NAME REG.

NO
KARIUKI RONALD W. E021-01-1301/2014
NEEMA MWANIKI E021-01-0770/2015
EDWARD MWANIGA E021-01-0681/2014
WINNIE NYAMBURA E021-01-1430/2015
FRANCIS KAHURA E021-01-1612/2015
JOHN MUGO E021-01-0749/2015

YEAR: 3.2

TITLE: ASSIGNMENT

UNIT NAME: TRANSMISSION LINES

INTRODUCTION:
Nonresonant transmission lines
A nonresonant line is one of infinite length or one that is terminated with a
resistive load equal to the characteristic impedance of the line. A transmission
line is said to be properly terminated when the resistance of the load is the exact
value required to dissipate energy at the same rate at which the line feeds energy
to the load.
A circuit is nonresonant if:

(a) The circuit is purely resistive over a continuous range of frequencies, or

(b) The circuit contains capacitive and inductive reactance that do not cancel each
other.

Resistive networks exhibit no significant reactance over a wide range of

frequencies. Also, these circuits do not exhibit resonance. Therefore, resistive
networks are nonresonant circuits.
Examples of nonresonant circuits are band-pass filters, band-reject filter, high-
and low- pass filters, piezoelectric crystals, antennas and transmission lines. In
these examples, either the capacitive or inductive reactance predominates. These
reactance’s cancel only at specific frequencies or bands of frequencies.

The voltage and current waves in a nonresonant line move in phase with one
another from the source to the load. Also, the energy wave moving along such a
line would never be reflected and therefore, no standing wave would be produced.
In an infinitely long, no-loss line, an ammeter inserted in either wire anywhere
along the length of the line would read the same current as another ammeter
inserted at any other point in either line.
A Resonant Line
A resonant line is a line that has standing waves of current and voltage. It is of
finite length and is not terminated in its characteristic impedance. Therefore
reflections of energy occur and it travels from output towards the generator. If the
impedance of the generator is the same as that of the line, the energy will be
absorbed at this point. But, if neither input nor output ends are matched to the
line, the waves travel back and forth repeatedly to set up a complicated system of
waves.

When exact resonance has been produced along a line, it will be found that the
current at certain points is zero, and remains at zero at all times. These are called
current nodes. At other points, one-quarter of a wave-length away (halfway
between the nodes), the current will be a maximum. These are called current
loops or anti-nodes. The voltage across the line also varies from zero to a
maximum and back again as one progresses down the line. The voltage loops
occur at the same points as the current nodes, and the voltage nodes are at the
same place as the current loops.

It may act either as a high-resistive circuit (parallel resonant)or as a low-resistive

circuit (series resonant). A short circuited section of a line is equivalent to a
parallel resonant circuit and an open circuit to series resonant circuit for length of
line equal to multiple of a quarter-wavelength. In case of short-circuited line the
voltage is zero at the end of the line and is maximum at the input end of the line.
Similarly, the current is maximum at the short-circuit end and minimum at the
input end of the line. Therefore we have voltage node and current antinode at the
end and converse is true in case of open-circuit line. If the frequency of the applied
voltage to the line is varied, this impedance decreases as the effective length of
the line changes.
REFERENCE:
Basic Radio by J.B. Hoag.