Temas Curso Cambridge

VOCABULARY: Focus
Major vs. minor
A major is the subject that you specialise in studying and what you dedicate the most of your
time and effort to learning. The minor is a secondary subject that you do not study in such in-
depth detail, but is still significant enough to deserve recognition. Often the major is what you
want to make a career of, and the minor is something that personally interests you or
complements your primary course of study.
Examples:
When I go to university I want to major in philosophy, with a minor in sociology.
College vs. university
A university is a higher educational institute of learning where research is carried out and
which awards students with degrees. These may include undergraduate qualifications
(diplomas, associate degrees) as well as graduate degrees (bachelor, master degrees and
doctorates). The word college by comparison has a wide range of meanings which change
depending in which part of the English-speaking world it is used. Generally speaking it is
synonymous with the word school, and can mean any sort of educational institute such as a
high school or a technical trade school. In the UK it tends to refer to a higher educational
institute which has a narrow subject focus and heavy specialization on that subject. It is usually
smaller than a university with less funding because it is not involved in research, and often
works in partnership with a nearby university to provide qualifications to its students.
Universities may be made up of several different colleges, such as the College of Fine Arts or
the College of Humanities. In the USA, college is used synonymously with university in
everyday speech. Specifically, a college is an institution that only awards bachelor’s degrees
while a university awards bachelor’s degrees as well as post-graduate degrees.
Example:
Before I went to Harvard University for my doctorate I got my bachelor’s in science at

Boston College.
Scholarship vs. bursary
A scholarship is a sum of money paid by an organization, school, trust or individual to help pay
for a student’s education as a reward for the student’s past academic excellence or merit. A
bursary is the same except it is given to students that need financial help rather than those
who have shown academic skill.
Example:
My friend Jamie is applying for several bursaries because his parents earn a low enough
combined salary that he is eligible for financial assistance.
Our basketball team was one of the top high school teams in Canada, and as team captain, my
university studies next year will be paid one hundred percent by my sports scholarship.
Continuing Education
Also called adult education, or evening classes. Continuing Education courses are taken by
adult students, usually part time or during the evening.
Example:
You have to admire him, 58 years old and he’s just started another physics-based continuing
education course three days a week.
Enrollment
The act of entering someone as a member or participant of something.
Example:
It took me almost an hour to fill out all the enrollment papers for my new French cooking
evening class.
Assessment
The evaluation and judgment of something, or the act of doing this.
Example:
I was terrified that my essay would not receive good marks in the end of term assessment.
Qualification
The special knowledge or skill that enables someone to do, have or be part of something.
Example:
They didn’t care that I had sixteen years experience teaching in classrooms, they wouldn’t give
me the job without a certified teaching qualification.
Grade point average
A calculated number that shows the student’s average course score.
Example:
My 96.5 grade point average in my last year at high school helped me win the Sagong
Scholarship.
Curriculum
The range of courses that are offered by an educational institute.
Example:
Wildstone College has a very narrow curriculum; they only offer classes on advanced
astronomy and astrophysics.
Elective
Optional class that is not required for your course of study.
Example:
One of the highlights of my week is going to my music elective class jam session on
Wednesday.
Prerequisite
Something that is necessary to have or do before you can have or do something else.
Example:
I really wanted the job, but they required a PhD in anthropology as one of
the prerequisites and I only have my master’s.
Financial aid
An amount of money such as a grant, scholarship or loan given to help support a person, cause
or organisation.
Example:
I am getting financial aid from the government because I have no current job and I’m having
problems finding a new one.
Question 1
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Fill in the blank with the correct vocabulary word or phrase:
1. Amelia works as a restaurant manager while she studies for her bachelor’s degree, because
financial aid
in the absence of Answer
she has to fund her studies or else she would get seriously into debt.
grade point average

2. With a Answer
as low as mine, there’s no way I’ll be receiving any scholarships to help me pay for my studies.

minor
3. I think I actually enjoy my Answer
more than my major, it’s so fascinating and it never feels like work when I’m studying.
university
4. This summer they are postponing going back to Answer
to get their master’s degrees, and instead taking a gap year to travel around the world.
bursary
5. I’m waiting for this semester’s Answer
cheque which I receive by virtue of having both parents working on minimum wage.
elective
6. I like to pick a different Answer
every term, to change things around and keep myself interested in what I am learning.
college
7. I can’t wait to get out of high school and into community Answer
where I can study car mechanics and finally get started on realising my dream of working on
Formula One racing engines.

scholarship
8. My best friend won a huge medical Answer
because her grades were the highest out of all of our college.
prerequisites
9. One of the Answer
at my old college was a strict dress code. We all wore white shirts and a tie.
10. One of the reasons I chose this university is because they offered such a wide and
curriculum
diverse Answer
11. Rather than paying an arm and a leg by going to university, he decided to enroll in
continuing education
a Answer
class to do carpentry while working part-time as a waiter.
major
12. Jane wants to change her Answer
from engineering to psychology but she can’t because she has already committed herself to
becoming an engineer.

qualification
13. The most useful Answer
that I think I gained after secondary school was not actually my degree, but a hospitality
certificate which helped me succeed in getting at least five of my last job positions.
enrollment
14. The Answer
process when starting university can take months.
15. We love going to lectures and discussing topics in class, but whenever there is an
assessment
upcoming Answer
we find it difficult to finish writing the essays and we tend to procrastinate a lot by playing
videogames all night.
VOCABULARY: Idioms
“A” for effort
Said when someone might not have succeeded in a task, but showed they tried hard.
Examples:
His teacher said he would receive an A for effort, but he needed to show more tangible results
in the future to make sure he gets a good mark.
Pass with flying colors
To succeed at something easily.
Example:
She was nervous about the driver’s test, but her mom told her that she would pass with flying
colors.
Bookworm
Someone who likes books and is known for studying a lot.

Example:
She’s such a bookworm; every time she comes out of the library she’s carrying at least twenty
huge technical textbooks.
Teacher’s pet
A student who is especially liked or favoured by the teacher and receives preferential
treatment.
Example:
Marie is the teacher’s pet in every class; she answers every question and is always so polite
and well-behaved that they all think she is amazing.
Teach someone a lesson
To hurt or punish someone.
Example:
If you don’t stop saying those things about my sister, I’ll teach you a lesson, mate.
Learn by heart
To memorise something perfectly.
Example:
Jim says he knows the first digits of pi up until its hundredth number, but I don’t think it’s
possible to learn so many numbers by heart.
Old-school
Having or following old-fashioned styles or values.
Example:
I adore old-school blues; live music played on the streets with acoustic slide guitars and a
mouth organ or two is heaven to me.
Flunk out
To be dismissed or expelled from a school.
Example:
Did you hear? Kelly flunked out of school last week, her parents are talking about transferring
her to another state!
Copycat
An imitator, someone who cheats or does the same thing as another.
Example:
Dave, you copycat, get your own ideas and stop stealing mine!
Question 1
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Fill in the blank with the correct idiom:
learn
1. Last week Jackson bet me ten dollars that he could Answer
by heart
the monologue from David Attenborough’s The Blue Planet series Answer
in one day.
pass w ith flying colors

2. He thought he was going to Answer
but the exam was much harder than he imagined.
A for effort
3. He gave a sarcastic ‘Answer
!’ In truth he was devastated his team didn’t win.

old-school
4. The professor took more of an Answer
approach when it came to discipline. Anyone arriving late was given the cane.
5. I can’t handle the stress of the pop-tests they give us all the time, they are too difficult for
flunk out
me and I’m worried that I’m going to Answer
6. Her constant three hour study preparations in the library earned her the title of
bookw orm
school Answer
teacher´s pet
7. I don’t like being called a Answer
just because I sometimes get enthusiastic and verbose in class.
copycat
8. That Answer
Mark had all the same answers and mistakes as me for our last examination, I bet he was
looking at my sheet!

learn
9. Stella thinks she can Answer
by heart
all the lyrics to every one of Bob Dylan’s songs Answer
teach us a lesson
10. Our biology lecturer likes to jokingly warn us that he’ll Answer
if we don’t stay quiet while he’s talking.
GRAMMAR: Passive voice with reporting verbs
We normally use the passive voice to focus on action. Who, when or what performed the
action is either unknown or unimportant. When we use the passive voice in reported speech, it
allows us to make generalisations about things that have been said in a formal capacity,
without using extra words like everybody, they, we all, or people.
For example:
Active: Everyone says that you are the most beautiful woman on earth.
Passive: It is said that you are the most beautiful woman on earth.
Passive: You are said to be the most beautiful woman on earth.
As you can see, there are two ways of expressing this generalisation with reporting verbs:
it + to be + passive reporting verb + that-clause
Example: It is known that he loves you.
Meaning: People know that he loves you.
Register: Very formal
subject + to be + passive reporting verb + to-infinitive
Example: He is known to love you.
Meaning: People know that he loves you.
Register: Formal
These are highly formal structures that appear more commonly in writing than in spoken
English. However, they often appear in situations when we do not know, when it is
unnecessary to say or when it is obvious who, when, or what we are talking about.
As a general rule, verbs such as like, tell, advise, and invite can be followed by the
word someone (or he, she, the professor etc.) without sounding overly formal. Other verbs
such as like, know, notice and believe can be followed by the words something or to + verb +
something without sounding overly formal.
One exception to this rule is the phrasal verb supposed to, (meaning should or expected to)
which loses its formality. Be careful though, because used in its purer form, the verb to
suppose is a reporting verb in the passive that retains its formality.
For example:
Passive, very formal: It is supposed that we will all wait for the guests to arrive.
Active, informal: Everyone assumes that we will wait for the guests to arrive.
Passive, informal: We are supposed to wait for the guests to arrive.
Active, informal: Everyone expects us to wait for the guests to arrive.
Here is a list of reporting verbs commonly used in the passive:
Formal Formal Less Formal
• To know
• To declare • To advise
• To see
• To expect • To command
• To
• To prove • To inform
understand
• To think • To remind
• To feel
• To believe • To invite
• To report
• To discover • To persuade
• To find
Note that the verbs in the last column are used less formally in the passive. All of the verbs in
the last column EXCEPT inform, advise and command need a specific subject and cannot be
used with the (it + to be + passive reporting verb + that) structure, only with the (subject + to
be + passive reporting verb + to-infinitive) structure.
Question 1
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A. Choose the most appropriate reporting verb and tense to have the sentence be in a passive
voice:
They are believed to be

1. Answer
allergic to chili powder.
Everyone w as invited to
2. Answer
eat an appetizer of sliced chorizo.
It w as expected that
3. Answer
we would all go on the company retreat to Cancun.
It w as found that everyone w as

4. Answer
guilty of slandering the high Prince.
It is assumed that
5. Answer
students do not have meticulous standards of hygiene.
He w as felt
6. Answer
to be a burden to the history club due to his enigmatic habit of correcting everybody even if
he was wrong.
I w as reported to
7. Answer
have once run the New York Marathon so fast that I set a new World Record, but that is just a
myth.
are seen to be
8. Universities Answer
essential steps in the careers of young people which hold significant implications for their
social status.
It w as discovered that
9. Answer
kryptonite does not, in fact, exist.
w ere persuaded
10. That month, the medical students Answer
to give up energy drinks at great cost to the board of trustees who were on a campaign
against artificial chemical consumption.
It w as proven
11. Answer
that most people would not survive in the event of a future zombie apocalypse.
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B. Are the following sentences correct examples of reporting verbs in the passive voice?
1. The survivors were commanded all fall on their own swords if we were forced to surrender.
no
Answer
2. The survivors were commanded to all fall on their own swords if they were forced to
surrender.
yes
Answer
3. It is commanded to all fall upon our own swords if we are forced to surrender.
no
Answer
4. It is advised that we all fall upon our own swords if we are forced to surrender.
yes
Answer
5. The students were reminded to hand their essays in before the due date or face the
lecturer’s wrath.
yes
Answer
6. It was reminded that the essays were handed in before the due date or we would face the
lecturer’s wrath.
no
Answer
7. I was supposed to go to jail for forging my Ph.D. in Mathematics, but they let it slide.
yes
Answer
8. It is supposed to be difficult to pass your post graduate studies while living on scholarships.
yes
Answer
9. It is supposed that student life is easy and carefree by those who do not study.
yes
Answer
VOCABULARY: Focus
Irony
When something is humorous or strange because it happens in the exact opposite way to that
which you would expect.
Examples:
The irony was that when he tried to hit her he missed and bashed his own head with the frying
pan.
Plot
The series of events that makes up the narrative of a story, film, novel etc.
Example:
The problem with popular fiction these days is that in most of these novels, the plot is
completely predictable and banal.
Imagery
The visually descriptive language that causes people to imagine pictures in their heads, often
used when referring to literary works.
Example:
One of the characteristics of Yeats’s poetry is its gorgeous, descriptive imagery. You can
practically smell and taste the worlds he writes about.
Protagonist
The principle or main character in a work of fiction.
Example:
In Collin’s new novel, the protagonist dies at the end.

Posit
To put something forward; to argue something.
Example:
I would posit that George R. R. Martin’s fantasy series A Song of Ice and Fire is actually better
than its television counterpart, Game of Thrones.
Prolific
Characterized by a large amount of something.
Example:
James Patterson has a prolific body of work within the crime genre, most notably his series
involving Alex Cross.
Tragicomedy
A work that incorporates tragic and comic elements, usually with a central romance story.
Example:
Although it could certainly be debated, The Merchant of Venice was perhaps Shakespeare’s
most notable tragicomedy.
Teeter
To sway back and forth.
Example:
The voters began to teeter between which candidate they wanted to support.
Sonnet
A fourteen line poem with a specific rhyme scheme.
Example:
A Shakespearean sonnet follows a rhyme scheme known as iambic pentameter.
Climax
The most important, high energy, dramatic or interesting point in a story, usually near the end.
Example:
I was just getting into the climax of the latest edition of my new sci-fi comic when the alarm
went off and I had to leave.
Novel
A long, complex fictional story that deals with human experience using imaginary characters
and events.
Example:
Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes is regarded by many critics as the greatest novel of all
time.
Genre
A category or type of art or literature.
Example:
My favourite style of writing would have to be 'steampunk', a kind of science fiction sub-genre.
Question 1
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Fill in the blank with the correct vocabulary word:
plot
1. He was struggling with where to go next in the Answer
of his new novel.
climax
2. When I got to the end of the book’s Answer
they killed off almost all the major characters and embarrassingly enough, I couldn’t help but
shed a tear.
posit
3. I’d like to Answer
Jane Eyre as a masterpiece.
teeter
4. The release date had to Answer
between separate weekends until they received a word on the building permit.
tragicomedy
5. Although this Answer
has lighthearted moments, it ends with blood much like many others.
protagonist
6. In the end the Answer
out-smarts the evil villain and rescues the princesses.
imagery
7. The sheer intensity of her Answer
almost makes me feel like I’m watching it in my head rather than just reading a book.
8. Three decades worth of consistent published material signed his legacy as Answer
prolific
at the very least.
sonnet
9. Writing poems is one thing. Writing a Answer
is something else entirely.
genre
10. Almost all the books I read are in the crime Answer
11. You know what happened to Dave last week? He works as a parking enforcement officer
irony
but his license got suspended because he hadn’t paid his parking tickets! What Answer
huh?
GRAMMAR: Advanced reporting verbs
One of the most common ways to use reported speech is with the verbs say and tell:
• Direct speech: "Move away and stop bothering us Jamie!"

• Reported speech: They told me to move away and stop bothering them.
• Direct speech: "Jack, don’t listen to her, just come to the concert!"
• Reported speech: He said that I should just come to the concert and not listen to my
girlfriend.
These sentences are perfectly correct, but it is often better to use more specific and descriptive
verbs instead of just say and tell. There are many different verbs for reporting speech, and
they each use a variety of different grammatical structures.
For example, in the sentence above, Jamie is being ordered to move away.
• Reported speech: They ordered me to move away and stop bothering them.
Jack’s friend is insisting that Jack come to a concert.
• Reported speech: He insisted that I not listen to my girlfriend and just come to the concert.
As you can see, sometimes the structure of the sentence has to change, depending on which
reporting verb is used. Below is a table of some of the most common ones and how to
structure them. Several of these verbs have more than one possible way to be structured.
Formula Reporting Verbs Example
 I admitted that she was right.
admit, agree,  You explained that we only

Verb + (that) decide, deny, committed the robbery because
explain, insist, we were tricked!
Note: the that is promise, order,  He insisted that I try the new
optional recommend, recipe.
suggest, threaten
 They denied they were
kidnappers for years.
 We threatened to steal it.
 You promised to take care of

Verb with past agree, decide, offer, her.
participle + promise, refuse,  He offered to prepare the dinner
infinitive threaten for me.
 I refused to sacrifice my integrity

for monetary gain.
 She denied ever knowing me.
 You recommended trying to

deny, recommend, open ourselves to the beauty of
Verb + gerund
suggest the universe.
 I suggested making chocolate

croissants for breakfast.
Verb with past advise, encourage,  My friend advised me not to

go into the woods alone.
 The spider invited the fly to

participle + object invite, order,
come inside.
+ infinitive remind, warn
 I warned you not to fight them
on your own.
 I apologised for breaking the

Verb + preposition door in.
apologise, insist
+ gerund  We insisted on coming, despite
the inherent danger.
 He accused us of stealing the

crown jewels.
Verb + object +
accuse, blame,  She congratulated him for
preposition +
congratulate winning the writing competition.
gerund
 I blamed you for using up all my
olive oil supplies.
Question 1
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Choose the correct way to turn the following sentences from direct speech into reported
speech, using the reporting verb correctly:
1. “Leave me alone or I’ll break something!” cried Sara in anger.
A. Sara warned that I leave her alone or she’d break something
B. Sara warned me leaving her alone or she’d break something
C. Sara warned me to leave her alone or she’d break something

D. Sara warned me to leaving her alone or she’d break something
The correct answer is: C. Sara warned me to leave her alone or she’d break something
2. “That’s a brilliant idea, I’d love to join your Arabic-flamenco rock band!” said Jason.
A. Jason agreed us to join our rock band
B. Jason agreed to join our rock band
C. Jason agreed of joining our rock band
D. Jason agreed himself for joining our rock band
The correct answer is: B. Jason agreed to join our rock band
3. “Give me your money or I’ll break your legs” growled the thug.
A. The thug threatened that he’d break my legs if I didn’t give him my money
B. The thug threatened me to give him my money or he would break my legs
C. The thug threatened to give him my money or he’d break my legs
D. The thug threatened me giving him my money or he would break my legs
The correct answer is: A. The thug threatened that he’d break my legs if I didn’t give him my
money
4. “I am going to run for prime minister this year” said the small child happily.
A. The child decided running for prime minister
B. The child decided to run him for prime minister
C. The child decided that to run for prime minister

D. The child decided to run for prime minister
The correct answer is: D. The child decided to run for prime minister
5. “You can trust me” said George.
A. George promised that I can trust him
B. George promised me I could trust him
C. George promised me to trust him
D. George promised to me that I could trusting him
The correct answer is: B. George promised me I could trust him
6. “No, I really want to find the snakes!” said the guide earnestly.
A. The guide insisted on finding the snakes
B. The guide insisted we to find the snakes
C. The guide insisted us on finding the snakes
D. The guide insisted on us to find the snakes
The correct answer is: A. The guide insisted on finding the snakes
7. “Do you want a hand?” said Sinatra.
A. Sinatra offered giving me a hand
B. Sinatra offered that she gave me a hand
C. Sinatra offered me to give a hand

D. Sinatra offered to give me a hand
The correct answer is: D. Sinatra offered to give me a hand
8. “It was you who did this!” exclaimed Donavan.
A. Donavan accused me of doing it
B. Donavan accused that I did it
C. Donavan accused that I having done it
D. Donavan accused me that I did it
The correct answer is: A. Donavan accused me of doing it
9. “I’m so incredibly sorry about running over your cat, love” said my mother.
A. My mother apologized to run over my cat
B. My mother apologized me that she had ran over my cat
C. My mother apologised to me for running over my cat
D. My mother apologized to me running over my cat
The correct answer is: C. My mother apologised to me for running over my cat
10. “Sorry guys, I don’t really want to go hang out under the bridge” said Michael.
A. Michael refused that to go hang out under the bridge
B. Michael refused to go hang out under the bridge
C. Michael refused going hang out under the bridge

D. Michael refused us for going to hang out under the bridge
The correct answer is: B. Michael refused to go hang out under the bridge
VOCABULARY: Latin and French idioms used in English
Carte Blanche
Complete control or complete power.
Examples:
Giving someone a carte blanche in politics could lead to a dictatorship.
Crème de la Crème
The best of the best.
Example:
Ernest Hemingway is among the crème de la crème concerning wartime narratives.
Déjà vu
The phenomenon of seemingly experiencing something again.
Example:
His blind date went very strangely, after an hour of strong feelings of déjà vu they realised
that they had attended high school together.
De facto
To exist as an unofficial fact or standard.
Example:
It may come as a surprise, but English is actually the de facto language of the United States. It
has no legal bearing.
Alter ego
A different version of yourself.
Example:
In The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson the plot centres on the
conflicting inner battle for control between Dr Jekyll and his alter ego, Edward Hyde.
Status quo
The way things are in this moment, the existing condition or state of affairs as they currently
exist without modification.
Example:
They said I was a trouble-maker, always questioning the laws and trying to upset the status
quo.
Ad naseum
To talk about something repetitively until it is unpleasant.
Example:
She was going on ad naseum about this book she was reading to the point where I thought I
didn’t even need to read it to know the whole story.
Quid pro quo
Compensation, receiving something in return for something else.
Example:
I’m standing to lose my house and all my personal property to my ex-wife without any quid pro
quo.
Persona non grata
Description of a person that is somehow unacceptable or unwelcome.
Example:
You have made yourself a persona non grata by associating yourself so publically with Hitler.
Question 1
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Fill in the blank with the correct idiom. Refer to the “Welcome Section” of the course to
remember how to input accent marks:
crème de la crème
1. To be the Answer
of hollywood actors is a distinguished honour available to the likes of Daniel-Day Lewis and
Christian Bale.
quid pro qu
2. C’mon man, Answer
. I helped you with painting your fence, now you have to do me a favour.
de facto
3. The Answer
understanding puts John as the boss. However, there are no legal binding documents that
make it official.
persona non grata

4. The disgraced ambassador was declared Answer
and exiled permanently from the country.
déjà vu
5. Each morning was like Answer
as he awoke in a cold sweat from the same nightmare.
6. All the chocolate in the flat is gone again. Janie keeps using the excuse of having a ravenous
alter ego
chocoholic Answer
that comes out when she is sleeping for the reason why it keeps disappearing.
carte blanche
7. It was a small business, so his Answer
with operations was more out of necessity than choice.
status quo
8. The aim of Anarchists and radical political idealists is to challenge the Answer
ad naseum
9. Listening to my roommates argue Answer
is really getting old.
VOCABULARY: Focus
Metropolis
A very important or very large city.
Examples:
Hi, I’m from London, one of the greatest metropolises on earth.
Cosmopolitan
Someone who has travelled to and has knowledge of many different parts of the world.
Example:
Johnny thinks he’s such a cosmopolitan since he’s come back from Nepal.
High-rise
A very tall modern building.
Example:
Everyone around here lives in high-rise apartments.
Chain store
One of several retail shops that are owned by the same company and sell the same goods with
the same brand marks.
Example:
I don’t like chain stores much because they have no personal character.
Traffic jam
An obstruction of vehicles in a city where there is almost no movement.

Example:
The traffic jam was caused by a car accident further up on the freeway.
Pollution
Harmful substances put by humans into the environment.
Example:
The more cars on the road, the more pollution there will be.
Alley
A narrow street usually off the path of the main street.
Example:
Some alleys in big cities are the most dangerous places to be.
Rush hour
The time of the day when traffic is busiest.
Example:
I try and avoid rush hour when I’m coming home from work.
Skyscraper
A very tall modern building.
Example:
Big cities are always full of skyscrapers.
Suburb
A town or area on the outskirts of the main city center.
Example:
Living in the suburbs is so peaceful compared to the city center.
Urban
Of or relating to a city.
Example:
As the sun comes up over the glittering skyscrapers and their mirrored windows, this turns into
a beautiful urban landscape.
Commuter
Someone who regularly travels to and from a place to their home, usually for work related
reasons from a suburb to the city center.
Example:
When you catch the underground subway train early in the morning, the carriages are full of
dead-eyed commuters on their way to work.
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Fill in the blank with the correct vocabulary word or phrase:
rush hour
1. To make sure I don’t get caught in traffic at Answer
, I don’t drive to work during the week, I use the bus.
2. I thrive on living in Paris. I love the buzz that comes off being surrounded by so many people
metropolis
when I’m in a Answer
cosmopolitans
3. Big cities are full of travelling Answer
sipping coffee in cafes.
high-rise
4. She likes taking her guitar up to the roof of our Answer
apartment and playing in the open air.
5. Some good advice when travelling to an unfamiliar city is to avoid places like dark Answer
alleys
and stick to the main roads.
urban
6. Parkour is a kind of Answer
sport.
Skyscraper
7. A Answer
is a building that doesn’t actually touch the sky, but sometimes they do scrape the clouds.
8. With all of the new green technologies, it will be interesting to see if we end up lowering the
pollution
amount of Answer
that we produce.
traffic jam
9. It really gets on my nerves when I am driving and I hit a Answer
.
suburbs
10. When you have kids and a family, living in the Answer
makes more sense.
commuter
11. I’m going to move closer to my place of work so I don’t have to be a Answer
. GRAMMAR: Review of modals and semi-modals
Modals and Semi-modals
'Modals' are verbs that combine with other verbs to talk about permission, obligation, ability,
and possibility. They are not conjugated in the same manner as normal verbs, the interrogative
and negative form do not take the auxiliary verb do and they have no -s, -ing, -en or infinitive
forms.
For example, the way to express the ability to swim in the present tense would be I can
swim/I am able to swim, the past form would be I could swim/I was able to swim, and I will be
able to swim is the future form. The modals in English
are: can/could, may/might, shall/should, will/would, and must.
The sentence order is generally:
Subject + modal auxiliary verb + other auxiliary verb(s) + main verb + object
For example:
I should eat the apple (present)
I shouldn’t eat the apple (negative)
I should eat the apple next year (future)

I should have eaten the apple (present perfect)
Should I eat the apple? (question)
Semi-modals such as be able to have the same effect, but they often follow the conventional
rules of conjugation and are formed using auxiliary verbs and the preposition to. Semi-modal
auxiliary verbs include dare, need, used to, have to and ought to.
For example:
How dare you yell at my son!
He didn’t dare tell her the truth.
You needn’t worry about my wife’s strange behavior.
Need I remind you of the crocodiles?
She used to eat waffles and bacon for breakfast.
Did they use to skate in the park a lot?
You have to open the bank safe in under 24 seconds.
Does she have to accompany me to the shark aquarium?
I think you really ought to get that bite checked out by a doctor.
I know I ought to study more, I just don’t want to.
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Choose the correct use of the modals and semi-modals in the sentences below:
never used to dine

1. They Answer
on caviar on Sundays.
does not have to hold

2. According to his job contract he Answer
the tiger by its paws.
Doesn’t she have to run

3. Answer
for her life if the rope breaks?
might die
4. He Answer
if the water keeps rising.
Dare you
5. Answer
contest me?
Could you
6. Answer
pass me the boiled peas?
he ought to give
7. Even though Answer
me the diamonds, I’ll drop the subject.
Will you tell

8. Answer
me where the treasure is hidden?
I w ouldn’t chance
9. Answer
it, it’s too risky.

You need not
10. Answer
answer.
she w ill be able to hit

11. Soon, Answer
the target every time, but not quite yet.
May she have

12. Answer
a glass of water?
it can’t be Dave
13. That man? No, Answer
, he is bald!
Would you help

14. Answer
me out for 5 minutes?
VOCABULARY: Expressions
I’m off the hook
If we no longer are responsible for something or obliged to do something.

Examples:
I don’t need to go; I’m off the hook because John is picking her up at the airport!
If I’m not mistaken
To qualify a statement we have said, and to mean ‘I think I’m right’.
Example:
No, the football game is being played here this week if I’m not mistaken.
That’s not always the case
To qualify something in a disagreement.
Example:
Republicans take Colorado during the general elections? That’s not always the case.
My two cents
In my opinion, my input to the discussion.
Example:
Personally I don’t think we should attend the party, that's my two cents.
What if?
To introduce a hypothetical situation.
Example:
What if I had studied harder? I presume I would have done better on the exam.
What are the chances?
To express that something is unexpected.
Example:
It’s raining today? What are the chances? It hasn’t rained in forever.
I couldn’t agree with you more
Emphatically states how much we agree with someone.
Example:
You don’t like politicians? I couldn’t agree with you more. I hate them too.

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Choose which expression best suits the context of the sentence:
my tw o cents
1. It was an incredibly disgusting experience. That’s Answer
What if
2. Answer
I was taller? Maybe I would be a better basketball player.
What are the chances?

3. Our team won?! Answer
The other team was much better.
I couldn’t agree w ith you more

4. She is rude! Yeah, Answer
5. They cancelled it, so now I don’t have to give the introductory speech. Answer
I’m off the hook!
that’s not alw ays the case

6. I know I was late, but believe me, Answer
if I’m not mistaken

7. Actually, Answer
, someone already said that.
VOCABULARY: Myth and fact
The following words became part of our conventional vocabulary due to their presence in
ancient mythology:
Colossal
Very big in size.
Examples:
The Atlantic Ocean is a colossal body of water.
Academy
An institution for learning.
Example:
I attended a very prestigious art academy to learn everything I could about painting.
Atlas
Book of maps.
Example:
I referred to my atlas when I was drawing a map of Europe.
Labyrinth
A maze.
Example:
The city centre was like a labyrinth of streets going in all directions. It was very confusing.
Mentor
A wise and trusted advisor, often someone who has reached certain goals which their pupil
aspires to attain.
Example:
In order to become successful in my career I found myself a mentor who helped to guide me
and gave me recommendations when I needed them.
Nemesis
An enemy or strong competitor.
Example:
Our basketball game on Thursday is against our biggest nemesis, the tornado crashers.
Muse
An artist’s inspiration for creating a work of art.
Example:
It was always said that Yoko Ono was John Lennon’s muse. She helped inspire many famous
Beatles’ songs.
Zephyr
A light breeze.
Example:
Walking out into the sunset and feeling a gentle zephyr is a great feeling.
Thespian
An actor or an actress.
Example:
Growing up, she always wanted to be a thespian, acting in plays and films.
Odyssey
An epic adventure or a series of adventures.
Example:
The road trip we took for seven days seemed like more of an odyssey than a vacation.
Iris
The coloured portion of the eye which contracts and dilates.
Example:
Her irises are a beautiful shade of green.
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atlas
1. My Answer
is divided into chapters of each continent, then each chapter has sections for all the countries
in each continent.
2. We took a trip around Europe last month. Thirty-two days, twelve countries, seventeen
odyssey
cities. What an Answer
3. When people say “brown eyed girl,” or “blue eyed boy,” they aren’t talking about the whole
iris
eye, they are talking about the colour of the Answer
labyrinth
4. We visited an old park which had a Answer
made of high hedges which we got lost in for an hour. I was so lost that someone had to come
in and rescue me.
thespian
5. When they asked him what he was studying to be, he said he was a Answer
. They were confused, but it’s just a fancy word for an actor.
muse
6. I decided to go to Paris because I needed to find myself a Answer
to be able to finish my book of poetry.
zephyr
7. I felt a nice Answer
as I walked through the park and saw the leaves swaying on the tress.
mentor
8. My mum became a Answer
for a young woman trying to get a job in the company where she worked.
colossal
9. During the most important the exam of the year, he made a Answer
mistake. Because of that, he will not graduate.

nemesis
10. Angela is my Answer
in class. She is always trying to seem smarter than me.
academy
11. Silvia attended a hairdressing Answer
to learn how to cut hair professionally.
VOCABULARY: Greek-derived idioms
The following English expressions are derived from Greek mythology:
Achilles’ heel
The weakness of someone or something.
Examples:
Although the team’s attack was very strong, the manager knew their defense was the
team’s Achilles’ heel.
It’s all Greek to me
It's incomprehensible; used when you don’t understand something that is written or said.
Example:
The programming language used to create software programs is all Greek to me.
The writing on the wall
The chances that something bad will happen.
Example:
It is important that the boss see the writing on the wall. If we don’t change our sales strategy
soon we will go bankrupt.
A trojan horse
A deception someone uses to trick an enemy which outwardly appears good but has a hidden
malevolent purpose; also used in computer malware.
Example:
The hacker sent me a Trojan horse which seemed like an innocent file, but it destroyed my
computer.
Rome wasn't built in a day
That sometimes it can take a while to do something properly.
Example:
Although I am getting tired of reviewing the book I wrote I know Rome wasn’t built in a day. I
must take the time that is necessary to do it right.
All roads lead to Rome
There are many strategies that can be used to arrive to the same goal.
Example:
Jim, it doesn’t really matter which strategy you use to study for the Algebra exam as long as we
can memorize the formulas, all roads lead to Rome.
When in Rome do as the Romans do
Adopting the customs of a certain culture (usually while on holiday).
Example:
I wasn’t going to have a gelato, but since I would only be visiting Italy for a short while, I
thought, “when in Rome do as the Romans do”
Playing Cupid
Matching two people together romantically.
Example:
She had to thank her best friend for playing Cupid and setting her up with the love of her life.
Clash of the titans
Usually used ironically or in sports, a game between two good teams.
Example:
This weekend the football match is between the top two teams in the league. A real clash of
the titans!
Pandora’s box
Opening or discovering something with unforeseen problems.
Example:
He didn’t realize that meeting her parents would be like opening Pandora’s box. It turned out
that there were a lot of serious dysfunctions in her family.
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clash of the titans

1. The first and second placed teams are playing in a Answer
football match next Saturday.
the w riting on the w all

2. I hope my mum can see Answer
, my brother is miserable and needs help.
3. I never really take a nap during the day, but when I went to Spain on holiday, I
w hen in Rome do as the Romans do
thought, Answer
, and took short naps almost daily.
trojan horse
4. A competitor sent over one of their employees to spy on us, as a Answer
, but we knew it was a trap, so we didn’t tell him anything.
5. He was a great student, but numbers weren’t his favorite thing. That’s probably why
Achilles’ heel
mathematics was his Answer
all Greek to me
6. When the teacher talks about finance formulas its Answer
, I don’t understand anything.
playing cupid
7. My friend is really good at Answer
. She is always matching people together who make great couples.
8. I know it takes a long time to make a good webpage, but take your time, Answer
Rome w asn't built in a day
Pandora’s box
9. Finding out about the politician’s past was like opening a Answer
. A lot of dirty secrets came out in the weeks that followed.

10. We could try what James suggested or what my mum said in order to get enough
all roads lead to Rome
information for our report, either way Answer
GRAMMAR: Dependent Prepositions
Some verbs, adjectives or nouns are followed by a specific preposition (before the object) in
order to give the sentence a specific meaning. Using a different preposition can change the
meaning, or turn it into a grammatical error, sounding especially strange to a native speaker.
Some of the more important prepositions to keep in mind are for, from, in, of, on, to,
with, and at.
Examples:
I have a question for the teacher.
The dependent preposition in this sentence is for. If we change this preposition in the
sentence or eliminate it all together the meaning of the sentence changes dramatically.
Examples:
I have a question about the teacher. (this means the speaker has a question in regards to the
teacher)
I have a question teacher (this means the speaker has a person who teaches him about
questions)
Let’s look at another example with a verb and dependent preposition:
Compare:
Correct: Incorrect:
I applied for a new job. I applied a new job
I applied to become a blood I applied become a blood

donor donor
Unfortunately, there are no set rules for dependent prepositions; they must simply be learnt
individually. Here are some of the most common combinations:
Verb + dependent prepositions
• accuse s/o of
• apologise for
• ask for
• boast about
• comment on
• consent to
• face up to
• interfere with/in
• long for
• prepare for
• punish s/o for
• sentence s/o to
• talk to s/o about s/th
• warn s/o about
• add to
• apply for
• attend to
• borrow s/th from s/o
• compare with
• consist of
• forgive s/o for
• joke about
• mistake s/o for
• present s/o with
• refer to
• smile at
• thank s/o for
• worry about
• agree with
• approve of
• believe in
• call for
• complain about
• deal with
• hear of/about
• laugh at
• object to
• prevent s/o from
• rely on
• succeed in
• think of / about
• aim at/for
• argue with/about
• belong to
• care for
• concentrate on
• decide on
• hope for
• lend s/th to s/o
• pay for
• protest about
• run for
• suffer from
• volunteer to
• allow for
• arrest s/o for
• blame s/o for

• choose between
• congratulate on
• excuse s/o for
• insist on
• listen to
• praise s/o for
• provide s/o with
• save s/o from
• stand for
• wait for
Adjectives + dependent prepositions
• according to
• ashamed of
• delighted at/about
• envious of
• frightened of
• interested in
• opposed to
• safe from
• similar to
• typical of
• accustomed to
• astonished at
• different from
• excited about
• friendly with
• jealous of
• pleased with
• satisfied with
• sorry for/about
• unaware of
• afraid of
• attached to
• dissatisfied with
• famous for
• good at
• keen on
• popular with
• sensitive to(wards)
• suspicious of
• used to
• annoyed with/about/at
• aware of
• doubtful about
• fed up with
• guilty of
• kind to
• proud of
• serious about
• sympathetic to(wards)
• anxious about
• crazy about
• enthusiastic about
• fond of
• incapable of
• mad at/about
• puzzled by/about
• sick of
• tired of
Noun - preposition collocations
• (take) advantage of
• attitude towards
• connection between
• disadvantage of
• information about
• (take no) notice of
• in practice
• reduction in
• room for
• on suspicion of
• use of
• under age
• on average
• cruelty towards
• in doubt
• (have no) intention of
• under (no) obligation
• preference for
• report on
• on second thoughts
• under suspicion
• on the whole
• in agreement
• on behalf of
• decrease in
• under guarantee
• knowledge of
• in order
• protection from
• result of
• solution to
• in theory
• difference between/of
• all in all
• comparison between
• delay in
• in (no/a) hurry
• (keep) in mind
• (take)pleasure in
• reaction to
• rise in
• at stake
• in trouble
• under (no) circumstances
• attack on
• on condition
• difficulty in/with
• increase in
• need for
• in power
• reason for
• at risk
• on strike
• trouble with
Question 1
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A. Choose the correct preposition for each one of these verbs:
in
1. They believe Answer
each other.
w ith
2. He seems to always agree Answer
his mother.
for
3. They told us to wait Answer
them by the bus stop.
for
4. I asked Answer
a hamburger and fries.

to
5. I asked Answer
change rooms because the holiday makers next door snored so loudly.
to
6. Kristin listens Answer
Billy Joel on the way to work every day.
from
7. I borrowed this coat Answer
my sister.
for
8. Thank your dad Answer
lending me his tools.
about
9. Now go to your room and think Answer
what you have done.
about
10. My dad always jokes Answer
my brother’s silly t-shirts.
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B. Choose the correct preposition for each one of these nouns:
for
1. My pregnant friend is having a lot of cravings Answer
pickles and ice cream.
of
2. The purpose Answer
arriving so early is to get a good seat.
of
3. My teacher’s assistant was given the task Answer
ensuring each student was present.

of
4. Beware of the dangers Answer
travelling abroad alone.
of
5. There is a great lack Answer
resources required to finish the project.
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C. Choose the correct preposition for these adjectives:
w ith
1. My mum is always friendly Answer
the neighbours.
to
2. My best friend is extremely grateful Answer
the man who saved her from drowning.
to
3. On my Facebook, I am connected Answer
over fifty of my old friends from high school.
of
4. My boyfriend is constantly jealous Answer
the time I spend with my friend Matt.
of
5. Are you aware Answer
the consequences of smoking?
of
6. Are you really scared Answer
the dark?
to
7. Jean is very committed Answer
the volunteer work he does at weekends.

about
8. We have almost finished high school and I am getting very worried Answer
my future.
w ith
9. Please be patient Answer
me.
w ith
10. My dad was very upset Answer
me when I arrived home late.
Question 1 - For questions 1‐10, read the sentences and choose the correct option (a, b, c or
d).
1. I’m so happy! I passed all my exams with flying ________.
A. grades
B. effort
C. colors
D. results
The correct answer is: C. colors
2. Peter is the teacher's ____. He always gets special treatment.

A. worm
B. copycat
C. fan
D. pet
The correct answer is: D. pet
3. The _____ was just so predictable that I already knew how the movie was going to end.
A. plot
B. tram
C. shore
D. thread
The correct answer is: A. plot
4. They _______ me to sit down and be quiet.
A. ordered
B. insisted
C. suggested
D. threatened
The correct answer is: A. ordered
5. Can you believe it? She accused me _________ her jacket!

A. to steal
B. that I stole
C. of stealing
D. steal
The correct answer is: C. of stealing
6. I don’t think that shirt suits you at all, but again that’s just my _________.
A. two cents
B. flip side
C. case
D. Pandora’s box
The correct answer is: A. two cents
7. It doesn’t matter how we do it. In this case all roads lead to _____.
A. results
B. Rome
C. the goal
D. Greece
The correct answer is: B. Rome
8. I didn’t understand anything in that class. It was all _______ to me.

A. Roman
B. Greek
C. Trojan
D. Romanian
The correct answer is: B. Greek
9. Charlton Heston announced yesterday that he is suffering _____ Alzheimer's disease.
A. of
B. from
C. the
D. ∅
The correct answer is: B. from
10. I don’t want to go to school anymore. The other kids are always laughing ________ me.
A. of
B. with
C. at
D. for
The correct answer is: B. with
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Question 2 - Passive voice with reporting verbs. Rewrite the following sentences using
passive voice. Sometimes there might be more than one possible answer.
1. Everybody knows that you are in charge.
It is know n that you are in charge

Answer
2. We understand that we have to be on time tomorrow.
It is understood that w e have to be on time tomorrow

Answer
3. My family expects me to go to University.
It is expected that I go to University

Answer
4. Biologists believe that thousands of birds died.

It is believed that thousands of birds died
Answer
5. They think that Cloe is living in Berlin.
It is thought that Cloe is living in Berlin

Answer
Comments
Comment:
Points added manually for acceptable versions in the answers.
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Question 3 - Complete the following sentences with the correct modal verb (a, b, c or d).
needn’t
1. There are lots of strawberries in the fridge. You Answer
buy any.
mustn’t
2. It's a hospital. You Answer
smoke.
must
3. He has been working for more than 14 hours. He Answer
may
be tired after such hard work. He Answer
prefer to get some rest.
could
4. I Answer
can
speak Arabic fluently when I was a child. Now, I Answer
just say a few things in the language.
Can
5. Answer
can’t
you stand on your head for more than a minute? No, I Answer
.
VOCABULARY: Myth and fact
A shot in the dark
A guess at something without much certainty
Examples:
The detective admitted that his theory was a shot in the dark and was very pleased to discover
how close to the truth it really was.
On the back burner
Something (usually an idea for a project) that will not receive immediate attention.
Example:
The planning committee agreed to put the proposal on the back burner and focus their
attention on more immediate concerns.
Against the grain
To do something in a different way to how it is normally done, usually in the complete

opposite manner to what they are used to
Example:
It goes against the grain for Jake to admit that he is wrong.
Live up to
To be as good as, or to go beyond a positive reputation.
Example:
The honeymoon couple hoped that the holiday resort would live up to their expectations.
Get to the bottom of
To find out the truth about something.
Example:
They couldn’t understand why they lost the contract but the directors are determined to get to
the bottom of it.
Be bad news
Something or someone who has a bad reputation.
Example:
I do wish you hadn’t invited that trouble-maker Carl to the party. He’s bad news.
News to me
I did not know that. Said when someone hears something surprising or implausible for the first
time.
Example:
My best friends just told me that my brother was getting married! I said that that was news to
me, he hadn’t mentioned a thing!
No news is good news
Something you say when you haven’t heard from someone or about something for a long
period of time.
Example:
I’m still waiting to receive the results of the medical examination I had last month, but I
guess no news is good news.
Bad news travels fast
A saying which means that people will focus on something negative more quickly than positive
news.
Example:
My father always told me that bad news travels fast. I found out how right he was when the
story of my car accident made the evening news.
Bottom line
The most important fact in a situation.
Example:
The football manager was furious. He told his team; the bottom line was that nothing less
than a home win or he would replace them all for the rest of the season.
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new s to me
1. It was Answer
to read about the discovery of hundreds of new planets outside of our solar system.
2. We were told that if there was a problem with the test results we would be informed
no new s is good new s
immediately. It's been two weeks since the test so we believe Answer
3. The project director announced that he would place the plans for corporate re-
on the back burner
branding Answer
until the economic situation had improved.
bad new s travels fast

4. I know that Answer
but I didn’t expect the video footage of the accident to be up on YouTube already!
bottom line
5. It was a harsh decision to make but the Answer
was either to accept a cut in salaries, or face closure of the business.
bad new s
6. No Timmy, we can’t keep it. That stray dog is Answer
, it’s fur is mangy and it’s covered in fleas.
7. I refuse to do what my boss is asking me to do to win this client, it goes Answer

against the grain
for me.
8. In the meeting, the new CEO said “As a matter of urgency, we need to Answer
get to the bottom of
our failures and rebuild our corporate strategy”.
9. The decision to take a short cut through the village to avoid the traffic was Answer
a shot in the dark
which eventually paid off in the end.
live up to
10. You have a lot to Answer
if you want to follow in your well-respected father ‘s footsteps.
GRAMMAR: Would and used to
Use used to + infinitive when referring to things that have happened in the past that no longer
happen now, for example:
Past habits
Examples:
He used to write the sports column everyday but now it’s a weekly feature.
As a War Correspondent she was fearless. She used to stare danger in the face every day.
Past actions
Examples:
Newspapers used to fly off the printing press.
The newspaper boy used to shout out the headlines for people passing by.
Past States
Examples:
There used to be a newspaper stand on every street corner in this neighbourhood.
I used to live and breathe the lifestyle of a photo journalist.
Use would + infinitive like used to, to talk about past habits or repeated actions (but not
states) which happened in the past. Note: If an event has only happened on one occasion
you cannot use ‘used to’ or ‘would’. Instead, use the past simple tense.
Would
Examples:
She would read her horoscope every day.
I remember, as children, we would go to the cinema at least once a month.
Would not
The negative form ‘would not’ is often used to talk about refusals or events that should have
but didn’t happen in the past.
Examples:
He wanted the planning committee to approve the purchase but they would not agree.
So sorry that I’m late, but my car wouldn't start.
Other uses of ‘would’
We can use ‘would’ in a way that suggests the past tense of ‘will’ or ‘going to’ (a future
intention or prediction that happened in the past).
Examples:
From a very early age, we knew that she would become a fashion designer.
I thought it would snow so I brought my big boots.
Using ‘would’ as the past tense of ‘will’ or ‘going to’ is often found in reported speech.
Examples:
"I’m going to study the article." (direct speech)
= She said that she would study the article (reported speech)
"I will increase worker salaries." (direct speech)
= The director said that he would increase worker salaries (reported speech)
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Fill in the blanks space with either: used to, would or would not: (do not use contracted forms)
w ould not
1. I had a problem updating the database because my computer Answer
reboot this morning.
w ould
2. He said he Answer
consider the proposal and let me know of his decision.
used to
3. They Answer
pretend to be super heroes as children.
used to
4. A walk in the park Answer
be part of their daily routine but not anymore.

w ould not
5. The journalist was asked to reveal his sources but he Answer
say.
used to
6. As a young man he Answer
play football in the park.
w ould
7. My grandfather Answer
often play his harmonica as after dinner entertainment for the family.
used to
8. When we lived in our old house we Answer
have a dog.
w ould
9. People Answer
get angry when the government announced a tax increase.
used to
10. They converted the building into an art gallery. It Answer
be a hotel.
VOCABULARY: Media
Featured story
The main, most important story in a magazine or published news media.
Examples:
Let’s use the article about the ‘Moose on the Loose’ as our featured story.
Summary
A synopsis or round-up short version of a story detailing only its main points.
Example:
By the time we arrived home the T.V. news show had finished so we listened to a summary of
the day’s news on the radio instead.
Slander
A false claim or false statement made against someone or something.
Example:
She was appalled by the lies written in the news article and contacted her lawyer to discuss
charges for slander.
Eyewitness
A person who has seen an event and can report and testify a direct account of the occurrence.
Example:
It was a tragic accident and the police are looking for eyewitnesses to find out what really
happened.
Correspondent
The job description of a person employed to report for a newspaper.
Example:
Her career as a reporter continued to improve and within three years she was a
Senior Correspondent for the BBC.
Source
The origin of a new story. Usually, a person who tells a story to a reporter.
Example:
The editor trusted the integrity of his source and agreed to publish the leaked details of the
political scandal.
Reporter
A kind of journalist who writes about recent events as news stories. Someone who presents a
news programme.
Example:
The CD signing event it became a media circus! It was crowded with reporters from all over
the world.
Publisher
A person or company involved in publishing media.
Example:
The publisher enjoyed the novel so much he offered the author a substantial publishing deal.
Paraphrase
To express a phrase or sentence using different words to the original but preserving the
meaning.
Example:
The question was easy to understand because it was a simple paraphrasing of the original
sentence.
Editor
A person who edits and reviews media content and influences its eventual publication.
Example:
The editor asked for a more aggressive reporting style for the featured news items before they
went to print.
Byline
Additional information about the reporter’s name, date of the reported news, and the
newspaper it was written for.
Example:
Jonathon Partridge, 22nd May 2014 Senior Political Correspondent for the Daily Citizen.
Headline
The title of a piece of news.
Examples:
Aliens Alive and Well on the Moon!
Naked Man Arrested for Dangerous Driving
Question 1
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Mark 10.00 out of 10.00
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Question text
Complete the sentences with the right word from the vocabulary list.
correspondent
1. A Answer
is someone who reports the news, even from dangerous areas like war-zones.
reporter
2. The new anchor used to be a Answer
at the news chain’s rival.
source
3. A journalist must never reveal his or her Answer
if they wish to remain anonymous.
headline
4. The macabre Answer
gave the reader a sense of the accident’s tragedy before ever reading the article.
5. If you find an article that you like and you want to know who wrote it, just check the Answer
byline
.
featured story
6. Newspapers always have a Answer
that they think will attract the lion’s share of readers.
Slander
7. Answer
is legally forbidden in many countries to protect people from hurtful press.
eyew itness
8. Any crime must have an Answer
or it is hard to know where to begin the investigation.
paraphrase
9. Reporters often Answer
events in order to give only the most important details.
Publishers
10. Answer
rarely give out book deals unless an author is well known or has an impressive portfolio.
UNIDAD 6
VOCABULARY: Exercising
Relaxation
A time of resting and tranquillity.
Examples:
My mum takes 10 minutes each day to do some relaxation exercises.
To hydrate
To add water, or in sport, to drink water or a sports drink.
Example:
When working out it is important to stay hydrated.
Heart rate
The speed at which the heart beats.
Example:
Exercise with fast movement is a good way to raise your heart rate.
Blood pressure
The pressure at which the blood moves through the veins and arteries of the body.
Example:
The best way to lower a high blood pressure is to eat less salt.
Cholesterol
A substance found in the body, when present in high quantities it can be very dangerous for
heart disease.
Example:
Eggs are very high in cholesterol, especially the yolk in the middle.
Obese
Extremely overweight.
Example:
My little cousin is very obese; he is 10 years old and weighs 150lbs.
Nutrition
What you eat and how it influences your health.
Example:
When trying to be healthy, nutrition is an essential aspect to consider.
Endurance
The ability to do something physically difficult for a long duration of time.

Example:
Great endurance is necessary to be able to run a marathon.
Aerobics
Exercise done in a group with a teacher and music.
Example:
I love to go to aerobics classes, especially cardio boxing.
Cool down
The period after exercising to relax and stretch the muscles.
Example:
After an upbeat aerobics class there is always a five minute cool down at the end.
In shape
To be physically fit.
Example:
My New Year’s resolution for 2014 is to get in shape.
Marathon
A race of 26.2 miles or 42 kilometers.
Example:
The New York City Marathon is among the most famous in the world.
Work out
To do physical exercise or training.
Example:
To de-stress, I work out 4 days per week, usually by going to the gym.
Burn off
Use up energy.
Example:
Tonight I’m going to burn off some tension at spinning class.
Question 1
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obese
1. When I was a teenager I was Answer
but I lost over 100 lbs. and now I make sure to live a healthy lifestyle of exercising and eating
right.
cool dow n
2. After a hard run the best way to Answer
is to walk slowly for 5 minutes.
cholesterol
3. For seniors it is especially important to keep track of your Answer
blood pressure
levels and avoid high Answer
in order to stay healthy and live a long life.
w ork out
4. A good Answer
for me usually includes football with my friends or a run with my dog on the beach.
hydrated
5. Ensuring to stay Answer
is very important when you’re doing a lot of physical activity in extreme heat.
Endurance
6. Answer
is the key to becoming an efficient fitness instructor. Especially as some teachers must do
several classes one after another.
burn off
7. When I need to Answer
calories quickly I stop eating carbohydrates and go to my boxing gym every day.
heart rate
8. Indoor cycling (often called spinning) is a good way to raise your Answer
nutrition
9. Nutritionist are professionals who educate people about Answer
.
aerobics
10. My Answer
teacher is really great, she makes sure to keep the classes fun and varied and always has great
music to keep us going.
marathon
11. The Boston Answer
attracts runners from all over the world.
12. Exercising five days a week and eating a balanced diet is how Mark will get Answer
in shape
in time for summer.
relaxation
13. Our yoga class always finished with 10 minutes of Answer
with gentle music and candles.
VOCABULARY: Idioms
A couch potato
Someone who is very lazy.

Examples:
My older brother is a total couch potato, he just watches TV all day.
Weak at the knees (Bri) / Weak in the knees (Am)
When a strong emotion overwhelms you, often love or fear.
Example:
Holding my newborn daughter for the first time made me weak at the knees.
Recharge your batteries
To rest in order to get your energy back.
Example:
After months of working a lot of overtime it’s time for a vacation to recharge my batteries.
Kick the habit
To quit an addiction.
Example:
I quit smoking almost 1 year ago; I think I can say I’ve fully kicked the habit.
Score points
To do something (often for someone) that they approve of.
Example:
I scored big points with my mum when I brought her flowers as a surprise present.
Drop the ball
To make a mistake.
Example:
I totally dropped the ball today when I forgot to pick up the cake at the store for the third time
running.
Jump the gun
To do something too early.
Example:
It seems like he jumped the gun by telling people he got the job. They ended up giving it to
someone else.
Out of bounds
Something that is impolite or outside the conventional borders of social etiquette.
Example:
His comment about the scar on her face was totally out of bounds.
Pump iron
To lift heavy weights.
Example:
When you enter the gym you can always tell who is ready to pump iron.
Question 1
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Question text
out of bounds
1. It was Answer
for the political candidate to bring up his opponents family issues.
recharge my batteries
2. I really need a time out to Answer
and so I am going to a retreat on the coast.
score point
3. It was nice to finally Answer
with my boss after I had been late a few days earlier.

w eak at the knees

4. Hearing about the death of my youngest brother made me Answer
pumping iron
5. Sometimes I wonder if the big guys at the gym are only Answer
, or doing steroids, or both.
couch potato
6. My boyfriend would be a total Answer
if I didn’t force him to get outside and do some physical activity. He loves to just lie on the
couch and watch movies.
drop the ball

7. I promised my sister I wouldn't Answer
and forget to drive her to school the next day.
jumped the gun

8. I completely Answer
and told my girlfriend about the surprise holiday before I should have. Now she’s really
excited and I haven’t even booked it yet.

kick the habit

9. No, thanks I don’t want any coffee, I am trying to Answer
GRAMMAR: Review of 'suppose' and 'supposed to'
Although suppose and supposed to seem very similar, they mean very different things. It is

important to understand how they are both used correctly.
Uses of 'suppose'
A) The most common way we use suppose by itself to mean imagine or believe.
Examples:
• I suppose you feel bad about not getting a good mark on the exam.
• I imagine you feel bad about not getting a good mark on the exam.
B) Suppose can also be used to mean “what if”.
Examples:
• Suppose we take the train to Berlin tonight?
• What if we take the train to Berlin tonight?
C) Although we often talk about actions in a continuous form, we cannot use suppose in this
tense.
Examples:
•I am supposing you are leaving soon.
• I suppose you are leaving soon.
D) Suppose is also used in negative sentence structures when hoping or assuming that the
response will be positive but assuming that it will be negative.
Examples:
• I don’t suppose you could let me speak to the doctor right away? (the speaker assumes that
the answer will be no but really hopes it will be yes)
• I don’t suppose you could tell me where Farrell Street is, could you?
Uses of 'supposed to'
A) Supposed to when followed by an infinitive verb means ‘should’. When we use this
sentence structure we are saying that something is a law, a rule or an obligation.
Examples:
• I’m supposed to go to church every Sunday.
• Billy is supposed to return his library books by next Tuesday.
This form can also be used in the past tense. It signifies that something was planned to happen
but actually didn’t.
• I was supposed to go to the gym tonight but I got an unexpected call which changed my
plan.
• Wasn’t Oliver supposed to call you today? I wonder why he hasn’t called yet.
B) Supposed to + be is used to signify something that is generally thought to be true.
Examples:
• This movie is supposed to be really good. They spoke about it a lot during the award shows.
• This is supposed to be the most beautiful coastal road in the world.
C) A negative construction of supposed to means something is either prohibited or will not be
allowed.
Examples:
• I am not supposed to go across the street. (They have forbidden me from doing this)
• We were not supposed to drive that car. (It wasn’t allowed, but we did it anyway).
Important note: when saying ‘supposed’ out loud, the 'ed' at the end sounds like a /t/.
Question 1
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Question text
Fill in the blank with either suppose or supposed to (be):
Note: some sentences will have a negative structures and so will require don’t or not. Use
contractions when possible.
supposed to
1. We were Answer
leave by 9, but it didn’t happen.
2. Speaker 1 - "Am I going to take part of the meeting as well?"

don’t suppose
Speaker 2 - "I Answer
so, the boss hasn’t mentioned your attendance."
not supposed to
3. They are Answer
leave their doors unlocked at night.
supposed to be
4. It isAnswer
quite a hit, but I’ll have to see before I believe it.
suppose
5. I Answer
that you have already received directions, or haven’t you?
suppose
6. Do you Answer
it is going to be nice weather in town this weekend?
Suppose
7. Answer
we book our holiday tonight?
w as supposed to
8. I Answer
arrive earlier to help set up but I got held up at work.
don’t suppose
9. I Answer
you understand this problem, do you?
not supposed to
10. He was Answer
ride his bicycle without a helmet and now he knows why.
VOCABULARY: Idioms and Collocations With "Catch"
Catch a bus
Examples:
We need to catch our bus at 10pm to go back home.
Catch a cold/flu
To become sick
Example:
Right as summer started Francis caught a cold; he was coughing and sneezing all week.
Catch a thief
To arrest or bring in a thief.
Example:
The police caught the thief right as he was running away.
Catch fire
To become very popular suddenly, or to become alight
Example:
This new pop star really caught fire, everyone is singing her new hit.
With all the stray sparks from the burning pile of car tires, a patch of grass caught fire and
began to burn.
Catch sight of...
To first see someone or something for a short duration.
Example:
Brian caught sight of the robber right as he was leaving their house with the TV.
Catch someone's attention
To attract someone’s attention
Example:
Roxanne caught her boyfriend’s attention when she put on the tight red dress.
Catch someone's eye
To make eye contact with someone or for something/someone to draw your attention
(especially in a romantic way).
Example:
As soon as Brandy walked into the bar she caught the bartender’s eye.
The gleaming new drum kit in the shop window caught my eye as I walked past.
Catch up with someone
To see someone after a long time and bring each other up to date.
Example:
My mum and uncle caught up with each other at last after not having seen each other for five
years.
Catch you later
An informal way of saying goodbye
Example:
Ok, Gary I’ve got to go. Catch you later!
Question 1
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Mark 10.00 out of 10.00
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Choose the right answer to complete each sentence:

sight of
1. I only quickly caught Answer
mum as she was leaving the house before she zoomed away on her bicycle.
the ball
2. When my dad and I play catch, he always catches Answer
with one hand only.
attention
3. Wilson sure caught the politicians’ Answer
when he spoke out against the government’s corruption.
you later
4. Alright mum, I’m leaving for school. Catch Answer
thief
5. They caught a Answer
stealing a poor old man’s wallet in the bus station.
6. My grandma always says that if you don’t wear a scarf in winter that you will catch a Answer
cold
.
fire
7. “WhatsApp” the social media application has really caught Answer
, in less than three years it has managed to get over four-hundred-and-fifty-million active
users.
eye
8. Winnie caught the lifeguard’s Answer
as soon as she arrived at the beach in her blue and white polka dot bikini.
9. My best friend and I meet at the front of the school every morning to catch Answer
up
. We usually just chat about boys.
bus
10. Before we go catch the Answer
, we should have something to eat and go to the washroom.
TEMA 7
VOCABULARY: Energy sources

Fossil fuels
Decomposed animals and plants from thousands of years ago, that are now burned for energy,
e.g. coal, petroleum and gas.
Generator
A device that is used to create electrical energy, often used when the electrical powers are
inaccessible or out.
Renewable energy
An unlimited energy source that can be replenished, for example wind, tidal, or solar energy.
Geothermal energy
Energy created by capturing the natural hot water or steam that comes out of earth.
Hydro power
Electricity created by huge volumes of high-pressured water being redirected through

openings in a dam which drives water turbines that power electricity generators.
Solar energy
Energy created by capturing sunlight e.g. solar panels.
Electricity
energy stored in an electrical circuit, e.g. in batteries or wall sockets.
Thermal energy
Energy created from increasing heat.
Nuclear power
Employing nuclear fission to create heat which turns water into steam and is used to turn a
steam turbine that powers an electricity generator.
Power plant
The place where electrical energy is created.
Blackout
When the electrical power supply is cut off or disconnected, often within a certain area of a
city or town.
Alternative energy
Energy sources that are an alternative to fossil fuels and nuclear power which are safe and
cause less harm to the environment.
Nuclear waste
Waste created from nuclear power plants, usually radioactive and highly dangerous.
Question 1
Correct
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Question text
Associate the name of each energy source with the correct photo:
Answer 1
renew able energy

Answer 2
solar energy

Answer 3
fossil fuels

Answer 4
hydroelectric

Answer 5
nuclear pow er

Answer 6
electrical

Answer 7
geothermal energy

Feedback
Your answer is correct.

The correct answer is: – renewable
energy, – solar
energy, – fossil fuels, –

hydroelectric, – nuclear
power, –
electrical, – geothermal energy
VOCABULARY: Energy idioms
On a power trip
Behaving in a very bossy and controlling manner.
Examples:
The new director of our firm is on a major power trip, he is strutting around the building
telling everyone what to do. He doesn’t even know what my job is.
Knowledge is power
The more you know, the more power you have.

Example:
Daughter: “Mom, why do I have to finish high school, it seems so useless.”

Mother: “Knowledge is power honey; trust me, the more you know, the further ahead you can
get in life.”
Money is power
The more money you have, the more power you have.
Example:
My plan is to work hard and save up all the money I make, then I’ll be rich and as money is
power, I’ll be able to do whatever I want.
Have no staying power
Something that won’t last long or is simply not able to do the task.
Example:
That car’s engine has no staying power. It is no better than last year’s model, no wonder that
company never wins anything.
Power something up
To start up a machine, often an engine.
Example:
We all power up our computers in the morning before going to get our coffees.
Add fuel to the fire
Make a problem worst.
Example:
Telling your mum about the party after she already found out that you were smoking will
just add fuel to the fire.
Out like a light
To fall asleep quickly.
Example:
I just went to check on little Sarah! She went out like a light; she was so tired from our day at
the zombie masquerade fair.
Shed some light on something
To provide information that beforehand was missing or unclear.
Example:
This meeting really shed some light on what had been going on in our stores.
Down to the wire

Do something at the very last moment.
Example:
The election for class president went down to the wire; we anxiously waited for the results
until the last moment.
Hair-raising
Frightening.
Example:
Going on that roller coaster was quite a hair-raising experience.
Blow off some steam
Do something to help release frustration or excess energy.
Example:
I go to the gym at least three times per week, mainly to blow off some steam after work.
Otherwise when I get home and I have too much energy and I can’t sleep.
Question 1
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Write the correct idiom from the list above into the blank spaces below:
add fuel to the fire

1. Telling your boss that his plan is stupid will probably just Answer
considering he already thinks that you are lazy and too critical.
has no staying pow er

2. Our new coworker Answer
, I think he’ll quit by the end of the month. He won’t be able to put up with our crazy boss.
pow er trip
3. Mum is on a total Answer
this week, she took away my phone and my computer because I didn’t get round to doing the
dishes fast enough for her.
out like a light

4. Mary was Answer
last night after spending the whole week on a hike in the Andes. She was completely
exhausted.
5. I know you are all a bit confused as to how this transition is going to work, I will Answer
shed some light on
the matter in the meeting this afternoon.
6. Tom was very upset about how badly his meeting with his clients went today, so he went for
blow off some steam
a run to Answer

Pow er up
8. Answer
the tractor Frank, I’m going to be working in the fields today.
9. The more you know, the more equipped you are to confront life and become successful, as
know ledge is pow er
they say, Answer
10. James has waited until the very last minute to work on his thesis and now it is Answer
dow n to the w ire
, he must hand it in first thing tomorrow.
hair-raising experience
11. Going to see that horror movie in 3D was a Answer
12. Mark Zuckerberg, the creator of Facebook, is the perfect example of the saying
money is pow er
that Answer
, he is a multimillionaire and has a great deal of influence for a person as young as he is.
GRAMMAR: Conjunctions
Conjunctions join two clauses together. There are two groups of conjunctions: coordinate and
subordinate, and the type you choose will be based on the importance and emphasis of each
clause.
A) Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two clauses that have the same level of
importance. They are the most recognizable and include: and, but, so, and or..
Examples:
• You can go to the movies, or you can go to the arcade.
• I’m bringing a cake, and also some utensils to eat it with.
B) Subordinating conjunctions join two clauses where one is more important than the other.
The list of subordinating conjunctions is fairly extensive. Some of the most common ones
are: after, although, as if, because, before, even if, if, once, since, rather than, that, though,
unless, when, where and while. The placement of subordinating conjunctions is more fluid
than their coordinating partners.
Examples:
• Provided you finish your homework, you can go to the party.
• Don’t do the driver’s test until you have studied thoroughly.
• As I told you earlier, we need to leave by 8am.
Question 1
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Question text
Choose the correct conjunction:
so
1. They wrote the paper, Answer
they can now take the credit.
now that
2. He can smile Answer
it’s over.
unless
3. It’s advisable he avoid the off road, Answer
he wishes for disaster.
w herever
4. They claim they are ready Answer
the bell sounds.
because
5. They didn’t come through on their thesis, Answer
there was a neglected amount of diligence.
that
6. I really don’t think there is much of a question Answer
he will show up.

Even if
7. Answer
he comes there won’t be too big of a gathering.
as much as
8. I’m really sorry I can’t help, Answer
I want to.
though
9. He had designs on running for office. They didn’t come to fruition, Answer
Whereas
10. Answer
you see it through rose-colored glass, I take a practical approach.
GRAMMAR: Interjections
Interjections are not official words, but sounds that help show emotion. These are used out
loud, and in informal texts (text messages, online chats or emails) or in comics.
Coordinating conjunctions
Note: Sometimes interjections will be stretched out to show stronger emotion
Examples:
Awwwww!
Interjection Meaning/expressed feeling Example
Ahhh! There’s a spider

Ah! Fright or shock.
in my room.
Aha! I see what you

Aha I understand.
mean.
When you think something is Awww, what a cute

Awww
cute. puppy!
Brrr… It’s very cold out

Brrr Being cold.
today.
To show annoyance or that you Of course I’m going to

Duh
think something is obvious. school, duh!
Eh? What did you say?

When you don’t understand
Eh? So, you like Tony
something or to confirm a fact.
Malory, eh??
Ewww, Tony vomited in

Eww Disgust.
the street!
Used to get someone’s Hey! What are you

Hey
attention. doing to that poor cat?
Hmmmm…I’m not sure

Hmmm Considering something.
if I want to go.
Huh Confusion. Huh, that's strange.
Oh! I didn’t realize you

Surprise, when you realize already had it!
Oh
something. Oh, I’m sorry about
that.
Oops, I already told

Oops Made a mistake. Gina about the party.
Sorry!
Ouch, don’t do that
Ouch Express pain.
again, it hurt.
Phew, that was close,

Phew Relief.
we almost got caught.
Ummmm… I’m not sure

Ummm When considering something.
when Julie will arrive.
Whoa, that is the

Whoa Amazed or surprised. tallest building I’ve
ever seen.
Wow, that’s a beautiful

Wow Amazement.
sight.
Sometimes means “yes” and Hey, how are ya?

Ya
other times “you”. Ya, I think you’re right.
Yeah!! We can go!!

More casual form for “yes” also
Yeah Yeah? What do you
to express excitement.
want?
Yuck, that’s the worst

Yuck Disgust.
pizza I’ve ever tried.
Slang to get someone’s

Yo Yo Tony! Wait up.
attention.
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Isajan155
Call
Chat
Video Call
Contacts
Isabelle:
Yo
Answer
Mia! Are you there?
Mia:
Hey
Answer
Yeah
Bella! Answer
, I’m here. How are ya?
Isabelle:
Ummmm
Answer
… I’m ok. I fell over earlier while I was talking on the phone and I scraped my
Mia:
ouch
Oh, Answer
, that sucks. Are you ok?
Isabelle: Yeah, I am now, but I was bleeding a lot earlier.
Mia:
Yuck
Answer
I hate seeing…
Isabelle:
Huh
Answer
, what was that? You didn’t write the last word.
Mia:
Oops
Answer
sorry. Blood. I hate seeing blood.
VOCABULARY: Political focus
Campaign
The promotional period before an election where the candidates try to persuade people to
vote for them.
Examples:
For the presidential campaign the candidates traveled around the country trying to win votes.
Elections
When people get to vote to choose a representative or leader.
Example:
Once the elections were over, we quickly found out who was our new prime minister.
Poll
Registered votes in an election
Example:
I make sure I´m present at the polls for every election, whether municipal, provincial or
national.
Congress
An assembly of representatives
Example:
The US congress meets regularly in Washington, DC.
Popular types of Governments*
Anarchy
No government.
Democracy
A leader is elected by a majority group vote (of the people or elected representatives) and they
wield ultimate power until the end of their period in office.
Dictatorship
The leadership, control and decision-making power of a nation is held by one person.
Monarchy
The power of the nation lies in the hands of the monarch (king/queen) and the power is
inherited through the royal family by birth..
Republic
Leaders or representatives are voted in by citizens, the power is with the individual.
Totalitarianism
Government that has complete power over everyone by controlling not only all political and
economic matters, but also the attitudes, values and beliefs of its citizens.
Communism
All property is owned/shared by the community as a whole and individual people receive and
contribute things according to their needs and abilities, there is no privately owned property..
*most countries have a combination of these types of governments

Question 1
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A. Write in one of the vocabulary words from the list:
poll
1. Going to the Answer
to cast your vote is a way of expressing your opinion in an election.
congress
2. The US Answer
includes the Senate and the House of Representatives.
elections
3. In Canada, there are Answer
every 4 years, at which time the Prime Minister is elected.
campaign
4. President Obama spent $1 billion on his last presidential Answer
.
Question 2
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B. Associate the types of government with their definition:
Answer 1
A nation without government
anarchist

A government that owns it's

Answer 2
nations’ collective resources and
its people are employees of the communist

state
A government that control Answer 3

everything, including its people’s
totalitarian
thoughts
Answer 4
The king or queen is the sole
leader and decision maker monarchy

Answer 5
A nation who's non-elected leader
weilds ultimate power and control dictatorship

GRAMMAR: introductory 'it'
The introductory “It” is used in several different circumstances:
A) Subject is an infinitive phrase
We use the introductory “it” when the subject of a sentence is an infinitive phrase. Although
the infinitive phrase is often correct alone, it sounds much better to add in the introductory
“it”.
Examples:
To sit on the beach is pleasant. (infinitive phrase)
It is pleasant to sit on the beach. (sentence with introductory it)
B) Subject is a gerund phrase
We use the introductory “it” when the subject of a sentence is a gerund.
Examples:
Having so many children to look after is a lot of work. (gerund phrase)
It is a lot of work having so many children to look after. (sentence with introductory “it”)
C) Certain specific phrases
It is better/best to...
It is essential to...
It is likely/unlikely that...
It is true/not true that...
It is probable that...
Examples:
It is essential to always treat your grandparents with respect.
It is probable that I won’t be able to come tonight.
D) To give emphasis (cleft sentences)
Examples:
Maria was late to class yesterday. (Regular sentence)
It was Maria who arrived to class late yesterday. (Places emphasis on Maria)
E) In passive expressions
Examples:
Sharks are believed to be the most dangerous creatures in the sea.

It is believed that the most dangerous creatures in the sea are sharks.
Question 1
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Change these sentences into sentences that include an introductory “it”, using the words in
parenthesis:
For example:
He submerged his pet iguana in the live pirana tank. (idiotic)
Answer: It was idiotic that he submerged his pet iguana in the live pirana tank.
1. Always thank the client for their call (important)
It is important to alw ays thank the client for their call

Answer
2. Do your grocery shopping on Tuesdays. (best)
It is best to do your grocery shopping on Tuesdays

Answer

3. Complaining to the boss is pointless. (any use)
It w on’t be any use complaining to the boss

Answer
4. I see parents smoking in front of their children. (upsets)
It upsets me w hen I see parents smoking in front of their childre

Answer
5. I like talking to you! (nice)
It's nice to talk to you

Answer
6. I feel lucky to live in this neighbourhood. (privilege)
It is a privilege to live in this neighbourhood

Answer
7. Peter doesn’t like peanut butter (put emphasis on Peter)
It's Peter w ho doesn't like peanut butter

Answer
.
8. He has always wanted to become a millionaire. (life-long ambition)
It is It w as his life-long ambition to become a millionaire

Answer
9. The inferno was the most dangerous forest fire of the year. (reported)
It w as reported to have been the most dangerous forest fire of

Answer
10. Mark won the presidential election on Wednesday. (put emphasis on Wednesday)
It w as on Wednesday that Mark w on the presidential election

Answer
Correct
The correct answer is: It was on Wednesday that Mark won the presidential election
VOCABULARY: 'Up' phrasal verbs
While ‘up’ may seem like an innocent preposition, its addition to a base verb can drastically
change the meaning and context of what is being construed. Like all phrasal verbs, most are
used in a more informal setting, although it isn’t taboo to insert them into speechs or formal
writing when given proper thought. Remember that dependent prepositions can either change
the meaning of the verb or render the said verb incomprehensible. Also, as demonstrated
below, phrasal verbs may have different connotations based on context:
Turn up
To appear suddenly.
Examples:
After being missing for over a year, the local boy just turned up out of nowhere.
Set up
To organize; to trick someone.
Example:
I need more time to set up the meeting for tomorrow.
The prank was hilarious, he set her up brilliantly!
Hang up
To end a phone call (the opposite of pick up a phone).
Example:
When she started yelling, I just hung up.
Give up
Aside from meaning to surrender and stop trying, it can also mean to quit a habit.
Example:
It’s been six months since they gave up cigarettes together.
Blow up
To have an outburst, to throw a tantrum.
Example:
After being called out by his co-workers he blew up at his wife for leaving the car in the street
when he got home.
When Jack heard about the results in the meeting he blew up on everyone.
Do oneself up (also dress up)
To dress yourself in an elegant or fancy manner.
Example:
Wow, she is really doing herself up for the party tonight.
Bring up
To raise/introduce an idea; to raise a child.
Example:
He was hesitant to bring up the fact that she was wrong the last time.
After his parents passed away, he was brought up by his aunt and uncle.
Crack up
To laugh hard at something very funny.
Example:
My nephew makes me crack up at the crazy questions he sometimes asks.
Break up
To end a relationship; to become distorted and unintelligible (for video, sound).
Example:
Our telly is rubbish, the picture always breaks up when it rains.
Back up
To reverse; to support someone;
Example:
He had to back his truck up into the garage.
Nobody believed me, but my parents backed me up.
Doesn’t add up
Used in a negative sense to explain something that doesn’t make sense.
Example:
The story he is telling to the police just doesn’t add up.
Question 1
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Fill in the blank with the correct phrasal verb. Pay attention to the form of the verb:
hang up
1. I told her angrily that if she didn’t change the subject I would Answer
.
back me up
2. I really need someone to Answer
on my claim.
bring up
3. I’m not going to listen if you Answer
that story again.
turn up
4. To just Answer
out of the blue is very mysterious.
crack up
5. Her hilarious anecdote made everyone Answer
add up
6. The pieces to this puzzle do not Answer

done herself up
7. There is a boy she likes at the club, that’s why she has Answer
tonight.
blow up
8. It was really hard for me not to Answer
when the other candidate made false accusations.
give up
9. My family as a whole is trying very hard to Answer
soda.
set up
10. For April Fool’s Day we Answer
the boss’s office before he came in for work and he got soaked in water when he opened the
door.
11. Whenever I’m on Skype with my family it doesn’t last long before the sound starts Answer
breaking up
VOCABULARY: Political idioms

Election frenzy
The hype surrounding an upcoming important election.
Examples:
As always, the 2008 American presidential process was marked by intense election frenzy.
Gunboat diplomacy
When a nation uses military threats to get what it wants, instead of true diplomatic
communication.
Example:
The British Empire was built on gunboat diplomacy.
Pork barrel
Appropriating taxpayer’s money to spend on publicity to get political support (or a specific
interest of a politician) rather than spending it on what the people need.
Example:
That 6km underground highway was a total pork barrel project; it went far over the
government’s budget and now we have to face an increase in road tax.
Toe the party line
To follow the orders of someone although you may not agree with their philosophy.
Example:
Although he really wanted to eat the ham, Julie was shooting him filthy warning looks so he
figured he’d better toe the party line until lunch officially started.
On your soapbox
When someone is speaking at great length about their beliefs on something they are
passionate about.
Example:
At Christmas, my grandfather always gets on his soapbox about how grateful we should be to
live such safe, privileged lives.
PC (politically correct)
Polite and neutral language like that used by politicians to avoid offending anyone.
Example:
You’re not allowed to swear on national television; it’s just not PC.
Question 1
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Write the correct idiom in the gap:
on my soapbox
1. I don’t mean to get Answer
but I simply can’t let this go forward.
toe the party line

2. We were supposed to Answer
but I’m considering going rogue.
3. Because of all the civil unrest with the current regime, I’m pretty nervous about this
election frenzy
coming Answer
4. My brother is always making rude jokes about the Queen, he gets into trouble because he is
PC
so non-Answer
.

pork barrel
5. The presidential party spent five million last month on a Answer
advertising campaign to boost their popularity.
6. They came to us in a huge fleet of heavily armed ships, asking to strike a peaceful trades
gunboat diplomacy
deal, but it seems like Answer
to me.
QUIZ 2 - Units 5 to 8
Question 1 - For questions 1‐10, read the sentences and choose the correct option (a, b, c or
d).
1. I didn't study for the test and took a ____ in the dark.
A. step
B. chance
C. shot
D. grain
The correct answer is: C. shot
2. Children rarely live _____ their parents' ideals.
A. down to
B. up to
C. down for
D. up for
The correct answer is: B. up to
3. We _____ to the park every weekend.
A. used to go
B. would go
C. are used to go
D. both a and b
The correct answer is: D. both a and b
4. I ______ very shy when I was a kid.
A. used to be
B. would be
C. am used to be
D. both a and b
The correct answer is: A. used to be
5. I think I need to sit down for a minute. I can feel my _______ going up.
A. blood tension
B. blood rate
C. heart pressure
D. heart rate
The correct answer is: D. heart rate
6. The movie was so touching! It really made me weak at the _______.
A. knees
B. situation
C. heart
D. moment
The correct answer is: A. knees
7. I’m really sorry Officer; I was very scared and couldn’t catch ______ the robber.
A. up with
B. up
C. sight of
D. at
The correct answer is: C. sight of
8. Don’t mention anything about her cheating boyfriend. It will just _____________.
A. blow off some steam

B. add fuel to the fire
C. shed some light on it
D. go out like a light
The correct answer is: B. add fuel to the fire
9. _________ she behaves herself, she can come to the party.
A. Although
B. Provided
C. If
D. Both b and c
The correct answer is: C. If
10. You didn’t have to ______ that up again. I have forgotten your birthday only once.
A. bring
B. crack
C. turn
D. back
The correct answer is: A. bring
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Question 2 - Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two
and five words, including the word given.
1. I haven't heard from them in a month; I’m sure they are fine.
NEWS
no new s is good new s

I haven't heard from them in a month, but Answer
2. I'm not sure what is causing the problem but I'm definitely going to find out.
BOTTOM
get to the bottom

I'm not sure what is causing the problem but I'm determined Answer
of it.
3. I called my mother to tell her about my car accident, but she already knew about it.
TRAVELS
Bad new s travels fast

Answer
because my mum knew about my accident before I told her.
4. We will temporarily suspend the building project.
BURNER
on the back burner for

The building project is Answer
now.
5. It would never cross my mind to steal something.
GRAIN
goes against my grain

The idea of my actually taking something that is not mine Answer
Question 3
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Question 3 - Complete the sentences with a word from the dropdown box. There is one word
that will not be used.
dow n
1. If you can't give up smoking completely, then at least try to cut Answer
a little.
across
2. You can save time if you cut Answer
the car park, instead of going round it.
out
3. In order to lose as much weight as possible, they cut Answer
fat from their diet.
in
4. You should have heard my father when that car cut Answer
front of him.
off
5. If you don't pay your electricity bill, they'll just come and cut you Answer
Correct
The correct answer is: off
.
VOCABULARY: Focus
Authorisation
A document, decision or a set of rules which grants permission.
Examples:
A bank should always ask for client authorisation before they issue a new PIN code.
Debt
The state or condition of owing something to someone else.
Example:
The tabloid reported that the country’s national debt was finally under control.
Decrease
To become gradually less or smaller in amount or size.
Example:
The number of the company’s international exports had decreased over the past two years.
Inventory
A detailed or itemised stock list of goods, materials or assets.
Example:
The full value of the company became clear after a full inventory of its assets was published.
Invoice
An official document detailing the total number of goods sold and the full value of each
business transaction.
Example:
They offer good deals on their latest computers. They are competitively priced with free
delivery and thirty days to pay the invoice.
Production
The process of producing something as a deliverable item.
Example:
During their press conference Mercedes announced that their new prototype had gone into
full production.
Profit
The excess in revenue or financial gain made from regular business transactions.
Example:
Our employees receive an additional bonus every three months as a result of the
company’s profit sharing scheme.
Promotion
To advance to a higher position in work and often with more responsibility.
Example:
Her loyalty and dedication was acknowledged when she received the promotion to regional
manager.
Responsibility
The assumption of ownership when fulfilling a duty, task or role.
Example:
The manager accepted full responsibility for the shortfall in his team’s performance of late.
Risk
A source of probability or the chance of losing something to uncertainty.
Example:
The global expansion programme was considered a huge risk at first but it quickly paid off.
Distribution
The commercial act of supplying or delivering goods sold to consumers.
Example:
Consumers demand fast delivery of their products so a first-class distribution chain is essential
to any thriving business.
CEO (Chief Executive Officer)
The person responsible for over-seeing all corporate operations; the head of the company.
Example:
It was expected that the CEO would address the company’s staff in the general meeting every
year.
Corruption
Dishonest or fraudulent behavior which violates a position of trust.
Example:
Public confidence was at an all-time low due to the latest corruption charges brought against
the government.
Assets
Valuable items owned by a person or business.
Example:
The business is a credit to its founders. It continues to grow its profit margins and is rich
in assets.
Depreciation
A notable loss in the value of money or assets.
Example:
Inland Revenue declared that due to the year by year increase of the currency’s depreciation,
the company was only allowed to return thirty percent of its total asset value.
Question 1
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distribution
1. Speedy delivery of consumer goods is essential for a successful Answer
strategy.
promotion
2. They were very happy for him to receive the Answer
, he had worked hard for it.
risk
3. They decided to Answer
it all and bet on red at the roulette wheel.
responsibility
4. Someone should take Answer
and admit to the mistake.

depreciatio
5. Due to its natural Answer
in value, this item will be worthless in ten years’ time.
debt
6. The bank manager asked me how I intended to pay off the Answer
decrease
7. In spite of the recent Answer
in actual orders received, the CEO was optimistic for the future of the business.
authorisation
8. The security guard received the correct Answer
code, and we were allowed to cross the perimeter.
profit
9. The rule is simple: For any business to survive it has to make Answer
invoice
10. The Answer
was raised and the client was allowed 60 days to pay it.
CEO
11. As the head and Answer
of the company, he liked to lead by example.
depreciation
12. The price of the car had fallen due to natural Answer
assets
13. The value of the company’s Answer
had increased dramatically over the years.
14. The credibility of our politicians has been seriously tarnished, especially with an increase in
corruption
the number of Answer
charges brought against them.
inventory
15. The haulage company produced a full Answer
of the items being delivered.
VOCABULARY: Idioms
In the black
Profitable.
Examples:
After taking a loss last quarter, we are back in the black this quarter.
Blue chip
High quality.
Example:
That company is the definition of blue chip. They are very well respected.
Bells and whistles
All of the extra, fancy or unnecessary parts that go into something.
Example:
Seeing all the bells and whistles involved in a Cordon Bleu chef course is absolutely
remarkable.
Doom and gloom
A prediction that something is ominously negative.
Example:
The financial collapse was preceded by months of doom and gloom.
Foot in the door
To be hired at the lowest level with the idea that one will use the opportunity to improve their
job standing and work their way up the ranks with hard work and dedication.
Example:
He got his foot in the door thirty years ago and now he is the CEO.
A company bail out
When a company is not making enough profit and receives a large sum of money from an
individual, company or government in order avoid bankruptcy.
Example:
Following a sizable company bail out six months ago the business is said to be booming!
Balance the books

To accurately account for all income and outgoings of a business.
Example:
It is a huge responsibility but we need to balance the books quite urgently.
Ball park figure
A prediction, guess or suggestion of a figure which will be used as a rough estimate for a
potential cost or number of something.
Example:
The ball park figure suggested for the project budget should be close to ten thousand dollars.
Buyer's market
An economic situation where the amount of produce available is greater than its demand.
Example:
The resale value of cars has rapidly decreased over recent years. For those people with the
money, it’s a buyer’s market.
Calculated risk
A situation where the risk factor has been researched and considered.
Example:
She knew that her ankle injury had not fully recovered, but her opponent was weakening. She
continued to play the game and won! It was a calculated risk that had paid off.
Cut a deal
To negotiate an agreement or make a compromise over something.
Example:
The trade unions decided to cut a deal with the government and accept a five percent pay
increase.
Draw up a contract
To write or create an offer in the form of a legally binding document for two or more parties to
sign.
Example:
They were asked to draw up a contract to highlight the terms of their mutual agreement.
Question 1
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bells and w histles

1. Check out all of the Answer
in the new Jaguar XJS. It’s amazing the technology they build into cars these days!
in the black
2. It’s going to be hard to be Answer
this year. Profits are down and it will be hard to break even.
foot in the door

3. I told the boss I just wanted an opportunity to get my Answer
. If I had a small chance, I would take advantage of it and work very hard.
doom and gloom

4. It was a period of Answer
in the local community as a further loss of jobs was announced at the factory.

blue chip
5. Being recognized as a Answer
company was a great honor. We felt we were a great company but to have someone else say
it too was a good feeling.
draw up a contract
6. Okay, I like what you’re offering me. Go ahead and Answer
, I’m willing to do business with you guys.
buyer's market
7. The housing market in the UK has become a Answer
for property developers looking to make an investment.
a ball-park figure
8. The department budget was discussed using Answer
but the director knew they could work with less.
a company bail out

9. Due to the recession and a fall in profit, they needed Answer
to help develop a new business plan and survive in the future.

calculated risk
10. Diversifying their business into Europe was a Answer
that would build a better future for the company.
11. What this business needs is an experienced accountant, someone who really knows how
balance the books
to Answer
cut a deal
12. She was so happy to Answer
with the distribution company. It would place her product on every supermarket shelf around
the country.
GRAMMAR: Auxiliaries and question tags
A question tag is simply a small grammatical structure which employs the use of an auxiliary
(do, don’t, did, didn’t etc.) and is added to the end of a sentence to form a question. We use
question tags to add requests or elicit responses to our question forms.
We use a question tag in its negative form to ask a question at the end of positive sentence.
Examples:
We are going to the show on Friday, aren’t we?
That’s such a shame, Isn’t it?
Positive sentence Negative Question Tag
We are going aren’t we?
That’s such a isn’t it?

shame
Conversely, we use a question tag in its positive form to ask a question at the end of a negative
sentence.
Examples:
You don’t like tuna fish, do you?
You don't need that, do you?
Negative sentence Positive Question Tag
You don’t like aren’t we?
You don't need

do you?
that,
Question tags with regular modal verbs
We use regular question tags at the end of modal verb phrases. They follow the same structure
of positive sentence/negative question tag etc.
Examples:
Anyone could do that, couldn’t they?
We should be going the opposite way, shouldn’t we?
You can meet me after work, can’t you?
Question Tags for Special Cases
Question tags, which are created for ‘special cases’, are considered to be irregular. That is,
they adopt an entirely different tag.
A) I am: For negative contractions we do not say: “am not I?”. The use of “I am” is always
followed with the irregular question tag, “aren’t I?”
Examples:
I’m a lucky guy, aren’t I?

B) You: (omitting auxiliary ‘do’): Sometimes, when we ask someone a question, we omit the
auxiliary ‘do’. This type of sentence is a positive sentence which takes the negative question
tag, “don’t you”
Examples:
You like operatic music, don’t you?
Question Tags Using Modal Verbs
We can also invoke an irregular form of the modal verb when we form a negative question tag.
We pair “will” and “won't”.
Examples:
You will do that for me, won’t you?
You won't try that again, will you?
Suggestions
When we make a suggestion we often begin our sentence with “let’s” (let us). The question tag
which compliments the use of “let’s” is “shall we?”
Examples:
Let’s start the exercise again, shall we?
Let’s go for a walk, shall we?
Imperatives & Invitations
Imperatives are instructions and an invitation is an offer for someone to engage in some kind
of activity or event. We use the irregular question tag “will you?” for imperatives and
invitations which is a question tag similar to saying, “please”.
Examples:
Don’t smoke in here, will you?
Open the door for me, will you?
Same Way Question Tags
When we wish to establish something as being true we use an affirmative question tag called a
‘same way question tag’. They are used to repeat what somebody has just said or to seek
confirmation of some information:
Examples:
So, you passed your exams, did you?
You’re getting married soon, are you? Congratulations!
Negative Adverbs
Never, rarely, seldom, hardly, barely and scarcely are all adverbs that convey variable degrees
of negativity. We compliment the use of negative adverbs in a sentence with a positive
question tag
Examples:
He’s never late for work, is he?
She rarely makes a public appearance, does she?
We seldom experience failure here, do we?
It hardly matters anymore, does it?
You barely know me, do you?
You would scarcely find that around here, would you?
We can also use auxiliaries to show emphasis, questions, or agreement.
Examples:
Emphasis: I do love going to the beach.
Question: Did you go on Saturday?
Agreement: “I hate Monday mornings.” “So do I.”
Intonation
There are different reasons for asking questions and differences in the types of information we
wish to receive when asking questions. It is through intonation (the rise and fall of tone) and
the way we pronounce our question forms which determine the type of information we are
searching for.
A) Questions which are seeking new information
Examples:
How come you walk to work every morning?

In this example, the intonation of the intransitive verb (‘come’) uses a falling tone.
B) Questions which are checking existing information
Examples:
Isn’t this the time we usually take our lunch break?
The use of tone in this example emphasises a rise in pitch for the first and last word of the
question. There are some questions which do not need a reply and the intonation used for
these questions is a gradual rise in pitch at the beginning and fall in tone towards the end of
the phrase.
C) Questions when giving instruction
Examples:
Let’s run through that exercise again, shall we?
D) Rhetorical questions
Examples:
What do I (rise) care (fall)?
E) Aggressive or defensive questions
Examples:
Isn’t (rise) that a shame (fall)?
E) When we make a sarcastic remark
Examples:
He thinks he’s a cool dude (rise), doesn’t he (fall)?
Question 1
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Mark 10.00 out of 10.00
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Fill in the blank with an auxiliary to create an appropriate question tag:
have
1. You have never been to Europe. Answer
you?
w on't
2. We will be travelling abroad this weekend, Answer
we?
have
3. They haven’t seen that film, Answer
they?
don't
4. You do remember our first date, Answer
you?
did
5. We didn’t hear from the bank yesterday, Answer
we?
don’t
6. You have enough money to buy the tickets Answer
you?
didn't
7. She contradicted her original story, Answer
she?
isn't
8. That’s a coincidence Answer
it.
couldn’t
9. We could do this again, Answer
we?
can
10. I can’t remember the last time I went swimming. Neither Answer
I.
VOCABULARY: Business
Open/close a branch
When a bank is expanding its operation or reducing its operation.
Examples:
Good news for the local economy today as a major local bank opens another branch in the
neighbourhood.
Take over a company
The purchase of one company by another (usually buying out a competitor or rival company).
Example:
The consortium gathered to discuss raising capital to take over the company.
Make a profit
Receiving more money than you have spent; when your income is greater than your
expenditure.
Example:
The company has continued to make a profit and is considering expanding into Europe.
Make a loss
Not receiving enough income to sustain the full operating costs of a business.
Example:
Last quarter we made a loss, so we are implementing a serious re-haul of our operating
procedures.
Go out of business
The business is failing to make a profit and will close in the very near future.
Example:
The restaurant was always empty. Everyone knew it would eventually go out of business.
Expand the business
A substantial growth in business and its reach.
Example:
The directors were very pleased with the market response to their product and drew up plans
to expand the business.
Go into business
The decision to start a new business venture or set up a new company.
Example:
He had always wanted to go into business with her. She had talent and was hugely successful.
Do business with (someone)
To buy, sell or supply a product or service to someone, or to work with someone in business.
Example:
Thank you for your purchase; it was nice doing business with you.
Import from
To purchase goods or produce from another country.
Example:
I like to do business with him because it’s cheaper to import his product from India than it is
to buy it here.
Export to
To sell goods to another country.
Example:
The company was delighted to learn they had won the contract and that they would soon
be exporting to Canada.
Run a company
Refers to the management or directors of a company who are responsible for designing
strategies and overseeing daily operations on behalf of a company.
Example:
As a management team they were notoriously brilliant, they knew how to run a company.
Question 1
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Mark 11.00 out of 11.00
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Fill in the gap with the expression which fits the sentence best:
close a branch
1. The bank decided they would have to Answer
this year or face making a loss.
run a company
2. If you are a CEO you should know how to Answer
take over a company

3. It’s rumoured that the business are looking to Answer
as part of an expansion programme into the technology market.
to make a profit
4. The CEO said it was important Answer
every year and that he expected everyone to work together to achieve the goal.
to export
5. In the future, the company are likely Answer
their products to America.
go out of business
6. “We will never Answer
” she said; “because we are strong and report a large amount of profit every year.”
import from
7. It’s a buyer’s market so I prefer to Answer
Europe rather than pay more here.
expand the business

8. As a positive move we are looking to Answer
into a new sector.
9. Keep the focus on business development and growth and there’s a good chance you will
go out of business
never Answer
.
go into business
10. As an entrepreneur she was always searching for new projects to Answer
with.

11. She was impressed with his proposal. He seemed like a person she could Answer
do business w ith
Correct
The correct answer is: do business with
VOCABULARY: Idioms
A-list
The most famous people within a society.
Examples:
It’s impossible to go out in public if you are part of the Hollywood A-list.
Only time will tell
The future is uncertain and cannot be predicted.
Example:
Only time will tell if they will be one of the best bands of this decade.
Overnight celebrity
Someone who becomes famous very fast.
Example:
After the release of his one hit wonder song, he became an overnight celebrity.
My lips are sealed
The promise not to say anything about an event or an occurrence.
Example:
It’s okay, I´ll keep your secret. My lips are sealed.
Let the cat out of the bag
To reveal a secret .
Example:
It was during a casual conversation that he let the cat out of the bag about his sister changing
jobs.
Dish the dirt
To speak ill of other people’s private lives.
Example:
As a journalist she was most feared because she would constantly dish the dirt on famous
Hollywood personalities.
To leak a story
To release confidential information to the press.
Example:
He knew it would bring bad times to the company’s door when he took the decision to leak the
story.
In the public eye
A reference made to a famous person who is seen in public regularly.
Example:
At the start of her career she was never out of the public eye.
Question 1
Correct
Flag question
Question text
1. With a string of successful film roles over the past few years, he is now part of the Answer
A-list
Only time w ill tell

2. Answer
if the success of the first album will continue with future albums.
3. Last week he was working in McDonald’s. This week he is singing on national television. Talk
Overnight celebrity
about an Answer
leak a story
4. Deciding to Answer
to the press was not the only option available to him.
My lips are sealed

5. You will never hear another word from me about it, Answer
In the public eye

6. Her agent told her it was important to remain Answer
at all times.
dish the dirt

7. He politely asked the press to be sensitive and not Answer
about his bankruptcy charges.

let the cat out of the bag
8. Someone had Answer
because the reporters were already waiting for her at the restaurant.
GRAMMAR: Linking words
Linking words and phrases simply connect ideas and sentences together in a coherent way.
They appear as short connectors usually located between two contrasting clauses, although it
is not unusual to find a linking word at the beginning of a sentence too. Their meaning and
application in a sentence help to provide a smooth transition from one idea in a sentence to
another.
Linking words like: although, however, similarly, consequently and furthermore co-exist

alongside phrases like: even though, as well as, in addition to, and in spite of (among others)
with the specific purposes of both signifying a coherent direction and bridging the ideas
together. They are used frequently to connect additional information, to highlight by direct
contrast, to illustrate, to compare, to conclude and to summarise. They are an important part
of our language because they guide the reader (or listener) through the flow of ideas in our
paragraphs or dialogues.
We use the following examples for:
Adding Information: and, as well as, also, additionally, in addition to…
Giving Reasons: because, due to, owing to, since…
Contrasting Ideas: but, however, on the other hand, nevertheless…
Question 1
Correct
Mark 10.00 out of 10.00
Flag question
Question text
Choose the correct linking word or phrase to complete the sentence:

but
1. I haven’t seen the new Batman film, Answer
I did watch an old one on television last night.
So long as
2. Answer
you brush your teeth before bed, you can have a dessert with dinner.
if
3. You will get good grades, Answer
you study every night.
because
4. He couldn’t get into the theatre Answer
he didn’t have a ticket.
how ever
5. I can choose to leave this weekend, Answer
waiting until next weekend would give me more time to finish this project.

as w ell as
6. I received a degree in English Literature, Answer
one in Humanities.
Although
7. Answer
he wasn’t the first choice for the position, the company is still very happy.
since
8. He hadn’t seen his brother Answer
the last time he visited Australia five years ago.
on the other hand

9. Although it was difficult for her to say goodbye Answer
it meant the start of an exciting career in another country.
10. Listen everyone! I want you to write an essay using one thousand words, Answer
additionally
, include a bibliography of your study
VOCABULARY: Media terms and expressions
To seek publicity
Desiring to attract the public’s attention to a person, product, organisation, idea or story
through the media.
Examples:
The musician was accused of publicity seeking when he performed a series of bizarre and
dangerous stunts in in prominent public places for no particular reason.
Hold a press conference
To arrange a meeting for a range of journalists to attend an information sharing session with
people who are in the public eye..
Example:
The police decided to hold a press conference to discuss the public´s questions about a recent
string of murders.
Receive (a lot of) coverage
To receive a lot of attention in the news.
Example:
The Tour de France is a big event for the media and receives a lot of international coverage.
Sue for libel
To take legal action against someone or a company responsible for writing bad things about a
person or thing which is not true.
Example:
He said he would sue for libel if the company didn’t retract their former statement about him.
Hit the headlines
To become the latest story in the news
Example:
A round up of the day’s news events showed that the sudden outbreak of hay fever in the UK
was the latest story to hit the headlines.
Make the front page
To become one the leading or most important stories in the news.
Example:
In recognition of her achievements, the story of her humanitarian work made the front
page of the nation’s press.
Issue a press release
To distribute detailed information to the press about an event. Usually includes: Dates, times,
a venue, the information, a contact name and contact details.
Example:
The theatre company issued a press release to publicise their latest production.
Run a story
To publish an item of news across a media platform, such as: newspaper, TV, radio etc.
Example:
It was a quiet day for breaking news so the editor decided to run a story about the spectacular
rescue of a cat.
Question 1
Correct
Flag question
Question text
Choose the correct word or phrase:
1. If you wanted to generate public interest in a forthcoming event you would: Answer
issue a press release
.
a lot of coverage
2. The FIFA World Cup always receives Answer
.
3. The manager of ‘Thorg’, the Swedish Death Metal band, openly admitted his policy
publicity seeking
of Answer
no matter what the cost.
4. She was anxious for her business to receive good publicity so she staged an event knowing it
hit the headlines
would Answer
hold a press conference

5. They decided to Answer
and share the information with the press.
6. The editor of the magazine knew they would not hesitate and Answer
sue for libel
if he agreed to publish the story.
7. The boy band was at the height of their popularity as news of their lives would
make the front page
always Answer
run a story
8. Part of the editorial brief was to Answer
that would win the hearts and minds of a nation.
VOCABULARY: Differences between North American and British Vocabulary
(American 1st, British 2nd)
Truck / Lorry
A heavy transport vehicle.
Fall / Autumn
The third season of the year.
Cookie / Biscuit
A sweet, dough-based baked dessert or snack.
Trash / Rubbish
Also called garbage or refusea.
Elevator / Lift
A mechanism to transport people up and down a building.
Parking lot / car park
The area where cars are parked.
Potato chips / crisps
Very finely sliced, dry, crunchy potato fast food.
Note: In British English ‘potato chips’ are the cooked wedges of potatoes that Americans call
fries.
Apartment / flat
A section of a building where people rent, own or live.
Candy / sweets
A sweet confectionary.
Pants / trousers
A popular garment for the lower body with two separate tubes covering each leg and which
are joined together at the waist.
Note: In British English "pants" means the same as underwear or knickers.
Flashlight / torch
Portable light-making device that is battery operated.
Question 1
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Mark 12.00 out of 12.00
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Question text
Choose whether the expression is American or British:
1. I would kill to get my hands on some candy right now.
A. American
B. British
The correct answer is: A. American
2. Did you hear about how Jack tried to jump off the roof onto a moving lorry? That man is
bonkers.
A. American
B. British
The correct answer is: B. British
3. I accidentally ripped my pants when I was running through the forest.
A. American
B. British
4. I wish you’d stop harping on about your new flat by the river.
A. American
B. British
5. Babe, could you take out the trash for a change?
A. American
B. British
6. If you stop moaning about your tragic love-life I will give you some sweets.
A. American
B. British
7. I live for potato chips; they are the most delicious snack in the world.
A. American
B. British
8. Let’s walk up the stairs rather than take the lift; it’ll be harder for them to trap us.
A. American
B. British
9. When I was younger I used to do wheelies in parking lots with my ford mustang.
A. American
B. British
10. Have you got a torch handy? I can’t see anything.
A. American
B. British
11. The leaves have already started to turn orange, a sure sign of fall.
A. American
B. British
12. I swear that truck-driver was trying to run me over!
A. American
B. British
GRAMMAR: To article or not to article, that is the question
Indefinite articles: “A” vs. “An”
Indefinite articles are used to talk about singular nouns. As you should know, “a” is used
instead of “an” before nouns which start with consonants, with three major exceptions.
A) When the word starts with the letter “h” but the “h” sound is not voiced
Example:
An hour, an honourable swordsman etc.
B) When the word starts with a “u” or “e” but the sound is pronounced like the “y” in yeti
Example:
A university, a unicorn, a ewe, a European lady etc.

C) When an “o” is pronounced like the “w” in wonder (a one-eyed pirate, a once-prosperous
kingdom)
The definite article “The” vs. the zero article
The definite article is usually used to talk about specific singular, plural and uncountable
nouns. Generally, the zero article is used to talk about unspecific plural and uncountable
nouns.
We use the definite article when:
A) We think the listener or reader understands what we are referring to.
Examples:
The car was hot, I was in the kitchen
B) Before unique objects when we know there is only one of its kind.
Examples:
The universe, the world, the economy, the south pole.
C) Before superlatives
Examples:
The biggest chocolate brownies, the fastest man in the world.
D) Referring to human families as a collective unit
Examples:
The Simpsons, the Smiths, the Connells.
E) Before countries or nations that are made up of groups.
Examples:
The United Kingdom, the USA, The Roman Empire.
F) Before names which include the word “of”.
Examples:
The Republic of Argentina, the Cape of Good Hope, the Park of Saintly Adoration, the University
of Yorkshire, the Lake of Lost Causes.
G) Referring to the time, day or month of the year, and there is an adjective before the noun
or a clause or phrase following it.
Examples:
It was the worst holiday ever, It happened during the summer of 1988.
Or when using the words morning, afternoon, evening and weekend.
Example:
I run in the morning, She studies in the evening.
H) It is known exactly which school, bed, prison, etc., is being referred to by the speaker and
the listener of the conversation.
Example:
I went to the school by St James Hospital, I served in the prison for twelve long years.
We MUST omit the article (in other words use the zero article) when:
A) Generalising about plural and uncountable nouns (or noun phrases) and make generic or
indefinite references to things.
Example:
I love croissants, I’m terrified of deep water, I’m into acid house music, I think budgies are
stupid.
B) Using people’s specific names or titles and when addressing them by their titles.
Example:
Jack, Elizabeth Hobson, Mr Brown, Miss Smith, Sir, Mister, Lord Smitter, Captain Silver, Doctor.
C) Using the specific names of mountains, parks, forests and lakes.
Example:
Lake Elmore is beautiful, I have climbed Mount Everest, The northern slope of Mount
Taranaki is my favourite place in the world, I hate Central Park, Hyde park is full of stray
dogs, Let’s go to Sheffield Forest.
D) Talking about games, activities and hobbies.
Example:
I play basketball, They like skiing, She’s a deft hand at cards.
E) Talking about countries, continents, towns, streets and languages.
Example:
North America, Uruguay, Europe, Africa, London, New Orleans, High Street, Fitzgerald Avenue,
Spanish, Russian.
F) With nouns that are followed by numbers.
Example:
Do you have any trench coats in size 16? Continue to gate 13. I’ll leave them for you
at platform nine and three quarters.
G) Talking about some modes of transport when using prepositional phrases.
Example:
By bus, by plane, in train.
H) Talking about institutions.
Example:
In jail, at home, in school, for work, at camp, in hospital, at university.
I) When referring to the time, day or month of the year except with the words morning,
afternoon, evening and weekend.
Example:
I arrived on time, We go to the beach in summer, at midnight.
J) Certain prepositional phrases do not take an article.
Examples:
In charge, in tears, in danger, at war, by heart, beyond control, out of control.
Question 1
Correct
Mark 23.00 out of 23.00

Flag question
Question text
Choose the correct article (zero article = 0) to go in the following sentences:
0
1. I’ve detested Answer
cockroaches all my life.
0
2. We would like to learn more about Answer
0
Australasia in Answer
geography class.
0
3. Let’s go to the market on Answer
Wednesday.
0
4. Tell me who’s in Answer
charge round here.
the
5. If we’re going to use it in our film, I want to listen to Answer
an
echo of our new reverb amp in Answer
amphitheatre to get an idea of it’s potential.
0
6. Do you work from Answer
0
home or at Answer
school?
the
7. Where are Answer
scissors?
0
8. I hate playing Answer
tennis
0
9. I’m going back to Answer
university next year.
0
10. I hate going to Answer
school in the mornings.
the
11. Well, Answer
universe is full of mysteries.
the
12. I’m travelling to Answer
Republic of Dominica next summer.
0
13. My goal is to get to Answer
0
West Indonesia by Answer
sea kayak in less than three months.
0
14. Meet me under Answer
the
Bridge 25 on Answer
New York freeway.
a
15. I’m known to be partial to Answer
0
slice of Answer
Madeira cake.
0
16. I wish I could speak Answer
Mandarin.
the
17. In Answer
winter of 1876, I was not alive.
VOCABULARY: Idioms
Drive someone crazy
Irritate very much (Note: also means to excite sexually).
Examples:
Stop that, you know it drives me crazy when you bite your nails.
Take forever
To take a long time.
Example:
God, this drive is taking forever. We’re not even half-way there yet!
It weighs a ton
It’s very heavy.
Example:
Mate, can you help me with the shopping? These bags weigh a ton.
I’m speechless
Feeling extreme emotion - usually shock.
Example:
You want to give me a brand new car for free? Beatrice, I’m speechless!
I’m starving
I’m very hungry.
Example:
Let’s go get a pizza, I’m starving.
It costs a fortune
It is very expensive.
Example:
This new caravan cost me a fortune, but it’s so beautiful and well-equipped that I don’t even
care.
I’m going out of my mind
I am highly stressed/worried/going crazy.
Example:
Not only do I have to finish the entire project in two days, my manager wants to fire me and my
daughter keeps getting into trouble at school. I’m going out of my mind.
I’m crazy about…
I absolutely love…
Example:
We were standing for five hours in the rain to get the tickets, but it was worth it, I’m crazy
about that band.
…is killing me
Something is very painful/annoying/hilarious.
Example:
Heavens, my feet are killing me! Can we sit down?
I’m dying for...
I really want…
Example:
Man, I’m dying for a drink, let’s find another pub and order some beers.
Question 1
Correct
Mark 14.00 out of 14.00
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Question text
Write the correct word or expression in the gap:

drives me crazy
1. It Answer
the way they play terrible pop music on the radio all the time.
crazy
2. I’m Answer
about you baby.
3. Last night I thought I saw an alien spaceship hovering above the house. I know what you’re
going out of my mind
thinking, I’m Answer
dying for
4. It has only been half a day without caffeine and already I’m Answer
a coffee.
take
5. Why does it Answer
forever
you Answer
to go to the store?
starving
6. I’m Answer
, haven’t eaten anything for hours. I’m going to make dinner.
w eighs a to
7. Man, this cat Answer
! What have you been feeding him?
cost
8. It Answer
fortune
a Answer
to pay for my medical insurance.
killing me
9. You’re Answer
with those fantastic jokes!

out of
10. I’ve been going Answer
mind
my Answer
worrying about you. Why don’t you phone and tell me where you are?
speechless
11. You’re buying a new house in the Bahamas with the lottery money? I’m Answer
Correct
The correct answer is: speechless
I. Read the sentences and choose the correct option:
1. Because he studied really hard for the exam, it was no surprise that he ……………….. .
passed with flying colors
got an A for effort
taught someone a lesson
The correct answer is: passed with flying colors
2. The whole city was reported to ……………….. .
been devastated by the earthquake

have been devastated by the earthquake
being devastated for the earthquake
The correct answer is: have been devastated by the earthquake
3. I recommend ……………….. at that restaurant.
she eats
her to eat
eating
The correct answer is: eating
4. Since the true murderer confessed, I am now ……………….. for the crime.
off a hook
off the hook
off hook
The correct answer is: off the hook
5. When I was young, I ……………….. talk back to my parents.
dare not
B. didn’t dare to
didn’t dare

The correct answer is: didn’t dare
6. On the sightseeing tour of the city, we were blown away by the ……………….. skyscrapers.
Being from a small town, we had never seen any building over three storeys.
labyrinth
odyssey
colossal
The correct answer is: colossal
7. For dinner tonight I am thinking ……………….. a rice dish.
to make
of making
about to make
The correct answer is: of making
8. The company has to make a lot of changes and invest more money, but ……………….. is that
if we do not make these changes, we face bankruptcy.
a shot in the dark
the bottom line
no news is good news
The correct answer is: the bottom line

9. I ……………….. like him, but now we're good friends.
wouldn’t
didn’t used to
didn’t use to
The correct answer is: didn’t use to
10. In addition to adopting a healthy diet, it is important to ……………….. several times a week.
work out
burn off
hydrate
The correct answer is: work out
11. John is ……………….. arrive at 10, but he will probably be late.
supposed to
supposing to
suppose to
The correct answer is: supposed to
12. Your boss is already mad at you for not finishing your work on time. Calling in sick will only
……………….. .
shed light on it
power it up
add fuel to the fire
The correct answer is: add fuel to the fire
13. ……………….. he didn’t like the cake, he ate two more pieces.
Besides
Although
Despite
The correct answer is: Although
14. When his wife turned off the football match in the last few seconds, he ……………….. at her.
gave up
blew up
hung up
The correct answer is: blew up
15. It is best ……………….. every day.
to study
studying
study
The correct answer is: to study
16. After several rocky years, the company was finally ……………….. and enjoying considerable
success.
in black
in the black
in a black
The correct answer is: in the black
17. She hardly ever sees him, ………………..?
does she
doesn’t she
has she
The correct answer is: does she
18. I want to go to Paris. On the one hand, tickets are cheap. ……………….. I want to practice
my French.
On the other hand
Additionally
Nevertheless

The correct answer is: Additionally
19. I want to buy that new car, but I already live on a shoestring budget and it ……………….. .
costs a fortune
weighs a ton
takes ages
The correct answer is: costs a fortune
20. When we went to London, we saw the Changing of the Guards at ……………….. .
Buckingham Palace
the Buckingham Palace
Buckingham’s Palace
The correct answer is: Buckingham Palace
Question 2
Partially correct
Flag question
Question text
II. For questions 1-11, read the article below and think of the word which best fits each gap.
Use only ONE word in each gap.
Somebody once described to me the world in which we now live, as an illusion disappearing
before
and changing (1) Answer
our eyes, where things we think we know become unknown, and technological advances are
updated
harder and harder to keep up (2) Answer
Having
(3) Answer
this into account, we should be all the less surprised when more and more parts of (4) Answer
our
because
daily lives start disappearing. But (5) Answer
we
so, we feel shocked to learn that very soon money as we have always known (6) Answer
will also soon disappear, according to Professor Gerry Montague of the Institute of Economic
Reform.
could
Pennies, coins, bills and checks (7) Answer
be replaced by a series of different credit cards. So, in the future we will go to a
and
shop (8) Answer
the assistant will simply type in your code or account number, the amount you have spent and
in
we will be (9) Answer
our way with a light wave of the hand. It’s somewhat sad looking back. I can still
w hen
remember (10) Answer
a little boy and saving up every little coin in my piggy bank, and the sound it made when I
would rattle it to see if I had enough money to go to the ice-cream truck. This brings up an
Um
issue when thinking of childhood. (11) Answer
will I give my sons and daughters their allowance?
Question 3
Correct
Flag question
Question text
III. You are going to read two extracts which are all concerned in some way with human
behavior. For questions 1-4, choose the answer which you think fits best according to the
text.
Extract from a book review
Why do vast flocks of birds, driven as much by some irrepressible genetic impulse as by the
dictates of seasonal change, migrate thousands of miles every year? And why do people, torn
between ‘the known and the new’, so often oscillate between the prospect of the journey and
the draw of home? Under the pretext of exploring the first question, The Snow Geese, William
Fiennes’s quirky and autobiographical first book, take us to the heart of the second.
The story begins with Fiennes confined to a hospital bed, stricken by a curious and
psychologically debilitating illness, dreaming of the comforts and protection of his family
home. But when he returns to the familiarity of the old ironstone house, restlessness soon
replaces homesickness. He longs to be jolted out of his introspection. Paul Gallico’s novel The
Snow Goose becomes an unlikely inspiration, and Fiennes resolves to follow the migratory
path of real-life snow geese as they fly from Texas to the Canadian Arctic Circle on their annual
spring voyage. It is emotional healing through the power of bird-watching, allowing him to put
the past behind him. The result is an original blend of travel writing, autobiography and
reportage.
1. In the first paragraph, the reviewer suggests that Fiennes’s book.
seeks to understand people’s mixed feelings about travel.
throws new light on the migratory habits of birds.
rejects comparisons between human and bird behavior.

fails to answer satisfactorily either of the questions it poses.
The correct answer is: seeks to understand people’s mixed feelings about travel.
2. What do we learn about Fiennes in the second paragraph?
His state of health prevents him from travelling.
He has been inspired by a book he read in hospital.
His is looking for something to occupy his mind positively.
He has written his book as a way of overcoming his illness.
The correct answer is: His is looking for something to occupy his mind positively.
Book Crossing
My heart was thumping. Surreptitiously, I scanned the carriage. The train coasted into the
platform, and the briefcase-clutching, umbrella-wielding crowd made its way towards the
door. I slid my book – Hanif Kurcishi’s Love in a Blue Time – between two seats. A quick glance
at my fellow passengers: no one saw. Off the train, and up the escalator – I increased my pace
and pulled down my hat. Almost out of the station. I had done it! I had ‘released’ my first book.
As my smile spread, I noticed rapidly approaching footsteps from behind. A tap on my
shoulder: ‘Excuse me, Miss,’ said kindly man, ‘I think you left this behind.’ Bother!
The Book Crossing organization – nay, movement – claims, with 250,000 members globally, to
be the largest book group in the world. Here’s how it works. You register with the site
(www.bookcrossing.com), tag one of your books with a special Book Crossing number
generated by the website, and then ‘release it to the wild’. With any luck, your book will then
be rescued – or, as they say, captured. The book-catcher is invited, via use of the Book Crossing
code number and website, to update the travels of the book, read and exchange their
impressions of it and then, in true Book Crossing spirit, pass it on.
3. In the first paragraph, the writer describes a situation in which she
felt short-lived satisfaction in an achievement.

was embarrassed when her intentions were uncovered.
became resigned to her inability to do something successfully.
had feelings of frustration towards someone who intended to spoil her plans.
The correct answer is: felt short-lived satisfaction in an achievement.
4. The organization described in the second paragraph aims to
promote the work of certain authors.
encourage people to read online novels.
provoke discussion of certain published works.
persuade people to buy more books.
The correct answer is: provoke discussion of certain published works.

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VOCABULARY: Focus

Major vs. minor

When I go to university I want to major in philosophy, with a minor in sociology.

College vs. university

Before I went to Harvard University for my doctorate I got my bachelor’s in science at

Scholarship vs. bursary

The act of entering someone as a member or participant of something.

The evaluation and judgment of something, or the act of doing this.

Grade point average

A calculated number that shows the student’s average course score.

The range of courses that are offered by an educational institute.

Optional class that is not required for your course of study.

Mark 15.00 out of 15.00

Fill in the blank with the correct vocabulary word or phrase:

grade point average

class to do carpentry while working part-time as a waiter.

process when starting university can take months.

“A” for effort

Pass with flying colors

To succeed at something easily.

Someone who likes books and is known for studying a lot.

Teach someone a lesson

To hurt or punish someone.

To memorise something perfectly.

Having or following old-fashioned styles or values.

To be dismissed or expelled from a school.

An imitator, someone who cheats or does the same thing as another.

Mark 10.00 out of 10.00

Fill in the blank with the correct idiom:

in one day.

pass w ith flying colors

but the exam was much harder than he imagined.

!’ In truth he was devastated his team didn’t win.

just because I sometimes get enthusiastic and verbose in class.

if we don’t stay quiet while he’s talking.

GRAMMAR: Passive voice with reporting verbs

Passive: You are said to be the most beautiful woman on earth.

it + to be + passive reporting verb + that-clause

Example: It is known that he loves you.

Meaning: People know that he loves you.

Example: He is known to love you.

Meaning: People know that he loves you.

Active, informal: Everyone expects us to wait for the guests to arrive.

Here is a list of reporting verbs commonly used in the passive:

Formal Formal Less Formal

Mark 11.00 out of 11.00

They are believed to be

allergic to chili powder.

eat an appetizer of sliced chorizo.

It w as found that everyone w as

guilty of slandering the high Prince.

students do not have meticulous standards of hygiene.

kryptonite does not, in fact, exist.

Mark 9.00 out of 9.00

The principle or main character in a work of fiction.

In Collin’s new novel, the protagonist dies at the end.

To put something forward; to argue something.

Characterized by a large amount of something.

To sway back and forth.

A fourteen line poem with a specific rhyme scheme.

A Shakespearean sonnet follows a rhyme scheme known as iambic pentameter.

A category or type of art or literature.