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Echocardiographic Evaluation of Pericardium
Echocardiographic Evaluation of Pericardium
Echocardiographic Evaluation of Pericardium
pericardium
Dr.Sruthi Meenaxshi.SR,
MBBS,MD,PDF
Anatomy of pericardium
• The normal pericardium consists of two layers: a fibrous outer layer
and a serous inner layer.
• The serous layer is a closed sac with the visceral component lining
the epicardium and the parietal component lining the fibrous outer
layer.
• The best clues to its identity as fat are its absence posteriorly,
normal motion of the pericardium, and low intensity echoes (often
seen as faint linear striations) within the pericardial space.
Physiology
• In patients with a normal pericardium,
intrathoracic pressure decreases during
inspiration, leading to an increase in venous
return to the right heart and transient
increase in RV chamber size.
• Because the normal pericardium
accommodates the increased venous return
by expanding, this increase in venous return
does not impair left ventricular (LV) filling.
• When visualized on 2D echocardiography, the layers of the
pericardium appears as thin echogenic lines surrounding the
myocardium.
❖ All patients with suspected bleeding into the pericardial space (eg,
trauma, perforation, post-operative).
• Accumulation of pericardial fluid above the right atrium in the apical four
chamber view with the patient in the left lateral decubitus position is,
perhaps, the single most sensitive and specific indication of a pericardial
effusion
●Dilatation of the inferior vena cava and hepatic veins (plethora) with
absent or diminished inspiratory collapse.
❖ Hepatic venous flow reversal increases with expiration, reflecting the ventricular
interdependence and the dissociation of intracardiac and intrathoracic pressures.
❖ As with the distinction between cardiac tamponade and pericardial effusion, there
can be significant overlap between the findings in frank constriction and those in
extensive pericardial thickening without hemodynamic compromise.
• Partial or complete absence of the pericardium
may be suspected but cannot usually be
definitively diagnosed by echocardiography,
although most echocardiographic findings are
non-specific. The orientation and distance
between the transducer and the posterior wall on
TTE have been suggested as diagnostic
parameters, but in general, MRI and CT are
preferred for visualizing the pericardium and
confirming the diagnosis [1,12]. Typical findings
on echocardiography include:
Absence of pericardium
• In patients with complete absence of the
pericardium, echocardiography may visualize
more of the RV than typically seen on routine left
parasternal echocardiogram, which is due to
enlargement of the RV, excessive motion of the
posterior LV wall, and shift of the heart to the
left.
• These changes may result in paradoxical motion
of the interventricular septum. All of these
findings mimic RV volume overload as seen in
atrial septal defect or tricuspid insufficiency
• In patients with partial absence of the
pericardium who have herniation of a chamber,
echocardiography may show a wall motion
abnormality along the line of demarcation.
• If the pericardial defect is left sided, it is the left
atrial appendage that is most likely involved.
However, if a coronary artery is compressed, a
true wall motion abnormality may indeed exist.
• Rare instances of sudden death and acute
ischemia resembling an acute ST elevation MI
have been reported
• No specific treatment is required for most patients
with complete congenital absence of the pericardium,
as such patients appear to have a normal life
expectancy.
• Partial defects may lead to herniation in which case
surgery is indicated. The pericardium can be removed if
the defect is large or closed if it is a smaller defect.
• Surgery in the absence of herniation can be
considered if the patient is symptomatic, while
occasionally prophylactic closure to prevent future
herniation is indicated.
Congenital partial absence of
pericardium
Pericardial cyst
• Pericardial cysts which typically occur along the right heart border
but can occur anywhere, are generally asymptomatic, causing
symptoms only if adjacent structures (eg, coronary arteries) are
impacted.