WORLD UNIVERSIY

O F B A N G L A D E S H

Assessment of impact on environment and human

health due to disposal of waste generated from
garments factories at Chattagram city

A project report submitted to World University of Bangladesh in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for award of the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.

Submitted by

Ahmed Ullah Rony

ID No: WUB10/15/67/4628
Batch: 67 (B)

Kripendra Chakma
ID No: WUB10/16/68/5031
Batch: 68 (H)

Md.Faisal
ID No: WUB10/16/68/5029
Batch: 68 (H)

Supervisor
Md. Asaduzzaman Rasel
Lecturer
Department of Civil Engineering
World University of Bangladesh

September, 2020
 CONTENTS
Page

Letter of transmittal iv
Declaration v
Certification vi
Acknowledgement vii
Abbreviations viii
List of Tables ix
List of Figures x
Abstract xi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Objectives 3
1.3 Outline on the methodology 4
1.4 Organization of the thesis 4

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 General 5
2.2 Definition of garments waste 6
2.2.1 Types of garments waste 6
2.2.2 Type of solid wastes in garments and textile mills 6
2.2.3 Waste water 10
2.3 Sources of garment wastes 10
2.4 Use of the garments waste 11
2.5 Health conditions of garment workers in Chattagram city 11
2.6 Ensure environmental sustainability 12
2.7 Wastewater form garments industry 12

i
2.8 Environmental impact 13
2.9 Water quality parameters 14
2.9.1 pH 14
2.9.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 15
2.9.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 16
2.9.4 Turbidity of water 18
2.9.5 Total Dissolved solids (TDS) 19
2.9.6 Color of water 20
2.9.7 Hardness of water 21
2.9.8 Arsenic of water 22
2.10 Questionnaire survey and informal interview 24
2.11 Problems finding 24
2.12 Collection of wastewater samples 25
2.13 Laboratory test & data Analysis 25
2.14 Status of environmental pollution surrounding 26

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 General 28
3.2 Selection of garment Factories 29
3.3 Observation of present situation of wastes garment factories 31

CHAPTER 4: DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 General 32
4.2 Waste collection and transportation system at garments industry 32
4.3 Environmental & human health condition surrounding 33
4.4 Questionnaire survey at CEPZ area 34
4.5 Characteristics of wastewater quality of the studies areas 40

ii
CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 General 41
5.2 Air pollution in Chattagram city 50
5.3 Sound pollution in Chattagram city 50

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Conclusion 51
6.2 Recommendation 51
REFERRANCES 53

iii
 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

27 September, 2020
To
Md. Asaduzzaman Rasel
Lecturer
Department of Civil Engineering
World University of Bangladesh

Subject: Submission of project report on “Assessment of impact on environment and

human health due to disposal of waste generated from garments factories at Chattagram
city”

Sir,
We are hereby pleased to submit herewith the project report on „„Assessment of impact on
environment and human health due to disposal of waste generated from garments factories at
Chattagram city”. It is a great pleasure for us to work on such an important topic under your
guidance. The project work has been done as per instructions and according to the requirements
of the World University of Bangladesh.

We have attempted our best to develop the project work and we appreciate for your kind
cooperation and effort provided to us. We assure you all kind of assistance in interpreting any
part of the thesis paper whenever necessary.

Sincerely yours

………………………..
Ahmed Ullah Riny
ID No: WUB10/15/67/4628

…………………………..
Kripendra Chakma
ID No: WUB10/16/68/5031

……………………..
Md. Faisal
ID No: WUB10/16/68/5029

iv
 DECLARATION

It is stated that the project work on “Assessment of impact on environment and human health due
to disposal of waste generated from garments factories at Chattagram city” has been performed
under the supervision of Md.Asaduzzaman Rasel, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering,
WUB, Dhaka. To the best of our knowledge and belief, the project paper contains no material
previously written by another except where due reference is made in it itself.
We, further under take to indemnify the university against any loss or damage arising from
breach of the foregoing obligation.

………………………..
Ahmed Ullah Rony
ID No: WUB10/15/67/4628

…………………………...
Kripendra Chakma
ID No: WUB10/16/68/5031

…………………….
Md. Faisal
ID No: WUB10/16/68/5029

v
 WORLD UNIVERSIY
O F B A N G L A D E S H

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the project report on “Assessment of impact on environment and human
health due to disposal of waste generated from garments factories at Chattagram city” is the
genuine record of project work done by (1)Ahmed Ullah Rony, ID No:
WUB10/15/67/4628,Batch No: 67-B, Roll No: 4628, (2)Kripendra Chakma, ID No:
WUB10/16/68/5031, Batch No:68-H, Roll No: 5031 and (3)Md. Faisal, ID No: WUB
10/16/68/5029, Batch No: 68-H,Roll No: 5029 in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the
degree of B.Sc. in Civil Engineering from the World University of Bangladesh (WUB).

This thesis work has been carried out under my guidance and is a record of a successful work.

...................................................

Signature of the Supervisor

Md.Asaduzzaman Rasel
Lecturer
Department of Civil Engineering
World University of Bangladesh

vi
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The project work on “Assessment of impact on environment and human health due to disposal of
waste generated from garments factories at Chattagram city” has been conducted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering. It was
truly impossible to complete this work without unconditional help and co-operation in different
ways from many people. We are really gratitude to Md.Asaduzzaman Rasel, Lecturer World
University of Bangladesh, Department of Civil Engineering, for the guidance of thesis work. As
a successive supervisor, he gave us his maximum assistance and coordination in completing this
work. We would like to gratitude to our respected department teacher‟s for their sincere
cooperation to us at every stage in our thesis work. We are deeply grateful to Prof Dr. Abdul
Mannan Chowdhury, honorable vice chancellor (VC) of the World University of Bangladesh for
creating such an opportunity for us to pursuing studies in acquiring the degree of B.Sc. in Civil
Engineering.
We also express our profound gratitude to Professor A.F.M. Abdur Rouf. Dean of faculty of
Science and Engineering Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, World University of
Bangladesh (WUB). We feel extremely privilege to thank the most respected teacher Associate
Professor Rabindra Ranjan Saha, PEng, Head of Department of Civil Engineering, World
University of Bangladesh, Professor Dr. SM Sirazi, Professor Md. Sekander Ali, Associate
Professor Dr. Md. Zahid Husain Khan.Department of Civil Engineering, World University of
Bangladesh, for their proper guidance and encouragement in this thesis work.
We are also grateful to all of our teachers of the World University of Bangladesh for their
cooperation and comments contributed to this study of the project work. The assistance and
cooperation of the office staff of World University of Bangladesh are hereby acknowledged.
Finally, all of classmates, Departmental staffs and persons are really deserved to attain gratitude
because of their untiring support and encouragement.

Authors

vii
 ABBREVIATIONS

WUB World University of Bangladesh

CE Civil Engineering

CEPZ Chittagong Export Processing Zone

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

IEE Initial Environment Examination

NIPORT National Institute of Population Research and Training

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

TDS Total Dissolved Solid

TSS Total Suspended Solid

TS Total Solid

WHO World Health Organization

NGO Non-Government Organization

RGM Ready Made Garments

DOE Department of Environment

GDP Gross domestic product

viii
 LIST OF TABLES
Page
2.0: List of environmental pollution 27
3.0: Name of garments and location 30
4.0: List and weight of garments waste 32
4.1: Status of problems facing by people who living and working in garments area 33
5.0: Result of pH of water 41
5.1: Result of BOD of water 43
5.2: Result of COD of water 44
5.3: Result of turbidity of water 45
5.4: Result of total dissolved solids (TDS) of water 46
5.5: Result of hardness of water 47
5.6: Result of color of water 48
5.7: Result of As of water 49

ix
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.0: Chattagram city map 3
Figure 2.0: Spinning waste 6
Figure 2.1: Weaving waste 7
Figure 2.2: Cut and sew textile waste 7
Figure 2.3: Damaged textile waste 8
Figure 2.4: Chemical waste 8
Figure 2.5: Consumer waste 9
Figure 2.6: Finished clothing waste 9
Figure 2.7: Waste water 10
Figure 2.8: pH meter 14
Figure 2.9: Turbidity meter 18
Figure 2.10: Total dissolved Solid (TDS) 19
Figure 2.11: Water color measurement meter 20
Figure 2.12: Hardness test of water 22
Figure 2.13: Arsenic test 23
Figure 2.14: Questionnaire survey and informal interview 24
Figure 2.15: Types of problems around the study area 25
Figure 2.16: Waste water collected 26
Figure 3.0: Flow chart of methodology 28
Figure 3.1: Different industrial waste water flow into cannel on CEPZ 29
Figure 3.2: Map on Jay Jay Mills Privet Ltd. & Apparel Manufacture in Bangladesh 30
Figure 3.3: Map on Kenpark Bangladesh Pvt. Ltd & Reliance Dresses Ltd 31
Figure 5.0: Data analysis of pH result 42
Figure 5.1: Data analysis of BOD result 43
Figure 5.2: Data analysis of COD result 44
Figure 5.3: Data analysis of turbidity result 45
Figure 5.4: Data analysis of TDS result 46
Figure 5.5: Data analysis of hardness result 47
Figure 5.6: Data analysis of color result 48
Figure 5.7: Data analysis of arsenic 49

x
 ABSTRACT

Waste management is most impacted form in the world, in every aspects of environmental
pollution generating from garments factories is impacting not only human beings it is also
impacting on all species of animals and contaminating water bodies. Therefore, pollution should
be declined only using environmental friendly technology and public awareness is also playing
an inevitable role in respect of declination of environmental problems. Here the result and
findings are gathered by empirical study in garments sector in Chattagram city. The maximum
and minimum contaminated waste water is emitted from maximum (TDS) value 7636 mg/l and
minimum (As) value 0 ppb level. The major sources of garment wastes in the study area are
textile yarn, fabric, manufacture, garment-making processes, retail industry, post-industrial
waste, Post-consumer waste. In the Environment Protection Act 1996 and Environment
Protection Regulation 1997, there is noclear statement to carry out the Initial Environment
Examination (IEE) and/or Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) while expanding the
capacity of the production and reporting any pollution prone industries after certain period of
close down, and relocating such industries except its requirements only when new establishment
any industries. Adequate steps should be taken to fully comply with the government standard to
prevent air, water, and groundwater pollution. NGOs- Government partnership should be
developed and enhance the citizen monitoring mechanism to a proper evaluation, efficiency and
effectiveness of national as well as foreign aid program in the sector of environment.

xi
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background

Bangladesh has been promoted from the least developed countries to the developing countries.
Bangladesh is currently the 41th country in the economy and fifth in the fastest growing country.
In the decade since 2004, the averaged GDP growth rate is 6.5%. That has been largely
economic development by its exports of ready made Garments, remittances and the agricultural
sector. Bangladesh is rich in industry, it has been develop in the garment industry and agriculture
in recent years. which is a promising step. At present Bangladesh is the third largest garment
manufacturer and exporter country in the world.

Chattagram is a second largest city of Bangladesh, its major Garments industry, sea port and the
heart of all commercial and business activities. As a result, the Government has declared
Chattagram the “Commercial Capital” of the country. Due to the large number of migrants
coming from rural areas especially in Chattagram City Corporation area, as a result the number
of garments is increasing day by day. All types of services in these garments industry are
inadequate and the general environment is dangerous. One of the major problems in the
economic growth of Chattagram city corporation area is the large amounts of people migrating
into the city each year in search of livings and betterment of their lives. This rapid growth of the
city's population requires adequate space for them to stay.

Chattagram is the commercial capital of our country and it is through this that the economic
vitality of the country is performed. Especially the sea port, Industry trade and processing plants,
and the Garments sector of the country. All most of the garments industry are situated here and
the proper waste management system are not followed by the garments factory, the
environmental condition of this area are going to be worst situation day by day. The
impersonation of environmental management systems and policies is still far from workable.
Policies of environment have often been lack of congruence among environmental acts,
antithetical interests at several levels of the propulsion and resources available to environmental
institutions to carry out their responsibilities. Solid waste disposal faces a major problem because
it leads to ground contamination if dumped publicly.

Environmental debate gained momentum in the 1980's as such a precautionary policy was being
developed and implemented against a growing tide of lawsuits against companies that are likely
to favor environmental degradation. Environmental management practices are often promoted as
an opportunity to reduce costs, but for many managers this is not a reality. The pressure of
implementing green centered around structures such as environmental auditing, impact

1
assessment and accreditation, which has high. As the pollution growing each year and the land is
not growing, thus the garment factories are increasing each year.

There are many garment factories in Chattagram city corporation area. By 2001 the textile
industry employed about 3 million workers of whom 90% were women. In 2004 garment sector
remained the largest employer of women in Bangladesh. By 2013, According to BGMEA total
3503 factories are registered. But actually around 5000 garment factories in Bangladesh at
present, employing about 4 million people.

The most important are several steps like carding, spinning, warping and weaving these four
steps. In general, the technology requires the management and use of the whole process for
efficiency in order to improve the entire process of textile or garment wastes (Xing. 212).

According to Jaspal Singh, textile processing are very important and major stages which are
from raw material fiber to yarn and then fabric until at the end of ready products. In order to
understand the process of textile production it is necessary to get familiar with key process of
entire textile making. There are some phases like carding, spinning, warping and weaving these
four steps are mostly important. In general, in order to improve entire process of textile wastes,
under the technology prospective managing and utilization of whole process is necessary for
efficient. Reserve logistics are the terms of activities which are included in the field of waste
management. It is the methods of implementing, systematizing the efficiency, making cost
effective flow of raw materials, updating and upbringing information within logistics activities,
which are connected to each other such as process inventory, finished goods and other
information from the point of origin to the point of expenditure and other modes of disposal.
Waste management is important for the processing of logistics comes into the category of green
logistics; the process which manages all the activities at least cost is termed as green logistics.

Reduce, reuse, recycling and the implementation of 4Rs are the most common approaches to
textile / garment waste management to make textile / garments sustainable and environmentally
friendly. In the past it was 3Rs but later with the help of research and development 3R came into
being. In these days it is called the 4R‟s.Therefore, Textile / Garment Waste Management The
management of 4R to make more efficient 4R is important to use for recycling purposes with the
application of recycling technology.

Solid waste management is considered to be one of the most burning and serious environmental
problems in developing countries like Bangladesh. Rapid expansion of urbanization and
uncontrolled urban expansion drastically reduces the environment, puts severe strain on natural
resources and consequently reduces equitable and sustainable development. Chattagram City
Corporation was purposefully chosen because it generates a large amount of solid waste by 1.5
million citizens. The objectives of the study are to investigate the current state of solid waste
production and management of municipalities in Chattagram City Corporation Area and identify
existing solid waste management system.

2
 Figure 1.0: Chattagram City Map

1.2 Objectives of the study

 To determine the effect on human health in the garments area due to various waste
generated from garment factories.
 To compare the effluents parameters with DOE standards.
 To estimate the daily solid waste generated from selected garments.

3
1.3 Outline on the methodology

A methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study
or the theoretical analysis of the methods and principles associated with a branch of knowledge.
Methodology cannot provide solutions but offers the theoretical underpinning which method can
be applied to a specific case.

i. Garment factories selection at Chattagram city.

ii. Observation of present situation of garment factory wastes.

iii. Nature of waste generated from garment factories.

iv. Determination of Waste characteristics through testing

v. Compilation of test result

vi. Data analysis.

Vii. presentation of findings.

viii. Result and discussion.

1.4 Organization of the thesis

The thesis consists six chapters. Separately from the introductory (Chapter-1), the others are,

Chapter 2: This chapter presents a review of the literature in a research study on the impact of
the environment on waste disposal produced by garment factories in Chattagram city.

Chapter 3: This chapter has a detailed working methodology for this study, and water and
photographs of the necessary items were collected as a reason for selecting this study area.

Chapter 4: This chapter presents all data and analysis in the topics. Also described the causes
Environmental & human health condition surrounding the garments area in CEPZ, Chattagram.

Chapter 5: This chapter contains results and discussion.

Chapter 6: This final chapter summarizes the major conclusions from the current study. Here
are some recommendations for future study approaches to pollution control.

4
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 General
Bangladesh's garments once gained worldwide fame, especially Muslim and Jamdani clothing, or
our country used to be a luxury garment for the princes of Europe and other countries. The
British rulers in India didn‟t improve our textile industry at all, they destroyed them and
imported textiles from England.

Garment industry large scale production of ready made garments (RMG) in organized factories
is a relatively new phenomenon in Bangladesh. Ready made garments (RMG) started in the
Western world in the 1950s. In order to control the level of ready made garments (RMG)
products imported from developing countries to developed countries, the Multi Fever Agreement
(MFA) was signed in 1974. The MFA agreement imposed and the export growth rate of 6
percent per year constitutes a developing country in a developed country.

In the early 1980s, Bangladesh started receiving investment in the RMG sector. Some
Bangladeshi Korean companies received free training from Daewoo. When these workers
returned to Bangladesh, many of them broke up with their factories and started their own jobs.

Although the RMG industry started developing as an export oriented industry in Bangladesh of
the 1970s; RMG's internal market is growing rapidly due to increased personal disposable
income and lifestyle changes. The sector rapidly attained high importance in terms of
employment, foreign exchange earnings and its contribution to GDP.

Most importantly, the growth of the RMG sector has created a group of entrepreneurs who have
made these entrepreneurs a strong private sector, a significant number of women.

The purpose of the literature review is to gain an idea of the environmental impact associated
with garment factory wastes. . The thesis will be focused on the best textile recycling
technologies, its implementation, and complications and its advancement recycling process. The
crucial elements of a comprehensive environmental effect are examined in details. The literature
review presents the information, researched and discussed how it improves the overall project
sustainable improvement is discussed initially to provide the historical backdrop for
environmental consideration within CEPZ industries and then bridging with environmental
effect.

5
2.2 Definition of garments waste

Garments waste can be defined as such kind of materials that don‟t come into use after the end of
the process or the basic use of a product. It is one kind of worthless or useless or defective
material.

2.2.1 Types of garments waste

There are mainly two types of the garments waste-

 Solid waste
 Waste Water
2.2.2 Type of solid wastes in garments and textile mills
Textile wastage can come from different textile manufacturing departments like spinning,
weaving, dyeing, Cut and sew textile waste, Damaged textile waste, Chemical waste, Consumer
waste, Finished clothing waste. Now we will know about the details from the below points.

i. Spinning waste: Cotton fiber bale contains a lot of wastages such as foreign
particles, dust, seeds, short fibers etc. and so when processed through different
sections of a spinning mill then different types of wastage produced in different
sections.

Figure 2.0: Spinning waste

6
ii. Weaving waste: Like spinning mills different types of wastages found in weaving
mills also. Now we will know about it. Residual yarns which are left on the cones
after warping are considered as wastages. In the warping creel section it is not
possible to empty all the cones and there will always be a little amount of yarn left on
the cones.

Figure 2.1: Weaving waste

iii. Cut and sew textile waste: Textile scrap from the production of cut and sew waste
garments. Damaged Textiles are incomplete textile products that have been damaged,
for example, color or printing errors.

Figure 2.2: Cut and sew textile waste

7
iv. Damaged textile waste: Its unfinished textiles that have been damaged for example
Color or print defects.

Figure 2.3: Damaged textile waste

v. Chemical waste: It is a waste that is made from the harmful chemicals produced in
most large factories.

Figure 2.4: Chemical waste

8
vi. Consumer waste: Global clothing production has been doubled from the last decade.
The average lifetime of a garment product is approximately 3 years. The average
person buys 50% more items of clothing every year and keeps them for about half as
long as 15 years ago which generating a huge amount of textile waste.

Figure 2.5: Consumer waste

vii. Finished clothing waste: It is unsold finished clothing waste that has not yet been
worn.

Figure 2.6: Finished clothing waste

9
2.2.3 Waste water

Waste water contains a large variety of dyes and chemical that make the environmental
hazardous for industry, not only as liquid waste but also in its chemical composition. Dyeing and
finishing industry are mainly to produce a large amount of waste water. Water is used to cleanse
fats, oils and other chemicals, which are used in various manufacturing steps. The clearing
process is depending on the kind of wastewater.

Figure 2.7: Waste water

2.3 Sources of garment wastes

i. Although the majority of textile waste originates from household sources, waste
textiles also arise during yarn and fabric manufacture, garment making processes
and from the retail industry.
ii. Most of the chemical waste, Damaged textile waste, Cut and sew textile waste
these are discarded in large quantities.
iii. Cotton textile mill produces yarn from the raw cotton. This process done by the
uses water, colors, chemical & others. From which a large amount of waste come
out
iv. These are termed post-industrial waste, as opposed to the post-consumer waste as
opposed to the post-consumer waste which goes to jumble sales and charity shops.

10
2.4 Use of the garments waste

i. The unusable parts and extremely shredded clothes are recycled into wastes

cotton.

ii. Mattress, pillows, cushions, seat stuffing and padding in cars, public buses and

rickshaws are usually done with these recycled clothes and processed cotton.

iii. Even bandages are being reproduced with leftover white cotton fabrics.

2.5 Health conditions of garment workers in Chattagram city

The survey has been tried to measure the health impact of garments workers in the garment
industry. Attainment and maintenance of health may not be easy, because of improper living, the
result of either ignorance or carelessness, and also due to the hazardous environment.

Environmental conditions are not very satisfactory. The study found that the majority responded
that they live in very unhealthy environments, and they all agree that environmental pollution has
led to various skin diseases or ill health in their families. People around the garment factory also
felt that living in rural areas was good but poverty pushed them into this environment. the
majority of the workers said that they had more sound health before entering the garment
industry. However, their health deteriorated after they joined the garment industry.

It is very difficult for people to maintain a quality of life around the garments. Textile
wastewater, especially dye house water, contains a variety of organic pigments, chemicals and
auxiliaries so that they are colored and have the final pH, COD, BOD and there are many
harmful substances.

Textile wastewater is known to exhibit strong colors, highly suspended solids, high pH, high
temperatures, high arsenic and high COD concentrations. Garments effluent contains dyestuffs,
which are visible, even at low concentration. These colored effluents are aesthetically displeasing
as colors are normally related to untreated wastewater. Even at low densities, color can affect the
aquatic life and the food web.

11
Since many organic colors are harmful to humans, treatment from waste skin processes becomes
environmentally important. The discharge of colored waste water not only damages the aesthetic
nature of the aquifer, but can also be toxic to aquatic life. Furthermore, color interferes with the
transmission of sunlight into a stream and therefore reduces the synthetic action of the image. It
disrupts the natural balance affecting aquatic life and the food chain.

2.6 Ensure environmental sustainability

Bangladesh, the second largest ready-made garment exporter in the world, has taken a leading
position in sustainable green industrialization with the world‟s several top-ranked Green
factories. Bangladesh already has become a role model for Green Manufacturing of textile and
garment in the world.

Considering the global phenomenon, the UN Millennium Declaration on 2000 promised to meet
the challenge of setting specific goals to improve the lives of at least 35 million garment workers
by 2020. The government of Bangladesh is also committed to achieving the targets embodied in
the millennium declaration by 2019.

Works in garments to capture the true image of the people. The National Institute of Population
Research and Training (NIPORT), a government agency in Bangladesh, conducted a large
survey in six major cities, known as the "Urban Health Survey" and obtained information on
demography, living conditions and healthy lifestyles. Various studies on garment workers are
available in Bangladesh but most of them are confirmed with garments in Chattagram city.

2.7 Waste water from garments industry

The garment industry is one of the most complex industries in the manufacturing industry. Toxic
chemicals can be discharged into water bodies from the textile dying process, But This not only
affects the water bodies, but also has long-term implications on public health, food production,
and the environment. If not properly treated before discharge into the natural reservoir, the
contaminated water from this industry can reach the source of potable water, causing serious
environmental concerns.

12
The textile and ready-made garments industry is a major driver of the Bangladesh economy, yet
water pollution in the industry causes severe environmental damage across the country. Even
though a regulatory framework for wastewater management exists, it is inadequately enforced
due to the country‟s weak institutional system and presence of high-level of corruption.

Therefore, the development of new technologies for the treatment of industrial aging in the last
few years has received much attention, partly driven by increasing environmental awareness and
the application of ever-stricter environmental regulations (Holmes, 1984; Mostesi 1994).

2.8 Environmental impact

Bangladesh has more reputation for Readymade Garments in the world and which plays a
significant role in the economical enhancement as well. Most of the garments factories in
Bangladesh are located at Chattagram, Savar, Gazipur and Narayanganj industrial area. But in
terms of pollution, the garments factory has been disgraced as being one of the world's most
perpetrators.

Textile mills usually generate nitrogen and sulfuric oxides from boilers. Other significant sources
of air emissions in textile operations include resin finishing and drying operations, printing,
dyeing, fabric preparation, and wastewater treatment plants.

The textile industry uses high volumes of water throughout its operations, from the washing of
fibers to bleaching, dyeing and washing of finished products. On average, approximately 200
liters of water are required to produce l kg of textiles. The large volumes of wastewater
generated also contain a wide variety of chemicals, used throughout processing. These can cause
damage if not properly treated before being discharged into the environment. Of all the steps
involved in textiles processing, wet processing creates the highest volume of wastewater.

In most of the countries in which garments are produced, untreated toxic wastewaters from
textiles factories are dumped directly into the rivers. Wastewater contains toxic substances such
as lead, mercury, and arsenic, among others. These are extremely harmful for the aquatic life and
the health of the millions people living by those rivers banks. The contamination also reaches the
sea and eventually spreads around the globe.

13
2.9 Water quality parameters

The chemical analysis of water is carried out to know its quality. The various tests carried out are

briefly described below:

2.9.1 pH

pH is a measure of the acidic or alkaline condition of water. It is a way of expressing the

hydrogen ion concentration, or more preciously, the hydrogen ion activity. pH is define as
follows: pH= -log {H+}

APPARATUS

i. pH meter.
ii. Bicker

PROCEDURE:

i. Place a portion (usually 100 ml) of the sample in each beaker provided.

ii. Place the pH meter into the bicker.

iii. Showing the PH meter reading in the sample.

Figure 2.8: pH meter

14
2.9.2 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
The amount of oxygen required by micro-organisms to oxydized organic wastes acrobically is

called biochemical oxygen demand(BOD). BOD may have various units, but most often it is

expressed in mg of oxygen required per liter of water/waste water (ml/l). The total amount of

oxygen that will be required per bio-degradation of is an important measure of the impact that a

given waste stream would have on the receiving water body. Dissolved oxygen is the most

commonly used indictor of the general health of a surface water body. If DO goes below 4 to 5

m/l (due to decomposition of organic wastes), from of life that can survive begin to be reduced.

When anaerobic condition exists, higher life from are killed or driven off. Noxious condition,

including floating sludge, bubbing, oborous gases, slimy fungus growth prevails.

REAGENTS

i. Manganese sulfate solution.

ii. Alkaline potassium iodide solution.

iii. H2SO4.
iv. Starch indicator.
v. Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) solution.

APPARATUS

i. BOD bottle.
ii. Plastic vessel.
iii. Syringe.
iv. Beaker.
v. PROCEDURE

Fill two BOD bottles with the sample (or diluted sample); the bottles should be completely
filled. Determine initial DO (Do1) in one bottle immediately after filling with the sample (or
diluted sample). Keep the other bottle in dark at 20°C and after particular days

15
 (usually 5-days) determine DO (Do1) in the sample (or diluted sample). Dissolved oxygen
(DO) is determined according to the following procedure:

i. Add 1 ml 'of manganese sulfate solution to the BOD bottle by means ofpipette, dipping
an end of the pipette just below the surface of the water.
ii. Add 1 ml of alkaline potassium iodide solution to the BOD bottle in a similar manner.
iii. Insert the stopper and mix by inverting the bottle several times.
iv. Allow the "precipitates" to settle halfway and mix again.
v. Again allow the "precipitates" to settle halfway.
vi. Add 1 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid. Immediately insert the stopper and mix as before.
Allow the solution to stand at least 5 minutes.
vii. Withdraw 2 ml of solution into an Erlenmeyer flask and immediately.

viii. add 0.025N sodium thiosulfate drop by drop from a burette until the yellow

color almost disappears.

ix. Add about 1 ml of starch solution and continue the addition of the thiosulfate solution
until the blue color just disappears. Record the 1ml of thiosulfate solution used (disregard
any return of the blue color).

2.9.3 Chemical oxygen demand (COD)

During the domination COD, organic matter is converted to carbon dioxide and water regardless
of the biological, assimilability of the substance. For example, glucose and lignin are both
oxidized completely. As a result, COD values are greater than BOD values especially when
biologically resistant organ, matter (e.g. lignin is present).

One of the chief limitations of COD test is its inability to differentiate between biodegradable
and non-biodegradable organic matter, in addition, it does not provide any evidence of the rate at
which the biologically active material would be stabilized under conditions that exist in nature.

The major advantage of COD text is the short time required for evaluation. The determination
can be in about 3 hours rather than the 5 days required for the measurement of BOD. For this
reason, it is used as a substitute for the BOD test in many instances.

16
REAGENTS

i. Dilute sulfuric acid.

ii. Standard potassium permanganate.
iii. Standard Ammonium Oxalate.

APPARATUS

i. Beaker 250 ml.

ii. Dropper.
iii. Stirrer.

PROCEDURE

i. Pipette 100 ml. of the sample into a 250ml Erlenmeyer flask.

ii. Add 10ml. of dilute sulfuric acid and 10ml of standard potassium permanganate.
iii. Heat the flask in a boiling water bath for exactly 30 minutes keeping the water in the bath
above the level of the solution in the flask. The heating enhances the rate of oxidation
reaction in the flask.
iv. If the solution becomes faintly colored, it means that most of the potassium permanganate
has been utilized in the oxidation of organic matter. In such a case, repeat the above using
a smaller sample diluted to 100ml with distilled water.
v. After 30 minutes in the water bath, add 10 ml of standard ammonium oxalate into the
flask. This 10 ml ammonium oxalate, which is a reducing agent, is just equivalent to the
10ml potassium permanganate (Oxidizing agent) added earlier. The excess of reducing
agent ammonium oxalate now remaining in the flask is just equivalent to the amount of
the oxidizing agent (potassium permanganate) used in the oxidation of organic matter.
vi. The quantity of ammonium oxalate remaining in the flask is now determined by titration
with standard potassium permanganate.
vii. Titrate the content of the flask, while hot, with standard potassium permanganate to the
first pink coloration. Record the ml of potassium permanganate used.

17
2.9.4 Turbidity of water

The term turbid is applied to water containing suspended matter that interferes with passage of
light through the water or in which visual depth is restricted. Turbidity may be caused by a wide
variety of upended substances of various sizes ranging in size from colloidal to coarse particles,
depending on the degree of turbulence. In rivers under flood condition, most of the turbidity will
be due to relatively coarse particles. Whereas in takes and other waters existing under relatively
quiescent conditions, most of the turbidity will be due to colloidal and extremely fine particles.
Turbidity in water can harbor and transport bacteria and other harmful pathogenic organisms and
absorbed contaminants which is highly risky for river water life. The Bangladesh standard limit
of is Turbidity 10 NTU.

APPARATUS

i. Turbidity meter

PROCEDURE

i. Ensure that the turbidity meter has been standardized recently.

ii. Fill the wastewater sample cell with the water sample and place in the sample cell holder.
Cover the sample cell with the light shield. Turn on the switch and read the turbidity
directly from the monitor.

Figure 2.9: Turbidity meter

18
2.9.5 Total dissolved solids (TDS)

Total dissolved solids refers to the total concentration of substances, including inorganic salts
and organic matter, dissolved in a given volume of water, which is expressed in units of mg per
liter or parts per million. Common inorganic salts that are found in water are calcium,
magnesium, potassium and sodium, which are all cations, and carbonates, nitrates, bicarbonates,
chlorides and sulphates, which are all anions. Cations are positively charged ions, whereas
anions are negatively charged ions. The total dissolved solids content of water usually ranges
from 20 to 1000 mg/1. Groundwater usually has higher dissolved solids.

APPARATUS

i. TDS meter
ii. Bicker

PROCEDURE

i. Place a portion (usually 100 ml) of the sample in each beaker provided.

ii. Place the TDS meter into the bicker and power on.

iii. Showing the TDS meter reading in the sample.

Figure 2.10: TDS Test

19
2.9.6 Color of water

Colored water is not always harmful to man, but in most cases it is. Even if the water is not
harmful, people for aesthetic reasons do not prefer it. Also disinfection by chlorination of waters
containing natural organics (which produces color) results in the formation of chloroform and a
range of other chlorinated organics, leading to problems which is a major concern in water
treatment. So it is impotent to limit the color of water for domestic supplies. According to
Bangladesh Environment Conservation Rules(1997), drinking water standard for color is 15
units.

APPARATUS

i. Water color measurement meter

PROCEDURE

i. Turn the meter on by pressing the button. When the display shows „„Add C1” with
„„press” blinking, the meter is ready.
ii. Fill one cuvette up to 10ml distil water and replace the cap. Place the cuvatte into the
miter and close the meter cap.
iii. Place the button , When the display shows „„Add C2” with press.
iv. Fill in the second cuvette up to the 10ml sample water and close the cap.
v. Press the button and the meter directly display the value of apparent color.

Figure 2.11: Water color measurement meter

20
2.9.7 Hardness of water

Hard waters are generally considered to be those waters that require considerable amount of soap
to produce a foam lather and that also produce scale in hot water pipes, heaters, boilers, and other
units in which the temperature of water is increased substantially. The hardness of water varies
considerably from place. In general, surface water is softer than groundwater. The hardness of
water reflects the nature of the geological formations with which has been contact.

A characteristic of water caused mainly by the salts of calcium and magnesium, such as
bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate, chloride, and nitrate. Excessive hardness in water is undesirable
because it causes the formation of soap curds, increased use of soap, deposition of scale in
boilers, damage in some industrial processes, and sometimes causes objectionable tastes in
drinking water.

REAGENTS

i. Buffer solution
ii. Calmagite solution
iii. EDTA solution

APPARATUS

i. Backer
ii. Measuring cylinder
iii. Dropper
iv. Stirrer

PROCEDURE

i. Take 5ml sample water into the beaker.

ii. Add 1 drops Calmagite solution in the sample water.
iii. Add 5 drops Buffer solution in the sample water.
iv. Fit the cartridge containing standard EDTA solution to the titrator device.
v. Turn the flow control knob of the device until the solution the solution starts to come
out of the tube fitted to the cartridge. Take initial reading of the counter.

21
 vi. Immerse the tube fitted to the cartridge into the water sample and start titrating under
stirring by turning the flow control knob of the auto titrator. Continue until the wine
red of the sample change to blue. Take final reading of the counter.

Figure 2.12: Hardness test of water

2.9.8 Arsenic of water

The presence of elevated levels of arsenic in groundwater has become a major concern in
Bangladesh, India, and several other countries. Arsenic contamination of groundwater is
particularly challenging in Bangladesh, since water extracted from shallow aquifers is the
primary source of drinking and cooking water for most of its population of over 140 million. The
rural water supply is almost entirely based on groundwater supply through use of hand-pump
tube wells, an estimated ten million domestic wells constitute the backbone of rural water supply
in the country. The urban water supply is also heavily dependent on groundwater.

Awareness about the presence of arsenic in groundwater has been growing since late 1993 when
arsenic was first detected in the district of Chapai Nawabgonj bordering the West Bengal district
of India. According to ECR 1997, drinking water standard for arsenic in Bangladesh is 50 mg/l

22
(or 0.05 mg/l). The WHO guideline value of arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg/l and the USEPA
is also planning to revise its standard from 50mg/l to 10mg/l.

REAGENTS

i. Sulfamic acid (Reagent 1)

ii. Zinc ( Reagent 2)

APPARATUS

i. Plastic vessel
ii. Arsenic strip

PROCEDURE

i. Take 50ml sample water into the plastic vessel.

ii. Sulfamic acid mix in the sample water and wait 5 minutes. Then Zinc metal mix in
the sample water and wait 20 minutes
iii. Shake the generator for mixing the contents. Take a mercuric bromide soaked filter
paper and air dry it.
iv. The arsine gas produces a yellowish spot on the reagent paper.

Figure 2.13 Arsenic test

23
2.10 Questionnaire survey and informal interview

A field survey and open discussion has been conducted as a question and answer survey with the
authorities, experts and residents of the study area to assess the waste management system of the
garment factory which will affect the environment and health of the common people. The
questionnaire was created in such a way that it explores the problems of the environment and
people in general that help us pick some suggestions. About 100 respondents were interviewed in
different zones near the garment factories. Informal interview of official experts of different
development organizations and some VIP‟s were also done in order to know their views of the
waste management system which affects on environment of CEPZ area in Chattagram city.

Figure 2.14: Questionnaire survey and informal interview

2.11 Major plat form of problems finding

Various problems are found by this study which is created by the garments waste. Some kinds of
problems are environmental and some are human health related. From the observation of
questioner survey it is found that, by improper garments waste management, it affects:

i. Human health
ii. Socio-economic conditions
iii. Coastal and marine environment

24
 iv. Rivers and also
v. Affects soil by land filling.

The opinions of the people whose are facing different types of problems around the study
area, obtained by field survey are listed below.

Health Risk Insects Toxic Substances Odour

10%

19%

60%
11%

Figure 2.15: Types of problems around the study area

2.12 Collection of wastewater samples

Water sample were collected from CEPZ cannel new plastics bottles with hard plastic screw caps
and glass bottles with caps were used for sample collection. The sampling containers were
property cleaned before use and rinsed with the water to be sampled before sampling. The actual
samplings were done in midstream by dipping each bottle at approximately 20-30 cm below the
water surface (Projection the mouth of the container upstream against flow direction) opening
the bottle and allowing the container to fill up and covered for with its cap under water. Samples
were collected from each sampling site and were preserved for subsequent examination in the
laboratory (APHA, 1998) after collection. The samples were placed in cooler boxes with ice
chests while being transported to the laboratory and kept at about 4 degree until analyzed.

2.13 Laboratory test & data analysis

All the collected data from field survey were putted in a spread sheet and analyzed separately
according to the respondent opinion and finally all the analyzed data have been integrated and
presented as tables and graphs and putted in the report.

25
 Figure 2.16: Waste water collected

2.14 Status of environmental pollution surrounding the garments area in

Chattagram export processing zone (CEPZ)

An assessment and evaluation have been made to identify the impacts of garment industries
located in CEPZ areas on the surrounding physical environment. The environmental impacts of
garments factories, in CEPZ Chattagram, have been shown in Table 2.0 and figure 2.17. It is

26
clear that different physical environmental parameters such as water, soil, air etc, because of
garments industries in CEPZ area are getting polluted; In addition, ecological environments are
being contaminated because of these garments industries. These garments industries are
responsible for 59% water pollution, 23% soil pollution, 5% air pollution, 10% sound pollution
and 3% other pollution in the locality of Chattagram city.

Table: 2.0: List of environmental pollutions

Types of Pollution Quantity

Water pollution 59%
Soil pollution 23%
Air pollution 5%
Sound pollution 10%
Light pollution 3%

Source: https://www.numbeo.com/pollution/in/Chittagong

60%

50% 59%

40% Water Pollution

30% Soil Pollution

20% 23% Air Pollution

Sound Pollution
10%
5% 10% 3% Light pollution
0%
Water Soil Air Sound Light
Pollution Pollution Pollution Pollution pollution

Figure 2.17: States of environmental pollution

27
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 General

A methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study
or the theoretical analysis of the methods and principles associated with a branch of knowledge.
Methodology cannot provide solutions but offers the theoretical underpinning which method can
be applied to a specific case.

Garment factories selection at Chattagram city

Observation of present situation of garment factory wastes

Nature of waste generated from garment factories

Determination of Waste
characteristics through testing

Compilation of test result

Data analysis

Presentation of finding

Result and discussion

Figure 3.0: Flow chart of methodology

28
3.2 Selection of garment factories

One of the major problems of the economic growth of Chiattagram city is that every year a large
number of people migrating to this city in search of their way of life and living. This rapid
increase in the population of the city needs enough space for them to go astray. Population
growth and land are not increasing every year. There are now more garment factories in the
Chattagram Export Processing Zone (CEPZ) area than in other parts of the city.

Garment factory density is very high in this area wastes are seen here and there. Environmental
problems arising from factories are clearly seen through the odor; Open dumping of wastes and
drainage of waste from all those factories. These are the main reasons for choosing the field of
study. In some cases, low-density colors are harmful to aquatic life. Since many dyes have
adverse effects on people, the treatment of the flow or the process to ensure a healthy
environment has become important. Therefore, it is necessary to apply a suitable treatment
method.

The color of the effluent discharges into receiving waters affects the aquatic flora and fauna and
causes many water-borne diseases. Some of the dyes are carcinogen and others after
transformation or degradation yield compound such as aromatic amines, which may carcinogen
or otherwise toxic. In addition, dyes accumulate in sediments at many sites especially at the
location of wastewater discharge, which has an impact on the ecological balance in the aquatic
system. These pollutants because of leaching from soil also affect groundwater system
(Namasayam Sumithra, 2005). The polluted river with addition industrial effluent is shown in
figure:

Figure 3.1: Different industrial waste water flow into cannel on CEPZ

29
 Study Area
Table 3.0: Name of garments and location
SL. Name of garments Address
No
01 Jay Jay Mill Privet Ltd. Sector #7, Plot #2-4, CEPZ,
Chittagong
02 Apparel Manufacturer in Bangladesh Sector #7, Plot #21-23, CEPZ,
Chittagong
03 Kenpark Bangladesh Pvt. Ltd. Sector #8, Plot #5-7, CEPZ,
Chittagong
04 Reliance Dresses Ltd. Sector #8, Plot #11-12, CEPZ,
Chittagong

Figure 3.2: Map on Jay Jay Mills Privet Ltd. & Apparel Manufacture in Bangladesh

30
 Figure 3.3: Map on Kenpark Bangladesh Pvt.Ltd & Reliance Dresses Ltd.

3.3 Observation of present situation of wastes garment factories

The global garment industry has been in a challenging period since the beginning of this century.
A number of structural changes have led to a new business environment that is and still needs to
be adapted to the global garment industry. In order to make better use of the ideas generated in
the research community of garment research institutes and universities, it is necessary to strongly
prioritize the driven research and development work of these institutions. It is important to see
the current structure of the garment industry as a result of the ongoing process of globalization.
Customer interaction with various types of textile supply chains and industries is significantly
impacting the Company's strategies in the design, product development, production and
marketing of garment products.

31
 CHAPTER 4

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 General

The findings of the results were studied and presented in table and graphical form, along with a
discussion of the overall environmental situation regarding the activities of the garment industry
in CEPZ, Chattagram. The results include protective measures against environmental pollution
where pollution has exceeded acceptable limits due to industrial activities.

Table 4.0: List and weight of garments waste

Cutting Knitting Sewing Dying Other Total

Name of garments
(Ton) (Ton) (Ton) (Ton) (Ton) Monthly(Ton)
Jay Jay Mills Privet
6.012 .775 .504 .329 .961 8.581
Ltd.
Smart Jacket BD
5.879 .663 .428 .412 1.012 8.394
Ltd.
Kenpark
Bangladesh 5.746 .551 .352 .495 1.063 8.768
Pvt.Ltd.
Reliance Dresses
5.256 .421 .538 .396 .851 7.462
Ltd

Source: Field survey

4.2 Waste collection and transportation system at garments industry

The compositions of various wastes have varied over time and location, with industrial
development and which is directly linked to waste materials. Some of the components of waste
have beneficial value and can be recycled once correctly recovered. Proper management of waste
can be reduced the negative impacts on environment and society. Waste management system can

32
be divided into five key components which are: generation, storage, collection, transportation and
disposal of waste.

4.3 Environmental & human health condition surrounding the garments

area in CEPZ, Chattagram

An evaluation has been made to identify the impacts of garment industries located in CEPZ areas
on the surrounding environment, human health and well- being.

Chattagram CEPZ area about health problem shown in table 4.1 and figure 4.0 is shown. It is
clear that due to the garment industry, locals in the CEPZ region are facing various
environmental and health issues.

Table 4.1: Status of problems facing by people who living or working in

garments area

Sl. Types of problem Opinion of total people

1 Allergy 24%

2 Rash 11%

3 Malaria fever 3%

4 Hepatitis (Jaundice) 5%

5 Nose problem 3%

6 Waist pain 10%

7 Insects 11%

8 Eczema or respiratory 6%

9 Hearing problem 5%

10 Neck pain 10%

11 Diarrhea, Dysentery etc. 5%

12 Visual (eye problem) 7%

13 Malnutrition 0%

33
4.4 Questionnaire survey at CEPZ area

1. What is your Profession?

40 38

35

30
25
25

20
16
15 13

10 8

0
Govt. Service Privet Service School Student College University
Student Students

2. The age of the people we interviewed

40
34
35
29
30
24
25

20

15 13

10

5
0
0
Age- <10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40>

34
 3. Do you have any allergy problem?

80 76

70

60

50

40

30 24
20

10

0
Yes No

4. Do you have any rash problem?

100
89
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
11
10
0
Yes No

35
5. Do you face Malaria fever?

120

100 97

80

60

40

20
3
0
Yes No

6. Do you face hepatitis (Jaundice) problem?

100 95
90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10 5
0
Yes No

36
 7. Do you have nose problem?

120

100 97

80

60

40

20
3
0
Yes No

8. Do you face any waist pain problem?

100
90
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
10
0
Yes No

37
9. Do you think insects grow from waste water?

100
89
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
11
10
0
Yes No

10. Do you have any eczema or respiratory problem?

100 94
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10 6
0
Yes No

38
11. Do you have any hearing problem?

100 95
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10 5
0
Yes No

12. Do you have any neck pain problem?

100
90
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
10
0
Yes No

39
 13. Do you face diarrhea, dysentery problem?

100 95

80

60

40

20
5
0
Yes No

14. Do you face visual (Eye problems) problem?

100 93
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
7
10
0
Yes No

4.5 Characteristics of wastewater quality of the studies areas

Water samples were collected from garment factories and tested in World University of
Bangladesh chemistry lab for different water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, color, total
dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD),
hardness, arsenic in order to identify and assess the present status of surface water pollution in
CEPZ area.

40
 CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 General
The chapter of this result, data analysis, discussion has been included about pH, BOD, COD,
Turbidity, TDS, Hardness, Color, Arsenic tests value of garments waste water and similarly in
the table 5.0, 5.1 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6 and 5.7, figure 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7 have
been discussed and shown their relevant components of garments water. The tables have been
shown as follows:

Table 5.0: Results of pH of water

BSTI DOE
Garments Tested effluent WHO guide
Sl. BD Standard standard(Industrial
Name value line value
ECR-1997 water discharged)

6-9
Jay Jay Mills
01 Privet Ltd. 7.5 6.5-8.5 7.3

Smart Jacket BD 6-9

02 Ltd. 7.3 6.5-8.5 7.3

Kenpark
Bangladesh Pvt. 6-9
03 7.0 6.5-8.5 7.3
Ltd.

Reliance Dresses
04 8.7 6.5-8.5 7.3
Ltd. 6-9

41
Data Analysis

10
9 9 9 9
9 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.7 8.5

8 7.5 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3

7
7

0
Jay Jay Mills Privet Ltd. Smart Jacket BD Ltd. Kenpark Bangladesh Reliance Dresses Ltd.
Pvt.Ltd.

Tested effluent Value BSTI BD Standar ECR-1997 WHO DOE

Figure 5.0: Data analysis of pH

Discussion: Standard water quality for Bangladesh 6.5-8.5. Here the water quality of Jay Jay
Mills Privet Ltd. water pH 7.5, Smart Jacket BD Ltd. water pH 7.3, Kenpark Bangladesh Pvt.
Ltd. water pH 7.0, Reliance Dresses Ltd. water pH 87, where Reliance Dresses Ltd water value
pH is not standard. Jay Jay Mills Privet Ltd., Smart Jacket BD Ltd., Kenpark Bangladesh Pvt.
Ltd. water value pH is standard. But According to department of environment (Industrial water
discharged) of water is good quality.

42
Table 5.1: Results of BOD of water

Tested BSTI WHO DOE

Sl. Garments
Unit effluent BD Standard guide line standard(Industrial
name
value ECR-1997 value water discharge)
Jay Jay Mills
01 mg/1 7.6 0.2 0 50
Privet Ltd.
Smart Jacket
02 mg/1 8 0.2 0 50
BD Ltd.
Kenpark
03 Bangladesh mg/l 5 0.2 0 50
Pvt. Ltd.
Reliance
04 mg/l 13 0.2 0 50
Dresses Ltd.

Data Analysis
60

50 50 50 50
50

40

30

20
13
10 7.6 8
5
0.2 0 0.2 0 0.2 0 0.2 0
0
Jay Jay Mills Privet Ltd. Smart Jacket BD Ltd. Kenpark Bangladesh Reliance Dresses Ltd.
Pvt.Ltd.

Tested effluent Value BSTI BD Standar ECR-1997 WHO DOE

Figure 5.1: Data analysis of BOD

Discussion: Standard quality for Bangladesh is 0.2 mg/l. Here the water quality of Jay Jay Mills
Privet Ltd. water BOD 7.6, Smart Jacket BD Ltd. water BOD 8, Kenpark Bangladesh Pvt. Ltd.
water BOD 5, Reliance Dresses Ltd. water BOD 13. Therefore, the value of this water is not as
good as it is. But According to department of environment (Industrial water discharged) of water
is good quality.

43
Table 5.2: Results of COD of water
Tested BSTI WHO DOE
Sl. Garments
Unit effluent BD Standard guide line standard(Industrial
name
value ECR-1997 value water discharge)
Jay Jay Mills
01 mg/1 120 4.0 2.0 200
Privet Ltd.
Smart Jacket
02 mg/1 130 4.0 2.0 200
BD Ltd.
Kenpark
03 Bangladesh mg/l 175 4.0 2.0 200
Pvt. Ltd.
Reliance
04 mg/l 130 4.0 2.0 200
Dresses Ltd.

Data Analysis
250

200 200 200 200

200
175

150
130 130
120

100

50

4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2
0
Jay Jay Mills Privet Ltd. Smart Jacket BD Ltd. Kenpark Bangladesh Reliance Dresses Ltd.
Pvt.Ltd.

Tested effluent Value BSTI BD Standar ECR-1997 WHO DOE

Figure 5.2: Data analysis of COD

Discussion: Standard quality for Bangladesh is 4.0 mg/l. Here the water quality of Jay Jay Mills
Privet Ltd. water COD 120, Smart Jacket BD Ltd. water 130, Kenpark Bangladesh Pvt. Ltd.
water COD 175, Reliance Dresses Ltd. water COD 130. Therefore, the value of this water is not
as good as it is. But According to department of environment (Industrial water discharged) of
water is good quality.

44
Table 5.3: Results of turbidity of water

Tested BSTI WHO DOE

Sl. Garments
Unit effluent BD Standard guide line standard(Industrial
name
value ECR-1997 value water discharge)
Jay Jay Mills
01 NTU 36.17 10 5 *
Privet Ltd.
Smart Jacket
02 NTU 14.12 10 5 *
BD Ltd.
Kenpark
03 Bangladesh NTU 104 10 5 *
Pvt. Ltd.
Reliance
04 NTU 3.66 10 5 *
Dresses Ltd.

Data Analysis
120
104
100

80

60

40 36.17

20 14.12
10 10 10 10
5 5 5 3.66 5
0 0 0 0
0
Jay Jay Mills Privet Ltd. Smart Jacket BD Ltd. Kenpark Bangladesh Reliance Dresses Ltd.
Pvt.Ltd.

Tested effluent Value BSTI BD Standar ECR-1997 WHO DOE

Figure 5.3: Data analysis of Turbidity

Discussion: Standard turbidity water quality for Bangladesh is 10 NTU. Here the water quality
of of Jay Jay Mills Privet Ltd. turbidity 36.17 NTU, Smart Jacket BD Ltd. turbidity 14.12 NTU,
Kenpark Bangladesh Pvt. Ltd. turbidity 104 NTU, Reliance Dresses Ltd. turbidity 3.66 NTU.
The water Jay Jay Mills Privet Ltd. , Smart Jacket BD Ltd. , Kenpark Bangladesh Ltd. value is
not standard. The water Reliance Dresses Ltd. turbidity value is standard.

45
Table 5.4: Results of total dissolved solids (TDS) of water

Tested BSTI WHO DOE

Sl. Garments
Unit effluent BD Standard guide line standard(Industrial
name
value ECR-1997 value water discharge)

01 Jay Jay Mills mg/l 7509 1000 1000 2100

Privet Ltd.

02 Smart Jacket mg/l 1536 1000 1000 2100

BD Ltd.
Kenpark
03 Bangladesh mg/l 7636 1000 1000 2100
Pvt. Ltd.
Reliance
04 mg/l 4261 1000 1000 2100
Dresses Ltd.

Data Analysis
9000

8000 7509 7636

7000

6000

5000 4261
4000

3000
2100 2100 2100 2100
2000 1536
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
1000

0
Jay Jay Mills Privet Ltd. Smart Jacket BD Ltd. Kenpark Bangladesh Reliance Dresses Ltd.
Pvt.Ltd.

Tested effluent Value BSTI BD Standar ECR-1997 WHO DOE

Figure 5.4: Data analysis of TDS

Discussion: Standard TDS water quality for Bangladesh and WHO is 1000 NTU. Here the water
quality of Jay Jay Mills Privet Ltd. water of TDS 7509 mg/l, Smart Jacket BD Ltd. water of TDS
1536 NTU, Kenpark Bangladesh Pvt. Ltd. water of TDS 7636, Reliance Dresses Ltd. water of
TDS 4261 NTU. Therefore, the value of this water is not as good as it is.

46
Table 5.5: Results of hardness of water

Tested BSTI WHO DOE

Sl. Garments
Unit effluent BD Standard guide line standard(Industrial
name
value ECR-1997 value water discharge)
Jay Jay Mills mg/l of
01 300 200-500 200-500 *
Privet Ltd. ppm
Smart Jacket mg/l or
02 300 200-500 200-500 *
BD Ltd. ppm
Kenpark
mg/l or *
03 Bangladesh 135 200-500 200-500
ppm
Pvt. Ltd.
Reliance mg/l or
04 120 200-300 200-300 *
Dresses Ltd. ppm

Data Analysis
600

500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500

500

400

300 300
300

200
135 120
100

0 0 0 0
0
Jay Jay Mills Privet Ltd. Smart Jacket BD Ltd. Kenpark Bangladesh Reliance Dresses Ltd.
Pvt.Ltd.

Tested effluent Value BSTI BD Standar ECR-1997 WHO DOE

Figure 5.5: Data analysis of hardness

Discussion: Standard hardness water quality for Bangladesh and WHO is 200-500 mg/l or ppm.
Here the water quality of Jay Jay Mills Privet Ltd. water of hardness 300 mg/l or ppm, Smart
Jacket BD Ltd. water of hardness300 mg/l or ppm, Kenpark Bangladesh Pvt. Ltd. water of
hardness 135 mg/l or ppm, Reliance Dresses Ltd. water of hardness 120 mg/l or ppm. Jay Jay
Mills Privet Ltd. , Smart Jacket BD Ltd. water value is standard. Kenpark Bangladesh Ltd. and
Reliance Dresses Ltd. value is not standard.

47
Table 5.6: Results of color of water
Tested BSTI WHO DOE
Sl. Garments
Unit effluent BD Standard guide line standard(Industrial
name
value ECR-1997 value water discharge)
Jay Jay Mills Intensively colored
01 pcu 15 15 15
Privet Ltd.
Smart Jacket Intensively colored
02 pcu 145 15 15
BD Ltd.
Kenpark Intensively colored
03 Bangladesh pcu 375 15 15
Pvt. Ltd.
Reliance Intensively colored
04 pcu 15 15 15
Dresses Ltd.

Data Analysis
400 375

350

300

250

200
145
150

100

50
15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
0 0 0 0
0
Jay Jay Mills Privet Ltd. Smart Jacket BD Ltd. Kenpark Bangladesh Reliance Dresses Ltd.
Pvt.Ltd.

Tested effluent Value BSTI BD Standar ECR-1997 WHO DOE

Figure 5.6: Data analysis of color

Discussion: Standard color of water quality for Bangladesh and WHO is 15 pcu. Here the water
quality of Jay Jay Mills Privet Ltd. color of water 15 pcu, Smart Jacket BD Ltd. color of water
145 pcu, Kenpark Bangladesh Pvt. Ltd. color of water 375 pcu, Reliance Dresses Ltd. color of
water 15 pcu. Jay Jay Mills Privet Ltd., Reliance Dresses Ltd. water value is standard. Kenpark
Bangladesh Ltd. and Smart Jacket BD Ltd. value is not standard.

48
Table 5.7: Results of As of water

Tested BSTI WHO DOE

Sl. Garments
Unit effluent BD Standard guide line standard(Industrial
name
value ECR-1997 value water discharge)
Jay Jay Mills 200
01 ppb 10 0 0
Privet Ltd.
Smart Jacket 200
02 ppb 10 0 0
BD Ltd.
Kenpark 200
03 Bangladesh ppb 10 0 0
Pvt. Ltd.
Reliance 200
04 ppb 0 0 0
Dresses Ltd.

Data Analysis
250

200 200 200 200

200

150

100

50

10 10 10
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Jay Jay Mills Privet Ltd. Smart Jacket BD Ltd. Kenpark Bangladesh Reliance Dresses Ltd.
Pvt.Ltd.

Tested effluent Value BSTI BD Standar ECR-1997 WHO DOE

Figure 5.7: Data analysis of arsenic

Discussion: Standard AS of water quality for Bangladesh and WHO is 0 ppb. Here the water
quality of Jay Jay Mills Privet Ltd. AS is 10 ppb, Smart Jacket BD Ltd. AS is 10 ppb, Kenpark
Bangladesh Pvt. Ltd. AS is 10 ppb, Reliance Dresses Ltd. AS is 0 ppb. Jay Jay Mills Privet Ltd.,
Smart Jacket BD Ltd., Kenpark Bangladesh Pvt. Ltd. AS value not standard. Reliance Dresses
Ltd. is the standard value of AS.

49
5.2 Air pollution in Chattagram City

Air pollution can be defined as an alteration of air quality that can be characterized by
measurements of chemical, biological or physical pollutants in the air. Therefore, air pollution
means the undesirable presence of impurities or the abnormal rise in the proportion of some
constituents of the atmosphere. It can be classified in 2 sections: visible and invisible air
pollution.
Air pollution, especially in the large cities of Dhaka and Chattagram, is a major environmental
hazard in Bangladesh. There are two major sources of air pollution in Bangladesh, vehicular
emissions, and industrial emissions. These are mainly concentrated in the cities. Other than those
there are many brick-making kilns operated seasonally, mainly in dry season all over
Bangladesh. More or less all of these kilns use coal and wood as their prime sources of energy,
resulting in the emission of particulate matter, oxides of sulfur, and volatile organic compounds.
The impact of poor ambient air quality on human health, agricultural production and damage to
materials has been well documented in developing and developed countries. The children,
elderly people or the people with heart or lung diseases when breathe polluted air may develop
more serious respiratory problems.

5.3 Sound pollution in Chattagram City

According to environmentalists, unnecessary honking by chaotic traffic and smog caused by

exhausts fumes per year are polluting the city alarmingly. The residents are getting down with
different diseases because of environmental pollution, they said.
Pollution caused by black smoke unfit vehicles emit and dust from open space has increased
bronchitis, asthma and other respiratory diseases here, physicians said. People here experience
sound pollution caused by hydraulic horns, power generators and welding workshops located in
and around residential areas.
Noise affects children mentally and physically. Normal life is being hampered by power
generators operating round the clock in different posh areas. According to experts, sound
pollution has reached nearly 200 decibels against its tolerable level of 60.
More than 20,000 unfit light and heavy vehicles are plying the city and its adjacent areas and
emitting black smoke, according to Chattogram office of Bangladesh Road Transport Authority
(BRTA).

50
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Conclusion:
In industrial zones, the local environment and people are affected by both chemical and organic
pollutants due to textile dyeing industry. From this study it is found that, large quantities of
effluent are discharging by the textile dyeing industries in Chattagram City. They can be highly
toxic and integrated with different substances contaminated with significantly higher levels than
the environmental standards. Some industries have a Pure Enhanced Treatment Plant (ETP) for
the treatment of waste water. As most of the factories specially dyeing industries are throwing
their waste directly to river without treatment, the water of this river is getting highly polluted.
Most of the people living near this area are facing different health related problems. The
increasing number of textile dyeing industries in this area, the concentration of these pollutants is
increasing in an alarming rate.

So it is necessary to take initiatives immediately to minimize the pollution to a significant extent

and reduce health hazard problems. That is the way to increase environmental benefits for future
generation.

6.2 Recommendations

As a conscious citizen of any country, everyone has a simple dream of a clean, poverty-free
society. The government cannot carry this responsibility alone. To fulfill these dreams we must
take some initiative and share these obligations with each other. To keep the area clean, city
corporations have already started organizing their own waste collection services. The following
steps can help the authorities to manage the garment waste extensively and reduce the physical,
social and environmental stability of the city dwellers.

i. Government and garment factory owners should be aware of environmental laws and
try to strictly follow the rules.
ii. Installation of Effluent treatment plant (ETP) may be mandatory for all garment
industry to reduce the toxicity of waste produced.
iii. Adequate steps must be taken to fully comply with government standards to prevent
contamination of air, water and ground water.
iv. Where the amount of waste is high, the number of bins has to be increased and placed
in the proper place next to the garment.
v. Vehicles like container carriers, compactors, arm rollers, vans, etc. should be handled
properly for faster waste transport and more vehicles should be included if needed.
vi. Can be organized effective training program about health & hygiene as well as
overall environment among the employees of the factory.

51
vii. All the required anti-pollution measures to be installed conform to comply with the
effluent (exist) and emission (need to be set up) standard prescribed by the concerned
government agencies. The remaining industries should bring under the generic
standard.
viii. Properly follow the systematic procedure of waste disposal and ensure while handling
the wastes, workers must use their safety equipment like mask, hand gloves, boot etc.
ix. Provide adequate training to the team members about health & hygiene, cleanliness,
waste disposal, and other environment-related matters.
x. NGO-government partnerships The citizen monitoring process should be
demonstrated and disseminated to promote the proper evaluation, efficiency and
effectiveness of national and foreign assistance programs in the environment.
xi. The industries like Textile and others harmful factories should be transferred outside
the city area.

52
 REFERENCE
Akter NR, Acott E, Sattar MG, chowdhury SA (1997). Environmental Investigation of
Medical Waste Disposal at BRAC Health Centre‟s. BRAC research and evaluation Division, 75
Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212,Bangladesh. pp. 16-18

BBS (2011). Bangladesh bureau of statistics Bangladesh community report : Chittagong City,
Bangladesh.

Bhushan (2009, 165) . The process and production of textile .

Chittagong City (2009). Rough estimate of solid waste collection Database.

Department of Environment, TheEnvironment Conservation Rules, pp. 212, 1997.

https://en.wikipedia.org

https://sciencing.com/types-pollutants-5270696.html

Glasson, J.Therivel, R. and Chadwick, A. (1999) Introduction to Environmental Impact

Assessment: Principles and procedure process, practice and prospects, 2nd edition, UCL press
London.

Jaspal Sing (2009) Textile processing.

Jing, Z. (2012, 7) an analysis of textile waste management. HAMK University of applied

science. Supply chain Management Degree program. Bachelor‟s Thesis.

Jing, Z. (2012, 9) an analysis of Textile waste management. HAMK University of applied

science. Supply chain Management Degree program. Bachelor‟s Thesis.

Jaya and Arumai, (2008).On-biodegradable nature of most of the dyes reducing aquatic diversity.

Kakuli A. and Risberg V, 2012. A lost Revolution? Empowered but trapped in poverty. Women
in the garment industry in Bangladesh want more swedwatch report # 47.

NamasayamSumithra, (2005). These pollutants because of leaching from soil also affect
groundwater system .

Tzschentke, N, Krik, D. & Lynch, A. (2008) “Going green: Decisional factors in small
hospitality operators” Intonation Journal of Hospitality Management, Volume. 27, issue 1,
March 2008, p. 126-133.

The Daily Star, https://www.thedailystar.net/air-sound-pollution-intolerable-in-ctg-32003.

53
 Water Quality of parameter

Bangladesh WHO
Sl. Water Quality Parameters Standards Guide Methods/ Equipments
No. (mg/L) Line
Atomic Absorption
01 Aluminum 0.2 - ApectroFiguremeter
(AAS)
02 Ammonia 0.5 UV-VIS
03 Arsenic 0.05 0.01 AAS
04 Barium 0.01 0.7 AAS
05 Benzene 0.01 0.01 Gas Chromatograph
06 BOD 5 Day, 200C 0.2 - 5 days Incubation
07 Boron 1.0 - UV-VIS
08 Cadmium 0.005 0.003 AAS
09 Calcium 75 - AAS
10 Chloride 150-600 - Titrimetric
11 Chlorinated Alkenes
11.1 Carbontetrachloride 0.01 0.004 Gas Chromatograph
11.2 1.1 Dichloroethelene 0.001 0.03 Gas Chromatograph
11.3 1.2 Dichloroethelene 0.03 0.03 Gas Chromatograph
11.4 Tetrachloroethelene 0.03 0.04 Gas Chromatograph
11.5 Trichloroethelene 0.09 0.07 Gas Chromatograph
12.1 Pentachlorophrnol 0.03 0.009 Gas Chromatograph
12.2 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 0.03 0.2 Gas Chromatograph
13 Chlorine (Residual) 0.2 - Titrimetric
14 Chloroform 0.09 0.2 Gas Chromatograph
15 Chromium (Hexavelent) 0.05 - Iron Chromatograph
16 Chromium (Total) 0.05 0.05(P) AAS
17 COD 4 - Closed Reflux Method
0 CFU Membrane Filtration
18 Coli form (Faecal) 0
(N/100mL) Method
0 CFU Membrane Filtration
19 Coli form (Total) 0
(N/100mL) Method
20 Colour 15 Hazen - Colour Comparator
21 Copper 1 2 AAS
UV-VIS/Specific Ion
22 Cyanide 0.1 0.07
Electrode
23 Detergent 0.2 - UV-VIS
24 DO 6 - Multimeter
25 Electric Conductivity -us/cm - Multimeter
26 Fluoride 1 1.5 UV-VIS
27 Hardness as CaCO3 200-500 - Titrimetric

54
28 Iodine 200-500 - Titrimetric
29 Iron 0.3-1.0 - AAS
30 Kjelhl Nitrogen (Total) 1 - UV-VIS/ Digestion
31 Lead 0.05 0.01 AAS
32 Magnesium 30-35 - AAS
33 Manganese 0.1 - AAS
34 Mercury 0.001 0.001 Mercury Analyzer
35 Nickel 0.1 0.02(P) AAS
36 Nitrate 10 50.0 as N UV-VIS
37 Nitrite <1 3.0(0.2) UV-VIS
38 Odour Odourless - Threshold Method
39 ORP (Eh) - - ORP meter
40 Oil and Grease 0.01 - Oil and Grease meter
41 pH 6.5-8.5 pH Meter
42 Phenolic Compounds 0.002 - Gas Chromatograph
43 Phosphate 6 - UV-VIS
44 Phosphorus 0 - Digestion
45 Potassium 12 - AAS
Radioactive Materials (Gross
46 0.01 Bq/L 0.5 Bq/L -
Alpha Activity)
Radioactive Materials (Gross Beta
47 0.1 Bq/L 1.0 Bq/L -
Activity)
48 Salinity -%0 - Multimeter
49 Selenium 0.01 0.01 AAS
50 Silver 0.02 - AAS
51 Sodium 200 - AAS
52 Suspended Solids 10 - Filtration and Drying
53 Sulphide 0 - UV-VIS
54 Sulphate 400 - UV-VIS
55 Taste - - Threshold Method
56 Total Alkalinity - - Titrimetric
57 Total Dissolved Solid 1000 - Multimeter
58 Temperature 20-30C Thermometer
59 Tin 2 - AAS
60 Turbidity 10 NTU - Turbidity meter

55
 National standard Parameter of Department of Environment (DOE)

Sl. no Parameter Unit Inland surface water

01 Ammonia mg/L 5
02 Ammoniacal Nitrogen (as N) mg/L 50
03 Arsenic (As) mg/L 0.2
04 BOD5 mg/L 50
05 Boron (B) mg/L 2
06 Cadmium (Cd) mg/L 0.05
07 Chloride (Cl) mg/L 600
08 Chromium mg/L 0.1
09 COD mg/L 200
10 Copper (Cu) mg/L 0.5
11 Cyanide (CN) mg/L 0.1
12 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) mg/L 4.5-8
13 Dissolved phosphorus (P) mg/L 8
14 Fluoride (F) mg/L 7
15 Iron (Fe) mg/L 2
16 Lead (Pb) mg/L 0.1
17 Manganese (Mn) mg/L 5
18 Mercury (Hg) mg/L 0.01
19 Nickel (Ni) mg/L 1.0
20 Nitrate (N molecule) mg/L 10.0
21 Oil and Grease mg/L 10
22 pH 6-9
23 Phenol Compounds mg/L 1.0
24 Selenium (Se) mg/L 0.05
25 Sulfide (S) mg/L 1
26 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/L 2100
27 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (N) mg/L 100
28 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) mg/L 150
29 Zinc (Zn) mg/L 5.0

56