TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENT PAGE

Abstract 2

Introduction 2

Objective 2

Theory 3

Procedure 3

Results 4

Calculations 9

Discussion 15

Conclusion 15

Recommendation 16

References 16

Appendices 17

1
ABSTRACT
In this experiment, we are to determine the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar. In order to
obtain the result, we need to standardize the amount of the NaOH used in this experiment by
doing the titration of a known concentration of acid. By doing so, we know how many NaOH is
used to neutralize a known concentration of acid and then compare them to the volume of NaOH
used to neutralize the vinegar. From the comparison, we can determine the concentration of acid
in the vinegar.
INTRODUCTION
Concentration is a standard solution whose concentration is known or given. Concentration of a
solution is often given expressed as the number of moles of solute present in one liter of solution,
known as molarity (M).
Dilute solutions contain rather small amount of solute in a given amount of solvent. The
percentage by mass of a solute is the mass in grams of solute per 100 grams of solution.

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

(equation 1.1)
liter of solution

Percent solute = grams of solute x 100%

(equation 1.2)
grams of solution

Vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic acid. The molecular formula for acetic acid is CH3COOH.
Both molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid in a vinegar solution can be determined by
performing a titration. A titration is a process in which small increments of a solution of known
concentration are added to a specific volume of a solution of unknown concentration until the
stoichiometry for that reaction is attained. Knowing the quantity of the known solution required
to complete the titration enables calculation of the unknown solution concentration. The purpose
of the titration is to determine the equivalence point of the reaction. The equivalence point is
reached when the added quantity of one reactant is the exact amount necessary for stochiometric
reaction with another reactant.
Objective
To determine the molarity of a solution and the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar by
titration with a standardized sodium hydroxide solution.

2
THEORY
The method used to measure the total acidity of the vinegar being studied is an analytical
chemistry technique called an acid-base titration. A titration mixes two solutions which contain
reactants for a known chemical reaction under conditions such that:
a) the point at which both reactants have been completely consumed by the known
reaction can be detected (end point)
b) the amount of one reactant can be calculated from the known concentration of reactant
in a standard solution, the volume of standard solution used, and the balanced known chemical
equation.
For an acid-base titration, the known chemical reaction in general is:
acid + base water + salt (1)
and for the titration of the vinegar in this experiment the following specific reaction will be used
to calculate the acetic acid content of the vinegar sample:
HC2H3O2(aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O(l) + NaC2H3O2(aq). (2)
Sodium hydroxide will be the standard reactant solution for this titration, and acetic acid
the calculated unknown reactant.
PROCEDURE
Part A: Standardization of Sodium Hydroxide Solution
1. 150mL of approximately 0.6M sodium hydroxide solution is prepared from NaOH solid.
The solution is prepared in the beaker by diluting 12.03g NaOH solid and added with
500mL H2O. Calculations were recorded.
2. A beaker is placed on a balance and tare. 1.5014g of KHP is added to the beaker. 30mL
distilled water is added to the beaker. The solution is stirred until the KHP has dissolved
completely.
3. KHP solution is titrated with NaOH and the pH with every 1mL additions of NaOH
solution is recorded.
4. Steps 1 to 3 are repeated twice more and two more solutions for NaOH standardization is
prepared.
5. Graph of pH vs. NaOH is plotted. From the plots, the volume of NaOH required to
neutralize the KHP solution in each titration are determined.
6. The molarity of NaOH for titrations 1, 2 and 3 are calculated.

3
 7. The average molarity of NaOH solution is calculated. The resulting NaOH concentration
is used in part B of the experiment.

Part B: Molarity of Acetic Acid And Mass Percent in Vinegar

1. 10.0mL vinegar is transferred to a clean, dry 250mL beaker using a 10mL volumetric
pipette. About 100mL water is added to cover the pH electrode tip during the titration.
2. 1mL of NaOH is added to the vinegar solution and the pH is recorded until a sudden raise
in pH occurred.
3. The above steps are repeated twice more.
4. Graph pH vs. NaOH volume added is plotted and from the plots, the volume of NaOH
required to neutralize the vinegar in each titration is determined. Data recorded.
5. The molarity of acetic acid in vinegar for titrations 1, 2 and 3 are calculated.
6. The average molarity of acetic acid in vinegar for each titration is calculated.
7. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar for titrations 1, 2 and 3 are calculated.
8. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar is calculated.
RESULTS
Part A: pH of KHP for titration with NaOH

Volume of pH of KHP
NaOH Titration 1 Titration 2 Titration 3
0 3.45 2.92 3.10
1 2.98 2.94 3.12
2 2.98 2.95 3.13
3 3.00 2.96 3.15
4 3.03 2.98 3.17
5 3.04 3.01 3.19
6 3.08 3.03 3.20
7 3.10 3.05 3.22
8 3.12 3.08 3.24
9 3.14 3.11 3.26
10 3.17 3.12 3.28
11 3.18 3.15 3.30
12 3.21 3.16 3.31
13 3.22 3.18 3.33
14 4.01 3.24 3.35
4
15 4.38 4.12 4.37
16 4.90 4.50 4.39
17 10.01 4.59 5.41
18 11.10 9.59 10.43
19 11.11 11.08 10.47
20 11.22 11.21 11.01
Table 1 : pH of KHP titrated with NaOH

Equivalence point
at volume :16.5, ,
pH at 7.5

Equivalence point

Titration 1

Equivalence point
at volume : 17.5,
pH at 7.09

Equivalence point

Titration 2

5
 Equivalence point
at volume : 17.5,
pH at 7.92

Equivalence point

Titration 3
Part B: pH of vinegar for titration with NaOH

Volume of pH of Vinegar
NaOH Titration 1 Titration 2 Titration 3
0 1.41 1.72 1.72
1 1.97 2.15 2.27
2 2.35 2.45 2.52
3 2.66 2.53 2.53
4 2.81 2.91 2.73
5 2.96 2.95 2.90
6 3.12 3.11 3.18
7 3.21 3.21 3.19
8 3.36 3.33 3.21
9 3.48 3.42 3.26
10 3.58 3.50 3.30
11 3.77 3.68 3.59
12 3.87 3.70 3.63
13 4.08 3.80 3.67
14 4.26 3.98 3.77
15 4.81 4.08 3.96
16 4.90 4.57 4.03
17 9.82 5.10 4.45
18 10.82 10.45 5.69
19 11.08 10.98 10.61
20 11.18 11.18 10.85
6
Table 2 : pH of vinegar titrated with NaOH

Equivalence point
at volume :16.5,
pH at 7.36

Equivalence point

Titration 1

Equivalence point
at volume : 17.5,
pH at 7.78

Equivalence point

Titration 2

7
 Equivalence point
at volume : 18.5,
pH at 8.15

Equivalence point

Titration 3

8
CALCULATIONS
Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution
1. Calculation for preparing 500mL of approximately 0.6M sodium hydroxide solution.

Molarity of NaOH solution, mol/liter = moles of NaOH

liters of solution
0.6mol/liter NaOH x 0.5L = 0.3 moles of NaOH
1 mole NaOH = [1(22.98) + 1(16) + 1(1)]g NaOH
= 39.98 g NaOH
0.3 moles NaOH x 39.98 g NaOH = 12.00 g NaOH
1 mole NaOH
2.
Titration Titration Titration
1 2 3
Volume of NaOH to neutralize the KHP solution
(mL) 16.5 17.5 17.5

3. Calculate the molarity of sodium hydroxide for each titration:

For titration 1 (KHP):

1.5014g KHP 1 mol KHP = 0.00735 mol KHP

204.2 g KHP

0.00735 mol KHP 1 mol NaOH = 0.00735 mol NaOH

1 mol KHP

16.50mL NaOH 1 L = 0.0165 L NaOH

1000mL
9
 M = mol NaOH/liter solution = 0.00735 mol NaOH
0.00165 L NaOH
= 0.45 M NaOH

For titration 2:

17.50mL NaOH 1 L = 0.0175 L NaOH

1000mL
M = mol NaOH/liter solution = 0.00735 mol NaOH
0.00175 L NaOH
= 0.42 M NaOH
For titration 3:

17.50mL NaOH 1 L = 0.0175 L NaOH

1000mL
Molarity = mol NaOH/liter solution = 0.00735 mol NaOH
0.00175 L NaOH
= 0.42 M NaOH
4. Calculate the average molarity of sodium hydroxide for each titration
Average molarity = ∑ molarity
3
= (0.45 + 0.42 + 0.42)
3
= 0.43M NaOH

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Molarity of acetic acid and mass percent in vinegar
1)
Titration Titration Titration
1 2 3
Volume of NaOH to neutralize the vinegar solution
(mL) 16.5 17.5 18.5

2) Calculate the molarity of acetic acid in vinegar for each titration

For titration 1

16.50mL NaOH 1 L = 0.0165 L NaOH

1000mL

0.0165 L NaOH 0.6425mol NaOH = 0.0106 mol NaOH

1L

0.0106 mol NaOH 1 mol CH3COOH = 0.0106 mol CH3COOH

1 mol NaOH

10mL CH3COOH 1 L = 0.01 L CH3COOH

1000mL
11
 Molarity = mol CH3COOH /liter solution = 0.0106 mol CH3COOH
0.01 L CH3COOH
= 1.06 M
CH3COOH

Fot titration 2

0.0175 L NaOH 0.6425mol NaOH = 0.0112 mol NaOH

1L

0.0112 mol NaOH 1 mol CH3COOH = 0.0112 mol CH3COOH

1 mol NaOH

Molarity = mol CH3COOH /liter solution = 0.0112 mol CH3COOH

0.01 L CH3COOH
= 1.12 M
CH3COOH

For titration 3

0.0185 L NaOH 0.6425mol NaOH = 0.01189 mol NaOH

1L

0.01189 mol NaOH 1 mol CH3COOH = 0.01189 mol CH3COOH

1 mol NaOH

Molarity = mol CH3COOH /liter solution = 0.01189 mol CH3COOH

0.01 L CH3COOH

12
 = 1.189 M
CH3COOH

3) Calculate the average molarity of acetic acid for each titration

Average molarity = ∑ molarity
3
= (1.06 + 1.12 + 1.189)
3
= 1.12 M CH3COOH

4) Calculate the % by mass of acetic acid in vinegar for each titration

10.00mL CH3COOH 1 g CH3COOH = 10.00g CH3COOH

1mL CH3COOH

For titration 1
% mass CH3COOH = g CH3COOH x 100%
g CH3COOH solution

mass of CH3COOH

= 0.01 L CH3COOH 1.06 mol CH3COOH 60.06 g CH3COOH

1 L CH3COOH 1 mol CH3COOH

= 0.6366 g CH3COOH

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% mass CH3COOH = 0.6366 g CH3COOH x 100%
10.00 g CH3COOH solution
= 6.37% CH3COOH

For titration 2
mass of CH3COOH

= 0.01 L CH3COOH 1.12 mol CH3COOH 60.06 g CH3COOH

1 L CH3COOH 1 mol CH3COOH

= 0.673 g CH3COOH

% mass CH3COOH = 0.673 g CH3COOH x 100%

10.00 g CH3COOH solution
= 6.73% CH3COOH
For titration 3
mass of CH3COOH

= 0.01 L CH3COOH 1.189 mol CH3COOH 60.06 g CH3COOH

1 L CH3COOH 1 mol CH3COOH

= 0.711 g CH3COOH

% mass CH3COOH = 0.771 g CH3COOH x 100%

14
 10.00 g CH3COOH solution
= 7.71% CH3COOH

5) Calculate the average percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar

Average % by mass CH3COOH = ∑ % by mass CH3COOH

3
= (6.37 + 6.73 + 7.71) % CH3COOH
3
= 6.94 % CH3COOH

DISCUSSION
In this experiment, we are determining the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar. The
graph plotted from the result obtained shows that the pH increases as we add NaOH to the
solution. However, we can not really make sure whether the solution obtained is neutral because
we did not use any acid/base indicator such as phenolphthalein indicator.

In part two, we use the same method with vinegar. We added 1.00 mL of NaOH solution
to the vinegar and recorded the pH obtained. Again, we didi not use any indicator to make sure
that the solutions are neutral. However, we basically able to reach the objective desired for this
experiment.

From the calculation part, we know that we need about 20 mL af NaOH to neutralize the
known concentration of the first acid. We than compared the result obtained in the first part with
the second part to determine the concentration of acid in the vinegar.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we basically able to reached the objective and aim for this experiment. The
concentration of the acid in vinegar is obtained.

15
RECOMMENDATIONS
We can recommend that the procedures should have been done better with approximate
eye level when readings from beakers and other apparatus were made. Therefore the chance of
losing partials of the readings can be narrowed.
Another recommendation that we can make is by safety while making 0.6M sodium
hydroxide. The water used to dilute and the water added later should not have been too much as
the sodium hydroxide solution might be tampered with.

REFERENCES
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinegar

2. M.L.Gillette, Standardizing a Sodium Hydroxide Solution, H.A.Neidig (1998)

16
APPENDICES

17