Material Testing

•Non-destructive testing (NDT)

It is to evaluate the physical properties of a material,
component or system without causing damage.
Commonly used techniques are
1. MT - Magnetic Particle Testing
Magnetic particle testing is accomplished by inducing a
magnetic field in a ferromagnetic material and then
dusting the surface with iron particles. The surface will
produce magnetic poles and distort the magnetic field in
such a way that the iron particles are attracted and
concentrated making defects on the surface of the
material visible.
2. PT - Dye Penetrant Testing
The dye penetrant testing can be used to locate
discontinuities on material surfaces. A highly
penetrating dye on the surface will enter
discontinuities after a sufficient penetration time, and
after removing the excess dye with a developing
agent(UV or white light), the defects on the surface
will be visible.
3. RT - Radiographic Testing
Radiographic testing can be used to detect internal
defects in castings, welds or forgings by exposure the
construction to x-ray or gamma ray radiation. Defects
are detected by differences in radiation absorption in
the material.
4. UT - Ultrasonic Testing
Ultrasonic testing uses high frequency sound energy
to conduct examinations and make measurements.
Ultrasonic inspection can be used for flaw
detection/evaluation, dimensional measurements,
material characterization, and more.

Applications of Non-destructive testing (NDT)

Automotives, Power Plants, construction of bridge
and structures, etc.
• Destructive testing
In destructive testing, tests are carried out to the
specimen's failure, in order to understand a
specimen's structural performance or material
behavior under different loads(Mechanical
properties). These tests are generally much easier to
carry out, yield more information, and are easier to
interpret than nondestructive testing.
Some types of destructive testing:
1. Stress tests
2. Crash tests
3. Hardness tests
Stress testing
It is used to determine the stability of a given system
or entity. It involves testing beyond normal
operational capacity, often to a breaking point, in
order to observe the results.

Hardness
It is a measure of how resistant solid matter is to
various kinds of permanent shape change when
a force is applied. Hardness is dependent
on ductility, elasticity, plasticity, strain, strength, tough
ness, and viscosity.
Crash Test
A crash test is a form of destructive testing usually
performed in order to ensure safe design standards
in crash compatibility for various modes of
transportation or related systems and components.
 Material Behavior
•Material exhibiting linear stress-strain curve in the
elastic range are Hookean (after Robert Hooke)
•Modulus of Elasticity = E = Δstress/ Δstrain
•Over a range of stresses this curve begins to deviate
from linearity
•This transition from linearity occurs at a point called
proportional limit
•Material may exhibit non-linear elastic behavior
above proportional limit (Non-Hookean)
•Further stress applied takes material toward plastic
deformation
•Releasing the stress at this point makes the material
to be elongated from original length, called Plastic
deformation
•This point of transition from elastic to plastic is
termed Elastic limit, or Yield point
•Measured at an offset strain of 0.2% as this point is
difficult to measure
•Further stress decreases the cross sectional area as
length elongates
•Material continues to harden and gets stronger, at
the same time reducing cross sectional area, reducing
the load-carrying capacity
•Force curve reaches a peak, called ultimate tensile
strength
•At this point, reduction in cross sectional area occurs
in a pronounced localized spot, called Necking
•Ultimately, sample fractures into two halves
 Resilience
•Resilience is the property that defines a material’s
ability to absorb elastic energy
•Area under the elastic portion of stress-strain curve
provides an indication of material’s resilience
 Toughness
The ability of the material to absorb energy before
fracturing
Total area under the stress-strain curve up to the
point of fracture is toughness of the material