical analysis
2. CHINA- is one of the ancient civilizations that
influenced Korea, Japan, Phil., Vietnam, Thailand,
Cambodia, Myanmar and other countries belonging in
the Old Silk Road
a. Traditional medicine- acupuncture
b. Technology- compass, papermaking, gunpowder,
printing tools, seismology
-Also invented iron plough, wheel barrow, propeller
c. Astronomy- made significant record on supernovas,
lunar and solar eclipses
d. Science and Math
e. Arts and Philosophy
f. Music
3. MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES- occupied by Muslims
-Islam (7th to 8th centuries)
-Muslim scholarship/ Golden Age of Islam (13th)
*Muslim scientists placed greater value on science
experiments rather that plain-thought experiments
a. Ibn al-Haytham- Father of Optics, especially in his
intromission theory of light
b. Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi- concept of
algorithm where algebra is derived from al-jabr (title)
c. Jabir ibn Hayyan- Father of Chemistry
d. Ibn Sina- pioneered the science of experimental
medicine, first physician
-Books: The Book of Healing and The Canon of
Medicine, used as medicinal texts in Muslim and
Europe (17th century)
-discovery of the contagious nature and introduction
of clinical pharmacology
*Mongols conquered Islam (11th to 13th)
*Development of Science in AFRICA
Africa- is blessed with natural and mineral resources
Ancient Egyptian civilization:
-development of geometry: Nile River, rectilinear
structures
Egypt- (Africa) center of alchemy, medieval
forerunner of chemistry
a. Astronomy- Lunar, solar and stellar
b. Metallurgy- North Africa and Nile Valley imported
iron technology (Bronze to Iron Age)
c. Mathematics
*Lebombo bone- from a baboon fibia which is the
oldest known mathematical artifact (35000 BCE)
*Good in four mathematical operations, algebra,
trigonometry and geometry.