A transition metal is an element with a partially-filled 

d subshell or the capacity to produce cations

with an incomplete d subshell.

The ligand called π-acid is:

A .
CO
B .
NH3
C .
C2O42−
D .
ethylene diamine

December 20, 2019 Geeta Chris

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ANSWER
A example of a pi acid ligand is carbon monoxide(CO). CO is a good pi acceptor
(lewis acid) due to empty pi orbitals and a good sigma donor (lewis acid). When
bonding to a metal the ligand (in this case CO) sigma donates to an empty d-orbital and
the filled d-orbitals of the metal donates to the empty pi* orbitals of CO, back donation

Colour in transition elements comes from electron transitions between the d orbitals
themselves. They form coloured ions due to presence of incompletely filled d – orbitals and
unpaired electrons, they can undergo d – d transition by absorbing colour from visible region and
radiating complementary colour

If the d orbitals are full (or empty) then the substance is colourless and, in the case of
the element) it is technically not a Transition Element- which is why zinc is not
considered to be a Transition Element although it is a d-block element.
Consider the shape of the d orbitals, because any differences in energy arise from their
geometry…Transition metal ions are not coloured on their own.
It is only when they form complexes with other ions or molecules that they become
coloured.
In a transition metal, the
d orbitals are degenerate — they all have the same energy. owever, when the metal
ion is complexed with other ions or molecules, some of the
d orbitals become higher in energy than the others.
One common pattern is shown in the diagram above.
The difference in d orbital energy levels often corresponds to the wavelength of visible
light.
Thus, an electron in a lower d level may absorb a quantum of red light and be excited
to the higher level.
The non-absorbed light is reflected back to our eyes, so we would probably see a blue
or green colour.
Note: a transition metal ion that has zero or ten d electrons will be colourless.
Here are the colours of some transition metal ions in aqueous solution.

Transition metal ions generally possess one or more unpaired electrons. When visible light falls on a
transition metal compound or ion, the unpaired electrons present in the lower energe d-orbital get
promoted to high energy d-orbitals, called d-d transition, due to the absorption of visible light. Since,
the energy involved in d-d transition is quantised, only a definite wavelength gets absorbed,
remaining wavelengths present in the visible region got transmitted. Therefore, transmitted light
shows some colour complementary to the absorbed colour.

(1)Why do transition elements show paramagnetic behavior?

·The paramagnetic behavior is due to the presence of unpaired electron in (n-1)d orbital.
·The paramagnetic behavior increases as the number of unpaired electron increases.
·In 3d series, the paramagnetic behavior increases from beginning to the middle (Sc to Mn) and then
decrease to zinc.
Paramagnetism arises from the presence of unpaired electrons, each such electron have a magnetic
moment.The magnetic moment of any transition element or its compound/ion is given by (assuming
no contribution from the orbital magnetic moment)

(2)Why do transition elements shows variable oxidation state?

Why Transition Metals Are Good Catalysts

The most important reason transition metals are good catalysts is that they can lend electrons or
withdraw electrons from the reagent, depending on the nature of the reaction. The ability of
transition metals to be in a variety of oxidation states, the ability to interchange between the
oxidation states and the ability to form complexes with the reagents and be a good source for
electrons make transition metals good catalysts.

General Properties of the d-Block Elements and Their Trends

Catalytic properties: Most of transition metals are used as catalyst because of (i) presence of
incomplete or empty d – orbitals, (ii) large surface area, (iii) varuable oxidation state, (iv) ability to
form complexes, e.g., Fe, Ni, V2O3, Pt, Mo, Co and used as catalyst.Formation of coloured
compounds:

ransition metals, by virtue of their ability to readily change their oxidation

states, generate intermediate species that enable the reaction to progress to the formation of the
expected products and re-generate the catalyst in its original oxidation state.

Whilst all catalysed Ea intermediate species will be lower than the uncatalysed E a , the activation
energy for the catalysed reaction is only ascribed to the highest catalysed Ea intermediate.

Transition metals and their compounds can act as heterogeneous  and homogeneous catalysts.

Heterogeneous catalyst

A heterogeneous catalyst is in a different phase (solid, liquid, gas) from the reactants and the
reaction occurs at active sites on the surface of the catalyst. At this surface, incoming species
donate electron density into vacant d orbitals. Subsequently, the catalyst adsorbs the reactants onto
its surface-holding them close together in an orientation that enables chemical reaction-thereafter,
the product(s) are desorbed, so freeing up the active site of the catalyst.

A support medium maximises the surface area of a heterogeneous catalyst and minimises the cost
(e.g. Rhodium on a ceramic support in catalytic converters) .

Vanadium (V) oxide (V2O5  ) acts as a heterogeneous catalyst in the Contact process

Conditions: 450°C, 2atm, V2O5  catalyst

2SO2 + O2    2SO3
SO3 + H2SO4 → H2S2O7
H2S2O7 + H2O → 2H2SO4

Catalysis:
1st catalysed transition step:     V2O5  + SO2→ V2O4 + SO3
2nd catalysed transition step:    2V2O4  +O2  → 2V2O5

Metallic iron acts as a heterogeneous catalyst in the Haber-Bosch synthesis of ammonia

CH4 +H2O     CO + 3H2         Nickel catalyst, 750°C, 30atm

N2 + 3H2   2 NH3                      Iron catalyst, 450°C, 250atm

Catalysis:

1.N2 (g) → N2 (adsorbed)
2.N2 (adsorbed) → 2 N (adsorbed)
3.H2(g) → H2 (adsorbed)
4.H2 (adsorbed) → 2 H (adsorbed)
5.N (adsorbed) + 3 H(adsorbed)→ NH3 (adsorbed)
6.NH3 (adsorbed) → NH3 (g)

Reaction 5 occurs in three steps, forming NH, NH 2, and then NH3. Experimental evidence points to
reaction 2 as being the slow, rate-determining step.

Other examples of heterogeneous transition metal catalysts include:

Titanium (IV) chloride: Zeigler-Natta polymerisation of ethene to poly(ethene)

Chromium oxide: manufacture of methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen
Platinum-rhodium alloy: car exhaust catalytic converters
Nickel: hydrogenation of vegetable oils to make margarine

Homogeneous catalyst

A homogeneous catalyst is in the same phase as the reactants. When catalysts and reactants are in
the same phase, the reaction proceeds through an intermediate species.

Examples include:

The oxidation of  I−  by  S2O82−  (peroxodisulfate ions) is catalysed  by Fe2+

Overall                                    2I−  + S2O82− →  I2  +  2SO42− 

 1. A 3-center 2-electron (3c–2e) bond is an electron-deficient chemical bond where
three atoms share two electrons. The combination of three atomic orbitals form three
molecular orbitals: one bonding, one non-bonding, and one anti-bonding. In a 'three center
two electron bond' the two electrons are 'shared' by three separate nuclei. This happens
usually with elements that can form electron deficient bonds. they are bonds joining
three atoms together but using only two electrons. The bonding pair jumps back
and forth between the two pairs of atoms holding all three together by resonance
(lewis model) or, using MO theory, they are two electrons in an MO that spans
three atoms. Either way, they are not quite enough electrons to form two strong
bonds so the effect is that the bonds are not very strong The simplest example of
this is Diborane (B2H6). In diborane, there are two such bonds: two H atoms bridge the
two B atoms, leaving two additional H atoms in ordinary B−H bonds on each B As the
probability distribution of this bond is shaped as a banana it is also known as a banana
bond. A classic example would be Diborane(B2H6) which contains 2 such bonding
arrangements.
2.mo diagram