Conceptual

Phase
• Micah Dulin
• John Paul Macarubbo
• Alyssa Piñera
• Stephanie Morillo
Conceptual Phase
- The conceptual phase is the initial phase of research and involves
the intellectual process of developing a research idea into a
realistic and appropriate research design. This phase can be time-
consuming, depending on the level of expertise of the
investigator.

- The aim of the conceptual phase is to prepare general plan of real

research
Conceptual Phase
1. Formulating the problem
2. Determine purpose of the study
3. Searching and review of literature
4. Development of the theoretical construction of the future
research
5. Creation of hypothesis, which should be verified/phalsified in
future research
Determine purpose of the study
• The research purpose is a statement of "why" the study is being conducted,
or the goal of the study.

• The goal of a study might be to identify or describe a concept or to explain

or predict a situation or solution to a situation that indicates the type
of study to be conducted

• E.g infection control (broad topic)

• Effect of using hand washing technique for nurses working in premature

center and incidence of infection
Searching and review of literature
• A written summary of the existing knowledge base on a research problem
obtained from non-research reference (conceptual lit) and research reference
(empirical studies).
• Considers primary and secondary source
• Includes a statement indicating what the present study will add to what is already
known
• One of the most important steps in research

• Focus the search on previews studies or articles done on the same problem area

• Review the literature twice---initially, to provide an overview of the problem area,

and later, after the specific research problem has been identified.
• Purposes:
✓ The review of literature helps to develop the theoretical framework for the research.
✓ It acquaints the research in the problem area---the types of research which have been done,
the obstacles that have proven difficult to previous researchers, he extent to which these
obstacles have been removed, and a general estimate of the success level of previous studies.
✓ It helps to identify aspects of the problem area which have been demonstrated to be true to
such an extent that the researcher can assume heir truth and use them as foundation or
assumption for his/her own research.
• Formulating the hypothesis

• Sometimes precedes the delineation of the problem

✓ Sources of research problem are:
✓ Experience
✓ Previous researhes
✓ Social issues
✓ Nurses literature
✓ Theories
Development of the theoretical construction of
the future research
• Theoretical framework are valuable part of scientific research. It will help in selection of
the study variable and defining them.
• The theoretical framework presents the ideas, understanding and research findings which
provide both the foundation on which, and the background within which, research will be
done.
• It contributes to long-lasting significance and utility of research findings.
• It provides basis for the research problem.
• When research question/research is carried out in the context of theoretical framework, it
can be used as a basis for generating predictions that can be tested through empirical
research.
• Broad general explanation of the relationships between concept of interest of a research
study
 Creation of Hypothesis, which is should
verified/phalsified in the future research
• The hypothesis is a statement of the researcher’s, expectations concerning relationships between the
variables being studied. It is a tentative prediction or explanation of the relationships between the
variables.
• A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It is a
specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in a study.
• A research expectation about the result of the research study is expressed in hypothesis
• The hypothesis aims to

✓ Provide a basis from which to learn if the researcher’s problem statement is probable or not;

✓ Identify, in measurable terms, what the researcher believes to be the cause and effect of a given
situation;
✓ Determine or structure the statistical analysis; and

✓ Provide the skeletal structure of the written report of the data analyses and research findings.

• Hypothesis predict the outcome.

✓ Eg. The more positive the body image of women who have experience a mastectomy, the higher is
their self-esteem level.

✓ Eg. The more positive the body image of women who have experienced a mastectomy, the higher is
their self-esteem level.
 The
Design &
Planning
Phase
STEPS
1. Selecting a research design

2. Identifying the population to be studied

3. Sampling plan

4. Methods to measure research variables

5. Finalizing the research study

2
 RESEARCH DESIGN
 a set of instructions for the researcher;
to gather and analyze data in certain
ways that will control who and what are
to be studied (Brink).
 is the framework of research methods
and techniques chosen by a researcher.
The design allows researchers to hone in
on research methods that are suitable
for the subject matter and set up their
studies up for success. 3
 RESEARCH DESIGN
 The type of research problem an
organization is facing will determine the
research design and not vice-versa. The
design phase of a study determines
which tools to use and how they are
used.
 Select a research approach and design
that will make it possible to answer
research questions and plan the overall
research strategy. 4
Qualitative Research Designs
 Intervention studies
 Cross-sectional
 Cohort studies
 Case-control studies
 Action Research
 Ethnography
 Phenomenology
 Grounded theory
5
 Qualitative Research Designs

 Intervention studies
are used to evaluate the effectiveness of an
intervention. The classic intervention study is the
randomized controlled trial where two treatments are
compared against each other by randomly allocating
individuals to either treatment. They are then
followed up after a pre-specified amount of time and
the two groups are compared according to an outcome
measure to see how the treatments compare.

6
 Qualitative Research Designs

 Cross-sectional
usually takes the form of a survey where data
are collected from a number of individuals about their
health, opinions, beliefs, attitudes or behaviors with
regard to a given topic. Individuals are selected to
take part in a survey because they share certain
characteristics and form some kind of population.
Data may be collected by a variety of means including
postal questionnaires, face to face interviews or
telephone interviews

7
 Qualitative Research Designs

 Cohort studies
While a cross-sectional study provides a snap shot,
a cohort study is longitudinal. It follows a group of
individuals over a period of time. Initially, and throughout
the follow-up period, data are collected relating to
‘exposures’ (for example age, gender, smoking consumption).
 Case-control studies
In many ways a case-control study is the reverse of
a cohort study. Case-control studies are usually
retrospective and start from the point at which an individual
has already experienced the outcome of interest and are
therefore considered a ‘case’ (of diabetes say, or dementia).
8
 Qualitative Research Designs

 Action Research
is used to investigate the effects of small-
scale interventions in real life situations that involve
practitioners. It is a problem solving approach that
involves the team in a process of reflecting on their
situation, identifying problems and possible responses,
implementing the change and evaluating the effects.
 Ethnography
is a form of qualitative research. It is used to
investigate cultures and population subgroups and
seeks to explore, describe and explain cultural
behavior. 9
 Qualitative Research Designs

 Phenomenology
literally means the study of phenomena. It is a
way of describing things that are part of the world in
which we live: events, situations, experiences or
concepts.
 Grounded theory
This is a form of research that goes beyond
collecting and analyzing data to add to the existing
body of knowledge.

10
STEP
Selecting a
research design
Selection of Research Design
Based on:
✓ Time frame
✓ Control over independent
variable
✓ Measurement of
independent and
dependent variable
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 Time frame

DESIGN FEATURES
CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES • Data are collected at one point in time
• Practical, easy to do, economical

LONGITUDINAL STUDIES • Data are collected at two or more points in

time over an extended period

TREND STUDIES • Investigations in which samples from a

population are studied over time
• Different samples are selected but drawn
from the same population
• Based on surveys
13
 Control over independent variable

DESIGN DEFINITION FEATURES

EXPERIMENTAL Establishes a relationship between the cause • Manipulation of independent
and effect of a situation. It is a causal variable.
design where one observes the impact caused • Control group
by the independent variable on the • Randomization
dependent variable.
QUASI- An empirical interventional study used to • Manipulation of independent
EXPERIMENTAL estimate the causal impact of an intervention variable.
on target population without random • No control group
assignment. • No Randomization
NON- Used simply to answer questions about • No manipulation of
EXPERIMENTAL groups or about whether group differences independent variable.
exist. 14
 Measurement of independent and
dependent variable
DESIGN FEATURES EXAMPLES
RETROSPECTIVE Study begins with Heitkemper, et. al. (2001), used a Retrospective
dependent variable and design in their study of factors contributing to the
looks backward for cause onset of irritable bowel syndrome. They compared
samples of women with and without IBS in terms of
their history of sexual and physical abuse and found
that abusive experiences were more prevalent among
women with IBS.

PROSPECTIVE Study begins with Brook, et. al. (2000) conducted a prospective study
independent variable and to examine clinical and cost outcomes of early versus
looks forward for the late tracheostomy in patients who require prolonged
mechanical ventilation. Early tracheostomy was found
effect
to be associated with shorter lengths of hospital
stay and lower cost.
15
STEP
Identifying the
population to be
studied
Identifying the population to be studied
✓ In any research the
researcher has to identify the
population under study
✓ As with almost all decisions in
the planning stage this is
determined by the research
question

17
 Identifying the population to be studied
POPULATION
 is the group of interest and
for whom the results will be
applicable.
 needs to be defined in fairly SAMPLE
formal and precise terms so  if sample involves humans then
that it is clear who falls within sample is refer to as a group of
your definition and who falls people from which data is to be
outside of it. collected. (subjects of the
 are usually large which is why, study)
for practical purposes, a study  if analyzing secondary data,
sample is taken in order to sample is refer to as data sets.
represent the population.

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STEP
Sampling plan
 Identifying the population to be studied
Sampling
means selecting the group that you will
actually collect data from in your
research.

Sampling plan
a term widely used in research studies
that provide an outline on the basis of
which research is conducted. It tells
which category is to be surveyed, what
should be the sample size and how the
respondents should be chosen out of the
population. 20
Sampling Techniques
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
- means that every member of the
population has a chance of being selected.
It is mainly used in quantitative research.
 Systematic sampling
 Fishbowl method

21
 Sampling Techniques
 SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Every member of the population is listed with a number,
but instead of randomly generating numbers, individuals
are chosen at regular intervals.
For example, a researcher intends to collect a systematic sample of
500 people in a population of 5000. He/she numbers each element of the
population from 1-5000 and will choose every 10th individual to be a part of the
sample (Total population/ Sample Size = 5000/500 = 10).

 FISHBOWL METHOD
a sample is selected by drawing a random piece of paper
from the bowl, or a computer program for random
sequence generator or by using the random number table.
22
Sampling Techniques
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
- Individuals are selected based on non-
random criteria, and not every individual
has a chance of being included. Non-
probability sampling techniques are often
used in exploratory and qualitative
research
 Purposive/Judgmental Sampling
 Snowball Technique
 Convenience/Accidental Sampling
23
Sampling Techniques

 PURPOSIVE/JUDGMENTAL SAMPLING
-Also known as selective, or subjective
sampling, this technique relies on the
judgement of the researcher when choosing
who to ask to participate.
-It is often used in qualitative research, where
the researcher wants to gain detailed
knowledge about a specific phenomenon rather
than make statistical inferences, or where the
population is very small and specific.

24
Sampling Techniques

 SNOWBALL TECHNIQUE
-If the population is hard to access, snowball
sampling can be used to recruit participants via
other participants. The number of people you
have access to “snowballs” as you get in
contact with more people.

25
Sampling Techniques

 CONVENIENCE/ACCIDENTAL SAMPLING
- Convenience sampling is perhaps the easiest
method of sampling, because participants are
selected based on availability and willingness to
take part. Useful results can be obtained, but
the results are prone to significant bias,
because those who volunteer to take part may
be different from those who choose not to
(volunteer bias), and the sample may not be
representative of other characteristics, such
as age or sex.
26
STEP
Methods to
measure research
variables
Different Methods of Data Collection
✓ BIOPHYSIOLOGIC MEASURES
- measures of biological function obtained
through use of technology, such as
electrocardiogram or hemodynamic
monitoring
- Biophysiological measures include blood
pressure, weight, heart rate
- There are 2 types:
 In vivo measures
 In vitro measures
28
 Different Methods of Data Collection
Types of Biophysiologic Measures

1. In vivo measures
-measurements performed directly with in or on living
organisms themselves; May use complex instrumentation
system

2. In vitro measures
-Measurements performed outside the organism’s body;
Gathered from participants by extracting some
biophysiologic material from then and subjecting it to
laboratory analysis
29
Different Methods of Data Collection
✓ SELF-REPORTS
- The variables of interest are measured by asking
the subject to report on their perception of the
value of the variable
- It can be used to measure attitudes, psychological
tendencies, and behaviors
- For example, many common measures of attitudes
such as:
 Thur-stone scales
 Likert scales
 Semantic differentials
30
Different Methods of Data Collection
✓ OBSERVATION
- In observation the activity of interest is
observed, described, and possibly recorded
via audio or videotape
- Many phenomena are more suitable for
observation than self-report (e.g., sleep-wake
state, environmental conditions)
- For example, studies examining administration
of cardiopulmonary resuscitation may collect
data such as observed depth of compression
or adequacy of chest rice during ventilation

31
STEP
Finalizing the
research study
Finalizing the Research Plan
✓ PRETEST OF QUESTIONNAIRE
is the stage in survey research when survey
questions and questionnaires are tested on members
of target population/study population, to evaluate the
reliability and validity of the survey instruments prior
to their final distribution.
an important way to pinpoint problem areas,
reduce measurement error, reduce respondent
burden, determine whether or not respondents are
interpreting questions correctly, and ensure that the
order of questions is not influencing the way a
respondent answers.
33
Finalizing the Research Plan
✓ CONDUCTING A PILOT STUDY
The pilot is the study in miniature and
is essentially a way of testing the water to iron
out problems early on. The pilot study enables
the researcher to check the following:
 The accessibility of the sample group.
 The likely response rate.
 Whether or not the method of data
collection can generate the depth, range and
quality of information required.
34
 The
Empirical
Phase
 Empirical Phase
This involves the collection of data and the
preparation of data for analysis. A data collection
plan needs to be developed specifying:
✓ What data will be collected;
✓ How the data will be collected (i.e., in person, over the
phone);
✓ Who will collect the data;
✓ How data collectors will be trained;
✓ The data collection procedure (i.e., what order forms are
filled out, what the interview questions are).

36
 Important Dimensions:
1. Structure 2. Quantifiability
 Structured Method  Subjective to
-Limited opportunities to analysis must be
explain and includes fixed gathered in such
set of question to be a way that data
answered.
can be
 Unstructured Method quantified.
-No formal instrument;
“essay type”, and; Very
hard to analyze.

37
 Important Dimensions:
3. Researcher’s 4. Objectivity
Obtrusiveness  No feelings
 Obviousness of the  Evident when 2
researcher independent
researchers
arrive at similar
observations
 Checklist

38
 Identify the data collection methods
 Data is collected in a variety of ways
depending on the research question, the
study design, and the nature of your
sample. The method of data collection
chosen for a study should be appropriate
for the type of information required.

39
Identify the data collection methods
✓ The following are the most
commonly used methods of
collecting information:

Questionnaires Interviews Observation

40
Important points to Remember
Researchers must:

1. Maintain confidentiality

2. Should be serious in keeping their appointment.

3. Participants should be informed time and place

their pressure are required.

4. Enough materials are available to complete the

study.

41
 Data analysis
Data analysis. Refers to a step in the research process
where the investigator summarizes data collected and
prepares it in a format to determine what occurred. For
quantitative studies, data analysis will mean summarizing the
numbers, whereas for qualitative studies, it will involve
reviewing the narrative data to determine trends.
A statistician will be able to tell you whether certain tests are
appropriate for the data you are working with

42
Thank You!
PRESENTORS:
✓ DE GUZMAN, BRENT MIKHAIL
✓ DOMINGO, RACHELLE ANN
✓ LUCAS, JELMAR
✓ SOTELO, KRISA JANE

43
IV. ANALYTIC PHASE
V. DISSEMINATIVE PHASE
Group 2
Constantino, Yousuf
Bravo, Krista Jinky
Cureg, Kaycee Joy

01
Natividad, Ruby Lalaine
 IV. ANALYTIC PHASE
Once the data collection and surveying activities have yielded sufficient and relevant data, it is

time to systematically organize the data so that it can be interpreted and analyzed by

researcher. As it is written by Brink et al. (2006) the data collected in the empirical phase are

not reported in „raw“form. They must be summarised and subjected to various types of

analysis and interpretation. Before starting to analyse or process the data, the researcher

must examine them for completeness and accuracy. Incomplete and inaccurate data can be

discarded. Then data are organised in an orderly, coherent fashion so that he/she can discern

patterns and relationships.

So, the content of this phase can be summarising in
the following processes:
· analysis of quantitative data and/or analysis of
qualitative data
· analysis of the data by statistical methods
· interpretation of the results
DATAANALYSIS – Statistical analysis
DATA INTERPRETATION – is the process of making sense
of the results and examining their implications
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
 The steps used in analytic
phase of research are:
a) Systemic processing of data
e.g. classification of data according characteristic properties/features
b) Correlation - looking for relationships among the two or more recorded datai.
(parameters)
When we are looking for possible correlations our attention should be focused to:
• if qualitative and quantitative correlations do exist
• find simple correlation – between two parameters
• find complex correlation – among many parameter
• if there is linear correlation – manifested as straight line
• if there is non-linear correlation – manifested as variously shaped curve
• if there is direct correlation – positive
• if there is indirect correlation – negative
The steps used in analytic
phase of research are:

c) Comparison- comparison of the result obtained in our

research with data obtained in similar research done by other
researchers
d) Induction – looking for generalised conclusion on the base of
limited amount of results.
In order to be meaningful, the results obtained from data
analysis require interpretation. Interpretation reports to
the researcher's act of drawing conclusions and making
sense of the results. As part of the process he/she asks
him-/herself these questions:

• what does the result imply?

• what did we actually learn from the data?
• what do the findings mean for others? What is the
value of the study for them?
• what recommendation can we make for further
research? (Brink et al., 2006)
 V. DISSEMINATIVE PHASE
Ø The job is not completed, however, until the researcher communicates the result
of the study to others who may find it useful. So, dissemination means process
when results of the research are presented or published as:
Research Report
• Research abstract
• lectures and/or posters at the congresses and conferences•
papers in journals, term papers, theses, dissertationsUtilization of
Findings
• Application to nursing practice and nursing education
COMMUNICATING THE FINDINGS
• A research project cannot be considered complete until its
results are effectively communicated to its users and
consumers.
• Therefore communication of research findings is one of the
essential and final step of research process.
• The communication of research findings is communicated
through either oral or written means.
 Criteria for communicating
the research
1. • Selecting proper channel for communication: the researcher has to select suitable and
appropriate channel to disseminate his or her findings. Professional academicians generally
publish their research articles through professional journals, books, etc…
2. • Knowing the consumer: the researcher must know in advance to whom they want to
communicate their findings, such as nursing research findings to nurse educators, clinical
nurses
3. • Developing an effective plan for writing a research report:
Decide on authorship: the researchers have to decide among themselves as to who wi
be the leading author and the contributing author.
Deciding on content: the researchers also have to decide how man papers are require
to communicate the findings of research effectively.
Preparing outline of report: it is important that if there are multiple researchers each
one has responsibility for different section of manuscript.

It is very important to know where is suitable to present your research results!

 References 15
https://cashp.columbian.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/
zaxdzs1746/f/downloads/4Phases_of_research_
process_-_Hanacek.doc

https://www.campuscareerclub.com/5-steps-
of-the-research-process/