CFD Fire (Smoke) Simulation Analysis of Development of Al Wukair Logistics Park-ParcelC Manateq, Qatar-Rev01

CFD Fire (Smoke) Simulation Analysis of Development of Al Wukair Logistics
Park-Parcel “C” Manateq, Qatar

(Warehouse – 1st zone)
Client Name M/s Redco International
Project Number MG-CFD-027-2020-Rev 01
Date of Submission 8 September 2020
Number of pages 42
Prepared by Reviewed & Approved by

Dharmeswar Sah Arun Thakur
(Sr. CFD Engineer) (Product Manager)
Project: CFD Fire (Smoke) Simulation Analysis of Development of Al Wukair Logistics Park-Parcel"C" Manateq, Qatar
Table of Contents
1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………... 2
2 Objective………………………………………………………………………………………… 2
Warehouse-1 Modeling for CFD

3 2
Analysis……………………………......................................
4 Computational Fluid Dynamics………………………………………………………………. 2
4.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………............. 2
4.2 Steps involved for CFD Procedure……………………………………………………... 2
4.3 Governing Equations……………………………………………………………………. 3
4.3.1 Conservation of mass………………………………………………………….. 3
4.3.2 Momentum equation…………………………………………………………... 3
4.3.3 Conservation of energy………………………………………………………... 3
4.3.4 Conservation of species………………………………………………………... 4
4.4 Turbulence Modeling……………………………………………………………………. 4
4.4.1 LES Turbulence Model…………………………………………………….......... 4
4.5 CFD Software details…………………………………………………………………….. 4
5 CFD Boundary Conditions & Simulation Setup Details …………………………………… 5
5.1 Details of Fire simulation ……………………………………………………………….. 5
5.2 5.2 Details of Smoke Vents……………………………………………………………… 6
6 CFD Fire Simulation Results: Warehouse-1st Zone …………………………………………. 8
7 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………………... 40
Client: M/s Redco International 1

Development of Al Wukair Logistics Park-Parcel “C” ManateqLogistics Park- Department (GA 7.0-Revision-2015), i.e. The Grid size is 0.2m x 0.2m x 0.2m within 10m of the fire location
Parcel “C” Manateq, Qatar and 0.4m x 0.4m x 0.4m for all other areas is considered. The detail of 3D computational domain modeling
(Warehouse-1st Zone) is shown in Fig. 1(a), Fig. 1(b), Fig. 1(c) & Fig. 1(d).
1. Introduction
4. Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis
The purpose of CFD in HVAC system in an enclosed facility (like Hangar, Auditorium, Car Park,
4.1 Introduction
road tunnels, Warehouse-1st Zone, Atrium etc.) is to provide velocity profile inside the Warehouse-1st
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the analysis of systems involving fluid flow, heat transfer and
Zone, Visibility level and emergency smoke/temperature management conditions. CFD is used as a tool to
associated phenomena such as chemical reactions or species transport by using numerical analysis and algorithms
predict the flow pattern of the “Development of Al Wukair Logistics Park-Parcel “C” Manateq
with computer based simulation. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can predict airflow, heat transfer and
(Warehouse-1st Zone)” in order to achieve the above requirements. The emergency smoke ventilation
contaminant transport in and around buildings. A CFD model is based on fundamental physical equations of fluid
system was provided by the client in “Development of Al Wukair Logistics Park-Parcel “C” Manateq
flow and energy transfer. It is capable to providing transient as well as steady state solutions of differential
(Warehouse-1st Zone)” for providing the tenable environment to the people to escape safely in case of fire
equations that govern by fluid flows and heat transfer. It has been developed and applied to wide range of
or emergency. In this work CFD Fire (smoke) simulation analyses were carried out for “Development of
problems like, automotive, aerospace, nuclear engineering, turbo machinery, biomedical field, buildings (HVAC),
Al Wukair Logistics Park-Parcel “C” Manateq (Warehouse-1st Zone)” which is located in “Al Wakra,
environment and fire safety engineering.
Qatar”.
2. Objective In this report, CFD used as a tool applied in fire safety engineering (HVAC) and presented the results that a CFD
The main objective of the present work is to examine the proposed Natural (Smoke Vented) user often has to make. CFD Simulation of fire spreading & smoke propagation inside a “Atrium building, Road
Ventilation System is able to extract the Smoke effectively or not from the Warehouse-1st Zone area and tunnels, carpark Basement, Warehouse-1st Zone etc.” involves modeling of heat generation by fire, effects of
whether it achieve tenability criteria of Temperature and Visibility or not in case of fire. buoyancy due to temperature, velocity and pressure variations caused by exhaust fans, Supply fans or natural
The specific aim of the work is to check the following parameters in emergency ventilation system: supply and Naturals in operation. CFD analysis provides a detailed of different parameters like smoke
temperatures, visibility levels and velocity profiles at different times and different positions inside the building or
1. To check whether the smoke generated due to fire is maintaining the smoke layer height of 1.8 m
Basements/tunnel/Warehouse-1st Zone.
(human height) above of floor level or not, based on BSI standard and Qatar Civil Defense
Department. The main advantage of CFD is that, it is an easier and cheaper tool to validate and optimize the design of the
2. As per BSI standard and Qatar Civil Defense Department, for tenability criteria it refers to the ventilation system, to agree upon expectations and correct any problems at an early stage, rather than, testing
“SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering”, based on SFPE Handbook the visibility levels upon completion of the installation. Conducting the experiments can be time consuming, costly and sometimes
shall be more than 10meters and the temperature levels shall be below 60 OC at the height of 1.8m fire and smoke related experiments inside the buildings can be dangerous as well. For more information can be
(human height) from floor level to provide the safe escape in case of fire. found in general books on CFD, Klaus A. Hoffmann (2000), Veersteg and Malalasekera (1995), Anderson (1995).
3. Warehouse-1st Zone Modeling for CFD Analysis 4.2 Steps involved for CFD Procedure
Based on the drawings provided by the client, 3D computational domain was modeled for the CFD CFD codes are structured around the numerical algorithms that is undertake a fluid flow and heat transfer
simulation of “Development of Al Wukair Logistics Park-Parcel “C” Manateq (Warehouse-1st Zone), problems. In order to provide easy access to their solving power all commercial CFD software packages include
Manateq Al Wakra, Qatar”. The CFD model is done by using the FDS (Fire Dynamic Simulator). The grid sophisticated user interfaces to input problem parameters and to examine the results. Hence all codes contain
size for the 3D computational domain modeling is considered according to the Qatar Civil Defense three main steps: (i) pre-processor, (ii) solver and (iii) post-processor.

(i) Pre- Processor flow is invoked and vice versa. Navier-Stokes equation provides comprehensive modeling capabilities for laminar
Pre-processing consists of the input of a flow problem in a CFD program. Following are the usual and turbulent fluid flow problems with steady-state or transient analysis.
activities at the pre-processing stage involve:

4.3.1 Conservation of mass
➢ Definition of the geometry of the region of interest: the computational domain
The conservation of mass equation states that the rate of increase mass in fluid element is balanced by the
➢ Grid generation , this makes sub-division of the domain into a number of smaller, non-overlapping
net rate of flow of mass into fluid element. In the case of a steady flow situation, the conservation of mass equation
sub-domains: a grid (or mesh)
is written as:
➢ Selection of the physical and chemical phenomena that need to be modeled
 
+ .( v ) = 0 (3.1)
➢ Definition of fluid properties t
➢ Specification of appropriate boundary conditions of computational domain which are wall, Where the first term describes on the left hand side is the rate of change in time of the density (mass per unit
openings, supply air, exhaust air, Natural boundary conditions. And in case fire simulation than volume). The second term describes the net flow of mass out of the element across its boundaries and is called the

its location, fire load and material convective term., Where ‘ v ’ is the vector describing the velocity in the u, v and w directions.
(ii) Solver
4.3.2 Momentum equation
Solver consists of the algebraic form of fluid flow and heat transfer equitation by iterative method
The equation for the conservation of momentum is derived by applying Newton’s second law of motion,
in a CFD program.
which states that the rate of change of momentum of a fluid particle is equal to the sum of the forces acting on
Rate of change of ϕ Net rate of increase Net rate of increase Net rate of creation fluid particle. The equation is written as:
in a control volume = of ϕ due to + of ϕ due to diffusion + of ϕ inside control
convention into     
with respect to time into control volume volume ( v ) + .( v v ) = −p +   ( ) + g + F (3.2)
control volume t
Here, the first term of left hand side represents the rate of increase in momentum and second term represent inertia
CFD codes contain discretisation techniques suitable for the treatment of the key transport phenomena,
forces, while the right hand side comprises forces acting on fluid particle. On the right hand side, the forces acting
convection (transport due to fluid flow) and diffusion (transport due to variations of ϕ from point to point)
on the particles are distinguish by two types. First Surface Force which includes Pressure force, Viscous force,
as well as for the source terms (associated with the creation or destruction of ϕ) and the rate of change with
Gravity force etc. Similarly second type of force is Body Force which includes Centrifugal force, Coriolis force,
respect to time.
Electromagnetic force etc. Among these forces, gravity and viscous force are the most important because gravity
(iii) Post-Processor
represents the influence of buoyancy on the flow. The viscous force represents the resistance of its own fluid
➢ Analyzing the solution obtained
particles and that opposes the relative motion between the two surfaces of fluid which are moving at different
➢ Visualization of results obtained and present in a report format.
velocities.
4.3 Governing Equations 4.3.3 Conservation of energy

The fundamental equation of fluid flow is govern by Conservation of mass (Continuity), The equation for conservation of energy is derived from the first law of thermodynamics, which states that
Conservation of Momentum (Newton’s Second law) and Conservation of energy (First law of the rate of change of energy of a fluid particles is equal to the rate of heat addition to the fluid particle plus the
thermodynamics). The resulting system of these equations is known as Navier-Stokes equations. rate of work done on the particle.
Governing equations (Navier-Stokes equations) are two types incompressible and compressible. The  
 
 (  E ) + .(v (  E + p ))  = .  keff T −  h j J j + ( eff .v )  + S h (3.3)
application for which density remains uniform throughout the domain, the assumption of incompressible-  t   j 

Where keff is the effective thermal conductivity and J j is the diffusion flux of species ’j’. The first three vorticity, there is no real turbulence. The reason is ability to generate new vorticity from old vorticity that is
essential to turbulence. And only in a three-dimensional flow is the necessary stretching and turning of vorticity
terms on the right-hand side of above equation represent energy transfer due to conduction, species
by the flow itself possible.
diffusion and viscous dissipation respectively, Sh includes the heat of chemical reaction and any other
There are several factors which may cause an originally laminar flow to transition to turbulence. The fundamental
defined volumetric heat sources.
quantity in descriBing transition to turbulent flow is Reynolds number. The Reynolds member of a flow gives a
In above equation where
measure of the relative importance of inertia force (associated with convective effect) and viscous forces. Turbulent
2
p v
E = h− + flows always occur when the Reynolds number is large. Obviously, there are several factors affect transition to
 2
turbulent flow including freestream turbulence, pressure gradient, heat transfer (cooling or heating), surface
Where sensible enthalpy ‘h’ is defined for ideal gases as
roughness, and surface curvature.
h = Yj h j
j
4.4.1 LES Turbulence Model:
And for incompressible flow as In this FDS CFD tool, turbulence is treated by means of the Smagorinsky form of Large Eddy Simulation
p
h =  Yj hj + (LES). LES is a technique used to model the dissipative processes (viscosity, thermal conductivity, material
j 
diffusivity) that occur at length scales smaller than those that are explicitly resolved on the numerical grid. This
T
Yj Is the mass fraction of species j and h j =
Tref
c pj dT means that the parameters μ, k and D in the governing equations cannot be used directly in most practical
simulations. They must be replaced by surrogate expressions that model their impact on the approximate form of
4.3.4 Conservation of species
the governing equations.
General form of conservation of species is given by:
Following the analysis of Smagorinsky, the viscosity μ is modeled
  
( Yi ) +   ( v Yi ) = −  J i + Ri + S i (3.4) 1
t 2
  LES =  (Cs ) 2 (2S IJ S IJ − (  u ) 2 ) 2 (3.5)
Where, Yi , the conservation of mass fraction of a chemical species ‘i’. J i is the diffusion flux of species i. 3
Ri is the net rate of production of species i by chemical reaction and Si is the rate of creation by addition from Where, Cs is an empirical constant & Δ is a length on the order of the size of a grid cell. And other diffusive
the dispersed phase plus any user define source. parameters, the thermal conductivity and material diffusivity are computed with following equations:
 LES c p  LES
From the equation (3.4), the first term on the left side represents the accumulation of species due to change k LES = ; ( D) l ,LES =
Prt Sct
in density with time, the second term is the inflow and outflow of species from the control volume due to
In above equations the turbulent Prandtl number ‘Prt’ and the turbulent Schmidt number ‘Sct’ are constant values.
convection. The right side gives the terms for the inflow or outflow of species from the control volume due
to diffusion and the production rate of particular species within the control volume caused by chemical
4.5 CFD Software details:
reaction.
Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), is a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of fire-driven fluid flow.
4.4 Turbulence Modeling FDS is a computer based program solves numerically a large eddy simulation form of the Navier–Stokes
equations appropriate for low-speed, thermally-driven flow, with an emphasis on smoke and heat transport from
A turbulent flow may be defined as a flow which contains self-sustaining fluctuation of flow
fires, to describe the evolution of fire. FDS is open source software developed by the National Institute of
properties imposed on the main flow, which is characterized by apparently random and chaotic three-
Standards and Technology (NIST) of the United States Department of Commerce, in cooperation
dimensional vorticity. When turbulence is present, it usually dominates all other flow phenomena and
with VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland.
results in increased energy dissipation, mixing, heat transfer, and drag. If there is no three-dimensional

In this project, 3-D Navier-stokes equations over a discretized flow field based on the finite difference velocity profiles at different times and different positions inside the Warehouse-1st Zone. This is difficult to obtain
method. Incompressible N-S equations were used for simulating the fire & smoke behavior in the carpark by experiments, because experiments can be time consuming, costly and sometimes fire and smoke related
Basement/Podium/Floor Level/Warehouse-1st Zone. experiments inside the buildings/ Warehouse-1st Zone can be dangerous as well.
In the present work, design of fire is considered as flaming Polyurethane with a total heat release rate of 4 MW
Smokeview is used before, during and after model runs. Smokeview is used in a post-processing step to
with convective & radiation effects. The fire simulation is carried out based on the t-squared fire curve with fast
visualize FDS data after a calculation has been completed. Smokeview may also be used during a
fire growth coefficient (NFPA standard), as shown in below fire curve. The fire source is represented as of length
calculation to monitor a simulation’s progress and before a calculation to setup FDS input files more
3.2 m & width 2.0 m situated inside the Warehouse-1st Zone. During fire simulation, as per the client
quickly, one can then use Smokeview to edit or create blockages by specifying the size, location and/or
specifications, all the ventilation system (smoke vents & shutters) are kept open. The air flow inside the
material properties.
Warehouse-1st Zone is due to pressure difference and temperature differences generated by fire and ventilation
5. CFD Boundary Conditions & Simulation Setup Details system.
The boundary condition inputs like makeup air opening, exhaust air openings (Smoke Vents) and
it’s position, heat load capacity etc. are considered according to the data provided by the client in form of
Layout drawings or BOQ & industrial standards of “Development of Al Wukair”. 4500
5.1 Details of Fire simulation

4000
There are a high number of seats in auditorium being utilized and the fire load is immense. Highly
flammable materials, such as plastic, rubber, textiles, have been used in those seats, production – all of 3500
which have a high potential for fire development and smoke production. In addition, through a technical
3000
Heat Release Rate (KW)

defect (faulty power cable, new electric power systems with increased danger of short circuiting due to
2500
high capacity batteries).
If a fire is generated under these conditions it will in certain circumstances quickly spread and ignite 2000
neighboring seats and other equipment. The hot, dense smoke rapidly blanketing the entire auditorium
1500
makes firefighting more difficult and the emergency exits less visible. It is not uncommon for a “flashover”
to occur in a fire in auditorium. The fire then suddenly develops from its formation phase to the full-blown 1000
fire phase; it burns throughout the auditorium, instantaneously covering a large area, room temperatures
500
reach many hundreds of degrees Centigrade. It is only during the absolute initial phase of such a fire
0
scenario that the attempt can be made to control and extinguish the fire. Deployment for those entrusted
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
with the extinguishing work is difficult and extremely dangerous. Intense, highly toxic smoke enters the Time in minutes
emergency exits, visibility is quite obscured. Graph (1)
Simulation of smoke propagation inside Warehouse-1st Zone involves modeling heat generation by fire, Note:
effects of buoyancy due to temperature and smoke species concentrations and the velocity and pressure ➢ Polyurethane foam is considered as fire source material.
variations caused by different ventilation system in operation. CFD analysis provides a detailed picture of ➢ The fire curve of 4MW (steady state) as shown in Graph (1) is t-squared fire curve with fast Fire growth
the smoke path inside the auditorium and different parameters like smoke concentrations, smoke coefficient.
temperatures and ➢ It is also considered that there is 20% losses in fire load.
5.2 Details of Smoke Vents Make-up air Details:

Most victims of fires are killed not by fire itself, but by the smoke. The smoke treated by afire can Table 2(a): Warehouse-1st Zone
Fire mode Make-up Air Specifications
fill whole room or Warehouse-1st Zone area within minutes and reduce visibility. In order to prevent this,
Name Mode of opening Total No’s of Opening No’s of Opening
natural smoke and heat exhaust ventilation systems channel the smoke through the roof of building or Main Shutter Door (2.6m x 3.2m) Natural 12 3
Ramp (4.5m x 5.5m) Natural 4 1
Warehouse-1st Zone before it cool down and sink back down to floor.
Door (1m x 2.2m)-Closed Natural - -
Smoke vents at Ceiling Details:

Table 3(a): Warehouse-1st Zone
Fire mode Ceiling Opening Specifications
Name Mode of opening No’s of Vents Volume Flow Rate (Each)
Smoke Air Vent 96 (24 in each
Natural -
(2.96m X 2.2m Opening) zone)
Note: All smoke vents are considered open for CFD (Fire) analysis.
Sprinkler Details:
3D Isometric view of Smoke vent 2D view of Smoke vent Table 4(a): Ceiling level Sprinkler
Design Parameter for sprinkler system

Dimension Details of Smoke Vent
Type Upright Sprinkler Head (Ceiling)
Finish Brass
K Factor 11.2 US (160 metric)
Response Time Index (RTI)-NFPA Quick Response 50 (m.s)1/2
Nominal Thread Size 25 mm
Orifice Size 69 mm
Max. Working Pressure 175 PSI (12 Bar)
Min. Operation Pressure 7 PSI (0.5 Bar)
Normal Sprinkler Temperature Rating 74 OC
NFPA Maximum Ambient Temperature 38 OC
Table 4(b): Inside Racks Sprinkler
Simulation was done according to the following inputs and assumptions: Design Parameter for sprinkler system
Table 1 (a): Warehouse-1st Zone Type Pendent Sprinkler Head (Rack)

Parameter Formula Used Value Finish Brass
Surface area of a horizontal plane Warehouse-1st Zone K Factor 5.6 US (80.2 metric)
58x87 = 5046 m2
in concerned geometry (A) Drawing Response Time Index (RTI)-NFPA Quick Response 50 (m.s)1/2
Varies from 15.275 m to 16.275 Nominal Thread Size 15 mm
Height of the roof (H) Warehouse- Drawing m Orifice Size 56 mm
Max. Working Pressure 175 PSI (12 Bar)
Area of the fire source fire Area 3.2m length X 2m width =6.4 m2 Min. Operation Pressure 7 PSI (0.5 Bar)
Fire Size 4MW Fire curve shown in Graph(1) Normal Sprinkler Temperature Rating 68 OC
Ambient Air Temperature - 46 OC NFPA Maximum Ambient Temperature 38 OC

According to the above specified boundary conditions & heat load conditions were applied for CFD
simulations. Transient simulations were carried out for the duration of 30 minutes of time for Warehouse-
1st Zone of Development of Al Wukair.
After completion of the transient simulations, CFD simulation results at different timings with different
horizontal & vertical planes were presented below sections for better understanding of hot smoke
movement, distribution of temperatures & visibility distribution in Warehouse-1st Zone of Development
of Al Wukair.

6. CFD Fire Simulation Results: Warehouse-1st Zone

(A) Following figures shows the details of geometry & location of fire source
24 No’s Smoke Air Vents 24 No’s Smoke Air Vents

7.7 m (2.96 m X 2.2 m opening) (2.96 m X 2.2 m opening)
10.8 m
Fire Location
10.3 m
8.8 m
1 4
9.0 m 2 .
. 5
5.6m 11.3 m 13 m 11.8 m 6.3 m
0 m
m
12.3 m Fire Location
Make up Air for Smoke Extract System

15.3m Main Shutter Door & Ramp
Fig. 1(c): Location of Make-up Air Opening, Ceiling Opening & Fire location in
“Development of Al Wukair Logistics Park-Parcel “C” Manateq (Warehouse-1st Zone)-2D Side View”
Fig. 1(a): Location of Make-up Air Opening, Ceiling Opening & Fire location in 24 No’s Smoke Air Vents Fire Location
“Development of Al Wukair Logistics Park-Parcel “C” Manateq (Warehouse-1st Zone)-2D Top View” (2.96 m X 2.2 m opening)
24 No’s Smoke Air Vents Rack (less visible objects)

(2.96 m X 2.2 m opening)
Sprinkler (ceiling)
17.475 m 16.475 m
5.5 m
3.2 m
1.2 m
Make up Air for Smoke Extract Make up Air for Smoke Extract
System Main Shutter Door & Ramp Fire Location Sprinkler (Rack) System Main Shutter Door & Ramp
Fig. 1(b): Location of Make-up Air Opening, Ceiling Opening & Fire location in Fig. 1(d): Location of Make-up Air Opening, Ceiling Opening & Fire location in “Development of Al
“Development of Al Wukair Logistics Park-Parcel “C” Manateq (Warehouse-1st Zone)-2D Front View” Wukair Logistics Park-Parcel “C” Manateq (Warehouse-1st Zone)-3D Isometric View”
(B) Following Figure shows the Velocity Contours of air inside the Warehouse-1st Zone at different
horizontal and vertical plane.
Fig. 2(c): Contours of velocity (in 0 to 2 m/s range) inside the Warehouse-1st Zone in Vertical X-Plane on
the fire in “Development of Al Wukair Logistics Park-Parcel “C” Manateq (Warehouse-1st Zone)”
Fig. 2(a): Contours of velocity (in 0 to 2 m/s range) inside the Warehouse-1st Zone in horizontal plane at
1.8m height in “Development of Al Wukair Logistics Park-Parcel “C” Manateq (Warehouse-1st Zone)”
Fig. 2(d): Contours of velocity (in 0 to 2 m/s range) inside the Warehouse-1st Zone in Vertical Y-Plane on
the fire in “Development of Al Wukair Logistics Park-Parcel “C” Manateq (Warehouse-1st Zone)”
Fig. 2(b): Contours of velocity (in 0 to 2 m/s range) in different vertical which passes through smoke
vents height in “Development of Al Wukair Logistics Park-Parcel “C” Manateq (Warehouse-1st Zone)”
(C) Following figures show the smoke generated from the fire inside Warehouse-1st Zone area with
different timings from Front View.
Fig. 3(c): Smoke generated from fire at 3 minutes of time in

Fig. 3(a): Smoke generated from fire at 10 seconds of time in
“Development of Al Wukair, (Warehouse-1st Zone)-Front View”
Smoke accumulate at approximate above of 12 meter

of height from floor level at 5 minutes of time
Fig. 3(d): Smoke generated from fire at 5 minutes of time in
Fig. 3(b): Smoke generated from fire at 1 minute of time in

Fig. 3(e): Smoke generated from fire at 8 minutes of time in Fig. 3(g): Smoke generated from fire at 12 minutes of time in
“Development of Al Wukair, (Warehouse-1st Zone)-Front View” “Development of Al Wukair, (Warehouse-1st Zone)-Front View”
Smoke accumulate above of 12 meter height Smoke accumulate above of 9 meter height
from floor level at 10 minutes of time from floor level at 15 minutes of time
Fig. 3(f): Smoke generated from fire at 10 minutes of time in Fig. 3(h): Smoke generated from fire at 15 minutes of time in

Fig. 3(i): Smoke generated from fire at 18 minutes of time in Fig. 3(k): Smoke generated from fire at 25 minutes of time in
Smoke accumulate above of 8 meter height

from floor level at 20 minutes of time
Smoke accumulate above of 7 meter height
Fig. 3(j): Smoke generated from fire at 20 minutes of time in from floor level at 30 minutes of time
“Development of Al Wukair, (Warehouse-1st Zone)-Front View” Fig. 3(l): Smoke generated from fire at 30 minutes of time in

(D) Following figures show the smoke generated from the fire inside Warehouse-1st Zone area
different timings in isometric view.
Fig. 4(a): Smoke generated from fire at 10 seconds of time in Fig. 4(c): Smoke generated from fire at 3 minutes of time in “Development of Al Wukair, (Warehouse-1st
“Development of Al Wukair, (Warehouse-1st Zone)-Isometric View” Zone) - Isometric View”
Fig. 4(b): Smoke generated from fire at 1 minute of time in “Development of Al Wukair, (Warehouse-1st Fig. 4(d): Smoke generated from fire at 5 minutes of time in “Development of Al Wukair, (Warehouse-1st
Zone) - Isometric View” Zone) - Isometric View”
Fig. 4(e): Smoke generated from fire at 8 minutes of time in Fig. 4(g): Smoke generated from fire at 12 minutes of time in “Development of Al Wukair, (Warehouse-
“Development of Al Wukair, (Warehouse-1st Zone)-Isometric View” 1st Zone) - Isometric View”
Fig. 4(f): Smoke generated from fire at 10 minutes of time in “Development of Al Wukair, (Warehouse- Fig. 4(h): Smoke generated from fire at 15 minutes of time in “Development of Al Wukair, (Warehouse-
1st Zone) - Isometric View” 1st Zone) - Isometric View”
Fig. 4(i): Smoke generated from fire at 18 minutes of time in “Development of Al Wukair, (Warehouse-1st Fig. 4(k): Smoke generated from fire at 25 minutes of time in “Development of Al Wukair, (Warehouse-
Zone)-Isometric View” 1st Zone) - Isometric View”
Fig. 4(j): Smoke generated from fire at 20 minutes of time in “Development of Al Wukair, (Warehouse-1st Fig. 4(l): Smoke generated from fire at 30 minutes of time in “Development of Al Wukair, (Warehouse-1st
Zone) - Isometric View” Zone) - Isometric View”
(E) Following figures shows the Temperatures contours inside the Warehouse-1st Zone in X-Plane
passes through fire with different timings
Fig. 5(c): Contours of Temperature in (°C) at 3 minutes of time in

Fig. 5(a): Contours of Temperature in (°C) at 10 Seconds of time in
“Development of Al Wukair Logistics Park-Parcel “C” Manateq (Warehouse-1st Zone)”
Fig. 5(d): Contours of Temperature in (°C) at 5 minutes of time in

Fig. 5(b): Contours of Temperature in (°C) at 1 minute of time in “Development of Al Wukair Logistics Park-Parcel “C” Manateq (Warehouse-1st Zone)”

Fig. 5(e): Contours of Temperature in (°C) at 8 minutes of time in Fig. 5(g): Contours of Temperature in (°C) at 12 minutes of time in
“Development of Al Wukair Logistics Park-Parcel “C” Manateq (Warehouse-1st Zone)” “Development of Al Wukair Logistics Park-Parcel “C” Manateq (Warehouse-1st Zone)”
Temperature is less than 60 °C below of 13 meter

height from floor level at 15 minutes of time
Fig. 5(f): Contours of Temperature in (°C) at 10 minutes of time in Fig. 5(h): Contours of Temperature in (°C) at 15 minutes of time in

Fig. 5(i): Contours of Temperature in (°C) at 18 minutes of time in Fig. 5(k): Contours of Temperature in (°C) at 25 minutes of time in
Temperature is less than 60 °C below of 13 meters

height from floor level throughout 30 minutes of time
Fig. 5(j): Contours of Temperature in (°C) at 20 minutes of time in Fig. 5(l): Contours of Temperature in (°C) at 30 minutes of time in

(F) Following figures shows the Temperatures contours inside the Warehouse-1st Zone in Vertical
Y-Plane passes through fire with different timings

Fig. 6(a): Contours of Temperature in (°C) at 10 Seconds of time in “Development of Al Wukair Logistics Park-Parcel “C” Manateq (Warehouse-1st Zone)”
Fig. 6(d): Contours of Temperature in (°C) at 5 minutes of time in

Fig. 6(b): Contours of Temperature in (°C) at 1 minute of time in “Development of Al Wukair Logistics Park-Parcel “C” Manateq (Warehouse-1st Zone)”

Temperature is less than 60 °C below of 12 meter


Temperature is less than 60 °C below of 11 meters

height from floor level throughout 30 minutes of time

(G) Following figures shows the Temperatures contours inside the Warehouse-1st Zone in
horizontal plane at human (1.8m) height with different timings

Fig. 7(b): Contours of Temperature in (°C) at 1 minute of time in Fig. 7(d): Contours of Temperature in (°C) at 5 minutes of time in
(H) Following figures shows the Temperatures contours inside the Warehouse-1st Zone in
horizontal plane at 8m height with different timings

Fig. 8(b): Contours of Temperature in (°C) at 1 minute of time in Fig. 8(d): Contours of Temperature in (°C) at 5 minutes of time in
(I) Following figures show the Visibility levels in (meters) at Vertical X-Plane passes through fire
with different timings
Fig. 9(a): Contours of visibility levels in (meters) at 10 Seconds of time Fig. 9(c): Contours of visibility levels in (meters) at 3 minutes of time in
Visibility is more than 10m below 15 meter of

Fig. 9(b): Contours of visibility levels in (meters) at 1 minute of time in Fig. 9(d): Contours of visibility levels in (meters) at 5 minutes of time in


Fig. 9(e): Contours of visibility levels in (meters) at 8 minutes of time in Fig. 9(g): Contours of visibility levels in (meters) at 12 minutes of time in
Visibility is more than 10m below 15 meter of Visibility is more than 10m below 13 meter of
height from floor level at 10 minutes of time height from floor level at 15 minutes of time
Fig. 9(f): Contours of visibility levels in (meters) at 10 minutes of time in Fig. 9(h): Contours of visibility levels in (meters) at 15 minutes of time in


Fig. 9(i): Contours of visibility levels in (meters) at 18 minutes of time in Fig. 9(k): Contours of visibility levels in (meters) at 25 minutes of time in
Fig. 9(j): Contours of visibility levels in (meters) at 20 minutes of time in Fig. 9(l): Contours of visibility levels in (meters) at 30 minutes of time in

(J) Following figures show the Visibility levels in (meters) at Vertical Y-Plane passes through fire
with different timings
Fig. 10(a): Contours of visibility levels in (meters) at 10 Seconds of time Fig. 10(c): Contours of visibility levels in (meters) at 3 minutes of time in

Fig. 10(d): Contours of visibility levels in (meters) at 5 minutes of time in

Fig. 10(b): Contours of visibility levels in (meters) at 1 minute of time in





(K) Following figures shows the Visibility levels in (meters) inside the Warehouse-1st Zone in
horizontal plane at human (1.8m) height with different timings
Fig. 11(c): Contours of visibility levels in (meters) at 3 minutes of time in

Fig. 11(a): Contours of visibility levels in (meters) at 10 Seconds of time in
Visibility is more than 10m at 1.8 m height from floor level

throughout 30 minutes of time except above of fire area
(L) Following figures shows the Visibility levels in (meters) inside the Warehouse-1st Zone in
horizontal plane at 8m height with different timings
Fig. 12(c): Contours of visibility levels in (meters) at 3 minutes of time in

Fig. 12(a): Contours of visibility levels in (meters) at 10 Seconds of time in
Visibility is more than 10m at 8 m height from floor level

throughout 30 minutes of time except above of fire area
7. Conclusions:
The following conclusions can be drawn from the CFD simulations of Natural Ventilation system of
“Development of Al Wukair Logistics Park-Parcel “C” Manateq, Qatar” as:
1. All Boundary conditions, Sprinkler details & assumptions has been taken according to the client
requirements (from provided drawings of Warehouse-1st Zone, Sprinkler details & Technical details)
& Industrial Standards.
2. The Warehouse of 1st part is designed with 24 No’s of ceiling Smoke vent with opening of 2.96mx2.2m
(total 96 No’s of smoke vent) and Main Shutter door openings for make-up air (refer to section-6 (A),
as shown in Fig. 1(a) to 1(d)). All the smoke vents has been considered as open from initial time of fire.
Similarly at ceiling level sprinklers activation temperature was consider at 74OC and sprinklers inside
the racks activation temperature was consider at 68OC. CFD fire simulation was carried out by using
CFD code called FDS.
3. The Fire Simulation is carried out to examine the proposed natural ventilation system with a peak heat
release rate of 4 MW of fire size with 20% heat loss.
4. CFD result for the smoke distribution (refer to section-6 (C) & 6 (D))
• Smoke generated from the fire in the Warehouse-1st Zone and reach to the upper level or to ceiling
level within 1 minute of time due to buoyancy effect as well as the ceiling openings (smoke vents
mounted on the roof level). The layer of smoke thickness above of human level (1.8m height)
throughout 30 minutes of time. The layer of smoke showing at below level because of rack
obstruction.
5. CFD results for Temperatures (refer to section-6(E) to 6(H)):
• The temperature is less than 60 0C was achieved all over in the Warehouse of 1st part area of except
near to the fire at human level (1.8m height) throughout the 30 minutes of time.
6. CFD results for Visibilities (refer to section-6(I) to 6(L)):
• The Visibility is more than 10 meters was achieved all over the Warehouse of 1st part area of except
above of fire at human level (1.8 m height) throughout 30 minutes of time.
7. From the above CFD results, it can be conclude that proposed Smoke vents (Natural) Ventilation
System is able maintain smoke layer thickness above of human (1.8 m) height from floor level
throughout 30 minutes of time. Whereas temperature is maintaining less than 60 0C at human (1.8m)
height throughout 30 minutes of time. Similarly, visibility was also achieved more than 10 meters upto
the level of human (1.8 m) height from the floor level throughout 30 minutes of time. Hence this result
shows that tenability criteria of temperature and visibility was achieved throughout 30 minutes of time.

CFD Fire (Smoke) Simulation Analysis of Development of Al Wukair Logistics Park-ParcelC Manateq, Qatar-Rev01

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CFD Fire (Smoke) Simulation Analysis of Development of Al Wukair Logistics Park-ParcelC Manateq, Qatar-Rev01

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CFD Fire (Smoke) Simulation Analysis of Development of Al Wukair Logistics

Park-Parcel “C” Manateq, Qatar

Client Name M/s Redco International

Project Number MG-CFD-027-2020-Rev 01

Date of Submission 8 September 2020

Prepared by Reviewed & Approved by

Warehouse-1 Modeling for CFD

4 Computational Fluid Dynamics………………………………………………………………. 2

4.2 Steps involved for CFD Procedure……………………………………………………... 2

4.3 Governing Equations……………………………………………………………………. 3

4.3.1 Conservation of mass………………………………………………………….. 3

4.3.2 Momentum equation…………………………………………………………... 3

4.3.3 Conservation of energy………………………………………………………... 3

4.3.4 Conservation of species………………………………………………………... 4

4.4 Turbulence Modeling……………………………………………………………………. 4

4.4.1 LES Turbulence Model…………………………………………………….......... 4

4.5 CFD Software details…………………………………………………………………….. 4

5 CFD Boundary Conditions & Simulation Setup Details …………………………………… 5

5.1 Details of Fire simulation ……………………………………………………………….. 5

5.2 5.2 Details of Smoke Vents……………………………………………………………… 6

6 CFD Fire Simulation Results: Warehouse-1st Zone …………………………………………. 8

Client: M/s Redco International 1

Client: M/s Redco International 2

activities at the pre-processing stage involve:

4.3 Governing Equations 4.3.3 Conservation of energy

Client: M/s Redco International 3

Client: M/s Redco International 4

Layout drawings or BOQ & industrial standards of “Development of Al Wukair”. 4500

5.1 Details of Fire simulation

Heat Release Rate (KW)

5.2 Details of Smoke Vents Make-up air Details:

Smoke vents at Ceiling Details:

Design Parameter for sprinkler system

Table 4(b): Inside Racks Sprinkler

Table 1 (a): Warehouse-1st Zone Type Pendent Sprinkler Head (Rack)

Client: M/s Redco International 6

1st Zone of Development of Al Wukair.

movement, distribution of temperatures & visibility distribution in Warehouse-1st Zone of Development

Client: M/s Redco International 7

6. CFD Fire Simulation Results: Warehouse-1st Zone

24 No’s Smoke Air Vents 24 No’s Smoke Air Vents

Make up Air for Smoke Extract System

24 No’s Smoke Air Vents Rack (less visible objects)

Fig. 3(c): Smoke generated from fire at 3 minutes of time in

Smoke accumulate at approximate above of 12 meter

Client: M/s Redco International 10

Client: M/s Redco International 11

Smoke accumulate above of 8 meter height

Client: M/s Redco International 12

Fig. 5(c): Contours of Temperature in (°C) at 3 minutes of time in

Fig. 5(d): Contours of Temperature in (°C) at 5 minutes of time in

Client: M/s Redco International 16

Temperature is less than 60 °C below of 13 meter

Client: M/s Redco International 17

Temperature is less than 60 °C below of 13 meters

Client: M/s Redco International 18

Fig. 6(c): Contours of Temperature in (°C) at 3 minutes of time in

Fig. 6(d): Contours of Temperature in (°C) at 5 minutes of time in

Client: M/s Redco International 19

Temperature is less than 60 °C below of 12 meter

Client: M/s Redco International 20

Temperature is less than 60 °C below of 11 meters

Client: M/s Redco International 21