TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
1000 Ayala Boulevard cor. San Marcelino St., Ermita,
Manila

CEShop1 - M 
Engineering Shopwork 1 
ASSIGNMENT NO. 1 
TERMS USED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

SUBMITTED BY: 
Jimenez, Angelo Kim G.
BSCE – 1G M 
TUPM – 20 - 12832 
 
 

SUBMITTED TO: 
ENGR. ARNOLFO G. ARCIBAL 
OCTOBER 04, 2020 
TERMS USED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

For most recent graduates, it quickly becomes evident that what you learn in civil
engineering school is not necessarily enough to become a confident engineer. Some
things can’t be taught in classrooms at all; instead, they're acquired through years of
work on site and solving construction problems first-hand. Among the many things you
learn on site are the terminologies used by construction workers that can sound like
absolute nonsense to engineers at first.
While it is important to have a knowledge on these terminologies, in a Philippine
setting of construction, one should also learn the vernacular term of it.
The following is a list of building construction terms and its corresponding
vernacular term:

Engineer Inhinyero

-An engineer is a person who is trained in or follows

as a profession a branch of engineering. They are
professionals who invent, design, analyze, build and
test machines, complex systems, structures, gadgets
and materials to fulfill functional objectives and
requirements while considering the limitations
imposed by practicality, regulation, safety and cost. In
short, an engineer is a person trained and skilled in
the design, construction, and use of engines or
machines, or in any of various branches
of engineering.

Architect Arkitekto

-An architect is a person who engages in the

profession of architecture. They specialize in building
design and provide advice to the building, and are
responsible for achieving specific plans or goals. The
architects of the constitution of United Stated consider them as the deviser, maker or
creator of anything.

Carpenter Karpintero

-A carpenter is a worker who builds or repairs

wooden structures or their structural parts. They are
skilled in techniques and handicrafts whose main job
is to cut, shape and install building materials during
the construction of buildings, ships, wooden bridges,
concrete templates, etc.

Contractor Kontratista

Independent entity that agrees to furnish certain number

or quantity of goods, material, equipment, personnel,
and/or services that meet or exceed stated requirements
or specifications, at a mutually agreed upon price and
within a specified timeframe to another independent entity
called contractee, principal, or project owner. Also called
construction firm.

Painter Pintor

An artist who paints one who applies paint especially as

an occupation
Mason Kantero

One whose occupation is to build with stone or brick; also,

one who prepares stone for building purposes.

Foreman Kapatas

A worker, especially a man, who supervises and

directs other workers.

Laborer Piyon

A person doing unskilled manual work for wages.

Plumber Tubero

A person who installs and repairs the pipes and fittings

of water supply, sanitation, or heating systems.

Electrician Elektrisyan

An electrician is any skilled tradesperson who designs,

installs, maintains, and repairs the electrical systems
and products used in residential homes, businesses,
and factories. Electricians work inside or outside
buildings to ensure lights, industrial equipment, and
appliances operate safely and reliably.

Tinsmith Latero

A tinsmith, sometimes known as a whitesmith, tinner,

tinker or tinplate worker is a person who makes and
repairs things made of tinware, or other light metals. By
extension it can also refer to the person who deals in
tinware or tinplate.
Carpentry Karpinterya

Carpentry is one of the oldest skilled trades and is still

widely required in modern construction. It involves the
cutting, shaping and installation of wood (timber) for
buildings and other structures. Carpentry is often part of
the ‘first fix' of timber components in the construction of
roofs, floors, walls and other timber-framed constructions.

Carpentry Karpinterya

Carpentry, the art and trade of cutting, working, and

joining timber. The term includes both structural
timberwork in framing and items such as doors,
windows, and staircases.

Masonry Kantaria

Masonry - The art and craft of building and fabricating in

stone, clay, brick, or concrete block. Construction of
poured concrete, reinforced or unreinforced.

Plaster Palitada

A mixture of lime or gypsum, sand, and water, sometimes

with the addition of fibers, that hardens to a smooth solid
and is used for coating walls and ceilings.
Plumbing Tuberia

System of pipes and fixtures installed in a building for the

distribution and use of potable (drinkable) water and the
removal of waterborne wastes.

Tinsmithing
-making or repairing things out of tin, iron or similar alloys.
It is the process of dipping thin iron or iron or steel in hot
molten tin to create a tin coating on the metal.

Foot
-a unit of length based on the length of the human foot and
used exclusively in English-speaking countries, where it
generally consists of 12 inches or one-third  yard. 

Meter
-the fundamental unit of length in the metric system, it is
approximately equal to 100 centimeters or approximately
39.37 inches.
 Inches
-an inch is an imperial unit of length; it is approximately
equal to 2.54 centimeters.

Weight
-A measure of the heaviness of an object; the amount
anything weighs.

Force
Force is a push or pull upon an object resulting
from the object's interaction with another object.
Whenever there is
an interaction between two objects, there is a force
upon each of the objects. When
the interaction ceases, the two objects no longer
experience the force. Forces only exist as a
result of an interaction.

Gable Roof
A gable or gabled roof has two sloping sides that
meet together at a ridge. The two sloping sides that meet
create end walls that have a triangular extension, called
the gable. It can also be referred to as the A-shaped
section of wall that occurs between the two intersecting
sloping sides
 Hip Roof (Quatro Aguas)
also called hipped roof, roof that slopes upward
from all sides of a structure, having no vertical ends.
The hip is the external angle at which adjacent sloping
sides of a roof meet. The degree of such an angle is
referred to as the hip bevel. The triangular sloping
surface formed by hips that meet at a roof’s ridge is
called a hip end.

Lean to Roof (Sibe/Sibi)

The lean to roof is defined as single slope roof with
its upper edge adjoining a wall or a building.

Astragal (Balidura)
An astragal is a moulding profile composed of a
half-round surface surrounded by two flat planes. An
astragal is sometimes referred to as a miniature torus. It
can be an architectural element used at the top or base
of a column, but is also employed as a framing device on
furniture and woodwork

Beam (Biga)
A beam is a structural member used for bearing
loads. It is typically used for resisting vertical loads, shear
forces and bending moments.
 Balusters (Barandillas)
A baluster is a vertical pole or post that, when used in
a series, supports a handrail. Think of a staircase or the
railing surrounding a deck or balcony. Balusters can be
round, square, or flat; they can come in variety of other
shapes as long as they are vertical and attach to a rail.

Baseboard (Rodapies)
In architecture, a baseboard (also called skirting
board, skirting, mopboard, floor molding, or base molding)
is usually wooden or vinyl board covering the lowest part
of an interior wall. Its purpose is to cover the joint
between the wall surface and the floor.

Bath tub (Baniera)

A bathtub or bath is a container for holding water in
which a person or animal may bathe. Most modern
bathtubs are made of thermoformed acrylic, porcelain
enamelled steel, fiberglass-reinforced polyester, or
porcelain enameled cast iron.

Bottom chord
(Tirante)
The bottom chord is the bottom horizontal or inclined
member of a trus s. The bottom chord is also called a
scissors truss. The bottom chord establishes the lower
edge of a truss. The bottom chord, therefore, carries
combined stress of both tension and bending of the truss.
Brick (Ladrillo)
A brick is a type of block used to build walls,
pavements and other elements in masonry
construction. Properly, the term brick denotes a block
composed of dried clay, but is now also used
informally to denote other chemically cured
construction blocks

Canopy (Media Agua)

A projecting hood or cover suspended over an altar,
statue, or niche.
A canopy is an overhead roof structure that has
open sides. Canopies are typically intended to
provide shelter from the rain or sun, but may also be
used for decorative purposes, or to give emphasis to a
route or part of a building.

Cast Iron (Hiero, Pondido (pondidongbakal))

is obtained from pg-iron which is re-melted with
coke and limestone. Pig iron is nothing but impure
iron which is obtained from the iron ore. Cast iron
has lot of engineering properties so, that it can be
used in many ways like for sanitary fittings, rail
chairs, casting molds etc.
 Ceiling (Kisame )
the overhead inside lining of a room.  It is
not generally considered a structural element,
but a finished surface concealing the
underside of the roof structure or the floor of
a story above.

Ceiling Joist (Kostilyahe)

Ceiling Joists are the horizontal members
that provide a structure to fix the ceiling, and
support and fix the diagonal rafters that define
the roof shape and are attached at the top to
a ridge beam. In many modern constructions
the ceiling joists are substituted by the bottom
cord of a factory manufactured truss.

Cement ( Semento )
one of the most important building materials, is a
binding agent that sets and hardens to adhere to building
units such as stones, bricks, tiles, etc. Cement generally
refers to a very fine powdery substance chiefly made up
of limestone (calcium), sand or clay (silicon), bauxite
(aluminum) and iron ore, and may include shells, chalk,
marl, shale, clay, blast furnace slag, slate. The raw
ingredients are processed in cement
manufacturing plants and heated to form a rock-hard
substance, which is then ground into a fine powder to be
sold. Cement mixed with water causes a chemical
reaction and forms a paste that sets and hardens to bind
individual structures of building materials.
Cement tile ( Baldosa )
are hard wearing and durable, making them suitable for
high traffic areas such as walkways. They can also be
used to cover walls, floors, roofs, bathrooms, and other
indoor spaces. Cement tiles are frequently hand-made and
consist of a variety of layers. A color layer consists of a
mixture of marble powder, white cement, minerals, and
pigments. This mixture is poured into a design mold that
forms the shape, size, and features of the tile’s face. A
layer of cement is put on top of the color layer to provide a
bond between the color layer and the main body of the tile.
The final layer consists of cement and sand. The cement
tiles are then hydraulically compressed under high
pressure, increasing the tile’s density.

Column (Kolumna, poste )

- can be defined as a vertical structural member designed
to transmit a compressive load. A Column transmits the
load from ceiling/roof slab and beam, including its own
weight to the foundation. Hence it should be realized that
the failure of a column results in the collapse of the entire
structure. The design of a column should therefore receive
importance.In the modern construction industry, Columns
are mostly constructed by concrete, apart from that
materials such as Wood, Steel, Fibre-reinforced polymer,
Cellular PVC, and Aluminium too are been used. The type
of material is been decided on the scale, coast and
application of the construction.

Concrete ( LargaMasa, Konkreto)

- is a construction material composed of cement, fine
aggregates (sand) and coarse aggregates mixed with
water which hardens with time. Portland cement is the
commonly used type of cement for production of
concrete. Concrete technology deals with study of
properties of concrete and its practical applications. In
a building construction, concrete is used for the construction of foundations, columns, beams,
slabs and other load bearing elements.

Concrete Beam (Biga)

is a load-bearing unit that can be
used to carry both horizontal and
vertical loads. Known as reinforced
concrete beams or reinforced
cement concrete (RCC) beams,
these beams are made by encasing
steel bars, plates, or fibers within the
concrete. Such steel reinforcing
increases the beam strength, and
allows the beam to cope with tensile
stresses and resist
bending.Concrete beams are widely
used in contemporary building construction and in the construction of highway bridges.
It is common to use prestressed concrete beams for bridges.

Corrugated G.I. Sheets

(HieroCanaladoGalbanisado)
Called as Corrugated Galvanized Iron or
steel (CGI) sheets are used for general roofing
purposes.It is a construction material ideal for
roofing needs. It is made with hot-dipped
galvanized metal, cold rolled to produce a
pattern that increases its bending and
malleability strength.Thickness is an important
factor for strength and durability.

Closed Stringer (Escalera)

A staircase string whose upper edge is
straight and parallel to its lower edge, the tread
and riser ends are housed in the face of the
string and are concealed.Also known as a curb
stringer. The stringer, tread, and riser made of solid wood and generally used against a
wall.Escalera literally means stairs.

Crushed Stone (Eskombro)

is a commercial product made by mining
rock and crushing it into angular pieces. It is the
world's most basic mineral commodity. It is
abundant, widely available, and inexpensive. A
material that people are familiar with in almost
all parts of the world. And used as aggregate in
construction material uses for road, highway,
building construction and maintenance.

Ceiling Board (Kostilyahe)

Thin narrow boards used to ceil with.In
addition to statical functions, such as stiffening
of the building or room and taking up of loads,
they should also meet fire-resisting, sound-
insulating and heat-insulating requirements.
They must withstand the air humidity and,
depending on the use of the building, be
protected against penetration of moisture.

Chain Bolt (Bakal de Kadena)

- The bolt at the lower end of the chain
plate, which fastens it to the vessel's side.
- A bolt with a chain attached for drawing it
out of position.
 Earthfill (Eskombro)
- An embankment of compacted earth.
- A composite material used in construction,
comprising a mixture of soil, gravel, broken
rock, etc.

Exterior Siding (Tabika)

- Material used to surface the exterior of a
building to protect against exposure to the
elements, prevent heat loss, and visually
unify the facade. The word siding implies
wood units, or products imitative of wood,
used on houses. There are many different
types of siding, including clapboard,
horizontal lap siding, vertical board siding,
and shingles.

Eave – Alero
-An eave is the edge of a roof that sticks
out or hangs over the building's side.
Sometimes they are over exposed rafters.
Eaves are found on the outside of a
structure, and sometimes they project or
protrude well beyond the edge. The term
eave comes from the Old English word
'efes' that means border. And that's what it
is: a border between the wall and roof.

Fascia board – Senepa

The fascia board is the long, straight board that
runs along the lower edge of the roof. The fascia is
fixed directly to the lower ends of the roof trusses and usually does all the work of supporting
the lower edge of the bottom row of tiles.
Fill – Tambak
A fill refers to a volume of earthen material that is placed and compacted
for the purpose of filling in a hole or depression. Embankments or fills
are constructed of materials that usually consist of soil, but may also
include aggregate, rock, or crushed paving material.
Filler – Tapal o Dagdag
Fillers are materials whose function in concrete is based mainly on size
and shape. They can interact with cement in several ways; to improve
particle packing and give the fresh concrete other properties, and even
to reduce the amount of cement in concrete without loss of strength.

Door Fillet / (Batidora)

A wooden strip, triangular in cross section, which is used to cover the
internal joint between t meeting at an angle of less than 180°. Fillets give
a part better flow and less resistance. Using a fillet also eliminates any sharp
edges that can be easily damaged, or that could cause injury when the part is
handled.
Door / (Pinto)
A movable, usually solid, barrier for opening and closing an entranceway,
cupboard, cabinet, or the like, commonly turning on hinges or sliding in grooves
Door hand / (Sombrero Pintuan)
A door handle or doorknob is a handle used to open or close a door. Door
handles can be found on all types of doors including exterior doors of residential
and commercial buildings, internal doors, cupboard doors and vehicle doors.
There are many designs of door handle, depending on the appropriate use.
Door Jamb / (Hamba Pintuan)
The jamb is a specific part of the frame. It’s there to take the weight of the door, as
well as help keep the rest of the frame square and stable. Your hinges are affixed to
the jamb on one side of the door, while the bolt passes through the jamb on the other
side.
Downspout (Tubo de Banada)
A downspout, waterspout, downpipe, drain spout, roof drainpipe, is a pipe
for carrying rainwater from a rain gutter. Downspouts are usually vertical
and usually extend down to ground level. There is generally a bend of 70
degrees at the bottom. The water is directed away from the building's
foundation, to protect the foundations from water damage
Faucet (Gripo)
A faucet is a fixture for drawing or regulating the flow of liquid especially from a pipe. It is a
device that controls the flow of liquid, especially water, from a pipe.

Flooring (Suelo)
Flooring is material of which a floor is made. Flooring is the general
term for a permanent covering of a floor, or for the work of installing
such a floor covering. Floor covering is a term to generically describe
any finish material applied over a floor structure to provide a walking
surface.

Floor Joist (Soleras)

Floor Joist is used to support a floor that spans over an open area, like
over a basement, crawl space or lower floor level or between shed
floor beams. It is like a mini bridge that is only supported at each end.
It is a horizontal structural member used in framing to span an open
space, often between beams that subsequently transfer loads to
vertical members. When incorporated into a floor framing system,
joists serve to provide stiffness to the subfloor sheathing, allowing it to
function as a horizontal diaphragm.

Floor Sill /Guililan

A large timber laid flat on the ground or in a level, shallow ditch, to
which are fastened the drill-platform boards or planking, or which is
used as the base for a full timber set.

Alternate or Staggered / Uno Sinotra

The staggered truss system is a type of structural steel framing used in
high-rise buildings. The system consists of a series of story-high
trusses spanning the total width between two rows of exterior columns
and arranged in a staggered pattern on adjacent column lines.

Anchor /Liyabe
Construction anchors are used in many different applications. They are typically used to secure
objects to materials that are normally resistant to screws or nails, such as concrete.

Aligned/Kalinya
A ground plan: Blueprints for the building included an
alignment and a profile.

Alignment — Asintada
- To arrange things in proper position or aligned in
parallel or in straight line. This is the coating of the
hollowblocks to build a wall.

Barrel Bolt — Tarankilya

- A rod-shaped bolt for fastening a door or the like,
attached to one side of the door at the edge and
sliding into a socket on the frame of the opening.

Brace — Pie de Gallo

- A bracing system is a secondary but essential part of a bridge structure. A bracing system
serves to stabilize the main girders during construction, to contribute to the distribution of load
effects and to provide restraint to compression flanges or
chords where they would otherwise be free to buckle
laterally.

Collar — Sinturon
- A collar beam or collar is a horizontal member between
two rafters and is very common in domestic roof
construction. Often a collar is structural but they may be used simply to frame a ceiling. A collar
beam is often called a collar tie but this is rarely correct.

Reinforcing Bars — Cabilla

- Rebar (short for reinforcing bar), known when
massed as reinforcing steel or reinforcement steel, is a
steel bar or mesh of steel wires used as a tension
device in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry
structures to strengthen and aid the concrete under
tension.

Rafters — Kilo
-A rafter is one of a series of sloped structural
members such as wooden beams that extend from
the ridge or hip to the wall plate, downslope
perimeter or eave, and that are designed to support
the roof deck and its associated loads. A pair of
rafters is called a couple.

Diagonal Braces
- An inclined structural member in compression
and/or tension; usually employed to stabilize a
frame against horizontal forces, such as wind. It
provides lateral stability, preventing the collapse of
walls, decks, roofs, and many other structural
elements

Closed Stringer
- A staircase string whose upper edge is straight
and parallel to its lower edge; the tread and riser
ends are housed in the face of the string and
are concealed.

Chain Bolt.
- The bolt at the lower end of the chain plate, which fastens it to the vessel's side. A bolt with
a chain attached for drawing it out of position.

Putty — masilya
- A dough like material typically made of
whiting and linseed oil that is used specially to
fasten glass in window frames and to fill
crevices in woodwork, material with high
plasticity, similar in texture to clay or dough,
typically used in domestic construction and
repair as a sealant or filler.

FLUSH — ALAHADO
- a state of alignment, where two things are
even/aligned against each other.

GROOVE — CANAL

A groove is a slot or trench cut into a member

which runs parallel to the grain. A groove is thus
differentiated from a dado, which runs across the
grain. Grooves are used for a range of purposes
in cabinet making and other woodworking fields. Typically, grooves are used to house the
panels in frame and panel construction and the bottoms of drawers. For more structural
construction, grooves are created along the sides and/or ends of panels, such as in tongue and
groove construction. Applications include roofing, siding and flooring.

GROOVED — CANALADA

- A groove may be through, meaning that it

passes all the way through the surface and its
ends are open, or stopped, meaning that one
or both of the ends finish before the groove
meets edge of the surface

LAYING OF CHB — asinta

-Masonry is the term for building structures by laying
individual units (brick, stone, concrete block) and
binding them (by cement mortar and rebar). In the
Philippines, the Concrete Hollow Block is the
common masonry.
Level — lebel
- A level is an optical instrument used to establish or
verify points in the same horizontal plane in a process
known as levelling, and is used in conjunction with a
levelling staff to establish the relative heights levels of
objects or marks. It is widely used in surveying and
construction to measure height differences and to
transfer, measure, and set heights of known objects or
marks.
It is also known as a Surveyors level, Builders level,
Dumpy level or the historic "Y" level. It operates on the
principle of establishing a visual level relationship
between two or more points, for which an inbuilt
telescope and a highly accurate bubble level are used
to achieve the necessary accuracy. Traditionally the
instrument was completely adjusted manually to
ensure a level line of sight, but modern automatic
versions self-compensate for slight errors in the
coarse levelling of the instrument, and are thereby
quicker to use.
Miter — kanto mesa
- A miter joint is formed when two pieces of wood or
other material is cut to an angle of 90° and the line of
junction bisects this angle, forming a corner or kanto.
A miter joint is a union between two pieces, each cut
at an angle, at a corner. Commonly, as for painting
and picture frames, the two ends of the two boards
are cut at a 45-degree angle and placed next to one
another to form a corner of the frame. However, the
angles can and do vary.
Pick work - to pierce, penetrate, or break up with a
pointed instrument

Pattern - A pattern may be defined as a model of

desired casting which when moulded in sand forms
an impression called mould. The mould when filled
with the molten metal forms casting after
solidification of the poured metal. The quality and
accuracy of casting depends upon the pattern
making.

Plaster - a pasty composition (as of lime or gypsum,

water, and sand) that hardens on drying and is used
for coating walls, ceilings, and partitions.

Projection – it is the game of lines used in technical

drawing on either three dimensional or on plane
surface i.e. 2d page.

Plumb bob or plumb line - Employs the law of gravity

to establish what is “plumb” (that is, what is exactly
vertical, or true). You don't have to be a physics whiz to understand that a string suspended with
a weight at the bottom will be both vertical and perpendicular to any level plane through which it
passes.
Quarter Round - A variation is a base shoe, a
quarter of an ellipse. Most quarter round is of
small gauge and relatively flexible. It is typically
used as a decorative build-up element in
mantels and other architectural features, and at
the lower edge of baseboard to hide any gaps
between it and a floor.

Rabbet - A step-shaped recess cut along the

edge or in the face of a piece of wood, typically
forming a match to the edge or tongue of
another piece.

Scratch Coat - The surface is very rough with

horizontal lines running through it which are
made from a scarifier (aka scratcher) tool. The
scratch coat allows the next coat (brown) to be
applied over it and the roughness provides a
great mechanical bond, on top of the chemical
bond that takes place as well.

Stucco - Stucco siding is a siding material

made of Portland cement, sand, lime, and
water. Applied in three coats over a lath base, it provides a solid, durable, and seamless home
exterior.

Shapes - Shapes with rounded edges are

softer and more approachable, while shapes
with sharp lines and edges, depict strength
and presence.

Slope - Constantly provide slope information

on their drawings using gradients, degrees, or
percentages depending on the application.

Spacing – The distance between two objects

in a usually regularly arranged series.

Stake – A strong wooden or metal post

with a point at one end, driven into the
ground to support a tree, form part of a
fence, act as a boundary mark, etc.

Temper - A condition produced in a

metal or alloy by mechanical or thermal
treatment and having characteristics
structure and mechanical properties.
Turnbuckle - A turnbuckle is a common
rigging device that is used to adjust tension
and reduce slack in a rope, cable, or
similar tensioning assembly. Turnbuckles
are a diverse product line that are used in a
variety of applications across many
different industries.

Varnished finish
- Varnish, one of the toughest of the finishes, is
superior to the other traditional finishes. It enhances and
gives warmth to the grain of the wood and is resistant to
impact, heat, abrasion, water, and alcohol. It can be used
as a topcoat over worn finishes. Varnish provides a clear
finish, but it darkens the wood slightly. It is available in
high-gloss, semigloss or satin, and matte or flat surface
finishes. There are many types to choose from, but it's
important to decide on one that will work well with your
furniture wood.

Varnish
-Is a clear transparent hard protective finish or film. It is
applied over wood stains as a final step to achieve a film
for gloss and protection. Varnish finishes are usually
glossy but may be designed to produce satin or semi-
gloss sheens by the addition of "flatting" agents.

Foundation Footing
- Footings are an important part of foundation construction. They are typically made of concrete
with rebar reinforcement that has been poured into an excavated trench. The purpose of
footings is to support the foundation and prevent settling.

Girt or Girder
- girder is a beam of steel, wood, or reinforced concrete, used as a
main horizontal support in a building or structure while girt is a
horizontal structural member of post and beam architecture,
typically attached to bridge two or more vertical members such as
corner posts.

Gravel
along with sand, is used for the manufacture of concrete,
as well as for mixing with asphalt as part of road
construction. It can be used as the base layer for roads
before being covered with tarmac, and is also commonly
used to surface roadways, especially those in rural areas
and in icy conditions.

Gutter
A rain gutter's main purpose is to funnel water off the
roof and away from the home. Too much water falling
too close to your home can erode the soil around it, compromise the home's foundation and
wreak havoc if you have a basement.

Hinges
are simple mechanical bearing devices which are used to
connect two parts and allow them to rotate relative to each
other about a fixed axis. Depending on the type employed, the
components can move (most commonly) within a limited arc or
with 360° freedom.

Studs
are boards that function as framing elements in your home,
supporting the walls. They're spaced either 16 or 24 inches on-
center (measured from center to center) along the wall and run
between the floor and ceiling. Drywall or lath (for plaster walls) is
attached to the edge of the studs.

Hand Rail
A handrail is a rail that is designed to be grasped by the
hand so as to provide stability or support.[1] Handrails are
commonly used while ascending or descending stairways
and escalators in order to prevent injurious falls. Handrails
are typically supported by posts or mounted directly
to walls.
Hard Hat
A hard hat is a type of helmet predominantly used in workplace environments such as industrial
or construction sites to protect the head from injury due to falling objects, impact with other
objects, debris, rain, and electric shock. Suspension bands inside the helmet spread the
helmet's weight and the force of any impact over the top of the head.

Jamb
A jamb (from French jambe, "leg"),[1] in architecture,
is the side-post or lining of a doorway or other
aperture. The jambs of a window outside the frame
are called “reveals.” Small shafts to doors and
windows with caps and bases are known as “jamb-
shafts”; when in the inside arris of the jamb of a
window they are sometimes called "scoinsons."

King Post
-A king post (or king-post or kingpost) is a central vertical
post used in architectural or bridge designs, working in
tension to support a beam below from a truss apex above
(whereas a crown post, though visually similar, supports
items above from the beam below).

Landing
-An area of a floor near the top or bottom step of a stair.
An intermediate landing is a small platform that is built as
part of the stair between main floor levels and is typically used
to allow stairs to change directions, or to allow the user a rest.
Lavatory
- A room fitted with equipment for washing the hands and
face. With flush toilet facilities.

Machine bolt
- A threaded fastener, used with a nut for connecting metal
parts, having a thread diameter of about 1/4 inch (6.4
millimeters) or more and a square or hexagonal head for
tightening by a wrench.

Mixture of Sand and Gravel (Lastilyas) – is one of the most

common inorganic materials used in the construction
industry. The composition of the material and the size of the
fractions of its elements determine to which species the
extracted mixture belongs, what its main functions are, where
it is more suitable for use. Sand-gravel mixture is used in
construction for filling in the lower layers of various bases, for
example, asphalt or other pavement, and for the manufacture
of various mortars, for example, concrete with the addition of
water.

Mortar Joints (Kostura) – form the space between the brick

blocks which are filled with mortar or a grout mixture. The
type of mortar joint chosen in the masonry construction will
govern the overall aesthetics of the surface, if there is no
plan to plaster. Different mortar joint patterns not only provide different look but also ensure
watertight properties and maintain the structural integrity of free-standing walls.

Moulding (Moldura) - also known as coving, is a strip of

material with various profiles used to cover transitions
between surfaces or for decoration. It is traditionally made
from solid milled wood or plaster, but may be of plastic or
reformed wood. 

Newel Post (Tukod) -  serves as a support pole that helps

bear the weight of the rest of the stairway. Newels are always
found at the foot of a flight of stairs and you will also find
newels at the top of the stairway in order to maintain
symmetry. Further, newels are placed at junctures where the
stairway changes directions. 

Nicolito Ear (Estanyo) - Used for plating steel cans used as

food containers, in metals used for bearings, and in solder.

Nails (Pako) -in construction and carpentry, a slender metal

shaft that is pointed at one end and flattened at the other
end and is used for fastening one or more objects to each
other.
Nut (Tuerka) - A nut is a fastener that consists of a block with a threaded hole in the centre. The
hole contains 'female' threads that typically correspond to the 'male' threads of a bolt or
screw. Nuts are used with their 'mating' bolt or screw to fasten materials together.

Oakum (Estopa) -  Loose hemp or jute fiber that's impregnated

with tar or pitch and used to caulk large seams or for packing
plumbing pipe joints.

Open Stringer (Hardinera) - An Open Stringer or Open Rise

Staircase also called "Sawtooth" is cut open on the rise of the
tread are exposed which need additional treatment for a better
look it is constructed with treads supported by structural
stringers and the absence of vertical rises. The result is a stair
that allows for minimal visual obstruction and the maximum
presence of light. Unlike close riser stairs, the gap between
each step is in an open riser staircase is open rather than
enclosed allowing you to see underneath or in between the
steps.

Overhang or Projection (Brolada) - a projected part of roof

structure on the vertical wall component of a building. It
protects the building from high angle direct solar radiation and
rain. The overhang blocks off the direct solar radiation and
allows for the ambient daylight inside the built from, from the
reflected components of daylight.

Panel (Bandeha) - A thin flat pieace of wood, plywood, or

similar material, framed by stiles and rails as in door (or
cabinet door), or fitted into groves of thicker material with
molded edges for decorative wall treatment. It's a structural
system that consists of planar wall and slab elements, which
form an enclosed space. The panels can be made of steel, timber construction materials,
concrete or masonry.

Panelled Door (De Bandeha) – a panel door comprised of a

rectangular wood frame defining a generally rectangular central
opening which may be subdivided by one or two spaced apart
transverse frame members to define two or three smaller
central openings. Panel door are popular due to both design
and the fact that their construction makes the door more rigid. It
is typically chosen for heritage or listed building where doors
need to complement the existing building or meet certain
planning guidelines.

Pendulum (Pendulion) - a weight hung from a fixed point so that

it can swing freely backward and forward, especially a rod with
a weight at the end that regulates the mechanism of a clock.

Pan Gravel (Grabita) - to wash (gravel) in a pan to separate

particles of (valuable minerals) from it.

Lead (Tingga) - Lead is an element that is naturally occurring

throughout the environment. It is a soft, malleable, heavy
metal, with a density that exceeds that of most common
materials. It has a number of properties that have made it a
useful construction material for hundreds of years: High
density.
Plank Board
A thick board used for flooring, building, etc.

Plug
an obstruction blocking a hole, pipe, etc.

Post
 a piece (as of timber or metal) fixed firmly in an upright position
especially as a stay or support 

Purlins
a horizontal beam along the length of a roof, resting on a main rafter and supporting the
common rafters or boards.

Ridge roll
A wood strip, rounded on top, which is used to finish the
ridge of roof, often covered with lead sheathing; a metal or tile
covering which caps the ridge of a roof

Riser
Riser is a universal term to identify any open conduit,
shaft, tunnel, pipe, vent, etc. that rises up in the ground, within the
building, rises up in a complicated mechanical assembly, etc.

Rivets
A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener used to join two plates
together. Because they’re permanent in nature, their joints are
similar to those of adhesive or welded joints

Plain GI sheet
Galvanized iron (GI) sheets are steel sheets which are basically
coated with zinc and include a range of hot dip galvanized and
electro-galvanized steel sheets. Zinc weathers at a very slow
rate, so the coating generally has a long life.

Nailer
Tool for inserting nails.
Sketch plan
sketch plan is an illustrative plan or model that
shows the maximum densities for residential
and non-residential development, including
building massing and height, locations of public
use and other spaces, and the relationship to
existing and proposed buildings and properties.

Wire
a metal formed into long narrow thread used in constructions

Wrought Iron Strap

A form of flat iron in which the thickness is small compared
with the width, being small enough to make the ductile stock
bend easily around corners when use as tie or strap for
securing packages, such as bundles and shingles, hay-bales
and the like
Wood Plank
A long, flat piece of timber, thicker than a board.

Window Sill
A ledge or sill forming the bottom part of a window.

Screw
A short, slender, sharp-pointed metal pin with a raised
helical thread running around it and a slotted head, used to
join things together by being rotated so that it pierces wood
or other material and is held tightly in place.

Septic Tank
- a tank, typically underground in which solid matter is
continuously flowing and distintegrated or allow to
decompose through bacterial activity.
Sheet - is metal formed by an industrial process into thin, flat pieces. It is one of the
fundamental forms used in metalworking, automobile and truck (lorry) bodies, airplanes
fuselages and wings, medical tables, roof for buildings and many other application.

Shower - the apparatus or device that have swivelling

nozzle aiming down the user and spray typically hot or
cold water.

Stringer - The inclined structural framing member

supporting the treads and rise of the stairs.

Solder Bar/Estanyo - made solely from high purity

metal, produces a low proportion of dross and its
suitable for dip and wave soldering.

Split Knob/Poleya - a knob-shaped insulator split

into two parts with either or both of the opposing
surfaces notched for wires serves as an insulator

Top Chord/Kilo/Tabilan - an inclined or horizontal

member that establishes the upper edge of a truss
Transom/Espeho - horizontal beam that separates the door
from the fanlight or window above it.

Tread (Baytang per Dano) - term tread is used to

describe the horizontal portion of a stair assembly.
The vertical surface is known as the riser and the
horizontal surface, the tread. In most situations,
the tread for any legal stair must be a minimum of
10 inches deep.

Truss (Kilo) - is essentially a triangulated

system of straight interconnected structural
elements. The most common use of trusses is
in buildings, where support to roofs, the floors
and internal loading such as services and
suspended ceilings, are readily provided.

Washer (Pitsa Tapa) - washers are small round

tools that are intended to be used in conjunction
with bolts or screws. Made from plastic or metal,
washers are flat and have a hole in the middle that
is designed to accommodate the shaft of a screw
or bolt.

Water Closet (Inidoro) - another name for toilet.

Has a separate receptacle connected to a
drainage system and separate provision for
flushing from a supply of clean water.
Bathroom - is a room for personal hygiene activities,
generally containing a toilet, a sink (basin) and either
a bathtub, a shower, or both. In some countries, the
toilet is usually included in the bathroom, whereas
other cultures consider this insanitary or impractical,
and give that fixture a room of its own.

Window Grille- are decorative pattern on a window

or door consisting of horizontal and/or vertical bars
that divide the larger sheet of glass into smaller
panes. Grille types include simulated divided lites
(SDL), true divided lites (TDL), grilles in the airspace
(GIA), and wood removable grilles.

Window Handle - is a unique identifier that holds the

address of all the windows. This is basically a pointer
to a window, which returns the string value. ... It is
guaranteed that each browser will have a unique
window handle.