John Patrick S.

Nunez
BS ChE—3B
ChE 126 – Separation Process

Practice Exercise 1

Given: 10000 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑒 (𝐵)

1200 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐴)
400 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝐶)
92 𝑤𝑡 % 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 8 𝑤𝑡 % 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4
95% 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑁 = 0.5 𝑘𝑔

𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉1 = 32650 𝑘𝑔 𝑉𝑎 = 14,250 𝑘𝑔
𝑦𝑏 = 𝑦1 = 𝑦𝑎 = 0.08

N-1 stage 1st stage

𝐿𝑏 = 20,000 𝑘𝑔 𝐿1 = 20,000 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑎 = 1600 𝑘𝑔

𝑥𝑏 = 0.003 𝑥1 = 0.08 𝑥𝑎 = 0.75
𝐴 = 60 𝑘𝑔 𝐴 = 1200 𝑘𝑔
𝐵 = 10,000 𝑘𝑔 𝐵 = 10,000 𝑘𝑔
𝐶= 𝐶 = 400 𝑘𝑔

Required: Calculate the number of stages required.

Solution:
Amount of Lb
𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
10,000 𝑘𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡 ( ) = 20,000 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
0.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡

95% of the CuSO4 in the inlet ore is to be recovered

1200 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 (0.95) = 1140 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4

Amount of 𝐿𝑎
𝐿𝑎 = 1200 + 400 = 1600 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Water in Va
0.92 𝐻2 𝑂
1140 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 ( ) = 13110 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
0.08 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4
𝑉𝑎 = 1140 + 13110 = 14250 𝑘𝑔

CuSO4 in Lb
1200 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 (0.05) = 60 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4

𝑉1 = 32650 𝑘𝑔 𝑉𝑎 = 14250 𝑘𝑔
𝑦1 = 0.047167 𝑦𝑎 =0.08

1st Stage

𝐿1 = 20,000 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑎 = 1600 𝑘𝑔
𝑥1 = 0.08 𝑥𝑎 = 0.75
𝐴 = 1200 𝑘𝑔
𝐵 = 10,000 𝑘𝑔
𝐶 = 400 𝑘𝑔
Overall material balance on Stage 1
𝑉1 + 𝐿𝑎 = 𝑉𝑎 + 𝐿𝑏
𝑉1 + 1600 = 14250 + 20000
𝑉1 = 32650 𝑘𝑔

Copper sulfate balance

V1 yb + La xa = Va ya + L1 x1
32650(yb ) + 1600(0.75) = 14250(0.08) + 20000(0.08)
y1 = 0.047167 = ya
yb = 0
xa = 0.08 = ya∗
60
xb = = 0.003009 = yb∗
19940
 y − y∗ 0 − 0.003009
ln ( yb − yb∗ ) ln ( )
N−1= a a
→N−1= 0.047167 − 0.08 = 4.9
y − ya 0 − 0.047167
ln ( b∗ ∗ ) ln (
0.003009 − 0.08
)
yb − ya
N − 1 = 4.9
N ≈ 6 Stages

Given: 25.7 𝑤𝑡 % 𝑜𝑖𝑙

95% 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑
1000 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 70 𝑤𝑡 % 𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑉𝑏 =
𝑦𝑏 =
𝑃𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙 𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟

N-1 stage 1st stage

𝐿𝑎 = 257 𝑘𝑔
𝑥𝑎 =
𝐴 =0
𝐵 = 1000 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝐶 =0
Required: The amounts and compositions of the exit streams and the total number of
theoretical stages.
Solution:
Oil in La
1000(0.257) = 257 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑖𝑙
Oil in Lb
257(0.05) = 12.85 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑖𝑙
Oil in Va
257(0.95) = 244.15 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑖𝑙

Total amount of Va
244.15
𝑉𝑎 = = 348.79 𝑘𝑔
0.7
𝑉𝑎 = 348.79 𝑘𝑔
Liver in Lo
1000(0.753) = 743 𝑘𝑔

1
𝐿𝑏 = 753 ( )
𝑁
If x = 0.2, N = 3.50
1
𝐿𝑏 = 743 ( ) = 212.29
3.50
12.85
𝑥𝑏 = = 0.0605
212.2857
If x = 0.0605, N = 4.4626
1
𝐿𝑏 = 743 ( ) = 166.49
4.4626
12.85
𝑥𝑏 = = 0.0772
166.4949
If x = 0.0772, N = 4.3473
1
𝐿𝑏 = 743 ( ) = 170.91
4.3473
12.85
𝑥𝑏 = = 0.0752
170.9107
If x = 0.0752, N = 4.3611
1
𝐿𝑏 = 743 ( ) = 170.37
4.3611
12.85
𝑥𝑏 = = 0.0754
170.3699
If x = 0.0754, N = 4.3597
1
𝐿𝑏 = 743 ( ) = 170.42
4.3597
12.85
𝑥𝑏 = = 0.0754
170.4246
Overall material balance
 𝑉𝑏 + 𝐿𝑎 = 𝑉𝑎 + 𝐿𝑏
𝑉𝑏 + 257 = 348.79 + 170.42
𝑉𝑏 = 262.21 𝑘𝑔

𝐵𝑎 = 743 𝑘𝑔 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟

𝐵𝑎 = 𝐿𝑎 𝑁𝑎
𝐵𝑎 743
𝑁𝑎 = = = 2.89
𝐿𝑎 257
𝐵𝑏 = 𝐿𝑏 𝑁𝑏
𝐵𝑏 743
𝑁𝑏 = = = 4.36
𝐿𝑏 170.4246

Solve for coordinates of operating line P

𝐵 743
𝑁∆ = = = −8.09
𝐿𝑎 − 𝑉𝑎 257 − 348.79
𝐿𝑎 𝑋𝑎 − 𝑉𝑎 𝑌𝑎 257(1) − 348.79(0.7)
𝑋𝐴∆ = = = −0.14
𝐿𝑎 − 𝑉𝑎 257 − 348.79
 (0.0754, 4.361)

(1, 2.8911)

(−0.14, −8.09)

𝑁 = 7 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠
Given: 100 𝑙𝑏 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
0.043 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙
95% 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙
0.65
𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡

𝑉𝑎
𝑉𝑏 4.085 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝐸𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝐸1 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟

𝐿𝑏
100 𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝐿𝑎
0.215 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙 100 𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝐸𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 4.3 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙

Required: Gallons of ether needed per charge of livers and no. of extractors needed
Solution:
Basis: 100 𝑙𝑏 𝑒𝑥ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑖𝑙
Let 𝑥 and 𝑦 =
𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒

Oil in exhausted livers: 4.3 × 0.05 = 0.215 𝑔𝑎𝑙

Oil in product: 4.3 × 0.95 = 4.085 𝑔𝑎𝑙
It was stated in the problem that:
4.085 = 0.65(𝐸1 + 4.085)
𝐸1 = 2.20 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟
0.215
𝑥𝑎 =
(0.215 + 𝐸𝑒 )
Also, 𝐸𝑒 = 100𝐶 − 0.215
𝐶 = 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑥ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠
From the table 23.5,
𝑥𝑏 = 0.055
𝐸𝑒 = 3.70
𝐶 = 0.0392
Operating line
Assume the value of x for intermediates points. Find the total volume of solution from the
plot of data in Table 23.5. Calculate the values of y.
x (assumed) 0.055 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.68 1.00
S (Table 23.5) 5.0 6.8 9.9 12.0
𝑂3 = 𝑥𝑆 1.00 2.72 5.94 8.16
𝐸3 = 𝑆 − 𝑂3 4.00 4.08 3.96 3.84
𝑂2 = 4.085 + 𝑂3 − 4.30 0.785 2.505 5.73 7.95
𝐸2 = 2.20 + 𝐸3 6.20 6.28 6.16 6.04
𝑂2 + 𝐸2 = 𝑆2 6.98 8.78 11.89 13.99
𝑦 = 𝑂2 /𝑆2 0 0.112 0.285 0.482 0.568 0.65
Using McCabe-Thiele method.

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

𝑁 = 7 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠