APEx (Analyzing Processes with Excel) Microsoft® Excel® Add-In to accompany Elementary Principles

of Chemical Processes, 4th Edition.

IF AN ERROR MESSAGE HAS POPPED UP ASKING TO UPDATE LINKS:

Click Update, the Edit Links. On the Edit Links dialog:

Click Change Source, then navigate to the location of the Apex.xlam file you downloaded and select
that file. Click OK, then Close the dialog.

A Note to Users:
This spreadsheet serves as an introduction to software intended to accomplish two purposes:
- Faciliate mathematical computation incorporating physical properties and other tabulated data
required in the material and energy balance course
- Train students in proper use of Excel to solve chemical engineering problems, including solution of
systems of algebraic equations using least squares minimization

To partialy accomplish the first of these goals, all of the data in tables are "exposed" as Excel functions.
This means that one could look up electronically most data contained in the text resources by using an
Excel function. Need the molecular weight of heptane? Enter the formula =MW("heptane"). Need to
find the temperature of saturated liquid water at 100 bar? Enter =SteamSatP(100,"P","T","L") to get
the answer.

The second goal is faciliated by the use of an "Equation Solving Wizard" to help students set up
mathematical solutions of the type typically needed in the course in the structure of spreadsheets. It is
hoped that after having the construction of a solution in Excel automated for a problem well
understood they will gain a important skill they can carry on to later courses.

Througout the design of this software, the need to learn important engineering habits is kept
paramount. Units are always an issue, and the software still requires students to think dimensionally.
The data extracted is in the units of the textbook tables, and students will need to either do their own
coversions or learn to use Excel's intrinsic CONVERT() function. While access to Antoine's coefficient
data and even Antoine's equation calculations are available, bubble point calculations are not
provided. There are even places where error trapping has been deliberately omitted-- students must
still critically evaluate their work and take care when performing calculations to ensure reasonability
and appropriateness. Excel comments are added to warn of extrapolation and in some cases to remind
users of units. To maximize the benefits of these comments, it can be helpful to place only one
function call in a formula.

While there will be changes as we move though this process, my hope is that both instructors and
students will find this useful. As feedback is received, the software and its documentation will be
improved.
While there will be changes as we move though this process, my hope is that both instructors and
students will find this useful. As feedback is received, the software and its documentation will be
improved.
ary Principles

d and select

oses:
ted data

solution of

Excel functions.
es by using an
e"). Need to
","L") to get

set up
eadsheets. It is
well

kept
mensionally.
do their own
s coefficient
e not
udents must
easonability
ases to remind
nly one

uctors and
n will be
uctors and
n will be
 Regression, pp. 24-30 and pp. 607-610
Chapter 2 Notes.
Example 2.7-1, p. 24
Slope1(y_values, x_values) Performs a single parameter least
squares regression assuming a zero y-intercept
Linterp(x_values, y_values, x) Interpolates a “y” value at a Rotameter calibration data is provided.
given “x” value from ranges containing a y_values and Flow Rate
corresponding x_values. If extrapolation is performed a Vdot(L/min)
comment is placed in the returning cell.
20.0
52.1
It is worthwhile to note that Excel does have some unit 84.6
conversion capabilitiy.
118.3
=CONVERT(number, from_unit, to_unit) 151.0
The first argument is the number to be converted, and the The text uses a "visual inspection" approach
second and third argument are text strings representing units. can assume that the regression should be of
The Excel help file entry for CONVERT() can be helpful when model of the form y=ax (Model 2). For Mod
learning about the limited set of units are available within Excel. SLOPE() and INTERCEPT(). These functions u
Also useful will be the help file example of how to handle However, if you have reason to expect the in
compound units (including some volume units). equation A.1-6 from the appendix A.1. This f
where the "1" in the function name is due to
In practice, you will find that proper use of the conversion
factors in the text will be best.

160.0
Best
Practices: 140.0 Calibration Data
Don't forget Model 1
to label your 120.0
axes with Model 2
units as 100.0
Vdot (L/min)

appropriate.
80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0 Try it: Add the model fr

text and compare the e
0.0 Make sure you add the
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 series to the plot!
R

Best Practices: Always check your Best Practices:

model by plotting alongside your Legends are
experimental data. Use points for the essential with two
data and a curve (no points) for the or more data
model. series plotted, but
should be omitted
with only one data
series.
Reality Check. Is there a
meaningful difference betw
the two models? Rotamete
useful, inexpensive devices
measuring flow rates, but t
are not high accuracy devic
 Best Practices: Always check your Best Practices:
model by plotting alongside your Legends are
experimental data. Use points for the essential with two Reality Check. Is there a
data and a curve (no points) for the or more data meaningful difference betw
model. series plotted, but the two models? Rotamete
should be omitted useful, inexpensive devices
with only one data measuring flow rates, but t
series. are not high accuracy devic

Linear Interpolation
Data from Page 23
x y To interpolate the value of y when x=2.5 using the Linterp() fu
1 0.3 x1= 2
2 0.7 x2= 3 Watch Out! Order of operati
y1= errors are a common mistake
3 1.2 0.7 when using a calculator to
4 1.8 y2= 1.2 perform interpolation.
x= 2.5
Best Practices: Be explicit Using the forumula: y= 0.95
when identifying parameters Using Linterp(): y= 0.95
to be used in a formula,
especially when you're
learning how to use that Think about how you would tell
formula. someone about the process of
selecting x1,y1 and x2,y2 based on
x. This is the first step in
programming a function like
Linterp().
ion, pp. 24-30 and pp. 607-610
e 2.7-1, p. 24

ter calibration data is provided.

Rotameter Reading
R
10
30
50
70
90
es a "visual inspection" approach. If we use the more rigorous regression approach (see Appendix A.1), we
that the regression should be of the form y=ax+b, where b is nonzero (Model 1); or, wecan assume a
e form y=ax (Model 2). For Model 1, it is appropriate to use the built-in Excel regression functions
INTERCEPT(). These functions use the same approach as Eq A.1-4 and A.1-5 in Appendix A.1 of the text.
you have reason to expect the intercept to be zero and use Model 2, it would be appropriate to apply
1-6 from the appendix A.1. This formula has been implemented as the ProPrEx add-in function SLOPE1(),
1" in the function name is due to the presence of 1 non-zero paremeter in the model, the slope.

Rotameter Reading Flow Rate Model 1 Model 2 Error1^2 Error2^2

R Vdot(L/min)
0 3.15 0
10 20.0 19.56 9.5 0.1936 110.25
30 52.1 52.38 28.5 0.0784 556.96
50 84.6 85.2 47.5 0.36 1376.41
70 118.3 118.02 66.5 0.0784 2683.24
90 151.0 150.84 85.5 0.0256 4290.25

Total error: 0.736 9017.11

Model 1 Slope 1.641
Intercept 3.15

Model 2 Slope 0.95

Try it: Add the model from the

text and compare the error.
Make sure you add the new
series to the plot!
Reality Check. Rotameters tend to
be highly non-linear at the extremes
of the range of flowrates that they
are designed to measure, so forcing
the intercept to zero may not be
needed here.

Reality Check. Is there a

meaningful difference between
the two models? Rotameters are
useful, inexpensive devices for
measuring flow rates, but they
are not high accuracy devices.
 Reality Check. Is there a
meaningful difference between
the two models? Rotameters are
useful, inexpensive devices for
measuring flow rates, but they
are not high accuracy devices.

when x=2.5 using the Linterp() function,

Watch Out! Order of operation

errors are a common mistake
when using a calculator to
perform interpolation.
 Chapter 3.
BEST PRACTICE: When develop
APEx New Functions a spreadsheet, put your input
For all add-in functions, compound is a text string corresponding to a common values in separate cells from
name of the substance. If you are entering the name as part of a formula, it must formulas and unit conversions.
be in quotes. The same rule applies the vector called elements. See the examples makes it easier to find errors, e
for both uses. vector quantities (lists), and to
string (groups of characters) in
MW(compound) returns the molecular weight of a compount. values like compound names.
MWCalc(elements, counts) calculates a molecular weight given a vector of
elements and a corresponding vector of atomic counts.
SG(compound) returns the specific gravity. The production version will also
return a comment indicating any special conditions (i.e. a different temperature or
reference temperature).

Think of molecular weight as a

conversion factor between mass an
moles, and don't forget to keep the
Molecular Weights Note how you can units consistent-- g-moles (usually
MW Acetone 58.08 58.08 enter function written as "plain" moles, mol) go w
arguments two ways-- grams, kg-mol with kg, lb-mol with
MW(): Look up Mercury 200.61 200.61 which do you think is lbm, etc. Numerically, each consiste
compounds in the Water 18.016 18.016 more flexible? set has the same numerical value.
database when
possible.

MWCalc(): If the compound is
not in the database, you need
to calculate it from its
molecular formula. Names or
symbols are valid inputs.
H 2
BEST PRACTICE: Reduce significant
O 1 digits displayed to at least a
MW of H2O 18.01534 18.015 reasonable number when reporting
an answer.
hydrogen 2
oxygen 1
MW of H2O 18.01534 TRY IT: Change the names of the cells where compou
or elements are listed. Think about the numbers that
returned-- are they reasonable?

Specific Gravity SG Density BEST PRACTICE: Always label results w

rref lbm/ft3 g/cm3 kg/m3
3 Think of specific gravity as a
62.4 lbm/ft Acetone 0.791 49.3584 0.791 791 conversion factor between mass
1.000 g/cm3 Mercury 13.546 845.2704 13.546 and volume. You get to choose y
units by selecting the reference
3
1000 kg/m methyl amine 0.699 43.6176 0.699 density (make sure you review th
1.000 kg/L definition of specific gravity!)
1.000 ton/m3 Note the comments
(marked by red triangles in
1.000 g/mL the corner). You can read TRY IT: Note the '$' in the addresses in the formula in cell H32. The '$'
helpful information about tells Excel not to change the element (column letter or row number)
the results by hovering the that follows when copying or "autofilling" cells. Select cell H32 (click
mouse pointer over the on it), then place the cursor over the "handle" on the lower right of
cell. In this case, the the cell. Click and hold the left mouse button and "drag" the handle
reference temperatures down two cells to complete the table. Then go back and experiment
for SG are given. with different combinations of '$' in the formula!
reference temperatures down two cells to complete the table. Then go back and experiment
for SG are given. with different combinations of '$' in the formula!
BEST PRACTICE: When developing
a spreadsheet, put your input
alues in separate cells from
ormulas and unit conversions. This
makes it easier to find errors, enter
ector quantities (lists), and to use
tring (groups of characters) input
alues like compound names.

k of molecular weight as a
ersion factor between mass and
es, and don't forget to keep the
s consistent-- g-moles (usually
en as "plain" moles, mol) go with
ms, kg-mol with kg, lb-mol with
etc. Numerically, each consistent
as the same numerical value.

educe significant
at least a
r when reporting

mes of the cells where compounds

Think about the numbers that are
sonable?

ACTICE: Always label results with units!

ink of specific gravity as a

nversion factor between mass
d volume. You get to choose your
its by selecting the reference
nsity (make sure you review the
finition of specific gravity!)

ormula in cell H32. The '$'

n letter or row number)
lls. Select cell H32 (click
e" on the lower right of
n and "drag" the handle
go back and experiment
mula!
go back and experiment
mula!
Chapter 4.

This chapter does not require additional tabular

data, but it does require more in terms of
equation solution. Here, the APEx Equation
Solving Wizard (ESW) is introduced to guide you
through use of a spreadsheet to solve a system
of non-linear (or linear) equations. Note that
the Excel Solver add-in must be installed to use
the ESW.

To use the Wizard, click on the Add-ins tab (on

Mac, use the menu to select Solution to Example 4.5-1
View/Toolbars/APEx). Click on the Equation
Solving Wizard button. n1+n5=n2
0.04*n1+0.017*n5=0.023*n2
n2=n3+n4
0.023*n2=n3+0.017*n4
After reading the overview, click Next and n4=n5+100
enter your equations to be solved. You can
copy and paste the equations from Example
4.5-1 at right if you'd prefer. Note how the
ESW tracks your equations and your variables
to ensure you reduce the degrees of freedom
to zero before moving to the next step.

You can then change the initial guess for your

variables by clicking on the variable name.
Giving guesses on the correct order of
magnitude can improve the liklihood of
solution for mathematically difficult systems.
If you know all of your answers will be
positive, checking the assumption box can
result in a more efficient solution.

The last step is to select where to place your resu

this will overwrite existing data. Note you have t
using an enhancement for problems whose answ
widely varying orders of magntude (like mole fra
heat duties or large flow rates). The last option le
a look at the Solver settings before finding a solu

Variable n1
Value 102.3958

Equation LHS
n1+n5=n2 392.5174
 0.04*n1+0 9.027899
n2=n3+n4 392.5174
0.023*n2= 9.027899
n4=n5+100 390.1215

After the ESW

finishes, you can
run Solver (Data
tab, Analysis
section) again to
resolve the system
with any changes
you've made
without re-
entering anything.

Once you get comfortable with this setup,

you can easily solve systems (and find
parameters for curve fits amongst other
uses) with the same technique.
select where to place your results. Note
existing data. Note you have the option of
ment for problems whose answers have
ers of magntude (like mole fractions and
e flow rates). The last option lets you take
r settings before finding a solution.

n2 n3 n4 n5
392.5174 2.395833 390.1215 290.1215

RHS (LHS-RHS)^2
392.5174 8.888E-19
 9.027899 4.516E-16
392.5174 1.032E-18
9.027899 1.383E-19
390.1215 2E-18
SUM 4.556E-16
 Chapter 5 introduces a couple of new properties accessible from APEx.
Tcrit(compound) returns the critical temperature in K
Pcrit(compound) returns the critical pressure of a compound in atm

Example 5.1-1, p. 191

xH2SO4= 0.5 Hover your mouse over the
SG(H2O)= red triangles in the upper left
The text cites how it 1.000 of the SG values. This is the
looked up the density of a SG(H2SO4)= 1.834 refernce state information. In
50% sulfuric acid solution the case of water, this is
at 20 oC. We can replicate rref= 1 g/cm3 telling us this is the SG of
the test of the two Using Eq 5.1-1 water at 4 oC, not at 20 oC as
suggested methods of in the book.
estimating the mixture 1/rbar 0.772628
density from the pure
component densities rbar= 1.294 g/cm3
using Excel and ProPrEx as Using Eq 5.1-2
illustrated here.
rbar= 1.417 g/cm3
Best Practice: Look up values,
then perform calculations using
those values. This allows you to
determine if the values returned
by the function are reasonable.

Example 5.3-1, p. 202 T -150.8 °C Best Practice: Keep

122.35 K your original data
V 3L input separate from
any calculations,
n 2 mol including unit
Vhat 1.5 L/mol conversions.
Tc 126.2 K
Pc 33.5 atm
wN2 0.04
Tr 0.969493

Try it. Complete the rest

of the example in Excel,
and see if you can
identify places you are
likely to make errors in
composing your formula
(or entering operations
into your calculator)
r your mouse over the
iangles in the upper left
e SG values. This is the
nce state information. In
ase of water, this is
g us this is the SG of
r at 4 oC, not at 20 oC as
e book.

Practice: Look up values,

perform calculations using
e values. This allows you to
rmine if the values returned
e function are reasonable.
 The following APEx functions allow you to access some of the key properties from the
textbook within Excel.

Hv(compound) returns the specific molar enthalpy change of vaporization in kJ/mol.

Tm(compound) returns the melting point temperature in °C
Hm(compound) returns the specific molar enthalpy change of melting in kJ/mol.
Tb(compound) returns the normal boiling point temperature in °C
VPWater(temperature,[temperature units]) returns the vapor pressure in mm Hg of
water for a given temperature.
AntoineP(compound, temperature, [temperature units]) returns the vapor pressure
in mm Hg of a compound for a given temperature.
AntoineT(compound, pressure) returns the temperature in oC for a given vapor Take Note: The comm
pressure in mm Hg of a compound. returned by Antoine
if the temperature is
the bounds of the
correlation. Use thes
with care!

Example 6.4-3 part 1

Xbenzene= Watch Out! The Antoine equation
0.4 form in your text requires
Xtoluene= 0.6 temperatures in oC, not K!
This example
demonstrates Temperature= 368.296 K 95.1 °C
how bubble and P*benzene= 1181 mmHg
dew point Here, we vary the temperature to set
calculations can P*toluene= 479 mmHg f(Tbp)=0. The Goal Seek setup is shown
be simplified by below.
using Goal Seek or
Solver in f(Tbp)= 0.000118
conjunction with
the Antoine
equation Pbenzene= 472.6 mmHg
accessed by Ptoluene= 287.4 mmHg
AntoineP() and its
inverse P= 760.0 mmHg
AntoineT(). ybenzene= 0.622 mol Benzene/ mol
ytoluene= 0.378 mol Toluene/ mol

T= 95.14597 °C It doesn't hurt to test the inverse

calculations as we do here, showing the
T= 95.14597 °C calculated vapor pressure yields the
correct temperature as calculated above.
You won't often need to do this unless
For water, your text provides a table of data for the tracking down errors.
vapor pressure of water. This data is more accurate than
the Antoine equation correlation and should be used
for water. Example 6.3-3 below shows how we might
use the VPWater() function.

Example 6.3-2, p. 251

T= 100 °C
 P= 5260 mm Hg
yH2O= 0.100

pH2O=yH2OP= 526 mm Hg Here we use Goal Seek to vary T until

p*=pH2O. The value of T is used in the
pH2O=p*H2O(Tdp), Tdp= 90.0 °C VPWater() function. Solver can be
p*= 526.0001 used here as well.
 Take Note: The comments
returned by AntoineP() warn
if the temperature is outside
the bounds of the
correlation. Use these results
with care!

ch Out! The Antoine equation

in your text requires
peratures in oC, not K!

he temperature to set
al Seek setup is shown

st the inverse
o here, showing the
essure yields the
e as calculated above.
ed to do this unless
s.
 Chapter 7 requires use of the steam tables. SteamSatT() interpolates results from
Table B.5; SteamSatP() from Table B.6; and SteamSH from Table B.7.
Note that in table B.6 both U and H are not monotonic (multiple pressures may
satisfy a given value of U or H). The lowest pressure solution will be returned unless
otherwise specified in the last optional argument.

SteamSatT(value,typegiven, typetoreturn, [phase]) For the “value” given of

“typegiven”, returns the quantity of the type “typetoreturn” from the saturated
steam temperature table. Warns of extrapolation. Valid types of parameters 2 and 3
are “T”, “P”, “V”, “U”, and “H”. Phase must be specified when returning V, U, and H.
Valid phases are “L” and “V”.
SteamSatP(value,typegiven, typetoreturn, [phase], [root]) For the “value” given of
“typegiven”, returns the quantity of the type “typetoreturn” from the saturated
steam pressure table. Valid types of parameters 2 and 3 are “T”, “P”, “V”, “U”, and
“H”. Phase must be specified when returning V, U, and H. Valid phases are “L”, “E”,
and “V”. For some “typegiven” quantities (U and H for vapor), multiple solutions are
possible. The last optional parameter “root” can be specified as requesting the
lower pressure root (“L”, default), or the upper pressure root (“U”).
SteamSH(value1, value2, typegiven1, typegiven2, typetoreturn, [phase]) For the
“value1” of “typegiven1” and “value2” of “typegiven2”, returns the value for
“typegiven3”. Valid types for value1 are “T” and “P”; all other types may be “T”, “P”,
“V”, “U”, or “H”. Phase is assumed vapor unless otherwise specified.

UNITS for all: Temperatures in oC, pressures in bar, specific volumes in m 3/kg,
specific enthalpies and specific internal energies in kJ/kg

-2878.5

The following examples demonstrate how the functions may be used to obtain values from the steam tables.

Example 7.5-2, p.328

Determine vapor pressure, specific internal energy, and specific enthalpy of saturated steam at 133.5 °C.
T= 133.5 °C
From Table B.5 (extrapolated) From Table B.6 Try it. Replace the given
temperature with some values
p*= 2.260975 bar p*= 3.0 within the range of Table B.5
Vhat= -0.11925 m3/kg Vhat= 0.606 m3/kg (between 0 and 100 oC) and
confirm you get essentially the
Uhat= 2540.5 kJ/kg Uhat= 2543 kJ/kg same results for each table when
Hhat= 2726.25 kJ/kg Hhat= 2724.7 kJ/kg interpolating.
Did you notice? This demonstrates the
danger of extrapolation significantly
beyond the range of your tabular data.

Show that water at 400 °C and 10 bar is superheated steam and determine its specific volume,
specific internal energy, and specific enthalpy relative to liquid water at the triple point, and its
dew point.
 Show that water at 400 °C and 10 bar is superheated steam and determine its specific volume,
specific internal energy, and specific enthalpy relative to liquid water at the triple point, and its
dew point.

Concluding that the given point is outside the closed region is far easier examining the table in print. Once that is done,
we can use SteamSH to calculate the desired quantities:
T= 400 °C
P= 10 bar
Hhat= 3264 kJ/kg
Uhat= 2958 kJ/kg
Vhat= 0.307 m3/kg
The dew point at this pressure is more readily determined from the saturated steam table.
Tdp= 179.9 °C

The remainder of the examples here only demonstrate accessing steam table values needed for the problem solution.

Example 7.5-3, p. 329

P= 10 bar P= 1 bar
T= 370 °C
Hhat in= 3201 kJ/kg Hhat out= 2675.4 Try it. For one or more of these examples, set
up a problem where you attempt to determin
the pressure (or temperature) given the
Example 7.6-1, p. 330 enthalpy already calculated. Use Goal Seek or
Solver. For example, in Example 7.5-3, assume
Liquid feed 1 Liquid feed 2 you don't know the pressure and start with a
guess of P =1 bar. Now in Solver or Goal Seek
Assume saturated Assume saturated vary P until Hhat in is equal to 3201 kJ/kg. Did
T= 30 °C T= 65 °C you get the same result? If not, why? Repeat
Hhat 1= 125.7 kJ/kg Hhat 2= 272.05 kJ/kg using a guess of P=15 bar.

Vapor product
Saturated vapor
P= 17 bar
Hhat= 2793.4 kJ/kg

Example 7.6-3, p. 332

Turbine discharge Feed steam

saturated, 1 atm T= 400 °C
P= 1 atm P= 1 atm
1.01325 bar 1.01325 bar
Hhat 1= 2676 kJ/kg Hhat 2= 3277.98 kJ/kg

Product
T= 300 °C
P= 1 atm
1.01325 bar
Hhat 3= 3073.97
steam tables.

lace the given

ure with some values
range of Table B.5
0 and 100 oC) and
ou get essentially the
lts for each table when
ting.
 rint. Once that is done,

the problem solution.

r more of these examples, set

here you attempt to determine
temperature) given the
y calculated. Use Goal Seek or
mple, in Example 7.5-3, assume
the pressure and start with a
ar. Now in Solver or Goal Seek
t in is equal to 3201 kJ/kg. Did
e result? If not, why? Repeat
P=15 bar.
 The key addition for Chapter 8 is the need to account for energy change due to temperature change
by integral of heat capacity functions. The Enthalpy() function uses the coeeficients in the text and
integrates the resulting function.

Other lookup functions in this chapter include heats of solution/mixing, and approximating heat
capacity with Kopp's Rule.

Enthalpy(compound, T1, T2, [temperature units],[state]) Integrates the constant pressure heat
capacity correlations for a temperature change from T1 to T2 in kJ/(mol·°C). If temperature units are
not specified (“K”, “R”, “F”) units of °C are assumed. If state (“l”, “g”, “c”) is not specified, the first entry
in the table is used. If either temperature is outside of the correlation range, a comment is set for the
calling cell indicating “Out of Range”. If multiple coefficient sets are available for a given species and
state, coefficients for the narrowest range containing T1 and T2 is used.
HsHCl(r) Returns the integral heat of solution at 25 °C for HCl at a given value of r(mol H 2O/mol
solute) in kJ/mol. Uses linear interpolation of table data. If value is extrapolated a comment is added
to the calling cell. The heat of solution at infinite dilution is returned by entering r as “inf”.
HsNaOH(r) Returns the integral heat of solution at 25 °C for NaOH at a given value of r(mol H 2O/mol
solute) in kJ/mol. Uses linear interpolation of table data. If value is extrapolated a comment is added
to the calling cell. The heat of solution at infinite dilution is returned by entering r as “inf”.
HmH2SO4(r) Returns the integral heat of mixing at 25 °C for H 2SO4 at a given value of r(mol H2O/mol
solute) in kJ/mol. Uses linear interpolation of table data. If value is extrapolated a comment is added
to the calling cell. The heat of mixing at infinite dilution is returned by entering r as “inf”.
Kopps(elements, number_atoms, [phase]) Returns an estimate using Kopp’s Rule of the constant
pressure heat capacity of a substance. Elements is a range of cells containing element symbols, and
number_atoms is a range of cells containing the number of atoms for each element in the first
argument. If phase is not specified (“s”, “l”) a liquid is assumed.

Also remember these functions introduced earlier:

Hv(compound) returns the specific molar enthalpy change of vaporization in kJ/mol.
Tm(compound) returns the melting point temperature in °C
Hm(compound) returns the specific molar enthalpy change of melting in kJ/mol.
Tb(compound) returns the normal boiling point temperature in °C
-2878.5

Example 8.3-2, p. 369

compound nitrogen
T1= 20
T2= 100
n= 100 mol/min
Watch Out. Don't forget to
deltaH= 2.332376 kJ/mol restrict the number of
Q= 233 kJ/min significant digits you display
for your answer!
 significant digits you display
for your answer!

Example 8.3-4, page 373 Example 8.4-3, p. 382

n (mol/h)= 150 compound: methanol

nC2H6 = 0.60 Tbp= 64.7 °C
nC3H8 = 0.40 337.85 K
T1(°C)= 0 Tc= 513.2 K
T2(°C)= 400
Estimating heat of vaporization using Trouton's Rule
∆ĤC2H6 = 29.7 ∆Ĥv = 36.82565 kJ/kg
∆ĤC3H8 = 42.7 Compare with literature value
∆Ĥv = 35.27 kJ/kg
∆Ĥmix (kJ/mol)= 34.9

Q (kJ/h) = 5234

Example 8.5-1, p. 397

APEx functions can be used in two parts of this problem.
Hhat1= 2.181544 kJ/kg

For the product solution

r= 8.10219
deltaHhatA= -67.42518
ature change
he text and

ting heat

ssure heat
ture units are
d, the first entry
nt is set for the
n species and

H 2O/mol
ment is added
nf”.
r(mol H 2O/mol
ment is added
nf”.
(mol H2O/mol
ment is added
”.
the constant
ymbols, and
the first
Trouton's Rule
 You will continue to find APEx functions handy in Chapter 9 when
composing your enthalpy tables. New functions are introduced to allow
access to heats of formation and combustion.

DeltaHfg(compound) returns the specific heat of formation of the

compound in the gaseous state in kJ/mol
DeltaHfl(compound) returns the specific heat of formation of the
compound in the liquid state in kJ/mol
DeltaHfaq(compound) returns the specific heat of formation of the
compound in aqueous solution in kJ/mol
DeltaHfc(compound) returns the specific heat of formation of the
compound in crystalline form in kJ/mol
DeltaHcg(compound) returns the specific heat of combustion of the
compound in the gaseous state in kJ/mol
DeltaHcl(compound) returns the specific heat of combustion of the
compound in the liquid state in kJ/mol
DeltaHcc(compound) returns the specific heat of combustion of the
compound in the crystalline state in kJ/mol
DeltaHcs(compound) returns the specific heat of combustion of the
compound in the solid state in kJ/mol

Example 9.1-1, p. 443

We can recalculate the heat of reaction in part 1 using the heat of combustion:
(ΔĤr°)= -2878.5

Example 9.3-1, p. 447

For the reaction
C5H12(l)+8O2(g)--> 5 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)
ni Don't Forget the sign
(ΔĤf°)C5H12(l)= -173 kJ/mol -1 convention for
stoichiometric
(ΔĤf°)O2(g)= 0 kJ/mol -8 coefficients: negative for
(ΔĤf°)CO2(g)= -393.5 kJ/mol 5 reactants, positive for
products.
(ΔĤf°)H2O(l)= -285.84 kJ/mol 6

ΔĤr°= -3509.54 kJ/mol

Note the use of the
SUMPRODUCT() function
to simplify the formula
calculating the heat of
reaction.

Example 9.4-1, p. 449

Calculate the standard heat of reaction for the dehydrogenation of ethane:
 C6H6→C2H4 + H2

Solution: ni
(ΔĤc°)C2H6= -1559.9 kJ/mol -1
(ΔĤc°)C2H4= -1410.99 kJ/mol 1
(ΔĤc°)H2= -285.84 kJ/mol 1

ΔĤr°= -136.93 kJ/mol