Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 30 (2006) 513–521

www.elsevier.com/locate/etfs

Experimental and numerical investigation of convection heat transfer

in a rectangular channel with angled ribs
Ben Lu, Pei-Xue Jiang *

Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering, Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Received 10 February 2005; accepted 20 September 2005

Abstract

Forced convection heat transfer of air in a rectangular channel with 45 ribs on one wall was investigated experimentally and numer-
ically. The stainless steel test section was 39.3 mm · 39.3 mm · 4 mm and the ribs were 1 mm · 0.8 mm with 4 mm between ribs. The tests
investigated the effects of air mass flow rate on the convection heat transfer enhancement with the ribs. Comparisons between the exper-
imental and numerical results showed that the SST k–x turbulence model was more suitable for the convection heat transfer in such
channels than the RNG k–e turbulence model. Other rectangular channels with different ribs angles and different spacings between ribs
on the wall were investigated using the CFD code FLUENT6.1 with the SST k–x turbulence model. The numerical model was
40 mm · 10 mm · 4 mm and the ribs were 1 mm · 1 mm with angles of 90, 60, 45, 30, 20, 10 and 0. The numerical results indicate
that the heat transfer coefficients were largest with the 60 ribs, but the channel with the 20 ribs had the best overall thermal/hydraulic
performance considering the heat transfer and the pressure drop when the spacing between ribs was 4 mm. The average heat transfer
coefficients increase with increasing mass flow rates and decreasing the spacings. The rectangular channel with 20 ribs with 1–2 mm
spacing ribs had the best overall thermal/hydraulic performance.
 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Experiment; Numerical simulation; Heat transfer; Ribs; Spacing

1. Introduction along with pressure drop data, to determine the best

Many techniques have been used to enhance convection
heat transfer in gas turbine engine passages used for inter-
nal cooling of turbine blades. These techniques include rib
turbulators, pin fins, jet impingement cooling, dimpled sur-
faces, surface roughness, surfaces with protrusions and
other types of turbulence promoters. All of these tech-
niques increase the secondary flows and the turbulence
level. The objective of these devices is to significantly
enhance turbulent transport and the convective heat trans-
fer coefficients with minimal increase in pressure losses.
Globally averaged heat transfer coefficient data is needed,
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 62772661; fax: +86 10 62770209.
E-mail address: jiangpx@tsinghua.edu.cn (P.-X. Jiang).
designs for these tasks.
The earliest experimental studies of ribbed channels con-
sidered single pass, stationary channels with no rotation.
Han et al. [1] investigated the effects of rib shape, angle
and pitch-to-height ratio. They found that 45 ribs pro-
duced better heat transfer performance than 90 ribs for
the same friction power. Han and Park [2] varied the chan-
nel aspect ratio and concluded that the best heat transfer
performance was obtained using a square channel with a
rib turbulator angle of attack from 30 to 45. This range
of angles of attack also yields the best heat transfer perfor-
mance for rectangular channels.
More recent studies of stationary channels with no rota-
tion considered single pass and multi-pass channels. Wang
et al. [3] presented heat transfer results for square ducts
with 45 ribs. Thurman and Poinsatte [4] measured the heat

0894-1777/$ - see front matter  2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2005.09.007
514 B. Lu, P.-X. Jiang / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 30 (2006) 513–521
Nomenclature
de hydraulic diameter, m
g acceleration of gravity, m2/s
G mass flow rate, kg/s
h average heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2 K)
I unit tensor
L channel length, m
Nu average Nusselt number
P static pressure, Pa
DP pressure drop, Pa
Pr Prandtl number
q heat flux, W/m2
Re Reynolds number based on the plate channel
hydraulic diameter
T temperature, K
v velocity, m/s
x coordinates, m
transfer and bulk air temperatures in a three-pass duct with
orthogonal ribs and bleed holes both located on one wall.
Ligrani and Mahmood [5] presented local Nusselt numbers
and friction factors for a stationary channel with an aspect
ratio of angled rib turbulators inclined at 45 with perpen-
dicular orientations on the two opposite surfaces.
Numerical investigations have also been used to investi-
gate the heat transfer and pressure drop in rib-roughened
channels. Park et al. [6] investigated the combined effects
of channel aspect ratio and rib angle on the heat transfer
and pressure drop in rectangular channels with two oppos-
ing ribbed walls. Liou et al. [7] performed both numerical
and experimental analyse on a rectangular channel with
90 ribs mounted on one wall.
A number of other experimental and numerical studies
have also addressed the effects of rib turbulators on the
heat transfer in internal channels for single pass and
multi-pass channels, square and rectangular channels,
channels with and without rotation, and rotating channels
with different orientations with respect to the axis. A review
of these techniques, as well as other arrangements for inter-
nal passage cooling, was given by Ligrani et al. [8]. Convec-
tion heat transfer in mini-fin structures and sintered porous
media was experimentally investigated by Jiang et al. [9].
The present paper presents a detailed experimental and
numerical study of convection heat transfer in internal pas-
sages with ribs. Three-dimensional numerical simulations
using the CFD code FLUENT6.1 were compared with
experimental results to select the best turbulence model
to simulate the flow and heat transfer in internal passages
with and without ribs. The heat transfer in internal pas-
sages with various rib angles and various spacings between
ribs was then studied numerically using the selected turbu-
lence model. These results provide insight into improved
designs of internal passages for gas turbine blades.
Greek symbols
k thermal conductivity, W/(m K)
q density, kg/m3
l molecular viscosity, kg/(m s)
k turbulence kinetic energy
e, x dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy
Subscripts
eff effective
f fluid
w wall
x local
i, j indices
0 initial
2. Experimental system and data reduction
The experimental system shown in Fig. 1 consisted of a
test section, instrumentation to measure the temperatures,
pressures, and a electrical power input, a compressor and
two volumetric flow meters.
The flat plate geometry and test section are shown
in Fig. 2. The test section dimensions were 39.3 mm ·
39.3 mm · 4 mm. The channel upper surface received a
constant heat flux, q, while the bottom and side
surfaces were adiabatic. The flow entered the chan-
nel with an average mass flow rate and constant tempera-
ture.
The 2 mm thick flat plates with or without 45 ribs were
made from stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti. The 45 ribs were
1 mm wide and 0.8 mm high with 4 mm spacing between
ribs.
The local temperature of the flat plate was measured
with eight copper/constantan thermocouples, as shown in
Fig. 2. The thermocouples were inserted into the upper
plate of the test section (0.5 mm deep) along the centerline.
The inlet fluid temperature was measured by two thermo-
couples in the inlet duct, approximately 6 cm upstream
from the heated section. Three thermocouples were placed
at the plate channel outlet after a mixer, approximately
6 cm downstream from the heated section to measure the
bulk exit temperature. Prior to installation, the thermocou-
ples were calibrated using a constant temperature oil bath.
The overall accuracy was within ±0.1 C. The inlet and
outlet pressures were measured using accurate manometers
with an accuracy of 0.25% of the full scale range of 0.1 and
0.6 MPa. The air volume flow rate was measured by a vol-
umetric flow meter. The experimental uncertainty for the
heat balance was ±5%. The maximum error in the flow rate
was less than ±2.5%.
 B. Lu, P.-X. Jiang / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 30 (2006) 513–521 515

Fig. 1. Experimental system.

The heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number were the CFD code FLUENT6.1. All boundaries except the
defined as heated surface were regarded as adiabatic surfaces.
qw The SST k–x turbulence model and the RNG k–e turbu-
h¼ ð1Þ lence model were used with enhanced wall functions for the
ðT w  T f Þ
near wall treatment. The governing equations were:
qw
hx ¼ ð2Þ Mass conservation:
ðT w;x  T f;x Þ
h  de oq
Nu ¼ ð3Þ þ r  ðq~
vÞ ¼ 0 ð5Þ
k ot
hx  d e
Nux ¼ ð4Þ Momentum conservation:
k
oðq~vÞ
where qw is the wall heat flux, Tw is average wall tempera- þ r  ðq~vÞ ¼ qg  rP þ r  ðsÞ
v~ ð6Þ
ot
ture of the plate surface adjacent to the fluid, Tf is the aver-
age fluid bulk temperature in the channel, Tw,x is the local Energy conservation:
wall temperature of the plate surface adjacent to the fluid, oðqEÞ
and Tf,x is the local cross-section average fluid temperature. vðqE þ P ÞÞ ¼ r  ðk eff rT þ ðseff ~
þ r  ð~ vÞÞ ð7Þ
ot
The experimental uncertainty in the convection heat
transfer was mainly due to the experimental errors in the where
 
heat balance, axial thermal conduction in the flat plate test 2
section, temperature measurement errors, and the calcula- s ¼ l ðr~
v þ r~vT Þ  r ~
vI ð8Þ
3
tion of the surface temperature. The experimental uncer- 2
P v
tainties in the convection heat transfer coefficient and E ¼h þ ð9Þ
pressure drop were estimated to be ±11.3% and ±3.0%. q 2
Transport equations for the RNG k–e model:
3. Governing equations and numerical simulation method  
oðqkÞ o o ok
þ ðqkvi Þ ¼ ak leff þ Gk þ Gb  qe  Y M
ot oxi oxj oxj
A three-dimensional numerical simulation of the conju-
gate heat transfer in the test section was conducted using ð10Þ
516 B. Lu, P.-X. Jiang / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 30 (2006) 513–521

were only slightly differs from the result presented here.

The convergence criteria were 104 for velocity, k, x, and
e and 107 for energy.
The numerical boundary conditions accorded with these
experimental data. The mass flow inlet, the outflow outlet
and the heat flux at the upper surface of the channel were
given, and other surfaces were adiabatic.

4. Comparison experimental and numerical results

The convection heat transfer in an empty flat plate chan-

nel without ribs was measured before measuring on the
convection heat transfer in the flat plate channel with ribs.
Figs. 3 and 4 compare the experimental results with
numerical simulations using the SST k–x turbulence model
and the RNG k–e turbulence model for various Reynolds
numbers. The average top surface temperatures along the
flat plate without ribs are shown in Fig. 3. The numerical
simulation results using the SST k–x turbulence model
agreed well with the experimental data.
The variation of the average Nusselt numbers on the
heat transfer surface are shown in Fig. 4 which shows that

350
experiment
SST κ −ω
340 RNG κ − ε

330
T [K]

Fig. 2. Flat plate geometry and test section sketch (unit: mm).
320
 
oðqeÞ o o oe e 310
þ ðqevi Þ ¼ ae leff þ C 1e ðGk þ C 3e Gb Þ
ot oxi oxj oxj k
e e2 300
 C 1e ðGk þ C 3e Gb Þ  C 2e q  Re 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
k k
Re
ð11Þ
Fig. 3. Average surface temperatures on the plate without ribs.
Transport equations for the SST k–x model:
 
o o o ok
ðqkÞ þ ðqkvi Þ ¼ Ck þ Gk  Y k ð12Þ 100
ot oxi oxj oxj
  90 experiment
o o o ox SST κ − ω
ðqxÞ þ ðqxvi Þ ¼ Cx þ Gx  Y x þ Dx ð13Þ 80 RNG κ −ε
ot oxi oxj oxj
70
The meanings of each term in the RNG k–e and the SST 60
k–x models are illustrated in the Fluent documents [10]. 50
Nu

The finite volume method with structured meshes was

40
used to solve the three dimensional incompressible
30
Navier–Stokes equations. The velocity and pressure
coupling used the SIMPLEC algorithm. 20
The hexahedron gridding was used in the paper. The cal- 10
culations used 118,440 elements(without ribs) and 341,674 0
8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
elements (with ribs) with more elements near the ribs and a
Re
near wall elements spacing of y+  10 for the calculation of
the experimental model. Results with grids having y+ < 10 Fig. 4. Average Nusselt numbers on the plate surface without ribs.
 B. Lu, P.-X. Jiang / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 30 (2006) 513–521 517

the average Nusselt numbers increased with increasing ðf=8ÞðRe  1000ÞPr

Nu1 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2=3
Reynolds numbers. The numerical results using the SST 1 þ 12:7 f=8ðPr  1Þ
k –x turbulence model were more close to the experimental
ð2300 6 Re 6 104 ; 0:5 6 Pr 6 200Þ ð16Þ
results than the productions using the RNG k–e turbulence
model. The differences between the numerically calculated f ¼ ð1:82 lg Re  1:64Þ2 ð17Þ
average Nusselt number and the experimental data were
less than 10%. Fig. 5 compares the experimental results with the
The local Nusselt numbers for turbulent and transition numerical simulation results using the SST k–x turbulence
convection heat transfer in an empty flat plate channel were model and the correlations for local Nusselt numbers in the
calculated using the correlations proposed by Petukhov plate channel without ribs for various Reynolds numbers.
et al. [11] and Gnielinski [12]. Fig. 5 shows that the local Nusselt numbers decreased
 1=4 ! along the test section and that the numerical results agree
Nux 0:4 x 3600 better with the experimental data than the correlations.
¼ 1 þ 0:416Pr 1 þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Nu1 de Re x=d e The deviations between the numerical prediction using
 x  the SST k–x turbulence model and the experimental results
 exp 0:17 were less than 10%.
de
  Figs. 6 and 7 compare the experimental results with the
x
4000 6 Re 6 106 ; 0:7 6 Pr 6 100; > 0:5 ð14Þ numerical simulation results using the SST k–x turbulence
de
model and the RNG k–e turbulence model for convection
ðf=8ÞRe Pr heat transfer in a plate channel with ribs for various Rey-
Nu1 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 þ 900=Reþ 12:7 f=8ðPr2=3  1Þ nolds numbers. The average temperatures on the flat plate
with 45 ribs shown in Fig. 6 decreased with increasing
ð104 6 Re 6 5  106 ; 0:5 6 Pr 6 5  105 Þ ð15Þ

350
experiment
SST κ−ω
100 340 RNG κ−ε

experiment
SST κ−ω 330
80
Eq.(14)-(17)
T [K]

Re=8480
320
60
Nux

310
40

300
20 8000 10000 12000 14000
Re
0 Fig. 6. Average plate surface temperature with ribs.
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
x/de
100
160
experiment
SST κ−ω experiment
140 SST κ−ω
80 Eq.(14)-(17)
Re=10065 RNG κ−ε
120
60 100
Nu
Nux

80
40
60

20 40
20
0 0
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 8000 10000 12000 14000
x/de Re
Fig. 5. Local Nusselt number on the plate surface without ribs. Fig. 7. Average Nusselt number on the plate surface with ribs.
518 B. Lu, P.-X. Jiang / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 30 (2006) 513–521

140 experiment
SST κ−ω
120 Re=7621

100

80
Nux

60 Fig. 9. Numerical model (unit: mm).

40
The model geometry shown in Fig. 9 had dimensions of
20
40 mm · 10 mm · 4 mm. The channel upper surface
0 received a constant heat flux, q, while the bottom and side
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 surfaces were insulated. The flow entered the channel with
x/de
uniform mass flow rate and temperature. The 2 mm thick
flat plates and the ribs was made from stainless steel
140 experiment 1Cr18Ni9Ti. The ribs were 1 mm wide by 1 mm high.
SST κ−ω The SST k–x turbulence model was used with enhanced
120 Re=14023
wall function for near wall treatment. The finite volume
100 method with structured meshes was used to solve
the three-dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes
80 equations. The velocity and pressure coupling used the
Nu

SIMPLEC algorithm.
60
The grids had 63,360, 171,842, 167,292, 173,662,
40 184,666, 208,628 and 23,680 elements for rib angles of
90, 60, 45, 30, 20, 10 and 0. The convergence criteria
20 were 104 for velocity, k, x and e and 107 for energy.
The treatment of the boundary conditions were given as
0
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 shown in Fig. 2.
x/de Figs. 10–13 show the numerical results using the SST k–
x turbulence model for various mass flow rates in the chan-
Fig. 8. Local Nusselt number variety on the plate surface with ribs.
nels with different angles of attack and 4 mm spacing
between ribs.
Reynolds numbers. The Nusselt numbers in the flat plate
The variations of the average plate surface temperature
channel with 45 ribs shown in Fig. 7 increased with
with rib angle and flow rate are shown in Fig. 10. The
increasing Reynolds numbers. The numerical results using
results show that the average temperatures decrease with
the SST k–x turbulence model again agree better with the
increasing mass flow rates with the average plate tempera-
experimental results than those using the RNG k–e turbu-
ture with the 60 ribs as the lowest, and the plate tempera-
lence model. The differences between the numerical results
ture with 90 ribs as the highest. The average heat transfer
using the SST k–x turbulence model and the experimental
data were less than 10%.
Fig. 8 compares the experimental results with the
numerical results using the SST k–x turbulence model 340
for local Nusselt numbers in the flat plate channel with 90
0
60
0

45 ribs for various Reynolds numbers. The deviation 45

0
30
0

0 0
between the experimental results and the numerical predic- 20 10
330 0
0
tion using the SST k–x turbulence model were less than
15%.
T [K]

The results in Figs. 6–8 verify the accuracy of the numer-

ical results using the SST k–x turbulence model for the 320
channel with 45 ribs on one wall.

5. Numerical simulations for different angles and spacings

of ribs 310
0.0010 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018
Three-dimensional numerical simulations were con- G [kg/s]
ducted to optimize the convection heat transfer in flat plate Fig. 10. Average plate surface temperatures for channels with 4 mm rib
channels with various rib angles and spacings. spacings.
 B. Lu, P.-X. Jiang / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 30 (2006) 513–521 519

0 0
600 90 60
0 0
45 30
0 0
20 10
0
500 0
h [W/(m K)]
2

400

300

200

0.0010 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018

G [kg/s]
Fig. 11. Average heat transfer coefficients for channels with 4 mm rib
spacings.

3500
0 0
90 60
3000 0 0
45 30
0 0
20 10
2500 0
0 Fig. 14. Velocity vectors in channels with 90 and 60 ribs.
2000
Δ P [Pa]

the average heat transfer coefficient with 90 ribs are the
1500
lowest and that with 60 ribs are the highest. The 60 ribs
1000 have the highest heat transfer coefficients because air flows
with the most intense turbulence in the channel with the 60
500 ribs while the turbulence is the weakest with the 90 ribs as
shown in Fig. 14.
0
0.0010 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018 The pressure drops for air flow in these channels are
G [kg/s] shown in Fig. 12. The pressure drop with 60 ribs is the
largest while that with 0 ribs is the smallest.
Fig. 12. Pressure drops for air flow in ribbed channels with 4 mm rib
spacings. Fig. 13 presents the parameter (Nu/Nu0)(f/f0)(1/3) for
air flow in these channels with different angles ribs where
the subscript ‘‘0’’ indicates without ribs. The friction
1.8 factors were defined:
1.7
90
0
60
0
DP
1.6 0 0 f ¼1 ð18Þ
1.5 45
0
30
0 2
qv2 dle
20 10
1.4
(-1/3)

0
0
1.3
(Nu/Nu0)(f/f0)

1.2 330
1.1 the spacing of ribs: 6 mm
1.0 4 mm
0.9 2 mm
325 1 mm
0.8
0.7
0.6
320
T [K]

0.5
6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Re
315
Fig. 13. Overall thermal/hydraulic performance for air flow in ribbed
channels with 4 mm rib spacings.
310
0.0010 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018
coefficients on the flat plate surface with various rib angles
G [kg/s]
and flow rates are shown in Fig. 11. The average heat trans-
fer coefficients increase with increasing mass flow rates with Fig. 15. Average plate surface temperatures with rib angle of 20.
520 B. Lu, P.-X. Jiang / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 30 (2006) 513–521

600 has the largest values of (Nu/Nu0)(f/f0)(1/3) and the chan-

nel with 90 ribs has the lowest values. For this channel,
550 the 20 ribs give the best overall thermal/hydraulic
500 performance.
Figs. 15–18 show the numerical results using the SST k–
450
x turbulence model for various mass flow rates in the plate
h [W/(m K)]

400 channels with 20 ribs and various rib spacings.

2

The average plate temperatures for various rib spacings

350
are shown in Fig. 15. The average temperatures decrease
the spacing of ribs: 6 mm
300 4 mm
with increasing mass flow rates and with decreasing the
2 mm rib spacings. The average heat transfer coefficients on the
250 1 mm flat plate surface for various rib spacings shown in
200 Fig. 16 increase with increasing mass flow rates and
0.0010 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018
decreasing rib spacings. The main reason is that there are
G [kg/s]
more heat transfer surfaces with the smallest rib spacings.
Fig. 16. Average heat transfer coefficients on the plate surface with rib The pressure drops for air flow in these channels shown
angle of 20. in Fig. 17 show that the pressure drop in channels with
small rib spacings is larger than with large spacings. The
pressure drop does not change much as the spacing
800 increases to 4 mm.
the spacing of ribs: 6 mm
4 mm
The parameter (Nu/Nu0)(f/f0)(1/3) decreases as Re
700
2 mm increases for different rib spacings in Fig. 18. The channel
1 mm with 1 mm or 2 mm rib spacings has the largest values of
600
(Nu/Nu0)(f/f0)(1/3) while the channel with 6 mm spacings
500 has the smallest values. Therefore, these channels with 1–
Δ P [Pa]

2 mm rib spacings have the best overall thermal/hydraulic

400
performance.
300 The conclusion of the present paper on the attack angle
for the best thermal/hydraulic performance is some what
200 different from some reference results, 20 vs. 40 or 45,
the reason may be different length/width aspect ratio,
100
0.0010 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018 width/height aspect ratio and rib spacings.
G [kg/s] The experimental and numerical simulation results are
beneficial to the design of cooling passages with ribs, for
Fig. 17. Pressure drops for air flow in channels with rib angle of 20.
example, film cooled turbine blade.

1.7 6. Conclusions
the spacing of ribs: 6 mm
1.6 4 mm
2 mm (1) Comparison of numerical results using the SST k–x
1 mm turbulence model and the RNG k–e turbulence model
1.5
(-1/3)

with experimental results showed that the SST k–x

(Nu/Nu0)(f/f0)

1.4 turbulence model is more suitable for numerical sim-

1.3
ulation of convection heat transfer in channels with
angled ribs on one wall.
1.2 (2) For the given geometry with ribs 4 mm apart on one
wall, the channel with 60 ribs had the best heat
1.1 transfer performance, the channel with 0 ribs had
1.0 the least pressure drop, and the channel with 20 ribs
6000 8000 10000 12000 had the best thermal/hydraulic performance.
Re (3) For the given geometry with 20 ribs on one wall, the
channel with ribs 1 mm apart had the best heat trans-
Fig. 18. Overall thermal/hydraulic performance for air flow in channels
with rib angle of 20. fer performance with the smallest spacings giving best
heat transfer performance, the channels with 4 mm or
6 mm apart had the least pressure drop, and the chan-
The values of (Nu/Nu0)(f/f0)(1/3) decrease as the nels with ribs 1 mm or 2 mm apart had the best ther-
Reynolds number increases while the channel with 20 ribs mal/hydraulic performance.
 B. Lu, P.-X. Jiang / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 30 (2006) 513–521
Acknowledgement
The project was supported by the National Outstanding
Youth Fund from the National Natural Science Founda-
tion of China (150025617).
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