Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Moroccan Arabic Textbook - Student Edition

    Uploaded by

    javier
    32 views199 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    32 views199 pages

    Moroccan Arabic Textbook - Student Edition

    Uploaded by

    javier

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    of 199
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 353 812 FL 020 889 TITLE Moroccan Arabic Textbook. Student Edition. INSTITUTION Peace Corps, Rabat (Morocco). PUB DATE, {92) NOTE 201p. PUB TYPE Guides ~ Classroom Use ~ Instructionai Materials (For Learner) (051) EDRS PRICE MFO1/PCO9 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Alphabets; *Arabic; Classroom Communication; Competency Based Education; Cultural Context; *Daily Living Skills; Dialogs (Language); Fanily Life; Food; Foreign Countries; Government (Adninistrative Body) *Gramnar; Idioms; Independent Study; *Intercultural Communication; Job Skills; Monetary Systems; Non Roman Scripts} Phonology; #Pronunciation; Proverbs; Publie Agencies; Regional Dialects; Sociocultural Patterns; Transportation; Uncommonly Taught Languages; Vocabulary Development; Volunteer Training IDENTIFIERS “Arabic (Moroccan); *Morocco; Peace Corps ABSTRACT The textbook is designed for Peace Corps volunteers learning the variety of Arabic mostly widely spoken in Morocco. It contains 10 lessons, each consisting of a dialogue, vocabulary list, grammar notes, a popular proverb, ané supplenentary dialogue and/or idionatic and socially correct expressions. Dialogue topics include introductions and personal identification, restaurant eating, general consunication, transportation, the postal system, shopping, and conversation about the Peace Corps. The Arabic alphabet is used throughout, with notes on Moroccan variations provided. Appended materials include translations of the dialogues and special vocabulary lists. (ASE) Tei aS III IRIE SA IIIS ISI I AAR ISAS IRI I A TOO * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made = * * from the original document. * SOHO III II SS III III I II I III ITI TOI PEACE CORPS MOROCCO MOROCCAN ARABIC TEXTBOCK STUDEMT EDITION & RABAT MIROCCY 198¢ ED353812 2 ___BESTCOPY AVAILABLE - Table of Contents .. .. «+. ee - Table of Illustrations .. 0. ee ee eee - Note on the Alphabet oo «. 0 w) ee te eee - Introduction 2. 6. eee te ee - Acknowledgements 6. 0 ee ee ee ee tee Lesson. Lesson 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Main Dialogue;Seu! g++ ‘Where are you from?' Vocabulary =. Grammatical Notes .. Greetings a Expressions of Thanks Popular Proverb... w+ Supplementary Dialogue .. Main Dialogue, taki G In the Café" 6, Roce uler ye Grammatical Notes 2,0 6. ee ee te te Comprehension Text . Writing Exercise Popular Proverb. Idiomatic and Social Etiquette Expressions @ (vil (vii) (viii) (xi) 13 13 4 14 19 ar 22 23 a Lesson 3 +. ee we 1 Lesson 4... we Lesson 5 Main Text yesterday?’ -- Vocabulary «+ ee Grammatical Notes -- Popular Proverb. Idiomatic and Social Etiquette Expressions Supplementary Dialogue Main dialogue: oles 2 clu a ‘At the Bus Station" Vocabulary .. Grammatical Notes .. Popular Proverb. Idiomatic and Social Etiquette Expressions Supplementary Dialogue Main Dialogue:esitw! Jee oie 'At the Hanout! Vocabulary «ws Grammatical Notes Popular Proverb. Idiomatic and Social Etiquette Expressions Supplementary Dialogue Sl te pt (44) ‘what did you do 37 39 40 41 46 47 48 51 53 54 55 63 63 64 69 1 72 73 79 81 83 Lesson 6. Main Dialogue + thepe G wie ‘Mark at the Post Office' .. .. .. Wocebalery) 60g Grammatical Notes .. Popular Proverb «+ ws te wee Idiomatic and Social Etiguette Expressions Supplenentary Dialogue eeeonW(e ee Main Dialogue + — iypbupll S gues 5 ple ‘sam and Jean at the Restaurant’ 7 Vocabulary 6s te tee te te Grammatical Notes .. 6. ee ee we Popular, Proverb) 3 eee Idiomatic and Social Etiquette Expressions Supplementary Text .. 6. 0 6. wee DerconON Main Dialogue ; jL4A s+ "At the Greengrocer Wocebularye eee ed Grammatical Notes .. 0 6. ee ee we Popular Proverb «, we ee we we Idiomatic and Social Etiquette Expressions Supplementary Dialogue .. +. +. + (414) 87 89 90 91 103 103 104 107 109 110 uu 121 121 122 127 129 130 131 139 139 140 CSO 143 Main Dialogue. ses! sie ‘at the Real Estate agent's! .. 0... ae 145 ~ Vocabulary 6. we ee eee ee 146 - Grammatical Notes Oe eo 447 - Popular Proverb... ee ee eee eee asi - Idiomatic and Social Etiquette Expressions... asi - Supplementary Dialogue .. 6. ee we een 153 Beason 10s. 6. te ene te wee 157 = Main Dialogue: T pet Dene Greasy "Do you know Peace Corps? ee 159 - Vocabulary 6. ee ee eee nen 160 - Grammatical Notes -. 6. eee eee 161 - Popular Proverb 03 00 Oo oo oo on 165 - Idiomatic and Social Etiquette Expressions... .. 165 - A Riddle om 09 na 00 co oo 166 Appendix a Boo oO 0c 6p oo oo on 168 - Translations of dialogues - lessons 2 - 5 Appendix B (Lists of special vocabulary) ee 179 remy eee 181 = Clothes 05 = co 60 66 co oo oe 182 | pe Wedatables ee 184 EUs 185 - Spices 1. 6. te we oe oe 186 Houseware Some parts of the body Professions Lycée terminology The Moroccan Administration Some verbs wv) 187 189 191 193 196 198 Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Page 15 16 20 32 38 52 64 65 70 80 82 88 99 104 108 128 133 137 asa 1s2 153 158 TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS Illustration Cartoon of dialogue Cartoon of supplementary dialogue Map of U.S.A. In the café Clocks Past tense (cartoon) Bus Station Map for directions Map of Moroccan train systen Store Money Bargaining cartoon Notice to collect package Salon Notice to collect registered letter Restaurant Greengrocer Things we like Comparatives (fruit) Exterior of house Floor plan Utility receipt Peace Corps oo (vi) NOTE ON THE ALPHABET The following letters have been added to the Standard Arabic Alphabet to represent sounds in borrowed words such as ‘video’ and 'garage'. - set "utdeo" - & lS "garage" Since Moroccan Arabic has both g 'z' andg. &'g! sounds, the last two letters have been used to represent the sound 'g' found in many Moroccan Arabic words. (wii) ee INTRODUCTION This textbook is the result of nearly two years of xesearch and field testing. We feel that in its present form it will meet most of the needs of non-native speaker students. In the course of preparation, each lesson/unit was field tested in class and then revised in the light of comments made by students, language instructors and others involved in the field of language teaching and learning. We have aimed to make the course as practical and as simple as possible. For the sake of clarity we have avoided the use of technical terms in the different sections of the course. The Moroccan Arabic dialect used in this textbook is that spoken in the geographical linguistic triangle whose points are Rabat, Casablanca and Fes, This is the dialect which is most widely spoken and understood throughout Morovco. Those students who will be living in other areas of the country will realize that there are variations in pronunciation and vocabulary specific to their regions, e.g. 1, Pronunciation variation a. Casablanca~Rabat-Fes dialect tase /nakda/ "Like thta" b. Northern dialect (Tangiers) toe /nayda/ "Utke thie" 2. Word variation a. Casablanca-Rabat-Fes dialect sot /khizzu/ "earnove" b. Eastern dialect (Oujda) Lieyy /prudiyya/ "earrote" There are, also, some variations which are not related to geographical factors. Indeed, some speakers will say and others will say i, for ‘bank'. (visi 0 _ Since Moroccan Arabic is not officially considered to be a language in its own right and has no official written form, we have had to devise a writing system based on Standard Arabic. As far as possible, we have kept closely to Standard Arabic spelling. ‘This may seem somewhat confusing to the learner during the early stages but we believe that it will benefit the student who chooses to study Standard Arabic. You should not, therefore, be surprised to find that: L. some letters are written but not pronounced, e.g. = drink ipledt let = - We (pl.) drink, Vets = = You (pl.) drank. gece (The | 'alif! here indicates the plural.) 2. or written one way ana pronounced differently, e.g. a. He has /andi/ set b. hie house /aari/ als = in a. the letter s indicates third person masculine singular and in b, it is a possessive pronoun. It shou be emphasized that all loan words used in the text are fully nativized and are considered by native speakers as Moroccan Arabic words to the extent that some uneducated speakers are totally unaware that they are borrowed from French or any other language. Sometimes, these words do not undergo any change whatsoever as in the case of: = PCV ~'collect phone call* I made a collect phone catl, — -2CV ape eyo - Menu - ‘menu! Here is the menu. sMenu tLe dle ti (ix) Most of the lessons/units i the book start with dialogues rather than texts because the aim of the course is to help the language learner to achieve competence in the spoken language and the only natural way to attain this fluency is by using dialogues which allow for both Linguistic and cultural interaction, It must be pointed out that dialogues £ cultural information that would not be found in a text. These dialogues have been carefully devised also carry a lot to represent different aspects of daily interaction within Moroccan society and the order in which they occur is related to the pace of the learner in internalizing the target language, i.e. Moroccan Arabic in this case. Besides the dialogues, the lesson/units include vocabulary, grammatical notes made as simple as possible, popular proverbs and social and idiomatic expressions with explanations on how and when they are to be used, plus a supplementary dialogue whichis often a summary used to consolidate certain aspects of the lesson/unit. ‘The inclusion of popular proverbs and social and idiomatic expressions is justified by the fact that it is believed that learning 2 language is not enough to understand Morocco and Moroccans. The student should learn how to behave linguistically and what to say in certain specific cultural situations. At the end of the textbook, the student will find two appendices: - Appendix A carries translations of the dialogues up to lesson/unit 5. The last five have not been translated because we believe that by the time the student has reached that point, he should be able to do the trans- lation by himself. These dialogues are kept separate from the lessons so that students will not be tempted to look for a translation immediately after discovering the Arabic text. - Appendix B comprises lists of words deemed of vital importance in everyday life. Students will realize that, contrary to the custom followed in most schools and textbooks, the past tense is introduced before the present. The reason for such a decision is simple; in general, learners use the past tense more often than the present. The scope of use of the present tense is usually limited to general truths and habitual actions and it so happens that learners want to talk about their experiences or what they have done or what happened to them and they can only do that by using the past tense. Finally, it must be said that this textbook has been devised with the utmost care and sensitivity (both linguistic and cultural) in mind. We hope it will meet many of the needs of students in their aim to build cultural and linguistic bridges to cross to the other side in order to understand and communicate with others. Before language was written, it was spoken, so as Shakespeare says ‘speak the speech, I pray you, as I pronounc'd it to you, trippingly on the tongue.' (Hamlet, Act III, Sc. II) Sy ay Mohamed Chtatou, Ph.D. September 5th, 1986 Rabat, Morocco. "xd) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Peace Corps Moroccan Arabic textbook is the xeVised version of an earlier book developed by Mohamed Chtatou and Aboubker Ouassaddine, Tt is the result of many months of careful adaptation and revision undertaken by a dedicated team of Moroccan language teachers and Peace Corps Volunteers: Nor-eddine Belabid, Inspector of English, Ministry of Education, Fes; Mohamed Chtatou, Ph.D., Linguist, Rabat; Amina Fahim, Peace Corps Arabic Instructor, Casablanca; Mohamed Najmi, Researcher and arabic Instructor, Taroudant; Mohamed Rddad, Teacher of English, Midelt; Mohamed Zaim, B.A. in Law turned Arabic Instructor, Azemmour; PCV Gregory Acher, English Teacher, Ouezzane; PCV Carl Keener, Visual Arts Specialist, Ministry of Health, Rabat; We thank the following PCVs for preparing the illustrations and maps, Carl Keener and Patricia McGuire, English Teacher, Tiznit. Calligraphy by Rachid El Arabi, PC Morocco Librarian, and PCV William Griffin, English Teacher, Marrakech, Typing was done by Naima Benmellah, Badia Liagoubi and Sally Lockhart. Finally, our thanks to all the Peace Corps trainees and languaye instructors, too numerous to name, who field tested the book throughout all stages of its preparation. Stephanie Sweet, PC Morocco Training Officer (xi) 14 LESSON 15 eho) Lesson 1 Set gee ett gust ge oe, 4 ey oy ce eee ed ee pyle Ge te Sys Ge Gl ly tobe oes She Dee obey uly Sg yg eet tol oes S Apes Layee uh tly t Th geet cee Dee OH Set gel get coe a yt ' “I nesson 1 VOCABULARY = man/nen = woman/women = boy(s) ~ son(s) = girl(s) - daughter (s) ~ house (s) ~ name(s) ~ noun(s) = watch(es) - Sir - Mister ~ Mister = Madan ~ Mes. = Mazocco Anerica ~ Spain - Italy = England France - Tmisia = Casablanca ~ Marrakech ~ Rabat ~ Fes ~ Taza = Moroccan = country (ies) = city(ies) ~ town(s) () ape ola = ae gee bee Lesson 1 Exercise Draw arrows from country to nationality: | | oe eee wee 3 Bre - ‘IZ. GRAMMATICAL NOTES A Verbs The imperative of the verbs: BL "to stand up; to get up", “+ "to come", e+ to go", ete "to sit down", oho "to repeat”. pay Lesson 1 plural fem.sing. massing. - atand up! Nee we come! tet el got oe — = sit down! toh eons repeat! Vyas ule 2. Adjectives Descriptive adjectives form their plurals either by a. adding Oto the word to form masculine plurals, or ©! to form feminine plurals in the case of regular adjectives: femepl. | fems sing. | masepl. yout beautiful stay ts oes eyecd ely ora ole = hoppy eul rae] obeys OR by: b. changing the internal structure of the word in the case of irregular adjectives: ple fem.sing. nas.sing. eos Ls ous tees Lesson 1 Examples Bee uphe tty = ots wt US ee A toes oh Le Ig bE 8 oy beet ESI + Sonus pel tole 8 fo ol Sy + eee | tote Lee 8 sobwm Jet apes - ee gape Sot gee 9g ape eet See sae Re oe ee ee 3. Pronouns a. Independent pronouns I ut you (masculine? eu you (feminine) wl he _ che - ve ue you (plural) test they Lae ei Suffixed pronouns my house ¢ —— =e your house yt his house : Bro her house be ees our house Bs your (pl) house eg pots their house oS —— pays Demonstrative pronouns Thie is a man, This te a voman. These are boys. Note the absence of the article in the noun that follows the pronoun in question. Interrogative pronouns (also referred to as interrogative adverbs) - where . oS - where from... Sow = - what .. Set at 8 = who 10? Tepes = Examples Where's asa? Ty oe Where are you from? ean What's thie? Stole 8 tole jet 22 Lesson 1 Who's Mapk? Sayles apse Who's this man? Set ste ap st Question words ly is a word that introduces a question. It can mean "are you?", "te she?", "is .4.?" etc., but also "do you?", "does he?", "did we?", "have wer", etc. (of. following lessons). = Ave you happy? Tolapd cul dly - Ie ehe beautiful? S bes ee Sly - Adverbs of a. quantity ~ a lot, very SH = - a little, a few wat + b. affirmation - yes ae ce negation Conjunctions - and a- ~ or wy - Lesson 1 7. Prepositions in - from 8. The definite article: THE The definite article is w end tt comes in front of nouns and adjectives equally: - The smait house Hgts ape Sra ts my house The “oon letters" are: than gn ta pedi ge The article and adjectives beginning with these letter -b- ert eee ai is pronounced fully in front of nouns The "sun letters" aret The article Fond ab aime bu nse yn eeene 4) is not pronounced before nouns and adjectives beginning with these levters, Instead, the sun letters get doubled (geminated? although dis written. 24 Lesson 1 - @ house gis the house sti a man wes - the man de! - amatt othe = the smalt ee Nouns are either masculine (mas.) or feminine (fem.). In general, the feminine is formed from the masculine (participles or nouns indicating professions) by adding the suffix which is pronounced as a, e.g.: , - male teacher ota , - female teacher wo L Some words without 4 are nonetheless feminine: words and proper names which are by their nature feminine: , - mother ae ay ~ eteter est - Amat (girl's name) gate most (though not all) parts of the body which oceur in pairs, e.get ~ an eye one - @ hand ad - a foot des - - an ear ws we Lesson 1 10. We c. words that are feminine by usage, e.9.: - the house re - the earth, the ground a - the aun eet Cardinal numbers Only the numeral seiy “one” has a feminine forn ‘aey The rest do not chang - one (fem.) bey (mass) sory ~ two (e3) ot ~- three a ~ four firey - five poanry - ote no - aeven poem ~ eight be - nine (Hens) opens ~ ten ate - eleven Sle - twelve sub Telling tine - What time te it? got, JLacsT delet G JLat Set - It t8 1 o'clock, + hop gous - Tt ts 2 olelock. (ot ont" - It ts 3 otelock, cis" ae Iv. EXPRESSIONS OF THANKS, ET‘ - It is 4 etelock. - It is 5 oletock. ~ It is 6 ofetock, - It is 7? ofetock. - It is 8 otelook, - It is 9 oletock, - It ts 10 ofelock, - It ts 11 o'clock. 12 olelock, GREETINGS = Peace be upon you. - And also upon you. (reply) ~ How are you? = How are you? - How are you? - How are you? (plural) = Good morning. - Good afternoon, good evening. = Goodbye. - Thank you - Thank you very much, - Thank you. Lesson 1 eps ph sl pS yg toe ol + 8 (3 ie Gees S Sg) paises Soe pele gs - oe oy so L Lesson 1 - You've elcome. see - Praise to God. a - Please. pies - Welcome. oc eo - Wice to meet you. ee PULAR PROVERB - Good morning 0 my neighbor, fgtel pe cle = you are at your house and SL gy ayia set Iam at mine. swls Meaning: As long as each one of us keeps to his house and business, everything will be fine. VI. SUPPLEMENTARY DIALOGUE OT pe pe tot chee at fee ee Tye let oe El See See gee LM ee Tye og at gee Fen ole uest yt aie te tat a eh yt she, 22 - 14 SLY s S Sh, 3) we ‘ a 3 a? > 10 rare 2 * : ‘ + a eae %esson 1 ADDITIONAL, NOTES AND VOCABULARY -.17- Lesson 1 33 Ss LESSON i lb. Fe _ Pes aT cA | v 1 | : | oe A BEST COPY AVAILABLE" “3° Lesson 2 pet ya vdtte gat bares git: gb FT tptepeey Tg ys poke a ots yk ie gt feet Gy tat vate apeedt 2 pe 2 pines Sate et eee ty Ts a She ee ot ELS tly pt see ole gt oS pte APSE Gy ole lat oo gps Lid eee bly tips sep 8 GIy Gls hes Ls pF fee Le pee Ue pe Lt apts Set ES Aty s glpes + Je J eae + ays Spnys Lee Js Spe Uae ty ips ; C tape at 6 0 -21- Lesson VOCABULARY ~ waiter ~ table(s) ~ chair(s) ~ glass(es) ~ cake(s), pastry (ies), cockies - juice ~ oranges ~ bananas ~ apples = sugar - piece(s) ~ coffee(s), café(s) = milk = tea ~ mint = water > beer = Coke ~ tine ~ mney ~ Dirham(s) = Ryal (Eive centimes - popular Moroccan currency) - change = door (s) = of course = slowly = quick, quickly = but ~ available ~ Moroccans ~ arericans = English = French ~ Italians - Spanish I. GRAMMATICAL NOTES 1. a. Conjugation of the verb uty "to want” Note that this verb uses the past tense form but has present tense meaning: I want ed you want at he wante wie | she wants ve want you want they want we rs aaa Lesson 2 bs _yetey + noun Examples: Sigoiecee Se ee i ee ope ee oe ee oe ae Sapa poi ly = sglel Waly pt sae y ge - cs Exercises 1, Make sentences: Lesson 2 2. Write the answers: a f iped pteby dy - » Soe ke pet 8 e. s Shy ples ily — a Tip tey pe 8 e. Tighe ger 8 2. Conjugation of "to have" in the present tense a. affirmative I have ee you have woe , he hae whe she hae Lessee ne have eae you ‘have pS they have pee b. negative: to form the negative, use 5 “5 I do not have : ee you do not have vee ee he does not have sya she does not have eee we do not nave oes you do not have Arar they do not have eee 40 = 25 - Lesson 2 Examples ee ea ee eee, eee ee ee TUS SG glee e ysl pSase ly - T pSLie spay ody 4g Clie cee pee oem gy Labi = 2 + glee weet Lose — 3. geytS means both "there is" and "ie to be found" ns both "there is" and "is to be found" depending on the context a. affirmative there is (mas.sing.) outs there is (fem.sing.? wats there are ots b. negative there is not (mas.sing-) cos there ie not (fem-sing.) gus there ave not Pees Examples Phere io milk on the table. ib gpd Hela outs Hohamed te to be found at Gee Gls in the house. 5. Lesson 2 There are not any chairs et SI ‘in the house. + laut Tom io not to be found + pet S ppb Guisis in the café, Interrogative adverbs How many/how much ...? See o dle How many ...? oe JL The interrogative adverb 4 JLxat is followed by: - uncountable definite noun, e.g How much butter do See Ble Je you vant? - countable definite plural, e.g-: How many children do Sides opt 9 JLas you have? The interrogative adverb ome JLxt is followed by indefinite singular, e-g.t How many books did you Sytuy3 GLas ge JLAt read? Conjugation of possessive pronouns mine wus yours sys his es here Latte oure Ltt 2 -27- Lesson 2 youre (plural? stl theirs pate vhose ...7 Sees gee dts Examples Be ee ee Je a = eee wee eS pests Ss yy Se ge oe = Goce ences oe ve = + ts S pms By pS I eke Ey + ops + Adjectives a. Descriptive adjectives - regular fem.pt. | mas.pl. ; fem.sing. ; mas.sing. ugly/bad oleh | ots te wee tived eutis | oes we ole - irregular pte fem.sing. ) mas.sing. ematt ye Tene ote nev aioe joe oe - 28 - 43 Lesson 2 b. Demonstrative adjectives (also referred to as demonstrative articles) SLs "this" is used invariably with masculine and feminine words in the singular as shown below: this man s+ see dat ole thte voman ... see Let ol Thts man ie happy. soley det ote This house te nice. oR tet ote Thie wateh ts good. vy DS oe This city te big. vopees Le ale Prepositions = vith (not for people, for things only) oe Coffee with milk. tote = on whe fa The glaeo is on the table. + Hew Gye ols ~ under on The beer io unde the table,+thb! oas Iwo - of Jue = A glass of vater. + Lat Js os Negative form a. use gett with nouns and adjectives: - Iam not French. sgl ttl UT ~ This coffee is not good. yet ipatt sta — ere 44 - 29 - Lesson 2 b. use ge ks with verbs: - We don't have time. seg flea 9. Cardinal numbers - thirteen ube - fourteen gly, - fifteen Sees ~ sixteen ok - seventeen le - eighteen Sie - nineteen eth ~ twenty cee - tuenty one ote g wells - twenty tuo ow 9 oe fore 9 - twenty three es se = twenty four ee ees = twenty five ee = tuenty ete owe 9 Le = twenty seven ote yg bee twenty etght ee eee = twenty nine cree 9g (Leet) apes thirty ced - thirty one og sly = thinty two ees yg oe Lesson 2 III. COMPREHENSION TEXT Pe Sls gy betty Ge pe LS ppb Let A yg epee feel ye by gy FS le oct gree yg Feed S arestS apes - gene Comprehension questions: S goles ppb ly = Toe ee - ee oe Sas ate ly - Sey Dee petty 8 oy mel = Foljge Leet aay uly Tete uses vty = S dole gees ly IV. WRITING EXERCISE 1, Write the answer = Fe tt Sed gett Tats Gs Set oe SBS Ley pe ly TLS Spee S sped Sly Lesson 2 -32- 47 Lesson 2 2. Write as many corre t sentences as you can. C8. + ube bey tole ——_—<————— ole soy aos on tote oe ign i oy ol des sees vl pie eh etl iota ee oles oh ee ey POPULAR PROVERB = the servant of men Smee Sl ps 8 te their master, : By serving people you are proving your generosity and nobility and therefore you are superior to Meanini then, not inferior. Lesson 2 IDIOMATIC AND SOCTAL ETIQUETTE EXPRESSIONS - I do not have much time. Fey 3 GIy Gate = = Ab your service. Foe 9g ott be + (ery polite; it means "on head and eyes”. I will do whatever you want me to do even if I have to use Literally my head and ay eyes to do it.) = What vould you tike? $ pbLa we BT (ery polite) ‘ ~ Watch out! bata Watch out for the car! sept Shae = Move aside! Clear the vay! +6 = Nay God protect you. tpS fp day a (in slang, it is used to mean you are great, you have done a good job.) - May God help you! vagy a 43 ot Lesson 2 ADDITIONAL NOTES AND VOCABULARY ee oi a ey Lesson 3 Mii} - 38-52 Lesson 3 & a tt eS at Uo ee oe ey Dee a tt eA eS y ty Ip Leese 4 gist opt y tee Le Le Ly ey he pe Le Fp et ele J ete Comprehension questions Splat goss gligs 1 Tytet gett na Siete gt yeets sly -5 See Le GLY os Sette AD et oly = 6 Sete Gly 7 plat J gts seas Siyn es -39- Lesson 3 VOCABULARY Days of the week today yesterday week(s) nonth(s) year(s) morning evening Sunday Monday nuesday Wednesday ‘Thursday Friday Saturday day (s) gay when 5.4? bread butter a/an ~ some someone something pet pot epee pF 54 - 40 - ey et = dete ge Lesson 3 IL. GRAMMATICAL NOTES 1. Verbs a. The imperative of the verbs: | pss "to talk", j13 "to dos to make”, Ets "to come back; to return", was "to sleep", gt "to Leave; to go out", mt "to drink", %S | "to eat", a5 "to unite” and gis "20 bet. Plural, Femi Masculine Ls eed oe ed wt os tomes wots ee Voeet wet wt Naw fone oe Iges wes oes lates wos ors b. Past: Regular verbs conjugate in the past as shown below: Be ee ly tye -a- 55 Lesson 3 and verbs: wa: "to sleep", ales "to talk", ay "to come back; to return", Gy "to drink", and, st. "to travel" are regular and conjugate as shown above. c. G) Irregular verbs - type 7 Verbs with the long vowel "!" in the middle, such as gis "to get up; to stand up", sis "to dos to make", Giz "to see" andgis "to be” conjugate in the past by sometimes dropping the "1" and adding the endings given above for regular verbs: ous 2 uo a eos ee ou we ous ro ou vo eu ae cute ous wis Lys os oo lees io et tpets Gi) Irregular verbs > type 2 Verbs with the Long vowel "I" or "S" at the end such as 4s "to eat", bu "to go", con- | jugate in the past by sometimes changing the long vowel into "~" and adding the ending given above for regular verbs. Lesson 3 — = oe us elt ons ere) tiyuis type tees gts lye 2. Calendar words a. pga "day": The calendar word ¢s "day" changes form (sing., pl.) according to the number that precedes it: fio ee hae ii. 2 fit. from 3 to 10 6. put ph eke pet ae pt as plat oe rt oe plat gas pt fee! pte 87 Lesson 3 iv. from 11 to 19, add the cardinal number to py) e.9. peed Glas "Il daye". ve from 20 to 100, add the cardinal number to egw eo pe eg Ge "22 dae", vis over 100, apply rules i. tov. Bite week": the calendar word Hlaw~ changes form (sings, pls) according to the nunber that precedes it: fe ee ee G4e 2p petite pps s clothe ogee ee ee eGo s is "3 vecks", iv. 11 to 19 Re pla e.g. ve 20 to 100 +e. Dota C69 Dolage Gps "20 weeks”. vis over 100, apply rules i. to ve as "month": the calendar word as changes form (sing., pl.) according to the number that precedes it: et aie 2 oe fii. 3 to 10. apne The cardinal numbers before pS are the same as plu! "days" as in asi + above. e.g. geet cbs "5 years". - 44 58 Lesson 3 ive 11 to 19 et doe e.g. pat J flab 12 monthe” fe (20)eo) 100 as e.g. eet gets "50 months" vi. over 100, rules i. to v. apply. d. ht "year": the calendar word pie changes form (sings, pl.) according to the number that precedes it: 1 ono ple ee oes The cardinal numbers before ya. are the same as plyi "daye" as in a.iii- above. e.g. gure cots F yeare” Av. 14 to 19 we ple Jaa ege ple J Glas "21 years” ve 20 to 100 ... pie eg ple oupte "20 yeare” vi. over 100, apply rules i. to ve 3. Use of Calendar Words | a. yim "day": days of the week are always preceded by: gta e.g. Monday eee es fe Se ea Gt shee as pee eas - 45-59 Lesson 3 4e TIDs PO) = Whi 2 ots ght "last": when usingets gilt "last" with days of the week, drop jie: and add ete yt after the day: e.g. Last Monday ots gi gyasd eb J ees Ct gl Gea Adverbs - Adverbs of time Gitys "when" is an adverb of time used only for questions: e.g When did you go home? Salo J yipte Gigs To answer, use before the tine: e.g. I went in the afternoon, sdptat G ate I went in the morning. fhe Ge We went to Fee at 2:00gpa G ytd J Laws In addition to lays , the following adverbs of time arevalso used: Goul- Gliae— GLas, which are local variations ofguiys- PULAR PROVERB at's done ie done. sels ct git - 46 60 Lesson 3 IV. IDIOMATIC AND SOCIAL ETIQUETTE EXPRESSIONS = May God make him/her a tote good person. (Ut is used to compliment a child to his/her parents; other compliments must be followed by clay sito protect the child from the evil eye.) - Wone of your business. vba gti - Hurry up! sd, Gb sat - He's frivolous. ote dL Z - He has a long hand. tty Se (He has connections; he's powerful.) - He has a hole in his hand. shy Le (He's very generous/he's 3 spendthrift.) 5 - e's hard headed. oes okt, - - He has a white heart. tae eh (He's kind-hearted.) Zas = He has a black heart. sdes ofi5 - (He's cruel.) = 47 - Lesson 3 SUPPLEMENTARY DIALOGUE seo get pe SR ate es ee eT Ce Pe) ey de ey Sythe pees ot sgl s sipka : 3 eS Sot ge ee eet Ee ph Tyee oe + SO gly kt yg Cee Jee 8 (Ce oe) pe Lt ey tee oe ge Ee ey EE es 62 So oad ad ra woo “ we Lesson 3 ADDITIONAL NOTES AND. VOCABULARY 33 LESSON aot 7°55. BEST COPY AVAILABLE rr Lesson 4 Fekete ts Spot ge eT et psy t Folks BSF Js Ls gp tas Gla + 9 cleat o Ene gpk oly certs + Bee ee ee Vigtep es Ge yt FPS gy GLE I G Sey es Vet: Tyee, se seg bee: SOLS Bet Ia, + tes : Sake gle so Mae yee: eOLa geet LSI it , eget ot FL Gap ee te St de sae Lesson 4 VOCABULARY = yt = garag' (s) etal = ets (Here it means bus station) cm thet (Compagnie de Transport Marocaine) ~ intercity bus (es) oles = US = cab(s) el stb stb (there are two kinds of taxis operating in Morocco: “petit taxi" for urban transport, and “grand taxi” for inter- city transport) leaf (ves), picce(s) of paper, ticket(s) Stan ae ins ~ seat (s), place (s) ele = ely ~ price(s) gles 2 et = time(s) elit gt = bag(s) ol Set det ~ suitcase(s) ep LE 8 pn tp ~ driver (s) yg yy - train(s) ol yp cla ee - train station (s) eh. ET ~ street (s) qBue tat - people et ~ bus (es) Se eee sy plane(s) ejb yb ~ airport (s) e1yLhs = Ub 67 Soa Lesson 4 GRAMMATICAL NOTES 1. Verbs The imperative of the verbs: cH "to excuse”, je "to turn", uae "to give", Jay SErt0 cay; to tell", 15 "to read; to study” and wi "to carry (from one place to another); to take" is as follows: pl. fem. mas. - excuse! trate oe oo - turn! Vag we oe - giver tye ae whe - say! tellr ede es ws - read! study! i rie IW ~ carry! take! (ees 8 ed Present The present tense is only used for habitual actions. E.g. I go to the café BS pei y ptais in the afternoon. + 4. Regular verbs The following verbs are regular: "to go outs to Leave", ss "to enter", Jo, "to arrive", yl. "to travel" and they conjugate as follows: So Lesson 4 des a be eo Jepes ptaus dans ets eyes rites Joos ehes Jo. gt 1 tk dep es uss sssas cS Ip te Nat Wo ees Nptess ys tyes lees Wptepes — Iypilaes Ipbssas lperkes as ———__— 1s as -s as ty soos ty ‘y as ly -s 44. Irregular verbs The ipregular verbs jus "to turn”, Gus "to eee" and gS "to be” conjugate in the present tense as follows: oe) = 56 - Lesson 4 ous eed wo cps sts wr as apes Uptas apes woes eta words oss tes ares ep S as Uptns paas goss Ith tens less Ign tas tees Ieee phates lars The irregular verb y13 "to dos to make” conjugates in the present tense as shown i Lesson 4 The irregular verb 3S "to eat” is conjugated thus: Ea sus suas typists tytsias igtsies Note: JLS is the regional variation of ys and its conjugation in the present is the same as above. The irregular verbs uate "to go” and ue "to give" are conjugated in ithe present as follows: Lesson 4 Adjectives a+ Regular mas.pl.y femssing., nas.sing - dirty otk | oe | ee = late an uti i. i cin @ hurry etiys2 oe | ase - angry, touchy iain iL tet, gis b. Irregular pl. fem.sing. mas.sing. - far co Bo se > talt Jie cory det Prepositions - without we - till, as far ae oh = = with (accompaniment ~ people) oe - to oe To is conjugated as follows: to me 2 to you aw to him ny to hen ra) to ue ae to you os to then a pore Te Lesson 4 excuse (to) me exeuse (to) ua excuse (to) them Adverbs etraight Go straight! to the wight Turn right! to the Left Jatt Turn Left! always I aluays drink without sugar. coffee we every day I get up at siz every day. every Monday. Pronouns a. Interrogative pronouns - At whoee house do you stay in Rabat? = when? When do you toto J go home? 73 60)” ohh ga he sot ke as dee pet de coe eae Lees fe Ipm tt opts ss Se vt as Lou Sb vps votes as or 1s S pes ge ws Sot Slay wees lay Lesson 4 = vith whom? ee a with whom do you go J ye tS ye Ze to the cinema? Sel - who? Taps Who ie he? Spe up St Demonstrative pronouns The following denonstrative pronouns/adjectives occur: ~ near this (mas.) hue thie (fem.) woe these gota - far that (mas.) Shoe dhol that Cter.) dhs = te those yd = yaa Gender When the pronominal suffixes are added to feminine nouns ending in a, this 3 is pronounced, e.g. - my ticket, my piece of paper = your street - hie seat 7 * -61- Lesson 4 7 Cardinal numbers - 30 ome = Ed oe = - 50 ome - 60 owe - 70 oe - 80 pee - 90 eee - 100 oo Ordinal numbers fem. mas. - the first wy d= - the second et cece] - the thind aot estat - the fourth dat pon - the fifth ee ot 9. Telling tine the words Zapss “minute” and ier. "hour" change form (sing., pl.) according to the number that precedes then: ee we ts Gi. 2 to. 10 cee qetgml 97 delday o + number - 6245 Lesson 4 444. 11 to 19 ee ey De J + numbor iv. 20 to 100 ... heey DRG + number v. over the number 100, the above rules i. to iv. apply according to the last two digits. POPULAR PROVERB ~ He who has not travelled, = | dpe tw Jte La gilt — vould not know the value sdb ge of men. Meaning: He who has not travelled, does not know the world around him. IV. IDIOMATIC AND SOCIAL ETIQUETTE EXPRESSIONS 1 - Go away! pe ee - Safe journey! + hate Gab - ~ This expression is used on sale be 8 arcival of somebody after a trip, or on his recovering from an illness. - This is an extremely polite ve 8 reply to the above. - Take cave of yourself. vey odes - = Hind your own business. solely dee dbs = TU Lesson 4 FHT IS V. SUPPLEMENTARY DIALOGUE eo Ske phe pee oped phe gy eee SyUST ga dle ek ea yg LT LT Ot Le Ge oh FST Las pet be os eet a LL py Yytape tee pee 4 ee a Tyler eet gly . eee ene eee ett pee Lesson 4 ee oFeny, | Hd 30 SNIWBHD $30 TYNOILYN 391330 EF TS oe perry Lesson 4 ADDITIONAL NOTES AND VOCABULARY 266 ————————— LESSON - 69 - Cd Lesson 5 a Fea] ic - 70 - 82 Lesson 5 ola 5) er) oles oo ws gee dle yikes y ola sot Spl hele tt ly UM Sty ey tt Uy FPL oly gp ty ola Cyt Fe se LT UT es et een 2 ooty eee eet Qt: crs 2 SS J ES ayy tL shebll s ab et ey Hg oe Le WI Lay 5 cyt dye Stns clgp tt Ley Gp Sel os Sat US Jat gel Que: olan FS ey Be Uy ee apd 1b ptal Up by er pe J ee Ey ely wy DS dL a cht oy 2 Ost geet sey oly oe ey es ee ee eee i, ol ate Lesson 5 VOCABULARY ~ newspaper (s) lays = at S a + ~ magazine (s) elaZ alas - - map(s) elb So tbs A = day(s) fed Je1jbe = le + ~ night(s) et = pencil (s) els Sy apt ~ pen(s) Slagle oly pete = = notebook (s) sutas gis _ - light(s), electricity yee rr - shop(s) Sige pegs | = can(s) WSs de - ~ peckage(s) ously - sly — = kind(s), brand(s) LS Le USL yee - ~ thing(s) pevigee poles = Lele — However, the word gyi» also means clothes. = bread we = carton of milk ee ~ cheese 7 = soda - = yogurt - Danave age = . = omer of (pl.) ole (femsing.) expe (mas.sing.) Jou — ~ cigarette(s) ergy tin peri yeh - ~ natches Ress = lighter(s) Sell a Sopp yf LSet = 84 2 Lesson 5 change Spa 8 deposit peng _ tobacco shop seen tomorrow sae nidale ra sn the middle of a downtown Beye bey - the coming ge gt Verbs a. the regular verbs cms "to count" das "to Light; to ignite", pas "to vork", Gas "to write? and hts "to haggle” are conjugated in the different tenses as shoun below: i. Imperative = count! os = Light! ignite! tyes ~ work! Lynas - urite! igans - haggtet tabs iis for conjugation of the above verbs in past and present tenses, see model given in the previous Lessons. &5 Lesson 5 jit. Future Sole Segoe § ——— se tet yg gol Se betes gue lo goes ee ty ys ge ly et LE / got I will count gol you will count (mas.> gol you will count (tem.) eee Lt ott he vill count oe le she will count ee LE pes Ql we will count Wye elt soe you will count Vee et / ole they vill count pee LE / gol To form the future tense, take the present tense forn, drop the prefixS, and addgstz, which can either stay the same or change in gender and number. b. the irregular verbs gly "to sell", yis "to be", and Gt "to buy" are conjugated in the following manner: aa Lesson 5 is Imperative pl. fen. Mase > sett! i - bet tynag 5 is8 -s ~ buy! lant reg eo Thy gatas I (veually) you buy sas you ” you buy gptas you * he bus gptes he" she buys gptas she ” I seit 5 you sett s you sell a 5 he setts Ss ohe selle s ve buy pep tus ve "ayy eis wesell 15, 55 you Diy tgp tas you Ore igsy sas you sell ing 5 they buy \geypt es they " arerzc,s is they soll , s Gif. Past I bought eu Tus aus I eold po you bought ys pt you uere sus you sold : he bought wt he was gus he sold ww she bought nyt she wie eis sie sold a, ue bought = Lay yt we vere ec ee you bought ty s,s you wore typos yousold 1,5 they bought Agiypt they vere fers ceeyedtd: eee | ay Lesson 5 Twill by gts gos Tvill be gps gots Twill cell guns gore you vill buy gts gett you will be gy Ss gos you vill sell gas gate you wil buy Gries gole you ui Tbe gigs gots you vill sell gas yore he will buy got got he will be gp S gots he will sel? gi, gots she will buy gs gate che will be gy So gots ohe vill coll as gate we VELL buy geyh gots we VTL De gay Se gole we WiLL cell (yas gots you will Buy gests galt you will be ay 6s gate you will soll tp mens gate they vill bal geste they will cet c. Verbs in the negative form Verbs in the present and the past are made negative Like thi + conjugated verb + Le To make verbs in the future negative, add ¢—— L+ to gle, e.g. a er 2. Adjectives a. Regular pl. fem. mas. - expensive oe - fresh oe rs ooo - obher os! oe] ! - reliable, reasonabic oelpies Uyhas Jptns Sag oe ok he -16- &3 vb. Irregular - near ~ short + Interrogative pronouns - who from? Who do you buy 5 cigarettes from? = whiten? Which soda do you drink? «Prepositions I buy mint from the mint seller, - betw te The post office situated betveen the bank and the novie-theater. 5. Pronouns - everything Everything te Lesson 5 nas. wht =o ed pet Se ae ge BUSH gp tas ye ane ge ow gla gs + ge ye —5 6 oe Ls iby sey wt os solu yt us bo Lesson 5 - sone a I want some yogurt. Fogle yt ee (I want some Danone.) 6. Adverbs - enough, that's atl wu 7. Cardinal numbers - 109 tyes 8 ~ 200 ee - 300 ee es 8 = 400 eee - 500 ee yee 8 - 800 dee Ge - 700 ee = 800 tee oe - 900 tee ee = 1000 oot Structures a. Ina given structure the direct object can be dropped and replaced by 3 pronominal ending: | - ALi drank coffee. open ore a AL dvank it. p eres n ou - 2B - Lesson - I eat bread and cake. + Gptat 9 ped LSS I eat them. b. - in order to I go to the café in bly order to drink something, + pass gl igen J tus Pie ot yt ~ ... that /aho/whieh/ohom ... see gett The book that I read ee th CLs is interesting. ope The man who te sitting SG wile gt dept at that table is my = + ywete ELabs dys fetend. The ear wht is in front of the house ts mine. ee! sds stat pik The man whom I tatked to ow ASs wt dept is a teacher. III. POPULAR PROVERB - Greed is ¢ deadly disease. -79- Ok crecen me ary sopeth gab Lesson 5 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 92 Lesson 5 IV. IDIOMATIC AND SOCIAL EBYIQUETTE EXPRESSIONS - It's all right (no havm done). + OS te ule yt = - There is no problem. tS lS Le ~ - May God bless your parents. sess pee A (This expression is used when one wants to ask for a service or information. It is also used to express gratitude.) - This expression is used as a obey 9 Ley = reply to the above, it mean May God bless my parents as well as yours. i forgives. tle A (Used to ask for forgiveness.) - May God reimburse you. re = Congratulations eee = (Any situation.) - Happy Aid (holiday). eee ae = Congratulations on buying or + Bains s)4l Dyn renting a new house. - Congratulations on the birth get Ogee of a baby boy. - Congratulations on the birth + pe ye of a baby girl. = May God grant you grace. + pS eds ed Lay ol — (Used as a reply to the above.) Lesson 5 ai NX \ SUPPLEMENTARY DIALOGUE + ee Pte F sty 1200 grebe spel gal ole pete Jl 1900 eke gal Fe Bl FHLS Le ols yt JL 1000 game! wt BEST COPY AVAILABLE 55 = 83 ~ Lesson 5 ee Lesson 5 ADDITIONAL NOTES AND VOCABULARY 36 = et LESSON 97 Soe Lesson 6 Ie 508 Rabe sus 504 Be HEURES D'OUVERTURE ates ppd Kaka Ll DU seRvice DES paauETs-rostes — {ly 00 922 S305 Bix] Gull plat sours cuvrabies 8.308126. 60 |l 5 30 918 SI 30 914 ce | eae gel wetn Gut great) {tem ton arto 22222001 9 914 oe J tor samedis oe NaH IH DIS 2308 8H en Numéro insristion Feglstre 1 1499 J OS Sy at Gopal Sa EN aN Oe Buy eae Lal chew Ge Kewbt ad els aM pst bear ae Febeshybyt GB Eel ots st @% @ pag) es shy ie ba VSM inal Siggy DSN WA See Lyoeeat of et assy! ae SpE! Glee gal fas 2 emer do vue onary tn vou a ozo an os DELA! OF GARDE DES OBleTs Sen] — [am] om PRIERE DE VOUS MUNIR du présent avis, de pibcor CTdamtité et, le ens Gahdant, dee documents 4 présenter au service des deuanes. ates | eect ee es as] tbat ay oxentions | Rembouresmast ives diane | ae a gts P. te Receveur des Postes aD ee ets oF (0 Bitar te meen ode ¥ SA Otel gle Ghat (1) 98 = 88 - + Lgl Gets ede eat oss iy ety et be eee ay ce ers en ieee oes ee Ls et eo et lt ae SSR QoL ae oe gp ohts Ly WS aS dU yee Les yt GLa + pS pl spe ple bythe EU aoly SL ey, os ee gee Ws Qe y Lay dys LI sla got Uy sk ee ge dle pay + iby Lesson 6 el att Bhat Ups whe eee Dept Jp Dept pee ye els Up fe ears pee ws Lesson 6 VOCABULARY ~ postman ~ post office (s) ~ packages) = customs/duty ~ money order (s) ~ letter (s) ~ envelope (s) ~ stanp(s) = telephone (s) ~ address(es) ~ family (ies) ~ ny mother ~ ny father ~ male friend(s) = girl-friend(s) door (5) window(s) wonths ~ vanwaxy oe - March = april = - dune plats + eee obey ele pelts tle eats ee aa He = tte = we = on ed sat = gus pte - Ope = et dun - 90 - Lesson 6 ~ aly yet ae - ~ August, eg eae - - September oe = October est = Noverber oot ~ Decenber oe GRAMMATICAL NOTES 1. Verbs (See previous lessons for conjugation models in imperative and in present, past and future tenses both in affirmative and negative forms.) a. Regular verbs = to send phe ey Eee prereset ga ee cee - to open be - - to grab, to receive, to get a - to think (reflect) ieee - to live os Loa ~91- Lesson 6 b. Irregular verbs - to bring ee ee Et ~ to fi ee rr ~ #0 take, to collect, eusseg ast gu ad — to pick up n Conte) + verb The verb that follows the verb "to want” is always conjugated in the present but does not use the prefix s. I uant to go home. tt J ge She wants to buy a radio. tSonls Bets oly They want te speak Arabic, Ht GY Nobo, prin He wants to see the teacher, + Lawl Gydy pay * This is the formula used to represent irregular verbs: the initial form is the infinitive, which is often the third person masculine singular in the past tense; it is followed by the verb in the first person singular in the present tense without s, which in turn is followed by the verb in the first person singular in the past tense. 2 Adjectives Lesson 6 a. Regular pt fem. mas - navvted cere Lee he - thirety owes fis | guns = hungry owt | ae | ou - last oe Pas | ee b. Irregutar ~ strong, healthy gLae | inene | pune ~ cheap vs, | dans, a) c- Farticiples (These are adjectives derived from verbs.) - sitting oe uy - going ole au ole - coming ole ae co = standing oat way Bais - sleeping owes ff Lees ores - vorking ots was pts Inter~ogative pronouns = for whom? som rwhom ie this package? $A ptsH we yas This package ts for Alt. oa ole syte J Es 103 Lesson 6 - what te it made offwhat is it for? Sade = what ie this ring made of? % POLAT ste Gils What ie this paper for? Thay ote gos 4. Prepositions - for J This preposition is conjugated in the following manner: for me ss for you for him for her for us for you EkEtceé for them This preposition may be conjugated with pronominal endings: in me in you in hin in her in you then 104 = 94 - Lesson 6 When conjugated as above, has the meaning of the verb "to be”, = Tam hungry. eo ~ You ave thirety. ph pS 8 and sometimes of the verb "to have" or of the expression "have in it/then": - Thie house hae ots La SHU ole 8 five rooms + pet - This etty has a lot La byt ote of cafés in it. sole 8 sth = in front fos o This preposition is conjugated as shown below: in front of me ty ts in front of you hE y ats in front of him ata y wets in front of hen Ley Lats in front of us eet y Vos ia front of you pst y pss in front of them pet y poets ~ behind ths ie This preposition is conjugated as shown below: 105 = 95 - Lesson 6 behind me behind you behind him behind her behind us behind you behind them - close to, near This preposition is conjugated on the following basis: elose to me close to you close to him close to her close to us elose to you close to them = on, over, above This preposition is conjugated as follows: above me above you above hin above her 106 = 96 - Leta lage Nase Lata Le Shae lm rare sho alae Lats ete pSias rte Lesson 6 above us aan above you rer) ubove them ema - under one This preposition is conjugated as in the following: under under under under under under you him nev you under them - vith This preposition is conjugated as in the following: vith me with you with him with her with us with you with them 107 us sue fee arereny Stes pe Lesson 6 1. Ask questions about the picture using the prepositions: TSS gall Gp toe eg St = 2. Describe this picture using as many prepositions as possible: 108 = oo) 1o3 apa Lesson 6 5, Prepositions of tim - before This preposition is conjugated as shown below: before me before you before him before her before us before before them - after This preposition is conjugated in the following manner: after me after you after him after her after after after us you them lio - 100 - Trt tid t i ay see —— TTT iait Lesson 6 6. Adverbs - up, upstairs iit He Lives up there/upstatrs. + dt! ysuus - doun, downstairs ee He Lives down there/dounstatre. +enxot gous - after ae Come after five. st Come after Satd. ce ee oe yl Come after him se oe el - before Ee es | Come before five olelock, + bmaAW dad vol Come before Said. cee LF el Come before me. tye EH gl 7. Structures - probably, perhaps re Perhaps I will live S oSes gle yea, in America. + Sel Probably there ie a ayy poled GytS oSay good film at the cinema. ep eee - to think ofineflect a I think all the time. sew phaas I think of life a lot. .GiZy Heat Gs ,Sas I think of her all the aig! Lmys pSaas time. + ous - coming, next gle y gle gill = I will go to France Lee J tes gale this coming month. sgh ay gle gt pat Newt veek I vill gleams ages gut dota buy a TV. taps gets gle The wordet4s in the structure cts git and gi in gle git / glad agree in gender with the noun they follow. - He made a phone call. Sop ole = - I made a collect catt. + PCV gh St cys = - a registered Letter. Flys Le = The Cardinal Number ost "thousand" Gut "thousand" changes in number (sing., pl.) and use of article according to the numeral that precedes it: i. 1 thousand wt ii. @ thousand ot iii. 3 - 10 thousand on ive 11 - 19 thousand sot ve 20 = 100 thousand wut vie over the number 100, the above rules i. to v. apply according to the last two digits. = 102 - Lesson IIL. POPULAR PROVERB - If anybody telle you there rtpytbh tyes 4s Je gun isa goat flying, tell him 5 gaurd e y ot Jed yes you ave right and it + even has grass in its mouth. Meaning: Arguing with a hard-headed person is a waste of time. IV. IDIOMATIC AND SOCIAL ETIQUETTE EXPRESSION - May God grant you grace. vote a we (An expression used when meeting a “friend” or saying good-bye to him or congratulating him on a job welt done.) ~yo9- 113 Lesson 6 Ve Jy mel gi ¥ lps sek WL Gy slew! Bos em a et Pt ele ad Sy nae Slt CET AVIS NE DOIT PAS ETRE REEXPEDIE mais rendu au facteur ou rapporté au bureau en cas de changement d'adresse du_destinataire. Timere Nora : 1 Rapporter Je présent avis SUPPLEMENTARY DIALOGUE, oe Yoke yet} ome Sula wu dle Lay t oe Fite to ake oe Ly tl ate oe a a et Le aL te es ee Je et pee y tbe I pee, gol 2 THe Bt Lit! olay eS apt ge eke Eas Gt JL Liyyt ole se ot ee ty Lig BEST COPY AVAILABLE ~ “** ~ Mee Vin Lae Ngomen 1 2 Se munir de pidces dridentité is pl Stas) Lae Nyaeel 2 Sues ole dies ole ole ole sles ole ADDITIONAL NOTES AND VOCABULARY - 105 - at - 107-116 COT ANY } i J | T cal A =a | ey we eee ee tk S igpbsus Gere recy eed] Menu Jt be cei pee yg Dae LT Tyee et y + gpd Usy isis ot Les ly - Le Fs sts I cel Leys. Sr Bata 5 2h ekS Joe Da ee sheet sb S dete yt leeds Ip ly sy LSyS ey Lt solke Lt pt ea UT TAS pSols is Oly bey sao y they + ok -rs- 118 ones 9 ple ones 9 ple Lesson 7 mo VOCABULARY ~ restaurant (s) Sl ypbeey = bebe = food wists = couscous pS ~ tagine (a dish of meat and vegetables oa in sauce or just vegetables served traditionally in an earthenware plate which is itself called by the same name.) chicken gles one chicken betes brochettes Se fish ep ground meat: (usually beef) wo soup Lat meat ot an ee) beet er beans et vegetables tp salad ao potatoes, Les French fries et eggs a one egg we olives wt one olive bw onions tt tomatoes cy 1i9 = 110 = IL. Lesson 7 =. green peppers a = salt Se cmamal = pepper woe = cooking ofl et = spocn (5) Goins db = fork (s) Sb th = knife (ves) legs = kitchen (s) wliages — Leys ~ dessert os = ice cream ok = color (s) ole at ~ later 1. Verbs GRAMMATICAL NOTES a. Regular verbs - to - to - to - to - to - to love ~ detest es prefer was know Ge cook ee be fult eee think (opinion? eM 1Ly - 1 - Lesson 7 b. Irregutar verbs = t0 be hungry te = t0 see, to took ws 8 - to like whe = This verb, when conjugated in the present tense, means "to Like" and, when conjugated in the past tense, means "to want" in the present. I tike ee yon like (mas.) oa you Like (fem.) Acer ho likes es che likes Bie we like oa you ttke ee they like ry However, it gets conjugated a(so with pronominal suftixes and, in the present tense, it means "to Like + pronominal suffix or to want + pronominal suffix". I Like you; I love you. ts Z Like him; I love him. ae I like her; I love her. oe I like you; I love you. tpl.) eee I tike them; I love them. ar | - 12424 Lesson 7 When this verb is followed by another verb, the latter is always conjugated in the present tense without the prefix S (like the future). I Like to drink coffec, + tpmat opts gapas He Likes to sleep. toe c. The reflexive verb was "to please, to like, to be fond of" This verb is made of many parts which play an important role in the conjugation, It includes Swhich introduces the idea of the present tense, the infix ~ or 5 which agrees with the subject, so if the Latter is masculine (singular or plural), the infix isy, and if it is feminine, the infix isa, and last but not least, the pronominal suffix. However, if the subject is plural, 9 is added before the pronominal suffix. This verb with the different components can be outlined in the following manne pronominal Surfin, for vey inf#® introduces agrees plural vere saree. present With Subjece TOO MEE tense person - s . s+ ote sg s uo . ue os Iv (m) pleases me. es It (4) pleases me. hea They (m) please me. es They (1) please ne. es 122 13 - Lesson 7 cone + masculine subject I like breakfast. gph ps You like lunch. + 1k ds le Likes dinner. + Leet etaais She ltkes gold. set Les We like Morocco. sgh Ls You Like mit. ee pS They like tea. sgltt peas Vi. some + feminine subject + gla pens cane + plural subject vyt st Oo glee St pipe ees 2 SU dpe + opt sol tp eS 6 HLL Leg nes sept Lipa ope psp anaes LS pgs The verb A in the present tense ‘can b followed by another verb which is always con- jugated in the present too, but which drops the prefix S, e.g I like to drink beer.+ (jw wpe genes d. Past Continuous otS+ present tense When oS (conjugated in the past) is followed by the present tense, it can either mean that an action was taking place at a certain tine in the past, or that it used to be a» habit: I was uriting a letter gle ipy wasas wus when the phone rang. Spb pe when I vas in At Hoceina, impeRI Gans gis I used to eat fish every epat JSuLs es day. + otas us Conjugation of gis + present tense ustss yous wets yas pissus ots lpeS CLs lgenls Lis lpwpees lpous (eee ects -us- 124 Lesson 7 e."to need to, to have to, to ought to, to be needed (by someone)” This verb conjugates in all tenses Like wet given above, but is used for present tense. Also, like wae, As can be followed by another verb which is always conjugated in the present tense too, but without the prefixS: I have to go. the ges He ought to go. cyte wks She must go. gies Laas We need to go. « Ngwehes Le The meaning in this case depends very much on the context. However, when As is followed by a noun, it only means "to need": I need cigarettes. aoee i e I need money. se LA (gigas ) nas 2. Adjectives Bh - salty oe carrey ou = Bland (without gpuytus Lay te ope ugar or salt) - hot (spices) tl cre se = sweet (spices) gwyte Boe oe ~ delicious oe | a, ome - fried eet | aa th - 116 - Lesson 7 golours ot fae — - vhite oo we ae - black dors cies des = yellow ise ike ke - blue hs9 ayy ws - ved aad ae = - green es Bann Ns Green is the colour + pet ap pe yt of peace. I like white. ta alll nas The colour of the sky te blue. esd Why ie the sea water salty?%cJte prot s Le gue This food te delietous. se Mist ote He does not like bland coffee. + tesiall ipai tyes sty Do you tike hot pepper? +H wa dees gly I want fried fish, o gcbtns eid ey This tea is very eucet. HSI pte gist ote How much te that yetlowS pad So -o8 hale JLaty sweater? Interrogative pronouns - vith what? Tle = With what do you make tea in Morocco? How do you make tea in Movoceo? Lesson 7 4 = only 5 T want only one pastry., stat soty pot wey = sometime te gt I vill go to Fes met le J tes gat sonetine, Conjunct fons - before fa Before I travel, I buy g nis 4 sue 5 a ticket. : are Before I slept, Ts eS ee Le Les wrote some letters. Fels = after Cae After I get up tn the ee ~~ morning, I drink a glaes olS opts plLial of tk. ee 8 After I vent home, I ery, (5 - ate and slept. Fey eS iat Note that, in phrases that contain these conjunctions, the verb of the subsequent phrase has to be in the same tense (present - present; past - past), res - one time, one day ee re One day (sometime) I pr gilt te gt will come to eae you. shops One time I came to ep ee Ge wy see you, but... se tT 127 - 118 - eee Lesson 7 = from time to time Be he From time to time Tiss yu J ghaaS tye te 90 to the cinema. - 1 think that cae J ty Gas I think that you are a elo / yt Gas good man. sob bey - That ts why ge tt ote Yesterday, I vent to ty ytd J ete pte Fes; that is why I did forte fhe tut not come to see you. ves - hou long, long time gle dine CGE Gere ee) 5 en been tn Morocco? 7 I have not seen you Pooks Le gots Js for a long time. = how do you find/how did you find? eee How do you find Morocco? Typed dlp aes The word Le in the phrase dhe Gus agrees with the direct opject. a+ masculine singuiar direct object - 119 - wes es wes es aos Lesson 7 by femi 2 singular direct object F Lepage she Ges a 2 wu ais . Leste ues pSole is pale Gs c+ plural direct object Tg lst wyle GES ele ds pSyle Gans Cardinal numbers The cardinal number gpuls changes in use of article according to the numeral that precedes it: ae dee cm b. 2 to 10 ope at 8 ce 11 to 19 wee ped d. 20 - 100 ... cle e. over the number 780, the above rules a- to d. apply according to the last two digit Daa leg Les POPULAR PROVERB - It te only the drum SLES gt pe La a that eats atone. creer (Here the metaphor is that the drum gets fed while being beaten.) Meaning: If you are eating in the presence of other people, it is impolite not to offer to share your food with them. IV. IDIOMATIC AND SOCTAL ETIQUETTE EXPRESSION: ~ please = to your health (Said to someone when he is eating or drinking or after; on his finishing his bath, coming out of a hammam, buying something new, or having a haircut.) = May God grant you health, stk dk a (Reply to the above.) - With pleasure. tot os - (With all happiness.> - If you want to. sobs Ge Le - I agree with you. sla Gite Gor 8 = You use this word as an ses putts - expression of gratitude, especially when somebody renders you a service, such as handing you your socks or shoes, or pouring water over your hands. The word 130 - 12 - Lesson 7 is also used by the speaker when he mentions words Like (donkey) oe (dog) ets (pig) spl (garbage) des or anything associated with filth, Some people also use it when referring to (Jew). gee - May Cod grant you pride and honour. (Said in reply to the above.) SUPPLEMENTARY TEXT Se tS OS Sal So be LS cs Zi SS ee gee De EA oot ee Bae ES ls CLE o gpe Late ysis me Rape pass Gls pe hey e Gala! Cas yyy Lae get es eas 5 ate ys Fe GS OLS gill oT sds Ee Ue 45 pe alge yy esa BEST GOPY AVAILABLE 13i = 122 - Lesson 7 Sst J det cba Ge ue SoSeeS oS oe Le SANs dye gw osu es yls gts StS pe oly SMa ys ae opto ULE Sly Ste eel LOE dy tapes gen oe vty ood , 2 wpe te eS i ol te ee oR Sg eS EL ys Je ett ea) ese le 132 - 123 - a Lesson 7 ADDITIONAL NOTES AND VOCABULARY 133 - 124 - LESSON - 127 - Lesson 8 " ma ror mo LoD ~ “¥95 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Lesson_8 + gk ae ce gyal Saget Rpb Tas gd LYS ly: ola eso eee ee fortes aes ola + igbe Fy GSO LMU ole tye St upd + et Woe LLL ota tH A Ups eRe oe eS yg ee oS I ee Gls ola ——CCTCC . su ee IL ey gee ola Say ee ge tet yg Dheel y sek Cap eg Bgbe ghasd ste gly t ola Le ue og he Le pg So Sd pe Ge, JL A Dt ot tee eg eS ee Ot ola Sop 5 yg a ly BU Ue sdbbe GEES Lt QI pet ole er get Les Bek Uy Sy os we ola dee Sot dS RK Up sate ay ol eR UK dpe - 129 - 136 Lesson & VOCABULARY ~ shopping basket (s) ~ vegetables ~ greengrocer (5) = smell, perfume - wine = coriander ~ parsley ~ carrots ~ turnips ~ squash celery = cauliflower = broad/lina bean ee = eggplant = beets = lettuce = garlic - fruits (xy) fruit cherry = grapes = apricots = peaches - figs Spt wet att weet Jase = Jao! yt Ba ~ 130 - Lesson 8 ~ pomegranate ol ~ water melon go do ~ almonds jt = ~ peanuts JIeSses = - chick peas a II, GRAMMATICAL NOTES 1, Past tense of ae a. verb and masculine subject I liked breakfast. + op bl Gn You (mas.) 1tked lunch. + tok he You Cfem.) Liked dinner, + bat ae He ttked bread. ee rearery She liked jutee. oe Le We Liked Morocco. seyste Le You Liked milk. te pe They liked tea. sgt pee b. verb and feminine subject f liked beer. + eet gests You (mas.) Liked coffee. + yea dole You (fem.) liked harina. ee ae He liked salad. stout une She liked Ameriea. + Suet Castle We liked France. + ety Lastne You liked Switaerland. ees eee They Liked the house. + lat paste = 131 Lesson 8 c+ verb and plural subject I liked cups of tea. . gil 9 gles gipwne You (mas.) Liked magazines. pre eet ee pene You (fem.) liked kide He Liked nevspapera. She liked gondoras We Liked money. You liked cars. They Liked booka. Exercise + gla epee Sg ee : sets Layne ae eee sete pS se Sll pkgs Make as many sentences as you can with was using these pictures: - 132 - 140 - 133 Lesson 8 Have you ever. ...? tees St The phrase ede uty conjugates as follows: Lake oly eke sly phe ty dpke sly rapes Sly spas Sly Lape Ble The verb that follows a is often in the past tense. Examples Have you ever been to France? Led ge ae atly Have they ever eaten couscous? %pSSI 105 papas Gly Have you ever drunk mint tea Lpeet pS oy in America? SS Gg GY hel Have never ses pee Ls The phrase Gas Ls can be conjugated in the following manner: oe ae ares te pce pe eae es feo ce I have never eaten hamburger She hae never been abvoad. + gti J elle Was te Don't ever say this (again). «p3N ste Jyh das Ly Lesson 8 Comparatives and Superlatives Comparatives Adjectives Comparatives ~ good ol better than ot ome -a@ lot ~s more than om es ~ ematt whe omaller than om pte - big oes bigger than Ge pS - short ae shorter than = pow - tall sa taller than oe pb Examples Susan's Avabic te better o-* Ome blige 9 byl than Tom's. Khadija is shorter than Fatima, The comparative is invariable: seek ote it is the same for masculine, feminine and plural. Alike/the same Examples They ave alike. They ave alike. Do you want to eat now, op vait until he comes? It's alt the same to me. Bes GES JER ULERY pI dba Le aS Le ees ty Le USES Sly edly JL 142 Lesson 8 Superlatives The notion of superlatives can be expressed ia two ways: a. by adding the article JI to the adjective and inserting the pronouns y® , ws or Lasas approp- riate: Mohamed is a bright tySe See a student. Mohamed ts the brightest Ree pe ae atudent in thie clase. + pe ote Sst bs by adding 1 to the adjective in its comparative form: Mohamed t5 the youngest Sy peel ae boy in thts class. + ot Intenrogative feras which te ..., oF eel what te 6, OF viey vee? Examples Which te better, esis iy be gee Rabat or Marrakech? Which ie bigger, Sate Uy eros pes Ll your house op his Lesson 8 Answer the following questions: Cokes RY eee eC Seat yy Py a —r——CO 8 Yaw Sy eet te a Sdasts ei pe pe oly = Sheps Lestat ye put - - 137 - Lesson 8 ures = oie can be used as "only", "just" or "then™ as shown below: a. only It's only been a quarter ee ey oh ee of an hour since I sav ee a him with her. t b. Jus I just got here. etes ote c. Then He ate, then vent to syn Ee ole US bed. = Jigs can be used as "still" or "not as shown below: a. Stil He etill Aas my vateh. » yostBe saae Jigte We still don't know BI elke Le Jit what he t8 going to do. ee pals They ave etill oe eS Ij werking vith us. We still have time. peg Lee Jil b. Not yet Cin a reply? No. Ie lunch ready? Sak sey ty Not yet. + digke Has he finished hie ays Leak LES oly work yet? SJigue iy He hasn't finished seks Le Unt bt yet. ~ se 145 Lesson 8 ~ axa can be used as "already", "firet", "at lease” and "as for" as in the followin: a. Already He's alveady Left. sda Ute b. First Let's eat first, ke Bey ss gal then have tea. igaeaes ce At Least Telt ue, at Least, got! pot toa, Lit dy vhat you did yesterday. ee eae d. As for As for her, she = 3S Ls Lapae tony ye has never been here. oo IIL. POPULAR PROVERB - A stone from the hand a of the beloved is an + totic apple. IDIOMATIC AND SOCIAL ETIQUETTE EXPRESSIONS - Really? Soa - - It te not true. tee gt = - Wind your oun business. fey 6 Las = Leave me alone. sgt yews § - worthless + ptly oes 146 ‘139 - Do not be stingy. ply Geypsle + Iam not your father. . (1 cannot be responsible for your acts, and provide for you.) This (thing) te shameful. + hapte yous Shame on you. tp Sele soe dept - (This expression is used when the speaker wants to discourage somebody from doing something considered shameful.) To love very much. ets ele = (to the extent of dying for the object of love). I love bananas very much, + ghia le opens — Ali loves Janet very much. eqole Gie opeeS ye — + te yo die ed 1 dle J USS y Leb Gt gates aoty US USen! Sid, ppb byt DS aE es Gt pe LLAA Upe eet eI Fy et gh GS pe eee pte Py lye - Agz Lesson 8 ADDITIONAL NOTES AND VOCABULARY on co - 14 - LESSON + ghee we et Sys SMe oie Ty Dey Ge Ses LES ye Ft eS Gt SL Ga S pete yp pees bs te ly ee ee ee eee ee soe A LSS yg SS 5 Spall y lat a SR EU SF ot ey G Dab oly Dats 9 Rage 5 atte Ch ely aL gy eye ge La ee oy lL Late Seg + yall BS OI fe Ge I, ot eg SE ste ples yates pystue tedas poe Jat bet Ly ———— ds ee ts + GSN toe GEL gt Blopegele Tet wa SL te te IS * - peg a eg sohebes gale ble Gf ee I gow J ay selgha, 9 Lig - 145 - sh Lesson 9 VOCABULARY ~ building(s), block of flats eine bles floor(s), storey (ies) el be ti ~ apartment (5) eliebey — debe = stairs we - ~ ligt(s), elevator(s) Sl ygete — ypetle = neighbor (s) ole ole balcony (ies) ee SLY ap SLY = bedroom = salon(s), living room(s) = laundry room = garden(s) ~ tenant (s) place(s), dwelLing(s) = cash advance - watch(es), neter(s) - water meter electricity meter contract (s) veal estate agent sun - noise = dust ~ receipt (s) - 14.82 Lesson 9 GRAMMATICAL NOT) 1. Verbs a. Regular verbs = to ask, #0 beg erin - to Lend ae - to borrow oe - to rest oo = to come down, to climb down Pons - to use e - to climb up pu - to inetal (electricity and water) Ws ~ to come back - te inform, to let know b. Irregular verbs - to rent eS gS - to sign a pee c. Making intransitive verbs transitive Intransitive verbs are verbs that do not require a direct object such as: = to come in = to go out = to laugh = to elimb down EL Eve = to elim up . 3 - 147 - Lesson 9 ALL these verbs are triliteral Cie. they are made up cf three consonants) and they can be made transitive by doubling their middle consonant Cie. putting a #2 on it) as shown below: - to make (someone or something) enter - to bring in Bring in your friend. cote We - to make (someone or something) oe go out - to take out I made the student cee ee eS leave the classroom. + bl - to make Laugh we This film makes one laugh» ARS pled vba - to bring doun, to demote aoe - Hagsan brought down the tp tt bie game euitease from the bus eyces baggage rack. - to make elimb, to promote, abe to take up Fatima took the Laundry Maks cua up to the roof. + ke J ety Passive verbs Transitive verbs can be made passive by adding = to them, as shown below: - to write os | - to be written ee 154 - 148 = Lesson 9 - to be written (fem.) ease LS = to be written ol.) lps + - to underetand ta = to be understood pa = t0 be understood fem.) ete § ~ to be understood (pl.? lypems 8 ~ to buy wet = - to be bought ett ~ bo be bought (fem.> ents + - t0 be bought ¢pl.) totes = The Lesoon wae yritton. Fe gst The food was bought. cele Ls! The money vas stoten. fyb oy ebil 2. Adjectives mas. - wide wy = simple be ~ busy oe doe ~ poor ott = enough eens | i wes Lesson 9 3. Conjunction - because GES ego Mohamed went home $iLdste jin J ute sane because he was tired. se okye obs 4. Structures - He (it) te not too bad. ‘ oe This structure can be conjugated as follows: He/it is not too bad. phe pe She/it is not too bad. s Sl e They are not too bad. se Le This house is not too bad. «fim e ote stot ote That film te not t00 bad.. pea piled vie these students ave a ole not too bad. + ee - too much for ... cee he IRL + Too much for me. oe I Too much for you. pee SIL Too much for him. seek IL Too much for her. see SIL Too much for us. eens Too much for you. Cpl.) teste SIL Too much for them. + abe SI Siz hours of Arabic eet galt 3 te a day te too much = + Lew Sify SLAG for us. - 150 = Ir. 4 qv. POPULAR PROVERB A brick in a wall is better than a pearl in @ necklace. leaning: Investing money than investing Lesson 9 Ot ee be Gay se GS Bp in a house is better it in jewelry. IDIOMATIC AND SOCIAL ETIQUETTE EXPRESSIONS Long time, no see! Do not be impatient. He drives me crazy. (He makes the blood rush to ay head.) ‘top talking nonsense. I ignored him. He ignored me. Y gets eet = ose eee = sett J pot gt pins _ e Light Geet ge iss V.__ SUPPLEMENTARY DIALOGUE J as se yt pay to Up eg Ce iS eet ee ’ a soles “A LL. ly SASH og Seep Ley Dy Lee pS ate phat pole Hye Sts it + geet de se GES pls Ls ae Qs set ey get a Lesa Ipees gole 1h gy ’ eget os Zo SEST COPY AVAILABLE - 153 - Lesson Lesson 9 SIONAL NOTES AND VOCABULARY - 154 - LESS 10 ° N ~ 250182 BEST COPY AVAILASIE f plat Gee Gpaes oly Lesson 10 Sale tle Qo okey Hore pee te eget PERS | ppt so A sole Leyes pisos 3 FA 2 ee tty oe a ee spebess a GES UIgle \ (SS ee gt ee i te ee Spl Ct hy ee el + (em ee gt) a sgl Ltd Sqophot G pads gle ly GS ele ye ps gol Ses pect pa got sate pes S ypteel 3 taps hr we ps ly aR el tye tgs ee Ge ad Ce ly oe eG C——”——_ Sea yl ge Ws A ye te yall J gee sey st se gL ge solighay 9 Lege tht oat ee se ee oe et ee rd coed rb oe pe Les: 20 VOCABULARY ~ male Muslim(s) os pe 1 = female Muslim(s) elt tee ~ mile Christian(s) ys pes = - female Christian (s) eee ees ee = Jew(s) opm ee ~ Jewess (es) elspa ~ Islan pe ~ christianity poe Gtr ~ Judaism ape 2 2 ~ language(s) eat aL ~ specialization(s) Lele ssl pleas! = state(s) (in the sense of comtry) 3? Ug Lys = ~ governnent (s) ee = organization(s) ee oi Bi4 tad? _ ~ organization(s) ~ state(s) = peace = world = ground, soil, earth al ~ life we = development a So - aim(s) Siew ae ~ training(s) ee aes eee = information 5 etapa = - 0tbS a an Lesson 10 ~ number or ~ number (5) ft ey ~ frankness, candidness Bote. ~ period of tine ey = male volunteer (s) ~ female volunteer (s) ~ subject (s), topie(s) SLepspe — ep aye — - male technician (s) oe ys 8 ~ female technician (s) Sle Ss = religion om ~ agriculture wos - energy us = education pote IT. GRAMMATICAL NOTES 1. Verbs a. Regular verbs - to learn pes - to appear, to een re 8 - to be shy, to shy off pie = to pull bee - to push a - £0 save (money) aye = to speak, to tatk hee = to happen a 165 - 161 ~ Lesson _10 b. Irregular verbs = t0 go on, to add Shon “

    You might also like