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Feee 606 Ems
Feee 606 Ems
Feee 606 Ems
storing capacity.
Mech Energy
=
Input Electrical
+
Energy Output Change in
Energy losses
stored energy +
�� = ������
����
����= ����
Electrical Energy Input
• Applying KVL to the coil circuit,
�� − ��. �� − �� = 0
�� = ��. �� + ��
����
�� = ��. �� + ����
• The energy input to the coil due to the flow of current i in time dt
is, ������ =
��. �� ����
����
������ = ���� . �� ���� = ��. ���� = ��. ��
��.�� = ��. ��. ���� = ℱ. ���� −−− −1
Magnetic Field Energy Stored
• Consider that the armature is fixed at position x. Hence mechanical
work done is zero.
• Hence the entire electrical energy input gets stored in the magnetic
field.
������ = ������ = ��. ���� = ℱ. ����
• The energy stored when there is a change in flux or flux linkages can
be written as,
�� �� ℱ ��
���� = න ����
න ��
���� =
−−− −2
��
0 0
�� = �� ��, ��
Magnetic Field Energy Stored
• Depending upon the independent variable, the stored field energy is
also a function of i, x or λ, x.
Concept of Co – Energy
• As per equation 2, the field energy is the area between λ axis and
i-λ curve.
• The area between i axis and i-λ curve is called co-energy and it is
given as,
∴ ����′��, �� = ��. �� − ���� ��,
�� −− −3
��
∴ ����′= න0
������
Concept of Co – Energy
• If i-λ relationship is assumed linear, then the field energy and co-energy
will be equal. Hence,
1
′
���� =
���� = 2���� −−− −4
• We know that the coil inductance is,
���� ��
�� = ��= ��; ∴ �� = ��. �� ������ ��
��
= ��
1 1
∴ ���� = ���� = 2�� ��= 2��. ��2 −−−
′ 2
−5
• Where L is a function of x.
Concept of Co – Energy
• It is clear that the field energy Wfis a function of two independent
variables λ and x.
Mechanical Force
• Consider an attracted armature relay where the magnetic field produces a
mechanical force Ff which
moves
the armature to a distance of dx.
�������� −−− −9
���� =
���� ��,
��
������
������ =
�������� = ����
− �� ����
����
�� ���� ����
����
���� + ��
���� ����
Mechanical Force
����
−����
��
����
�������� = �� ����
������ −������
���� ���� +
���� ����
���� −������
�������
����
�= ����
������
−
���� ������
���� ��
= ����
����
�� ��
���� = ����
���
���� − ����
′
��,
��
���� ��
��
=�
Mechanical Force ������ =
������
���� ����
�������� = −������
����
���� = − �� ��,
��
����
Torque in Rotational System
′
���� = ����
�� ��, ��
−������ ��
���� = 1, ��2, ��
���� −−−−
−1
• The field energy is,
��2, �� = න ��2�� ����
2
1
���� ��1, �� ��1����2 −−−−
−2
1 + න
0 0
��1 =
��11��1 +
��11��2 = ��11��12��1 +
��11��22��2 −−
−6
• Subtracting eqn 6 from eqn 5,
2
��2 − ��11��12��1 −
��11��22��2
��12��1 −
��11��2 =
��12��11��1 +
��12
2
− ��11��22 ��2
��12��1 − ��11��2 = ��12
��
��2 = 12
2
− ��11��22��1 −��11
��12 �12
2
−
��11��22��2�
��11��1 +
��12��2
��11 2
=��22
��11��22 − ��12
��22 2
=��11
��11��22 − ��12
��
��12 = ��21 = − 12 2
��11��22 − ��12
Multiply Excited Magnetic
System • From eqn 2,
1 2
�� ��11��1 +
�� ��21��1 +
���� ��1, ��2,
�� = න ��12��2 ����1 +
��22��2 ����2
න
0 0
1
���� ��1, ��2, �� = 2��11��12 +
��12��1��2
1
+ 2��22��22
• The self and mutual inductances of the coils depend on the angular position θ of
the rotor.
Multiply Excited Magnetic System
Case 2: Independent variables are (i1, i2,
θ) • We know that,
′
���� =
���� �� ��1, ��2, ��
���� −−−−
−7
• The co – energy is given by,
1 2
�� ��1��� �� ��2���
����′��1, �1 + න 0 �2 −−−−
−8
��2, �� = න0
��1 =
��11��1 +
��12��2 −−− −3 ��2 =
��12��1 + ��22��2
−−− −4
Multiply Excited Magnetic System
1
���� ��1, ��2, �� = 2��11��12 + ��12��1��2
′
1
+ 2��22��22
• Force in a doubly excited system,
′
�� = ���� �� ��1, ��2, ��
����
2
�� = �� 1
���� 2 �� ��
11 1 + ��12��1��2
+12��22��22
1
Two coupled coils have self and mutual inductance of ��11 =
2 + 2��;
1 1
��22 =
1 + 2��; ��12 =
��21 =
2��
4
by, ℱ��1 =
������ℎ × ����
��cos ��
• Because of short pitched and distributed winding, the mmf gets reduced by
a factor Kpand Kd. Hence the equation for mmf wave is given by, ℱ��1
4
= ��������������ℎ × ����