A

Report
On
Practical Training
Taken at
“BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED”
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of the
Degree of Bachelor of Technology
In
Electrical Engineering
From
Rajasthan Technical University

Submitted By: Submitted To:

Name: Himanshu Lawania Mr. Ujjwal Kalla
Class: Electrical (7th Sem) Head of Department
Scholar No.: 07/03/19 Electrical Engineering
Enroll. No.: 07E1EBEEM10P019

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Engineering College Bikaner
SESSION 2010-11

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This is my first practical training installment taken at BSNL, Bikaner. I am

immensely grateful to Mr. Sudan Singh (SDE) who helped me to grasp the various concepts of
GSM, Optical fiber and telecommunication.
I am also thankful to Mr. Kalidas Tanwar (JTO) who helped me in my project with full interest.
I am also thankful to our respected H.O.D Ujjwal Kalla Sir and to my faculty members and also
to my Training and Placement In charge for arranging my training at BSNL, Bikaner. The uphill
task of completing this training report would support of all staff member of BSNL, Bikaner.

Himanshu Lawania

IV Year (7th SEM)

Electrical Engineering

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 CONTENTS

S.No. Title Page No.

1. Introduction 1

2. The Evolution of Mobile Telephone Systems 2

3. Overview Of GSM Technology 3

4. GSM Architecture 4

5. GSM Network Areas 18

6. GSM Specification 20

7. Subscribers Identity Module 24

8. GSM Subscriber Services 27

9. Supplementary Services 30

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 LIST OF FIGURES

1. Cellular Subscriber Growth Worldwide

2. Graphical Explanation of GSM Architecture

3. Network Areas

4. Location Areas

5. MSC\VLR Service Areas

6. PLMN Service Area

7. SIM Card.

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 About BSNL

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. Formed in Oct. 2000 is world’s 7th largest telecommunications
company providing comprehensive range of telecom services in India: wire line, CDMA mobile,
GSM mobile, internet, broadband, carrier services. Within a span it has become the one of the
largest public sector unit in India.

BSNL is the only service provider, making focused efforts and planned initiatives to bridge the
rural –urban digital divide ICT sector. In fact there is no telecom operator in the country to beat
it reach with its wide network giving services I every nook & corner of country and operates
across India except Delhi & Mumbai.

BSNL cellular service cellone has more than 20.7 million cellular customers, garnering 24 % of
all mobile users as its subscribers. That means that almost every fourth mobile user in the
country has a BSNL connection. In basic services, BSNL is miles ahead of its rivals, with 35.1
million Basic Phone Subscribers i.e. 85 % share of the subscribers and 92 % share in revenue
terms.

BSNL has set up a world class multi-gigabit, multi-protocol convergent IP infrastructure that
provides convergent services like voice, data and video through the same Backbone and
broadband access network. At present there are 0.6 million Data one broadband customers.

The turnover, nationwide coverage, reach, comprehensive range of the telecom services and the
desire to excel has made BSNL the no. 1 telecom company of India.

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The Evolution of Mobile Telephone Systems:

Cellular is one of the fastest growing and most demanding telecommunications applications.
Today, it represents a continuously increasing percentage of all new telephone subscriptions
around the world. Currently there are more than 45 million cellular subscribers worldwide, and
nearly 50 percent of those subscribers are located in the United States. It is forecasted that
cellular systems using a digital technology will become the universal method of
telecommunications. By the year 2005, forecasters predict that there will be more than 100
million cellular subscribers worldwide. It has even been estimated that some countries may have
more mobile phones than fixed phones by the year 2000 (see Figure 1).

Figure 1: shows Cellular Subscriber Growth Worldwide

The concept of cellular service is the use of low-power transmitters where frequencies can be
reused within a geographic area. The idea of cell-based mobile radio service was formulated in
the United States at Bell Labs in the early 1970s. However, the Nordic countries were the first to
introduce cellular services for commercial use with the introduction of the Nordic Mobile
Telephone (NMT) in 1981.

Cellular systems began in the United States with the release of the advanced mobile phone
service (AMPS) system in 1983. The AMPS standard was adopted by Asia, Latin America, and
Oceanic countries, creating the largest potential market in the world for cellular.

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In the early 1980s, most mobile telephone systems were analog rather than digital, like today's
newer systems. One challenge facing analog systems was the inability to handle the growing
capacity needs in a cost-efficient manner. As a result, digital technology was welcomed. The
advantages of digital systems over analog systems include ease of signaling, lower levels of
interference, integration of transmission and switching, and increased ability to meet capacity
demands. Table 1 charts the worldwide development of mobile telephone systems.

Year Mobile System

1981 Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) 450

1983 American Mobile Phone System (AMPS)

1985 Total Access Communication System (TACS)

1986 Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) 900

1991 American Digital Cellular (ADC)

1991 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

1992 Digital Cellular System (DCS) 1800

1994 Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)

1995 PCS 1900—Canada

1996 PCS—United States

Table 1 shows The Development of Mobile Telephone Systems

Throughout the evolution of cellular telecommunications, various systems have been developed
without the benefit of standardized specifications. This presented many problems directly related
to compatibility, especially with the development of digital radio technology. The GSM standard
is intended to address these problems.

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From 1982 to 1985 discussions were held to decide between building an analog or digital system.
After multiple field tests, a digital system was adopted for GSM. The next task was to decide
between a narrow or broadband solution. In May 1987, the narrowband time division multiple
access (TDMA) solution was chosen. A summary of GSM milestones is given in Table 2.

Year Milestone

1982 GSM formed

1986 field test

1987 TDMA chosen as access method

1988 memorandum of understanding signed

1989 validation of GSM system

1990 Pre operation system

1991 commercial system start-up

1992 coverage of larger cities/airports

1993 coverage of main roads

1995 coverage of rural areas

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GLOBALSYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM):

During the period of Evolution of mobile communication technologies various systems were
introduced and deployed to achieve standardization in mobile industry but all the efforts were
failed. Multiple issues were sustained like incompatibility of systems, development of digital
radio frequency. That is when GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) Technology
was introduced and problems like standardization, incompatibility etc were overcame. TDMA
solution was chosen in 1987, it is narrowband system and TDMA standards for Time Division
Multiple access.

GSM systems were in market for testing purposes in 1980’s but first commercial lunch of GSM
technology was made in 1991 in Finland. GSM based mobile phones are operated on TDMA
Systems, in TDMA single radio frequency is offered to users with any interference. After all
these years, GSM is now the largest mobile communication technology worldwide, all
manufacturers of Mobile phones develop their products based on GSM, and all mobile
companies provide their subscribers GSM networks. GSM standards for Global System for
Mobile Communication, it is widely used mobile technology worldwide and it adopted by more
than 214 countries around the world.

The GSM logo is used to identify compatible handsets and equipment

Features of GSM Technology

There are many features associated with GSM technology due to which it is by far the most
leading mobile communication technology in the world today. GSM technology facilitates with
high speed integrated data; voice data, fax, mail, voice mail and mostly used SMS feature. GSM
also make sure that all the communication made between networks are secured and protected
from intruders and frauds.

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One of the major advantages of GSM technology which changed the way we looked mobile
phones at the beginning. GSM actually brought the concept of being Mobile way beyond the
limits. It enabled us to communicate across the continents.
GSM supports multiple frequency levels like 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz 1900MHz
frequency is used in North America where as 1800MHz is used in other parts of the world.
Different frequency bands are used by different mobile phone operators. If you are using Mobile
phone which supports 1800MGz and operators are available on this band, phone can be used the
network, where as if phone is out of the range of the frequency band on mobile operator
frequency than you need to have phone that supports the frequency. To avoid such cases one
should always adopt to have mobile phones that support multiple frequency bands.

Different Frequency Bands

There are three different frequency bands on which mobile phones are usually operates and these
are Dual Band, Tri-Band and Quad Band.

 Dual Band : Dual frequency band operates on 900MHz and 1800 MHz, that means mobile
phone that supports dual band can be operated anywhere in the world where 900 MHz and 1800
MHz frequencies are used. Dual Band GSM networks usually found in all continents Europe,
Asia, Africa, Australia and South America.

Tri-Band: As name is obvious three frequencies are supported in Tri Band, these frequencies are
900 MHz, 1800MHz and 1900 MHz Tri band is also supported all around the world these days.

Quad-Band: Quad Band supports four frequencies which are 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz ,
1900 MHz Quad band also enables GSM phones to road almost anywhere in the world. All
countries support GSM networks hence make communication possible. 
There are over 700 GMS networks available in the world operating in their respective countries
and providing international roaming services courtesy GSM technology. There are over 2 billion
GSM subscribers in the world. Countries which are using GSM networks on larger scales are
Russia, china Pakistan, United States, India. 
GSM phone deliver very good voice quality, support useful services and standards, it is very

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likely that GSM will remain the only mobile communication network technology to be adopted
by each and every country of the world.

Radio interface:

GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells
in the immediate vicinity. GSM networks operate in four different frequency ranges. Most GSM
networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the Americas
(including Canada and the United States) use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands because the
900 and 1800 MHz frequency bands were already allocated.

The rarer 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries, notably
Scandinavia, where these frequencies were previously used for first-generation systems.

In the 900 MHz band the uplink frequency band is 890-915 MHz, and the downlink frequency
band is 935-960 MHz this 25 MHz bandwidth is subdivided into 124 carrier frequency channels,
each spaced 200 kHz apart. Time division multiplexing is used to allow eight full-rate or sixteen
half-rate speech channels per radio frequency channel. There are eight radio timeslots (giving
eight burst periods) grouped into what is called a TDMA frame. Half rate channels use alternate
frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate is 270.833 Kbit/s, and the frame duration is
4.615 ms.

The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts in GSM850/900 and 1
watt in GSM1800/1900.

GSM has used a variety of voice codes to squeeze 3.1 kHz audio into between 6 and 13 Kbit/s.
Originally, two codecs, named after the types of data channel they were allocated, were used,
called "Full Rate" (13 Kbit/s) and "Half Rate" (6 Kbit/s). These used a system based upon linear
predictive coding (LPC). In addition to being efficient with bit rates, these codecs also made it
easier to identify more important parts of the audio, allowing the air interface layer to prioritize
and better protect these parts of the signal.GSM was further enhanced in 1997 with the GSM-
EFR codec, a 12.2 Kbit/s codec that uses a full rate channel. Finally, with the development of

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UMTS, EFR was refectories into a variable-rate codec called AMR-Narrowband, which is high
quality and robust against interference when used on full rate channels, and less robust but still
relatively high quality when used in good radio conditions on half-rate channels.

Multiple Access TDMA/FDMA/FDA

Uplink frequency(mobile to base) 890-915 MHz
Downlink frequency(base to mobile ) 935-960 MHz
Channel Bandwidth 200 KHz
Number of channels 124
Channels/carrier 8(full rate),16(half rate)
Frame duration 4.6ms
Interleaving duration 40ms
Modulation GMSK
Speech coding method RPE-LTE convolution
Speech coder bit rate 13kb/s (full rate)
Associated control channel Extra frame
Handoff scheme Mobile assisted
Mobile station power levels 0.8, 2,58 w

There are four different cell sizes in a GSM network - macro, micro, Pico and umbrella cells.
The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment. Macro cells
can be regarded as cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast or a building above
average roof top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level;
they are typically used in urban areas. Pico cells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few
dozen meters; they are mainly used indoors. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions
of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells.

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Indoor coverage is also supported by GSM and may be achieved by using an indoor picocell base
station, or an indoor repeater with distributed indoor antennas fed through power splitters, to
deliver the radio signals from an antenna outdoors to the separate indoor distributed antenna
system. These are typically deployed when a lot of call capacity is needed indoors, for example
in shopping centers or airports. However, this is not a prerequisite, since indoor coverage is also
provided by in-building penetration of the radio signals from nearby cells.

The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), a kind of continuous-
phase frequency shift keying. In GMSK, the signal to be modulated onto the carrier is first
smoothed with a Gaussian low-pass filter prior to being fed to a frequency modulator, which
greatly reduces the interference to neighboring channels (adjacent channel interference).

DETAILS:

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A nearby GSM handset is usually the source of the "dit dit dit, dit dit dit, dit dit dit" signal that
can be heard from time to time on home stereo systems, televisions, computers, and personal
music devices. When these audio devices are in the near field of the GSM handset, the radio
signal is strong enough that the solid state amplifiers in the audio chain function as a detector.
The clicking noise itself represents the power bursts that carry the TDMA signal. These signals
have been known to interfere with other electronic devices, such as car stereos and portable
audio players. This is a form of RFI, and could be mitigated or eliminated by use of additional
shielding and/or bypass capacitors in these audio devices. However, the increased cost of doing
so is difficult for a designer to justify.

GSM Network Architecture:

 Architecture and Working of GSM Networks
 
We have already read about how GSM technology had taken over mobile communication
technologies and grown over to 214 countries around the world.  Now it is important to learn
how GSM network works and what is the architecture of GSM networks? GSM network is
consist of thee major systems, it can also be considered architecture of GSM networks. These
three systems are SS, which is known to be The Switching System, BSS, it is The Base
Station and the other important system is The operation and support System for GSM networks.

Below all three systems are defined in details with sub systems of each system.
The Switching System:
The Switching system is very operative system in which many crucial operations are conducted,
SS systems holds five databases with in it which performs different functions. If we talk about

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major tasks of SS system it performs call processing and subscriber related functions. These five
databases from SS systems are HLR, MSC, VLR, AUC and EIR. Let’s study each database in
detail and learn what functions this little systems performs.
HLR- Home Location Register:                         
HLR is database, which holds very important information of subscribers. It is mostly known for
storing and managing information of subscribers. It contains subscriber service profile, status of
activities, information about locations and permanent data of all sorts. When new connections
are purchased, these subscribers are registered in HLR of mobile phone companies.
MSC- Mobile Services Switching Center:
MSC is also important part of SS, it handles technical end of telephony. It is build to perform
switching functionality of the entire system. It’s most important task is to control the calls to and
from other telephones, which means it controls calls from same networks and calls from other
networks. Toll ticketing, common channel signaling, network interfacing etc are other tasks
which MSC is responsible for.
 VLR- Visitor Location Register:
VLR performs very dynamic tasks; it is database which stores temporary data regarding
subscribers which is needed by Mobile Services Switching Center-MSC VLR is directly
connected to MSC, when subscribe moves to different MSC location, Visitor location register –
VLR integrates to MSC of current location and requests the data about subscriber or Mobile
station (MS) from the Home Location Register –HLR. When subscriber makes a call the Visitor
location register-VLR will have required information for making call already and it will not
required to connect to Home Register Location - HRL again.
AUC- Authentication Center:
 AUC is small unit which handles the security end of the system. Its major task is to authenticate
and encrypt those parameters which verify user’s identification and hence enables the
confidentiality of each call made by subscriber. Authentication center – AUC makes sure mobile
operators are safe from different frauds most likely to happen when hackers are looking for even
smallest loop wholes in systems.
EIR – Equipment Identity Register:
EIR is another important database which holds crucial information regarding mobile equipments.
EIR helps in restricting for calls been stolen, mal functioning of any MS, or unauthorized access.

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AUC – Authentication center and EIR- Equipment Identity registers are either Stand-alone nodes
or sometimes work together as combined AUC/EIR nodes for optimum performance.

The Base Station System (BSS):

The base station system have very important role in mobile communication. BSS are basically
outdoor units which consist of iron rods and are usually of high length. BSS are responsible for
connecting subscribers (MS) to mobile networks. All the communication is made in Radio
transmission. The Base station System is further divided in two systems. These two systems,
they are BSC, and BTS. Let’s study these two systems in detail.
 
BTS – The Base Transceiver Station:
Subscriber, MS (Mobile Station) or mobile phone connects to mobile network through BTS; it
handles communication using radio transmission with mobile station. As name suggests,
Base transceiver Station is the radio equipment which receive and transmit voice data at the same
time. BSC control group of BTSs.

BSC – The Base Station Controller:

The Base Station normally controls many cells; it registers subscribers, responsible for MS
handovers etc. It creates physical link between subscriber (MS) and BTS, then manage and
controls functions of it. It performs the function of high quality switch by handover over the MS
to next BSC when MS goes out of the current range of BTS, it helps in connecting to next in
range BTS to keep the connection alive within the network. It also performs functions like cell
configuration data, control radio frequency in BTS. Data moves to MSC-Mobile switching center
after BSC done processing it. MSC is switching center which acts as bridge between different
mobile networks.

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Figure 2: Shows the graphical explanation of GSM Architecture and Working of GSM
Networks. 

The Operation and Support System (OSS):

 OMC- Operations and maintenance center is designed to connect to equipment of MSC- Mobile
Switching Center and BSC-Base Station Controller. The implementation of OMC is called OSS-
The Operations and Support System.OSS helps in mobile networks to monitor and control the
complex systems. The basic reason for developing operation and support system is to provide
customers a cost effective support and solutions. It helps in managing, centralizing, local and
regional operational activities required for GMS networks.
Maintaining mobile network organization, provide overview of network, support and
maintenance activities are other important aspects of Operation and Support System.

Additional Functional Elements:

 Message center (MXE): The MXE is a node that provides integrated voice, fax, and data
messaging. Specifically, the MXE handles short message service, cell broadcast, voice
mail, fax mail, e-mail, and notification.

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  Mobile service node (MSN): The MSN is the node that handles the mobile intelligent
network (IN) services.

 Gateway mobile services switching center (GMSC): A gateway is a node used to

interconnect two networks. The gateway is often implemented in an MSC. The MSC is
then referred to as the GMSC.

 GSM interworking unit (GIWU): The GIWU consists of both hardware and software that
provides an interface to various networks for data communications. Through the GIWU,
users can alternate between speech and data during the same call. The GIWU hardware
equipment is physically located at the MSC/VLR.

GSM Network Areas:

The GSM network is made up of geographic areas. As shown in Figure 3, these areas include
cells, location areas (LAs), MSC/VLR service areas, and public land mobile network (PLMN)
areas.

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Figure 3: showing Network Areas

The cell is the area given radio coverage by one base transceiver station. The GSM network
identifies each cell via the cell global identity (CGI) number assigned to each cell. The location
area is a group of cells. It is the area in which the subscriber is paged. Each LA is served by one
or more base station controllers, yet only by a single MSC (see Figure 4). Each LA is assigned a
location area identity (LAI) number.

Figure 4: showing location Areas.

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An MSC/VLR service area represents the part of the GSM network that is covered by one MSC
and which is reachable, as it is registered in the VLR of the MSC (see Figure 5).

Figure 5: showing MSC\VLR Service Areas.

The PLMN service area is an area served by one network operator (see Figure 6).

Figure 6: showing PLMN Service Area.

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GSM Specifications:

Before looking at the GSM specifications, it is important to understand the following basic
terms:

 Bandwidth: the range of a channel's limits; the broader the bandwidth, the faster data can
be sent

 bits per second (bps): a single on-off pulse of data; eight bits are equivalent to one byte

 frequency: the number of cycles per unit of time; frequency is measured in hertz (Hz)

 Kilo (K): Kilo is the designation for 1,000; the abbreviation kbps represents 1,000 bits
per second

 megahertz (MHz): 1,000,000 hertz (cycles per second)

 milliseconds (ms): one-thousandth of a second

 watt (W): a measure of power of a transmitter

Specifications for different personal communication services (PCS) systems vary among the
different PCS networks. Listed below is a description of the specifications and characteristics for
GSM.

 Frequency band: The frequency range specified for GSM is 1,850 to 1,990 MHz (mobile
station to base station).

 Duplex distance: The duplex distance is 80 MHz Duplex distance is the distance between
the uplink and downlink frequencies. A channel has two frequencies, 80 MHz apart.

 Channel separation: The separation between adjacent carrier frequencies. In GSM, this is
200 kHz.

 Modulation: Modulation is the process of sending a signal by changing the characteristics

of a carrier frequency. This is done in GSM via Gaussian minimum shift keying
(GMSK).

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  Transmission rate: GSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit rate of 270 kbps.

 Access method: GSM utilizes the time division multiple access (TDMA) concept. TDMA
is a technique in which several different calls may share the same carrier. Each call is
assigned a particular time slot.

 Speech coder: GSM uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The purpose of LPC is to
reduce the bit rate. The LPC provides parameters for a filter that mimics the vocal tract.
The signal passes through this filter, leaving behind a residual signal. Speech is encoded
at 13 kbps.

Subscriber identity module:

Figure 7: showing SIM Card

One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), commonly known as a
SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user's subscription information and
phonebook. This allows the user to retain his or her information after switching handsets.
Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining the handset simply by changing
the SIM. Some operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only
a SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking, and is illegal in some countries.

In Australia, Canada, Europe and the United States many operators lock the mobiles they sell.
This is done because the price of the mobile phone is typically subsidized with revenue from
subscriptions, and operators want to try to avoid subsidizing competitor's mobiles. A subscriber
can usually contact the provider to remove the lock for a fee, utilize private services to remove

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the lock, or make use of ample software and websites available on the Internet to unlock the
handset themselves. While most web sites offer the unlocking for a fee, some do it for free. The
locking applies to the handset, identified by its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
number, not to the account (which is identified by the SIM card). It is always possible to switch
to another (non-locked) handset if such a handset is available.

Some providers will unlock the phone for free if the customer has held an account for a certain
time period. Third party unlocking services exist that are often quicker and lower cost than that
of the operator. In most countries, removing the lock is legal. Cingular and T-Mobile provide
free unlocking services to their customers after 3 months of subscription

In countries like Belgium, India, Indonesia and Pakistan, etc., all phones are sold unlocked.
However, in Belgium, it is unlawful for operators there to offer any form of subsidy on the
phone's price. This was also the case in Finland until April 1, 2006, when selling subsidized
combinations of handsets and accounts became legal, though operators have to unlock phones
free of charge after a certain period (at most 24 months).

GSM Subscriber Services:

There are two basic types of services offered through GSM: telephony (also referred to as tele-
services) and data (also referred to as bearer services). Telephony services are mainly voice
services that provide subscribers with the complete capability (including necessary terminal
equipment) to communicate with other subscribers. Data services provide the capacity necessary
to transmit appropriate data signals between two access points creating an interface to the
network. In addition to normal telephony and emergency calling, the following subscriber
services are supported by GSM:

 Dual-tone multi frequency (DTMF): DTMF is a tone signaling scheme often used for
various control purposes via the telephone network, such as remote control of an
answering machine. GSM supports full-originating DTMF.

 Facsimile group III: GSM supports CCITT Group 3 facsimile. As standard fax machines
are designed to be connected to a telephone using analog signals, a special fax converter

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 connected to the exchange is used in the GSM system. This enables a GSM–connected
fax to communicate with any analog fax in the network.

 Short message services: A convenient facility of the GSM network is the short message
service. A message consisting of a maximum of 160 alphanumeric characters can be sent
to or from a mobile station. This service can be viewed as an advanced form of
alphanumeric paging with a number of advantages. If the subscriber's mobile unit is
powered off or has left the coverage area, the message is stored and offered back to the
subscriber when the mobile is powered on or has reentered the coverage area of the
network. This function ensures that the message will be received.

 Cell broadcast: A variation of the short message service is the cell broadcast facility. A
message of a maximum of 93 characters can be broadcast to all mobile subscribers in a
certain geographic area. Typical applications include traffic congestion warnings and
reports on accidents.

 Voice mail: This service is actually an answering machine within the network, which is
controlled by the subscriber. Calls can be forwarded to the subscriber's voice-mail box
and the subscriber checks for messages via a personal security code.

 Fax mail: With this service, the subscriber can receive fax messages at any fax machine.
The messages are stored in a service center from which they can be retrieved by the
subscriber via a personal security code to the desired fax number.

Supplementary Services:

GSM supports a comprehensive set of supplementary services that can complement and support
both telephony and data services. Supplementary services are defined by GSM and are
characterized as revenue-generating features. A partial listing of supplementary services follows.

 Call forwarding: This service gives the subscriber the ability to forward incoming calls to
another number if the called mobile unit is not reachable, if it is busy, if there is no reply,
or if call forwarding is allowed unconditionally.

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 Barring of outgoing calls: This service makes it possible for a mobile subscriber to
prevent all outgoing calls.

 Barring of incoming calls: This function allows the subscriber to prevent incoming calls.
The following two conditions for incoming call barring exist: baring of all incoming calls
and barring of incoming calls when roaming outside the home PLMN.

 Advice of charge (AOC): The AOC service provides the mobile subscriber with an
estimate of the call charges. There are two types of AoC information: one that provides
the subscriber with an estimate of the bill and one that can be used for immediate
charging purposes. AOC for data calls is provided on the basis of time measurements.

 Call hold: This service enables the subscriber to interrupt an ongoing call and then
subsequently reestablish the call. The call hold service is only applicable to normal
telephony.

 Call waiting: This service enables the mobile subscriber to be notified of an incoming call
during a conversation. The subscriber can answer, reject, or ignore the incoming call.
Call waiting is applicable to all GSM telecommunications services using a circuit-
switched connection.

 Multiparty service: The multiparty service enables a mobile subscriber to establish a

multiparty conversation—that is, a simultaneous conversation between three and six
subscribers. This service is only applicable to normal telephony.

 Calling line identification presentation/restriction: These services supply the called party
with the integrated services digital network (ISDN) number of the calling party. The
restriction service enables the calling party to restrict the presentation. The restriction
overrides the presentation.

 Closed user groups (CUGs): CUGs are generally comparable to a PBX. They are a group
of subscribers who are capable of only calling themselves and certain numbers.

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