Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Cenrifugal Compressor PII
Cenrifugal Compressor PII
Compressors
Introduction
What is the compressor ?
Why we need compressors ?
How is the compressor classified ?
What are the types of compressors in brief ?
Describe in detail centrifugal compressor
Types ?
Mechanical construction ?
Protection?
Operation ?
Maintenance ?
What is the Compressor?
Positive displacement
Dynamic Ejector
Reciprocating Rotary
Operation Constant volume - Variable pressure Variable volume - Quasi constant pressure
Principle
Function of a To render a specific volume of gas from a given initial condition into a desired final condition
a compressor (pressure/temperature)
Working area of different compressor
types At Q-H curve
200
Multistage
Reciprocating
Pressure ratio
20
Single stage Recip.
Multistage
Centrifugal Multistage Axial
Rotary
compressors
2 Single S Cen.
140
Positive
Centrifugal Displacement
Percent Pressure Ratio
100
Design Point
80
Axial-Flow
Compressor
60
Percent Flow
Centrifugal Compressor
classification
Centrifugal compressor classified
By impeller mounting
By impeller type
By casing split
By number of stages
By impeller mounting
between bearings impeller
By impeller mounting
Overhung impeller
By impeller type
Closed impeller
Open impeller
Semi-open impeller
Impeller nomenclature
Impellers types
By casing split
Horizontal split casing
By casing split
Vertically split casing
Centrifugal Compressor
Parts
Cross section of vertically split
Nozzle Nozzle
Discharge Suction
Inner Barrel
Fixed
Casing End Head
Inlet Area
Removable
End head Inlet
Plenum
Journal bearing
Compressor inlet
nozzle
Centrifugal compressor statoric parts
Casing
Casing
Bundle
Diaphragm
Suction Diaphragm
Suction Diaphragm with the Antiswirl
IGV - Inlet Guide Vanes
End Head with First Stage IGV
Diffuser - Half
Intermediate Diaphragm
Discharge Diaphragm
Seals
Labyrinth
Interstage seal
Labyrinth
s
Labyrinth seals
Gas flow
Shaft
Pressure
Volume
Velocity
Labyrinth seal
Impeller
Tilting pad
Journal Bearing Oil Flow Control
Journal Bearing Equipped
with Thermocouple
Journal Bearing Equipped
with vibration probes
Lubricant flow path
cool oil
introduced
directly into
the oil film,
insulating the
shoe surface
from hot oil
that adheres
to the shaft.
Journal and thrust bearing NDE
Thrust bearing
Tilting pad
Thrust Bearing side and housing
Thrust bearing components
Lubricant flow path
cool oil
introduced
directly into
the oil film,
insulating the
shoe surface
from hot oil
that adheres
to the shaft.
Journal bearing
Or by using oil nozzles:
3
Hydrodynamic principle
5 Axis-milling
By welding
Robotic welding
By Riveting
Shrink fit & stacking
Shrink fit & stacking
Rotor
Rotor
CC Rotor Assembly
Spacer
Rotor balancing
Ballance drum with
Balancing Drum
spiral
groove
Inner
groove
diameter
Sealing
dam
Opposing outer
face inner diameter
diameter
86
Spiral
grooves
Sealing
dam
The type 28 Non-contacting Dry Gas Seal operates by generating a thin gas
film between the rotating and stationary components.
Sealing dam
Groove
diameter
Rotating or Rotating or
stationary stationary
ring ring
Sealing dam
Groove
diameter
Rotating or Rotating or
stationary stationary
ring ring
• Cushion of gas
• Contact eliminated
Gas Rushes into Gas
spiral grooves
Gas
Gas Gas
Gas Gas
Dry Gas seal is a self adjusting Seal
Spiral grooves
GAS
Sealing dam
Inner
diameter
Carbon Rotating
ring ring Rotating ring
Tungsten carbide
If Gap increased
Compression
Expansion
Spring Product
Gas film
load pressure
Pressure distribution
Forces acting on the seal
Compression
Expansion
Spring Product
Gas film
load pressure
Pressure distribution
Normal operation
Gap will be reduced
Compression
Expansion
Spring Product
Gas film
load pressure
Pressure distribution
Back To Normal operation
Compression
Expansion
Spring Product
Gas film
load pressure
Pressure distribution
Normal operation
Film Thickness - How Small ?
Human Hair
Fluid Film
Face 2 um
Seat
Centrifugal Compressor
Operation
Compressor flow path
Diffusers
Discharge Suction
▲
▲
▲
▲▲
Impellers
Compressor flow path two stages
CC 1st stage
CC inter-stage
Variations in Pressure, Temperature and Velocity in a
Centrifugal Compressor
Buffer Gas
Developing the compressor curve
process limit
Rc
adding control
margins
maximum speed
power limit
surge limit
stonewall or
choke limit
Actual available
stable zone
operating zone
of operation
minimum speed
Qs, vol
Centrifugal Compressor
Protection
Centrifugal compressor protected against:
Excessive thrust
Surge
High temperature
High vibration
Overspeed
Axial force on impeller
Axial force on thrust bearing
BAL. FLOW
P2
P1 BAL P1
DRUM
Balance Gas
Thrust
Suction Discharge
Balance line
Axial balancing
Suction pressure
Thrust
Oil Pressure Diagram in the Rings
Schematic
Oil Seal P&I Diagram
Avional Labyrinths
Thrust Equalisation and Reference gas
Reference Gas
Equalising Gas
Balance Gas
Thrust
Balance Gas
Buffer Gas Operation Buffer Gas Injection
LIC
Overhead Seal Oil Tank
Level Control
Filters
Reference Gas
Pressure Control
Coolers
Temp Control
Vent to Atm
Main Oil
Reservoir Degassing
Tank Sour Seal Oil Pots
Heater
LIC Failure
LIC
Overhead Seal Oil Tank
Level Control
Filters
Reference Gas
Pressure Control
Coolers
Temp Control
Main Oil
Reservoir Degassing
Tank Sour Seal Oil Pots
Heater
ROs blocked
LIC
Overhead Seal Oil Tank
Level Control
Filters
Reference Gas
Pressure Control
Coolers
Temp Control
Main Oil
Reservoir Degassing
Tank Sour Seal Oil Pots
Heater
Reference Gas
Reference Gas
60kPa head