Question 1: Answer the following questions related to HF and the titration of HF(aq).

(a) Draw the complete Lewis electron-dot diagram of the HF molecule. [1 pt]

HF(aq) + OH−(aq) ⟶ F−(aq) + H2O(l)

A student performed a titration of HF(aq) with NaOH(aq). The net ionic equation for the neutralization
reaction that occurs during the titration is shown above.
(b) Identify both of the Bronsted-Lowry conjugate acid-base pairs in the neutralization reaction
above. For each pair, label the acid and the base. [2 pt]
HF and F- make up one Bronsted-Lowry conjugate acid-base pair, where HF is the acid and F- its
conjugate base. OH- is a Bronsted-Lowry base and H2O is its conjugate acid.
(c) In terms of the species in the reaction, explain what occurs during the reaction that identifies it as
an acid-base reaction. [1 pt]
The acid-base reaction involves the transfer of a proton (H+) from the acid (HF) to the base (OH-).
(d) The equation can be written in particulate form. Using the following key, draw the correct
products above their formulas. [2 pt]

A student titrated 30. mL of 0.15 M HF(aq) with 0.30 M NaOH(aq). The results are plotted on the
following graph.
(e) How many moles of HF are in 30. mL of 0.15 M HF(aq)? [1 pt]
This can be solved with the molarity relationship, M=mol/L.

0.030 L 0.15 mol = .0045 mol

1L

(f) What volume of NaOH(aq) is added to reach the equivalence point? [1 pt]
We can see the equivalence point where the graph increases sharply at 15 mL of NaOH(aq).
Equivalence is also the point where the moles of acid (.0045 calculated in part e) are equal to the
moles of base. Therefore, we could also use the molarity relationship to determine the volume.

0.0045 mol 1L = .015 L or 15 mL

0.30 mol

(g) The graph above shows the results of the titration of the 30. mL of 0.15 M HF(aq) with
0.30 M NaOH(aq). How would the graph look different for a titration of 60. mL of 0.15 M HF(aq) with
0.30 M NaOH(aq)? [2 pt]
The pH levels would be the same, but the equivalence point would be at 30 mL of NaOH instead of
15 mL.
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Question 2: Answer the following questions about the solubility of Ca(OH)2 (Ksp = 1.3 x 10-6.
(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the dissolution of Ca(OH)2(s) in pure water. [1 pt]
Ca(OH)2(s) D Ca2+(aq) + 2 OH-(aq)
(b) Calculate the molar solubility of Ca(OH)2 in 0.10 M Ca(NO3)2. [2 pt]
This will be done with an ICE table.

Ca(OH)2(s) Ca2+(aq) 2 OH-(aq)

Initial - 0.10 M 0M

Change - +x +2x

Equilibrium - 0.10+x 2x

Since the value of x will be very small compared to the initial concentration of Ca2+, we can assume
that it will not have a significant change to the concentration. Then by substituting the equilibrium
values into the Ksp expression, we can solve for the solubility, x.
𝐾!" = [𝐶𝑎#$ ][𝑂𝐻% ]#

1.3 × 10%& = (. 10)(2𝑥)#

1.3 × 10%& = .4𝑥 #
3.25 × 10%& = 𝑥 #
𝟏. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎%𝟑 𝑴 = 𝑥

(c) Complete the particle representation diagram (below) by including four water molecules with
proper orientation around the Ca2+ ion. [1 pt]

Represent each water molecule as

The four water molecules should be oriented

with the oxygen ends towards the calcium ion,
because the oxygen end is slightly negative.