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ANFIS-based Prediction of The Compressive Strength of Geopolymers With Seeded Fly Ash and Rice Husk-Bark Ash
ANFIS-based Prediction of The Compressive Strength of Geopolymers With Seeded Fly Ash and Rice Husk-Bark Ash
DOI 10.1007/s00521-011-0751-y
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Received: 10 July 2011 / Accepted: 27 September 2011 / Published online: 21 October 2011
Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011
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690 Neural Comput & Applic (2013) 22:689–701
survey specifies that fly ash is primarily composed of SiO2, Table 1. In addition, Fig. 1 shows SEM micrograph of the
Al2O3, and Fe2O3. Since the quality of fly ash depends on the cementitious materials, respectively. The as-received ashes
type and the quality of coal along with the performance of the were sieved and the particles passing the finesses of 150
power plant, difficulties sometimes remain to control its and 33 lm were grinded using ball mill for 30 and
chemical composition. In order to achieve a suitable chemical 180 min, respectively, which yielded two different samples
composition to produce geopolymers, the preferred method is for each of FA and RHBA. The average particle sizes
to blend fly ash with another high silica source [1]. obtained for FA were 75 lm (coarser FA named cF in this
Rice husk–bark ash (RHBA) is a solid waste generated by study) and 3 lm (finer FA named fF in this study) with the
biomass power plants using rice husk and eucalyptus bark as BET specific surface of 31.3 and 38.9 m2/g, respectively.
fuel. The power plant company providing RHBA for this The average particle sizes obtained for RHBA were 90 lm
research reported that about 450 tons/day of RHBA are (coarser RHBA named cR in this study) and 7 lm (finer
produced and discarded. The major chemical constituent of RHBA named fR in this study) with the BET specific
RHBA is SiO2 (about 75%) [5, 6]. Therefore, blending FA surface of 26 and 33.1 m2/g, respectively. The four
and RHBA can adjust the ratio of Si/Al as required.
Several works have addressed utilizing of computer-
Table 1 Chemical composition of FA, RHBA, and WG (wt%)
aided prediction of engineering properties including those
done by the authors [7–12]. Adaptive network-based fuzzy Material SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO SO3 Na2O Loss on
inference systems (ANFIS) is the famous hybrid neuro- ignition
fuzzy network for modeling the complex systems [13]. FA 35.21 23.23 12.36 20.01 2.36 0.36 0.24
ANFIS incorporates the human-like reasoning style of RHBA 81.36 0.4 0.12 3.23 0.85 – 3.55
fuzzy systems through the use of fuzzy sets and a linguistic WG 34.21 – – – – 13.11 –
model consisting of a set of IF–THEN fuzzy rules. The
main strength of ANFIS models is that they are universal
approximators [13] with the ability to solicit interpretable
IF–THEN rules. Nowadays, the artificial intelligence-based
techniques like ANFIS [14] have been successfully applied
in the engineering applications. However, there is a lack of
investigations on metallurgical aspects of materials.
To the authors’ knowledge, there are no works on utilizing
a mixture of FA and RHBA with seeded distribution of par-
ticles to produce geopolymers. In addition, since the concept
of geopolymers is completely new and there are few works on
their properties, application of computer programs like neural
networks to predict their properties is rarely reported. The aim
of this study is to investigate the compressive strength of
geopolymers produced form seeded FA and RHBA mixture
experimentally and presenting suitable model based on AN-
FIS to predict their compressive strength. Both FA and RHBA
with two different particle size distributions have been mixed
with different amounts to produce four classes of geopoly-
mers. Compressive strength of the produced specimens has
been investigated after specific times of curing. Totally, 120
data of compressive strength tests in different conditions were
collected, trained, and tested by means of ANFIS. The
obtained results have been compared by experimental meth-
ods to evaluate the software power for predicting the com-
pressive strength of the geopolymer specimens.
2 Experimental procedure
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Neural Comput & Applic (2013) 22:689–701 691
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692 Neural Comput & Applic (2013) 22:689–701
on compressive strength of the fF-fR series specimens both 7 and 28 days curing regimes. As Figs. 4 and 5 show,
cured for 36 h at 80C. As Fig. 3 shows, the compressive the optimum curing condition for all the mixtures is at
strength by the geopolymers synthesized using the most 80C. Curing temperature has a significant effect on the
concentrated alkaline solution (12 M NaOH) was the compressive strength development because it affects
highest for mixtures. Zuhua et al. [19] reported that the use specimens’ setting and hardening. Synthesized products are
of high molarities NaOH (such as 12 M) could accelerate known to be very sensitive to experimental conditions [20].
dissolution and hydrolysis but obstruct polycondensation. However, compressive strength begins to decrease after
Thus, 12 M NaOH can be considered as the suitable curing for a certain period of time at higher temperature.
solution for preparing geopolymer specimens. Therefore, Prolonged curing at higher temperatures can break down
as discussed in the experimental section, the specimens the granular structure of geopolymer mixture. This results
were produced by 12 M NaOH solution and were cured at in dehydration and excessive shrinkage due to contraction
the mentioned time and temperatures. of the gel, which does not transform into a more semi-
The compressive strength of the produced specimens crystalline form [21].
has been illustrated in Figs. 4 and 5 for 7 and 28 days of On the whole, samples made with the fine RHBA and
curing. Figures 4 and 5 show that the best strength has been FA particles (fF-fR series) showed considerably higher
achieved for fF-fR2 specimen cured at 80C for 36 h in strength than the other series. This may be due to pro-
duction of more compacted specimens. Fine particles are
capable of filling the vacancies and producing more den-
sified specimens, which make them stronger to the applied
loads. This has been confirmed in some works done on
concrete specimens [22], but to the authors’ knowledge,
there are not any reports that confirm this matter in
geopolymers.
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Neural Comput & Applic (2013) 22:689–701 693
1,050 cm-1 is assigned to Q3 units with a non-bridging Rule 2: IF x is A2 and y is B2, THEN f2 = p2x ?
oxygen (Si–O–NBO) per SiO4 tetrahedron [23]. q2y ? r 2.
From Fig. 6, it is seen that an increase in the fine fly ash
In Fig. 7 fuzzy reasoning is illustrated and also the
particles shifts the position of the maximum absorbance of
corresponding equivalent ANFIS architecture is shown in
Si–O bands toward lower wave numbers, indicating the
Fig. 8. The functions of each layer are described as follows
transformation of Q4 units to Q3 units.
[13, 14, 24, 25]:
Layer 1—Every node i in this layer is a square node
with a node function:
4 Architecture of ANFIS
O1i ¼ lAi ðxÞ ð1Þ
The architecture of an ANFIS model with two input vari-
where x is the input to node i, and Ai is the linguistic label
ables is shown in Fig. 7. Suppose that the rule base of
(fuzzy sets: small, large, …) associated with this node
ANFIS contains two fuzzy IF–THEN rules of Takagi and
function.
Sugeno’s type as follows:
Layer 2—Every node in this layer is a circle node
Rule 1: IF x is A1 and y is B1, THEN f1 = p1x ? labeled P, which multiplies the incoming signals and sends
q1y ? r 1. the product out. For instance,
Wi ¼ lAi ð yÞ lBi ð yÞ; i ¼ 1; 2 ð2Þ
Each node output represents the firing weight of a rule.
Layer 3—Every node in this layer is a circle node
labeled N. The ith node calculates the ratio of the ith rule’s
firing weight to the sum of all rule’s firing weights:
Wi ¼ Wi =ðW1 =W2 Þ; i ¼ 1; 2 ð3Þ
Layer 4—Every node in this layer is a square node with
a node function:
O4i ¼ w
i ð pi x þ qi y þ r 1 Þ ð4Þ
Fig. 6 FTIR results of the selected specimens: a fF-fR-2, b fF-cR-2, i is the output of layer 3, and {pi, qi, ri} is the
where w
c cF-fR-2 and d cF-cR specimens parameter set.
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694 Neural Comput & Applic (2013) 22:689–701
Layer 5—The signal node in this layer is a circle node the ashes mixture (fF), the percentage of coarse fly ash in
labeled R that computes the overall output as the summa- the ashes mixture (cF), the percentage of fine rice husk–
tion of all incoming signals, that is, bark ash in the ashes mixture (fR), the percentage of coarse
X X X rice husk–bark ash in the ashes mixture (cR), the temper-
O5i ¼ i fi ¼
w wi fi = wi : ð5Þ
i i i
ature of curing (T), and the time of water curing (t). The
value for output layer was compressive strength (fS). The
The basic learning rule of ANFIS is the back-propagation input space is decomposed by three fuzzy labels. In this
gradient descent, which calculates error signals recursively paper, for comparison purposes, two types of membership
from the output layer backward to the input nodes. This functions (MFs) including the triangular (ANFIS-I) and
learning rule is exactly the same as the back-propagation Gaussian (ANFIS-II) were utilized to construct the sug-
learning rule used in the common feed-forward neural gested models. The ANFIS models were trained by 96
networks [26, 27]. Recently, ANFIS adopted a rapid input–target pairs and tested by 26 data from testing pairs.
learning method named as hybrid-learning method that Moreover, up to 1,000 epochs were specified for training
utilizes the gradient descent and the least-squares method process to assure the gaining of the minimum error
to find a feasible set of antecedent and consequent tolerance.
parameters [26, 27]. Thus, in this paper, the later method is In this study, the Matlab ANFIS toolbox is used for AN-
used for constructing the proposed models. FIS applications. To overcome optimization difficulty, a
program has been developed in Matlab, which handles the
4.1 ANFIS model structure and parameters trial-and-error process automatically [28–31]. The program
tries various functions and when the highest RMSE (root
The structure of proposed ANFIS networks consisted of six mean squared error) of the testing set, as the training of the
input variables including the percentage of fine fly ash in testing set, is achieved, it was reported [28–31].
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Neural Comput & Applic (2013) 22:689–701 695
_ _
w w
N
out
_
N w _
w
The IF–THEN rules in this study were achieved as where fF, cF, fR, cR, T and t are inputs to node i, and Ai, Bi,
follows. Suppose that the rule base of ANFIS contains Ci, Di, Ei and Fi are the linguistic label (fuzzy sets: small,
two fuzzy IF–THEN rules of Takagi and Sugeno’s large, …) associated with this node function.
type: Layer 2—Every node in this layer is a circle node
Rule 1: IF fF is A1, cF is B1, fR is C1, cR is D1, T is E1 labeled G, which multiplies the incoming signals and sends
and t is F1 THEN f1 = p1fF ? q1cF ? r1fR ? the product out. For instance,
s1cR ? t1T ? u1t ? v1. Wi ¼ lAi ðfFÞ lBi ðcFÞ lCi ðfRÞ
Rule 2: IF fF is A2, cF is B2, fR is C2, cR is D2, T is E2
lDi ðcRÞ lEi ðTÞ lFi ðtÞ; i ¼ 1; 2 ð12Þ
and t is F2 THEN f2 = p2fF ? q2cF ? r2fR ?
s2cR ? t2T ? u2t ? v2. Each node output represents the firing weight of a rule.
Layer 3—Every node in this layer is a circle node
The corresponding equivalent ANFIS architecture is
labeled N. The ith node calculates the ratio of the ith rule’s
shown in Fig. 9. The functions of each layer are described
firing weight to the sum of all rule’s firing weights:
as follows:
Layer 1—Every node i in this layer is a square node Wi ¼ Wi =ðW1 =W2 Þ; i ¼ 1; 2 ð13Þ
with a node function:
Layer 4—Every node in this layer is a square node with
O1i ¼ lAi ðfFÞ i ¼ 1; 2 ð6Þ a node function:
O1i ¼ lBi ðcFÞ i ¼ 1; 2 ð7Þ O4i ¼ w
i ðPi fF þ qi cF þ ri fR þ si cR þ ti T þ ui t þ vi Þ
ð14Þ
O1i ¼ lCi ðfRÞ i ¼ 1; 2 ð8Þ
where w i is the output of layer 3, and {pi, qi, ri, si, ti, ui, vi,
O1i ¼ lDi ðcRÞ i ¼ 1; 2 ð9Þ
zi} is the parameter set.
O1i ¼ lEi ðTÞ i ¼ 1; 2 ð10Þ Layer 5—The signal node in this layer is a circle node
labeled R that computes the overall output as the summa-
O1i ¼ lFi ðtÞ i ¼ 1; 2 ð11Þ tion of all incoming signals, that is,
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696 Neural Comput & Applic (2013) 22:689–701
6 Conclusions
123
Table 3 Data sets for comparison of experimental results with results predicted from the ANFIS models
The percentage The percentage The percentage The percentage The temperature The time Compressive Compressive Compressive
of fine fly ash of coarse fly of fine rice of coarse rice of curing of water strength values strength values strength values
in the ashes ash in the husk–bark ash husk–bark ash (T) curing (t) obtained from predicted by predicted by
mixture (fF) ashes mixture in the ashes in the ashes experiments ANFIS-I ANFIS-II
(cF) mixture (fR) mixture (cR) (MPa) model (MPa) model (MPa)
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Table 3 continued
698
The percentage The percentage The percentage The percentage The temperature The time Compressive Compressive Compressive
of fine fly ash of coarse fly of fine rice of coarse rice of curing of water strength values strength values strength values
123
in the ashes ash in the husk–bark ash husk–bark ash (T) curing (t) obtained from predicted by predicted by
mixture (fF) ashes mixture in the ashes in the ashes experiments ANFIS-I ANFIS-II
(cF) mixture (fR) mixture (cR) (MPa) model (MPa) model (MPa)
0 60 40 0 25 28 27 28 28.7
0 70 30 0 25 28 36.9 36.2 36.3
0 80 20 0 25 28 33.3 33.4 32.5
0 60 0 40 25 28 20.8 23.7 20.2
0 70 0 30 25 28 28.4 26.5 26.8
0 80 0 20 25 28 25.6 24.6 20.4
Neural Comput & Applic (2013) 22:689–701
123
Table 3 continued
700
The percentage The percentage The percentage The percentage The temperature The time Compressive Compressive Compressive
of fine fly ash of coarse fly of fine rice of coarse rice of curing of water strength values strength values strength values
123
in the ashes ash in the husk–bark ash husk–bark ash (T) curing (t) obtained from predicted by predicted by
mixture (fF) ashes mixture in the ashes in the ashes experiments ANFIS-I ANFIS-II
(cF) mixture (fR) mixture (cR) (MPa) model (MPa) model (MPa)
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