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Cae08 - Cost Accountng Complete Module
Cae08 - Cost Accountng Complete Module
MODULE ON
Contents
Part-time Professor
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
The main and primary objective of accounting is to provide financial information about
an economic entity to different types of users:
External users – the government, those who provide funds and those who have various
interests in the operation of the entity.
Cost Accounting is the intersection between financial and managerial accounting. Cost
Accounting information is needed and used by both financial and managerial
accounting. Cost accounting provides product cost information to external parties such
as stockholders, creditors and various regulatory boards for credit and investment
decisions. Cost Accounting provides product cost information also to internal parties
such as managers for planning and controlling.
Service VS Merchandising VS Manufacturing Operations
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Job order costing is a method of assigning costs to a specific unit or product. For
example, a construction project to build a house from beginning to end is a job order.
Another example might be the building of a bulletproof SUV for a popular musician. The
overall concept here is that the product or service is a one-time event. The auto repair
shop that Joey works at will rebuild the engine of Customer A's car. Then it will replace
the spark plugs and serpentine belt on Customer B's truck. As they continue to provide
repairs, each customer's needs are specific to their vehicles. Joey's boss will assign
costs to each of the jobs dependent on the parameters of the job.
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Sample Problem:
1. The following costs were incurred in July:
Solution:
Direct materials.... $35,000
Direct labor .......... 13,000
Total .................... $48,000
2. Abel Company's manufacturing overhead is 20% of its total conversion costs. If direct
labor is $38,000 and if direct materials are $47,000, the manufacturing overhead
is:
A) $152,000
B) $11,750
C) $21,250
D) $9,500
Solution:
Conversion costs = Direct labor + Manufacturing overhead
Conversion costs = $38,000 + Manufacturing overhead
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
3. During the month of July, direct labor cost totaled $12,000 and direct labor cost was
30% of prime cost. If total manufacturing costs during July were $86,000, the
manufacturing overhead was:
A) $46,000
B) $40,000
C) $28,000
D) $74,000
Solution:
0.30 × Prime cost = Direct labor
0.30 × Prime cost = $12,000
Prime cost = $40,000
Prime cost = Direct materials + Direct labor
$40,000 = Direct materials + $12,000
Direct materials = $28,000
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
4. In July direct labor was 40% of conversion cost. If the manufacturing overhead cost
for the month was $34,000 and the direct materials cost was $23,000, the direct labor
cost was:
A) $22,667
B) $15,333
C) $51,000
D) $34,500
Solution:
0.40 × Conversion costs = Direct labor
0.60 × Conversion costs = Manufacturing overhead
0.60 × Conversion costs = $34,000
Conversion costs = $56,667
Conversion costs = Direct labor + Manufacturing overhead
$56,667 = Direct labor + $34,000
Direct labor = $22,667
5. Shown below are a number of costs incurred last year at Mecca Publishing Co., a
manufacturer of elementary school textbooks:
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Solution:
Solvents and cleaners used by the custodians to
clean the textbook printing presses................
Fire insurance on factory building........................
Total ....................................................................
Reference:
Compilation of Lecture Notes of Guia Mae B. Abaja, CPA, Part-time Professor
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Costs are associated with all types of organizations – business, non-business, service,
retail and manufacturing. Generally, the kinds of costs that are incurred and the way
these costs are classified will depend on the type of organization involved.
A. Manufacturing Costs
1. Direct Materials – materials that become part of a finished product and can be
conveniently and economically traced to specific product units.
2. Direct Labor – all labor costs for specific work performed on products that can be
conveniently and economically traced to end products.
B. Non-manufacturing costs
1. Marketing or selling expense – all costs necessary to secure customer orders and get
the finished product or service in to the hands of the customer.
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
B. Fixed cost – items of cost which remain constant in total irrespective of the
volume of production.
B. Joint costs – costs of materials, labor, and overhead incurred in the manufacture
of two or more products at the same time.
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
B. Revenue expenditures – expenditure that will benefit current period only and is
recorded as an expense.
A. Standard costs – predetermined costs for direct materials, direct labor and factory
overhead.
B. Opportunity costs – the benefit given up when one alternative is chosen over
another.
C. Differential costs – cost that is present under one alternative but is absent in
whole or in part under another alternative.
E. Out-of-pocket costs – cost that requires the payment of money as a result of their
incurrence.
F. Sunk costs – a cost for which an outlay has already been made and it cannot be
changed by present of future decision.
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Sample Problem
1. Shown below are a number of costs incurred last year at Mecca Publishing Co., a
manufacturer of elementary school textbooks:
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Solution:
Solvents and cleaners used by the custodians to clean the textbook
printing presses..............................................
Fire insurance on factory building........................
Total ....................................................................
2. Mammoser Manufacturing Corporation rents a building for $8,000 per month and
uses it for a number of different purposes. The building space is utilized by the various
activities as follows:
Solution:
Receiving and storing raw materials (5% × $8,000) $ 400
Production operations (70% × $8,000) ................... 5,600
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
$6,000
3.Consider the following costs:
Solution:
Depreciation on factory equipment ...... $12,000
Factory janitor’s salary......................... 23,000
Utilities for factory ................................ 9,000
Production supervisor’s salary............. 34,000
Total .................................................... $78,000
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Solution:
Derby Manufacturing Company
Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured
Direct materials:
Beginning raw materials inventory ........... $ 22,000
Add: Purchases of raw materials ............. 91,000
Raw materials available for use ............... 113,000
Deduct: Ending raw materials inventory .. 7,000
Raw materials used in production ............ $106,000
Direct labor.................................................. 122,000
Manufacturing overhead ............................. 340,000
Total manufacturing costs ........................... 568,000
Add: Beginning work in process inventory .. 27,000
595,000
Deduct: Ending work in process inventory .. 35,000
Cost of goods manufactured ....................... $560,000
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
What was the total amount of the period costs listed above for the period?
A) $78,000
B) $71,000
C) $46,000
D) $37,000
Solution:
Selling expenses ................................. $16,000
Administrative expenses...................... 21,000
Total .................................................... $37,000
Reference:
Compilation of Lecture Notes of Guia Mae B. Abaja, CPA, Part-time Professor
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
1. Direct Materials
The cost of material which become part of the product being manufactured and
which can be readily identified with a certain product.
2. Direct Labor
The cost of labor for those employees who work directly on the product
manufactured. Examples: salaries of machine operators or assembly line
workers
3. Factory Overhead
Includes all cost related to the manufacturing of a product except direct materials
and direct labor.
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Name of Company
Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured and Sold
For the year ended December 31, 2021
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
From the statement of cost of goods manufactured and sold, the following
different equations are derived:
5. Materials used + Materials inventory, end = Total materials available for use
Illustrative Problem
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Beginning Ending
Finished goods inventory ............ P30,000 P40,000
Work in process inventory ........... P20,000 P13,000
Raw materials inventory ............. P21,000 P26,000
Purchases of raw materials .......... P71,000
Factory depreciation ................ P 5,000
Other factory costs ................. P10,000
Direct labor ........................ P27,000
Indirect labor ...................... P 6,000
Selling expense ..................... P12,000
Over- or underapplied overhead ...... -0-
Added During
September
September 1 Direct Direct
Job Labo
Number Inventory Materials r
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
P1,00
1 0 P 300 P200
2 1,400 250 300
3 500 1,500 150
4 750 4,000 400
The direct labor wage rate is P10 per hour. Overhead is applied at the rate of P5 per
direct labor-hour. Jobs 1, 2, and 3 have been completed and transferred to finished
goods. Job 2 has been delivered to the customer.
The Cost of Goods Sold for September (before disposition of any under- or
overapplied overhead) is P2,100.
Sample Problem:
1. For the year 2011, the gross margin of Jumbo Co. was P96,000; the cost of goods
manufactured was P340,000; the beginning inventories of work in process and
finished goods were P28,000 and P45,000, respectively; and the ending inventories
of work in process and finished goods were P38,000 and P52,000, respectively. The
sales of Jumbo Co. for 2011, must have been
a. 419,000
b. 429,000
c. 434,000
d. 436,000
Answer: B
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Solution:
Cost of Goods Manufactured P 340,000
Finished Goods, Beginning 45,000
Total Goods available for Sale 385,000
Finished Goods, ending (52,000)
Cost of Goods Sold 333,000
2. The following information was taken from Jeric Comapany’s accounting records for
the year ended December 31, 2011.
Increase in raw materials inventory P 15,000
Decrease in finished goods inventory 35,000
Raw materials purchased 430,000
Direct labor payroll 200,000
Factory overhead 300,000
There was no work-in-process inventory at the beginning or end of the year. Jeric’s
2011 cost of goods sold is
a. P 950,000
b. P 965,000
c. P 975,000
d. P 995,000
Answer: A
Solution:
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Direct Materials
Purchases 430,000
Less: Increase in raw materials 15,000 415,000
Direct Labor 200,000
Factory Overhead 300,000
Manufacturing Cost 915,000
Add: Decrease in Finished Goods 35,000
Cost of Goods Sold 950,000
a. P 90,000
b. P 120,000
c. P 144,000
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
d. P 150,000
Answer: D
Solution:
Direct Materials
Direct Mats. – Beg. 36,000
Add: Purchases 84,000
Less: Direct Mats. – End. (30,000) 90,000
Direct Labor 60,000
Prime Cost 150,000
a. P 90,000
b. P 140,000
c. P 144,000
d. P 170,000
Answer: B
Solution:
Direct Labor 60,000
Factory Overhead (60,000/7.50)=8000*10 80,000
Conversion Cost 140,000
a. P 218,000
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
b. P 224,000
c. P 230,000
d. P 236,000
Answer: D
Solution:
Direct Materials used
Direct Materials, 3/1/11 36,000
Add: Purchases 84,000
Total available for use 120,000
Less: Direct Materials, 3/31/11 30,000 90,000
Direct Labor 60,000
Factory Overhead 80,000
Total Manufacturing Costs 230,000
Add: Work in process, 3/1/11 18,000
Cost of Goods put into process 248,000
Less: Work in process, 3/31/11 12,000
Cost of Goods manufactured 236,000
Reference:
Compilation of Lecture Notes of Guia Mae B. Abaja, CPA, Part-time Professor
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
The job order cost procedure keeps the costs of various jobs or contracts separate
during their manufacture or construction. The cost unit is the job, the work order, or the
contract; and the records will show the cost of each. The method presupposes the
possibility of physically identifying the jobs produced and of charging each with its own
cost.
1. Job – Order Cost Sheet – accumulate product costs of specific units or small
batches of units for both product costing and control purposes.
3. Finished Goods Stockcard – records of the perpetual book inventory o costs and
quantities of completed goods held for sale.
1. Purchase of Materials
Material xxxx
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
xxx
Accounts payable x
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Materials xxxx
1. Recording of payroll
Payroll xxxx
xxx
Withholding tax payable x
xxx
SSS Premium payable x
xxx
Philhealth contribution payable x
xxx
Accrued Payroll x
2. Distribution of payroll
Work in process xxxx
Factory overhead control xxxx
xxx
Payroll x
3. Payment of payroll
Accrued payroll xxxx
xxx
Cash x
Accounting Procedure for Factory
Overhead
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
There are two accounts used – factory overhead control and factory overhead applied.
Factory overhead control is used to accumulate actual overhead incurred, while factory
overhead applied is used to accumulate estimated factory overhead applied to
production. For factory overhead applied to production, a predetermined rate is used
and this is computed using any of the following as base:
1. Units of Production
5. Machine Hours
If actual is bigger than applied, the variance is called under-applied factory overhead
(unfavorable) and this is taken as an addition to the Cost of Goods Sold in the
statement. If applied is bigger than actual, the variance is called over-applied factory
overhead (favorable) and this is taken as deduction from the Cost of Goods Sold in the
statement.
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
The journal entry to record the cost of the jobs completed is:
When the finished goods are delivered to customers, the sales and the cost of goods
sold are recorded as follows:
Sales xxxx
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Illustrative Problem
Allenton Company is a manufacturing firm that uses job-order costing. At the beginning
of the year, the company's inventory balances were as follows:
Raw materials P
........ 26,000
Work in process
...... 47,000
Finished goods
....... 133,000
The company applies overhead to jobs using a predetermined overhead rate based on
machine-hours. At the beginning of the year, the company estimated that it would work
31,000 machine-hours and incur P248,000 in manufacturing overhead cost. The
following transactions were recorded for the year:
b. Raw materials were requisitioned for used in production, P409,000 (P388,000 direct
and P21,000 indirect).
c. The following employee costs were incurred: direct labor, P145,000; indirect labor,
P61,000; and administrative salaries, P190,000.
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
f. Depreciation for the year was P121,000 of which P114,000 is and P7,000 is related to
selling and administrative activities.
related to factory operations
g. Manufacturing overhead was applied to jobs. The actual level 29,000 machine-hours.
of activity for the year was
i. Sales for the year totaled P1,107,000 and the costs on the that were sold totaled
P768,000 job cost sheets of the goods
j. The balance in the Manufacturing Overhead account was closed out to Cost of Goods
Sold.
Required:
Prepare the appropriate journal entry for each of the items above (a. through j.). You
can assume that all transactions with employees, customers, and suppliers were
conducted in cash.
Answer:
a. Raw Materials Inventory ........ 411,000
Cash ...................... 411,000
b. Work in Process Inventory ...... 388,000
Manufacturing Overhead ......... 21,000
Raw Materials Inventory ... 409,000
c. Work in Process Inventory ...... 145,000
Manufacturing Overhead ......... 61,000
Administrative Salary Expense .. 190,000
Cash ...................... 396,000
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Reference:
Compilation of Lecture Notes of Guia Mae B. Abaja, CPA, Part-time Professor
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Just-in-time means that raw materials are received just in time to go into production,
manufactured parts are completed just in time to be assembled into products, and
products are completed just in time to be shipped to customers. The JIT requires raw
materials to be delivered at exactly the points they are needed, and just when they are
needed to initiate production, thus eliminating the need for the warehouse space that
has been considered an expensive part of any manufacturing operation. It also reduces
the cost of handling, from the point of delivery of raw materials to the point where the
finished product is shipped to the customer.
The distinguishing characteristic of JIT costing is that production costs are accumulated
with inventory at later stages of the production process. The rationale for this difference
is that JIT assumes that small quantities of direct materials, work-in-process, and
finished goods inventories will be maintained.
JIT costing differs from traditional costing with regards to the accounts used and the
timing of cost recording. There are basically three major differences:
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
KEY TAKEAWAYS
Just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing is also known as the Toyota Production System (TPS)
because the car manufacturer Toyota adopted the system in the 1970s.
Kanban is a scheduling system often used in conjunction with JIT to avoid overcapacity
of work in process.
The success of the JIT production process relies on steady production, high-quality
workmanship, no machine breakdowns, and reliable suppliers.
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Backflushing
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Sample problem:
1. Cost Savings From Smaller Inventory. Automated Assembly Company maintains a
WIP inventory at each of 15 work stations, and the average size of the inventory is 200
units per station. The physical flow of units into and out of each WIP location is first-in,
first-out. The total number of instances in which some work station goes out of its
control limits is expected to be 100 during the coming year. In 80% of these instances,
the out-of-control condition is expected to be discovered immediately by the operator at
that station; in the other 20% of these instances, a defect will enter 10% of the units
produced. These defective units enter WIP between stations, where they will be
discovered by the next station's operator. Every out-of-control condition is corrected as
soon as it is discovered. The average cost of a unit in WIP is $40, and the average loss
from an out-of-control condition is $20 per defective unit produced. The annual cost of
carrying WIP is 33% of the cost of the inventory.
Management plans to reduce the number of units held at every work station by
50%. The rate of final output will be unchanged, and no other changes will be made in
the system.
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Required:
(1) Calculate the expected carrying cost savings from the change planned by the
management.
(2) Calculate the expected savings in cost of defects if the changes are implemented.
SOLUTION
(1) Carrying cost savings = 33% x reduction in average cost of WIP
= 33% x 50% x past average cost of WIP
= .33 x .5 x (15 x 200 x $40)
= $19,800
(2) Savings in cost of defects = $20 x reduction in the number of defective units
= $20 x (50% x 200 x 10%) x (.20 x 100)
= $20 x 10 x 20
= $4,000
2. Inventory Size, Velocity, and Lead Time. Probtype Incorporated requires an average
lead time of 45 days on customer orders that require parts not kept in stock. When
such a customer order is received, the parts order is placed with a vendor immediately
by telephone, and the parts are received in an average of 21 days. The parts are
inspected and put into production an average of three days after receipt. The average
time spent in production is 16 days. After production is completed, the order goes
through final inspection in two days and arrives at the customer's site after an additional
three days, on average.
Management plans to leave the rate of final output unchanged, induce vendors to
reduce their total lead time by one-third, and reduce the average size of WIP to one-
fourth of its present level.
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SOLUTION
Required:
(1) Carrying calculations to three decimal places, find the conversion cost per unit for
the month:
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
(b) by dividing the total conversion cost incurred during the month by the number
of units completed during the month (do not calculate equivalent units).
(c) by dividing the total conversion cost incurred during the month by the number
of units started during the month.
(2) Using the three unit costs from Requirement (1), calculate three amounts for the
total conversion cost of the ending inventory of work in process to the nearest
dollar.
(3) In light of the results of Requirement (2), which of the three methods of calculating
unit conversion cost would you recommend for the purpose of inventory costing,
1(a), 1(b), or 1(c)? Why?
SOLUTION
$250,525
= $49.905 per unit
5,020
$250,000
(b) = $50 per unit
5,000
$250,000
= $49.950 per unit
5,005
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(3) Considering that the results of Requirement (2) were within two dollars of each
other, then method 1(b) would be recommended because of its ease and
simplicity.
Beginning balance for RIP account, including $4,800 of conversion cost ...... $ 43,500
Raw materials received on credit ................................................................... 680,000
Ending RIP inventory per physical count, including $5,300 conversion
cost estimate ............................................................................................. 47,200
SOLUTION
This is a summary entry for all receipts of raw materials during the period. As direct
materials are used, no entry is needed, because they remain a part of RIP.
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This entry backflushes material cost from RIP to Finished Goods. This is a
postdeduction. The calculation is:
Conversion cost in RIP is adjusted from the $4,800 of August 1 to the $5,300 estimate
at August 31. The offsetting entry is made to Cost of Goods Sold, where all conversion
costs were charged during August.
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SOLUTION
This is a summary entry for all receipts of raw materials during the period. As direct
materials are used, no entry is needed because they remain a part of RIP.
This entry backflushes material cost from RIP to Cost of Goods Sold. This is a
postdeduction. The calculation is:
Conversion cost in RIP is adjusted from the $900 of June 1 to the $1,100 estimate at
June 30. The offsetting entry is made to Cost of Goods Sold, where all conversion
costs were charged during June.
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Reference:
Compilation of Lecture Notes of Guia Mae B. Abaja, CPA, Part-time Professor
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Under this system, the purchase of direct and indirect materials is recorded in an
account entitled “Purchases”. The cost of materials issued is not directly
determined; it is indirectly computed by deducting the remaining inventory on
hand from the total available for use.
“materials inventory”. Both the cost of materials issued and the ending materials
inventory can be directly ascertained after each transaction.
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The economic order quantity (EOQ) refers to the ideal order quantity a company should
purchase in order to minimize its inventory costs, such as holding costs, shortage costs,
and order costs. EOQ is necessarily used in inventory management, which is the
oversight of the ordering, storing, and use of a company's inventory. Inventory
management is tasked with calculating the number of units a company should add to its
inventory with each batch order to reduce the total costs of its inventory.
The EOQ model seeks to ensure that the right amount of inventory is ordered per batch
so a company does not have to make orders too frequently and there is not an excess
of inventory sitting on hand. It assumes that there is a trade-off between inventory
holding costs and inventory setup costs, and total inventory costs are minimized when
both setup costs and holding costs are minimized.
Formula:
EOQ = √2CN/K
Where:
Illustrative Problem:
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
EOQ = √2CN/K
= √2 (P200,000 / P0.80
=√250,000
=500 units
Other Formulas:
Total order and carrying cost = total order cost + total carrying cost
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3. Receiving report – forms which includes the supplier’s name, purchase order
number, date delivery was received, quantity received, description of goods,
discrepancies from the purchase order.
FIFO Method
FIFO stands for “First-In, First-Out”. It is a method used for cost flow assumption
purposes in the cost of goods sold calculation. The FIFO method assumes that the
oldest products in a company’s inventory have been sold first. The costs paid for
those oldest products are the ones used in the calculation.
Under the FIFO method, the first items purchased by a business will be considered
the first to be sold, regardless of the order in which the items are actually sold.
For example, say a business has 150 units of a product in its inventory. Fifty of those
150 units were bought earlier than the rest and cost P1 each. The remaining 100
units were purchased later by the business and cost P2 each. During a particular
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
period, the business sold 100 units of the product. How much should you consider to
be the cost of sale?
Under the FIFO method, the answer is P150, computed as 50 units x P1 (first
purchase) and 50 units x P2 (second purchase). The cost of your remaining
inventory is then P100 (50 units at P2 each).
Average Method
When using the weighted average method, divide the cost of goods available for
sale by the number of units available for sale, which yields the weighted-average
cost per unit. In this calculation, the cost of goods available for sale is the sum of
beginning inventory and net purchases. You then use this weighted-average figure
to assign a cost to both ending inventory and the cost of goods sold.
The net result of using weighted average costing is that the recorded amount of
inventory on hand represents a value somewhere between the oldest and newest
units purchased into stock. Similarly, the cost of goods sold will reflect a cost
somewhere between that of the oldest and newest units that were sold during the
period.
When a perpetual inventory system is used, a new weighted average unit cost is
calculated after each new purchase and this amount is used to cost each
subsequent issuance until another purchase is made.
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1. Direct charging – the freight incurred on the purchase of raw materials is added
to the invoice price.
Spoiled Units, Defective Units, Scrap Material, and Waste Material in a Job
Order Cost System
1. Spoiled Units – units that do not meet production standards and are either sold
for their savage value or discarded.
2. Defective Units – units that do not meet productions standards and must be
processed further in order to be salable as good units or as irregulars.
3. Scrap Material – left over from the production process that cannot be put back
into production for the same purpose, but maybe usable for a different purpose or
production processor which maybe sold to outsiders for a nominal amount.
4. Waste Material- left over from the production process that has no further use or
resale value and may require cost for their disposal.
1. According to the net method, which of the following items should be included in the
cost of inventory?
Freight-cost Purchase discounts not taken
Yes No
Explanation
:
The cost of inventory should include all expenditures (direct and indirect)
incurred to
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
bring an item to its existing condition and location. Freight charges are thus
appropriately included in inventory costs. Under the net purchase method,
purchase discounts not taken are recorded in a Purchase Discount Lost Account.
When this method is used, purchase discounts lost are considered a financial
expense and are thus excluded from the cost of inventory.
2. The weighted average for the year inventory cost flow method is applicable to which
of the following inventory system?
Periodi Perpetu
c al
Yes No
Explanation:
Weighted average for the year inventory cost flow method is applicable only to
periodic inventory system because in perpetual inventory system, moving
average
method is the one being used.
3. During June, Delta Co. experienced scrap, normal spoilage, and abnormal spoilage
in its manufacturing process. The cost of units produced includes
Explanation:
The cost of units produced includes scrap and normal spoilage but does not
include abnormal spoilage. Abnormal spoilage is recognized as a loss when it is
discovered, therefore it is not included in the cost of units produced.
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4. Marsh Company had 150 units of product on hand at January 1, costing P21.00
each. Purchases of product A during the month of January were as follows:
Unit Unit
s Cost
January 10 200 22.00
18 250 23.00
28 100 24.00
Physical count on January 31 shows 250 units of product A on hand. The cost of
inventory at January 31, under the FIFO method is:
P 5, 850
Solution:
150 units x 23 (Unit Cost) = 3,450
100
units x 24 (Unit Cost) = 2,400
250
units 5,850
Explanation:
Under the Fifo method, remaining units are those purchased at the later date.
Thus the units on hand on January 31 are those remaining from January 18 and
28.
5. Harper Company’s Job 301 for the manufacture of 2,200 coats was completed
during
August 2009 at the following unit costs:
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Final inspection of Job 301 discloses 200 spoiled costs which were sold to a jobber
for P 6000. Assume that spoilage loss is charged to all production during August.
What would be the unit cost of the good units produced on Job 301?
P 56.00
Explanation:
Under the method, loss charged to all production, the unit cost of the
completed units remains unchanged.
Solution/Entries:
6. Assume instead, that the spoilage loss is attributable to exacting specification of Job
301 and is charged to this specific job. What would be the unit cost of the good coats
produced on Job 301?
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P 57.50
Solution/Entries:
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P 770.000
Solution:
275,00
Beginning Inventory P 0
825,00
Add: Purchases 0
1,100,00
Total materials available for production P 0
Less: Ending Inventory 330,000*
Cost of Materials issued to production P 770,000
* Ending Inventory
Material Balance P 275,000
Add: Increase of ending over beginning
inventory 55,000
Ending Inventory P 330,000
Job 75 incurred the following costs for the manufacture of 200 units of motors:
P
Direct materials 13,200
Direct labor 16,000
Factory overhead (150% of direct labor) 24,000
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
The total rework costs were attributable to exacting specifications of Job 75 and the full
rework costs were charged to the specific job.
P 316
Explanation:
If the reason for the defect is the job itself, the additional costs incurred of the
reworked 10 units will be charged to all units in the job
Solution:
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Payroll 3,200
Factory Overhead 4,800
The following data on materials purchases and issues during the month of April were
reported:
400 units at
April 1 Beginning balance P6
100 units at
5 Received P7
100 units at
11 Received P8
13 Issued 400 units
200 units at
15 Received P6
22 Issued 250 units
27 Returned from factory 50 units
300 units at
30 Received P9
9. Assuming that the company used a perpetual inventory system, the total quantity
and cost of materials purchased for the month of April should be:
Solution:
No. of unitsCost per unit Total Cost
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100
April 5 Received units x P7 700
100
11 Received units x 8 800
200
15 Received units x 6 1,200
300 2,70
30 Received units x 9 0
Cost of materials 5,40
purchases 700 units 0
The Curacha Company uses 20,000 units of Material A in making a finished product.
The cost to place one order for Material A is P8.00 and the annual cost to carry one
Material A is P2.00
Solution:
= 2(8)(20,000)/2
= 160,000
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= 400 units
Reference:
Compilation of Lecture Notes of Guia Mae B. Abaja, CPA, Part-time Professor
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Base to be Used
Factory overhead rate = Estimated FOH / Estimated Direct Labor Cost x 100
3. Machine Hours
Factory overhead rate = Estimated FOH / Estimated Direct Material Cost x 100
5. Unit of Production
Illustrative Problem
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
The Chubs Company estimates factory overhead at P450,000 for the next fiscal year. It
is estimated that 90,000 units will be produced at a material cost of P600,000.
Conversion will require an estimated 100,000 direct labor hours at a cost of P3.00 per
hour, with 45,000 machine hours.
2. Unit of Production
3. Machine Hours
P10.00/machine hour
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It can provide an organization with a different way of allocating some or all of its
overhead costs (cost pools) across its various product lines or services (cost
objectives).
Basic Steps
2. Calculate the cost per driver (pool the cost and divide by the cost driver)
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Sample problem:
1. Factory Overhead Application. St. Louis Sounds Inc. manufactures audio
equipment. The company estimates the following costs at normal capacity and other
items for the coming period:
Required: Compute the overhead application rate for fixed, variable, and total
overhead per direct labor hour, using both the normal capacity and the expected
actual capacity activity levels.
SOLUTION
At Expected
Overhead Actual Capacity At Normal Capacity
$300,000 $300,000
Fixed ................................ ----------------- = $3.75 ------------------ = $3.00
80,000 DLH 100,000 DLH
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$240,000 $240,000
Variable ............................ ----------------- = 3.00 ------------------ = 2.40
80,000 DLH 100,000 DLH
Total ................................. $6.75 $5.40
2. Overhead Analysis. Data for the past two years for J&J Corp. are:
19A 19B
Units produced ............................................................................ 10,000 11,000
Overhead applied per unit ........................................................... $ 15 $ 18
Actual overhead:
Fixed....................................................................................... 50,000 55,000
Variable .................................................................................. 95,000 150,000
Estimated overhead:
Fixed....................................................................................... 50,000 56,000
Variable .................................................................................. 130,000 142,000
Required:
(1) Determine the estimated units of production used to obtain the overhead
allocation rates in 19A and 19B.
(2) Determine the over- or underapplied factory overhead for each of the two years.
SOLUTION
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Estimated overhead
(1) = Overhead per unit
Estimated units of production
$50,000 + $130,000
19A: = $15
x
$15 x = $180,000
$56,000 + $142,000
19 B: = $18
x
$18 x = $198,000
(2)
3. Entries for Factory Overhead. Blend Rite Inc. assembles and sells electric mixers.
All parts are purchased and labor is paid on the basis of $22 per mixer assembled. The
cost of the parts per mixer totals $20. As the company handles only this one product,
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the unit cost basis for applying factory overhead is used. Estimated factory overhead
for the coming period, based on a production of 40,000 mixers, is as follows:
During the period, 42,000 mixers were assembled and actual factory overhead was
$355,000. These units were completed but not yet transferred to the finished goods
storeroom.
Required:
(1) Prepare journal entries to record the above information, including the entry to
close the balance in the applied overhead account to the actual overhead
account.
(2) Determine the amount of over- or underapplied factory overhead.
SOLUTION
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Required:
Give the journal entry required to close Factory Overhead Control, assuming:
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SOLUTION
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Reference:
Compilation of Lecture Notes of Guia Mae B. Abaja, CPA, Part-time Professor
74
MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Labor is the physical or mental effort expended in manufacturing a product. Labor is the
cost of the price paid using human resources.
The accounting system of a manufacturer must include the following procedures for
recording payroll costs.
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The regular rate (240 +120) will be charged to work in process while the overtime
premium (60) will be charged to factory overhead. By charging the overtime premium to
the factory overhead account, all jobs worked on during the period share the cost of
overtime premiums paid. If the job contract stipulated that tit was a rush contract; it
would be appropriate to charge the premium pat to the job (work in process) instead of
a factory overhead account.
Illustrative Problem
The Chubs Company pays employees every two week. Monday, May 1, is the
beginning of a new payroll period. The following payroll summary is prepared by the
payroll department and forwarded to accounting for recording.
Payroll Summary
Sales and
Factory Adm.
Worker Employee Total
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Journal entries
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Cash 23,779.12
Assuming that the total factory payroll of P10,000- P3,000 is indirect labor.
Payroll 30,000
2. Indirect labor – labor identified with particular products buy which is not
considered feasible to measure and charge to a specific production order.
1. Wages –gross earnings of an employee who is paid by the hour for only the
actual hours worked.
2. Salaries – gross earnings of an employee who is paid a flat amount per week or
month regardless of the hours worked in a period.
Payroll Deductions
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
2. SSS Contribution – levied against both the employer and the employee
3. Philhealth Contribution – levied against both the employer and the employee in
equal amounts
4. PAG- IBIG Funds Contribution - levied against both the employer and the
employee in equal amounts.
Sample problem:
1. Labor Costs Under Straight Piecework Plan. The following labor data for the past
week were prepared for B. Masterson, an employee of Boot Hill Corp.:
Masterson's wage rate is $15 per hour, and the standard production rate is 15 units per
hour.
Required: Determine the daily wages for Masterson and the labor cost per unit for units
produced during each day of the week, assuming that the company is on a straight
piecework incentive wage plan and that a worker is guaranteed a wage of $15 per hour.
(Round the unit labor cost to two decimal places.)
SOLUTION
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Units Produced
Day Each Day
Monday .......................................................................................... 22
Tuesday ......................................................................................... 24
Wednesday .................................................................................... 30
Thursday ........................................................................................ 21
Friday ............................................................................................. 27
During the week, Parker worked 8 hours each day and was paid a flat hourly wage of
$10, plus a bonus based on the 100% bonus plan. Standard production is 3 units per
hour. The bonus is computed on a daily basis.
Required: Prepare a report for Parker, showing daily earnings, the daily efficiency ratio,
and the labor cost per unit produced each day. (Round labor cost per unit to two
decimal places.)
SOLUTION
Daily Daily Labor Cost per Unit
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Required:
SOLUTION
(1) (2) (3)
With Wage With Wage and 20%
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1
$10 per hour x 8 hours = $80 per unit
2
$12 per hour x 8 hours = $96 per unit
3
$12 per hour x (8 hours/1.20 units) = $12 per hour x 6.67 hours = $80.04 per unit
4
35% x $80 unit direct labor cost = $28 per unit
5
35% x $96 unit direct labor cost = $33.60 per unit
6
35% x $80.04 unit direct labor cost = $28.01 per unit
7
75% x $40 = $30 per unit
8
25% x $40 = $10 per unit
9
$10/1.20 units = $8.33 per unit
10
Production costs/(1 - .30 gross profit ratio) = Selling price
Present: $156/.70 = $222.86
With wage increase: $177.60/.70 = $253.71
With wage and 20% productivity increase: $154.38/.70 = $220.54
4. Learning Curve Effect on Total Cost. Armstrong-Glenn (A-G) Inc. is preparing to bid
on the construction of seven additional rocket carrier frames for launching
communication satellites. Under a special contract, the company has already built one
frame with the following costs:
Materials...................................................................................................... $ 800,000
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Variable overhead based on materials used represents materials storage cost. For
seven frames, this cost would be $1,050,000. The company was informed that the
maximum acceptable bid is $2,000,000 per unit. However, A-G will not place a bid
unless it can recover its costs plus a $600,000 gross profit per frame. An 80% learning
curve is in effect.
Required:
(1) Determine the total direct labor hours required for all eight frames.
(2) Determine the total cost for the seven frames covered by the new bid.
(3) Determine the profit (or loss) per unit if a bid of $2,000,000 per frame is offered.
(Round all amounts to the nearest whole dollar.)
(4) Should A-G accept the contract at a bid price of $2,000,000 per frame?
SOLUTION
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
(4) No. The profit per unit will be less than the required profit per unit by $47,571
($552,429 - $600,000 required profit).
Required: Prepare a schedule showing the daily earnings in the department and the
unit labor cost. (Round unit costs to three decimal places.)
SOLUTION
Standard Hours Regular )
Units for Units Actual Group Bonus (Hrs. )
Day ........... Produced Produced Hours Wage Saved @ $15) ) Monday
........................... 350 70 80 $1,200 $ 0 )
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( Total Labor
( Group Cost per
( Earnings Unit
( $1,200 $3.429
( 1,200 3.000
( 1,275 3.000
( 1,320 3.000
( 1,200 3.077
Reference:
Compilation of Lecture Notes of Guia Mae B. Abaja, CPA, Part-time Professor
85
MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
A process cost system determines how manufacturing costs incurred during each
period will be allocated. Process costing methods are used by the following:
2. Firms manufacturing items such as rivets, screws, bolts, and small electrical
parts
2. Each department has its own general ledger Work In Process Inventory account.
This account is debited with the processing costs incurred by the department an
credited with the cost of completed units transferred to another department or to
finished goods inventory.
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4. Completed units and their corresponding cost are transferred to the last
department or to finished goods inventory. By the time units leave the last
processing department, total cost for the period have been accumulated and can
be used to determine the unit cost of each and total finished goods.
5. Total cost and unit costs for each department are periodically calculated and
analyzed with the use of department cost of production report.
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FIFO – work done last month on the units in process, beginning is considered.
The work done needed to make to make the work in process 100% is the work
done assigned for the current month. (100% - work done last month)
AVERAGE – work done last month on the units in process, beginning is ignored
and not considered in the computation of the equivalent production.
3. Computation of the cost of goods transferred out and the cost of ending inventory
Using FIFO, the cost of goods transferred out equals the sum of the following
three items:
a. The costs already in the beginning inventory at the beginning of the period
b. The current period costs to complete beginning inventory, which equals the
equivalent units to complete beginning inventory times the current period unit
cost computed for FIFO.
c. The cost to start and complete units, calculated by multiplying the number
times th current unit cost computed.
Using FIFO, the cost of goods in the ending inventory equals the equivalent units
in ending inventory times the unit current cost.
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Using weighted average, the cost of goods transferred out equals the total units
transferred out times the weighted average unit cost.
Using weighted average, the cost of goods in ending inventory equals the
equivalent units in ending inventory times the weighted average unit cost.
Illustrative Problem
Materials in this department are added 100% at the beginning of the process.
a. Average Method
Units
completed 18000 100% 18000 100% 18000
Units in
process 7000 100% 7000 80% 5600
25000 25000 23600
Under average method, the work done on the work in process, beginning is not
considered in the computation of the equivalent production.
b. FIFO Method
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Units completed
IP, beg 5000 - - 60% 3000
Started and
completed 13000 100% 13000 100% 13000
Units IP, end 7000 100% 7000 80% 5600
25000 20000 21600
No material was added to the units in process, beginning during the month because
as of the end of last month, the units were already 100% complete as to materials.
1. Even application – under this method, it is considered that at any stage during
the process of production, the introduction of the three elements of cost is equal
with one another. Only one computation of equivalent production should be
made.
2. Uneven application – under this method, the introduction of the elements of cost
to production varies at any stage of the process, hence, there should be as many
computations o equivalents as the elements of cost that are unevenly applied.
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Units
completed 8000 100% 8000 100% 8000
Units in
process 2000 100% 2000 60% 1200
10000 10000 9200
2. Same data as in No. 1 except this time materials are added 100% at the end of
the process in the department.
Units
completed 8000 100% 8000 100% 8000
Units in
process 2000 - 60% 1200
10000 8000 9200
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3. Same as data in No. 1, except this time, materials are added 50% at the
beginning of the process and the remaining 50% when the units are 40%
completed.
Units
completed 8000 100% 8000 100% 8000
Units in
process 2000 100% 2000 60% 1200
10000 10000 9200
4. Same data as in no. 1, except this time, materials are added as follows: 50% at
the beginning of the process, 30% when the units are 20% complete, 20% at the
end of the process.
Units
completed 8000 100% 8000 100% 8000
Units in
process 2000 80% 1600 60% 1200
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Illustrative Problem
The following data were taken from the books of Chubs Company for the month of
June:
Dept 1 Dept 2
Units
Started 25000
Completed and
transferred 20000 18000
In process, end 5000 2000
Stage of completion 40% 50%
Costs
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CHUBS COMPANY
COST OF PRODUCTION
REPORT
(Department 1)
Units
completed 20000 100% 20000 100% 20000
Units in
process 5000 100% 5000 40% 2000
25000 25000 22000
department
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(Department
2)
Labor and
Materials Overhead
Work Work
Actual Done EP Done EP
Units received 20000
Units
completed 18000 100% 18000 100% 18000
Units in
process 2000 - 40% 1000
20000 18000 19000
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96
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CHUBS COMPANY
154,00
Direct materials 0
104,00
Direct labor 0
Factory overhead 63,000
321,00
Total Manufacturing Cost 0
Less: Work in process, June 30 51,000
270,00
Cost of goods manufactured 0
Woodrose Corporation produces a product in two departments – A and B. Data for the
month of August 2020 are given as follows for Department B.
Units
Received from Department A 50000
Completed and transferred to
warehouse 40000
In process, Aug 31 (60%
completed) 5000
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Costs
Materials 135,000.00
Labor 103,200.00
Overhead 103,200.00
In this department, materials are added 100% at the beginning of the process. Loss
units are classified as normal, discovered at the beginning of the process.
WOODROSE CORPORATION
Units
completed 40000 100% 40000 100% 40000
Units in
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99
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Materials 15,000.00
Labor 7,200.00
Materials 240,000.00
Labor 171,000.00
100
MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Overhead 114,000.00
SEASHORE COMPANY
Units
completed 45000 100% 45000 100% 45000
Units lost 15000 100% 15000 80% 12000
60000 60000 57000
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department
Materials 60,000.00
102
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Labor 36,000.00
Reference:
Compilation of Lecture Notes of Guia Mae B. Abaja, CPA, Part-time Professor
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Joint products are individual products each with significant sales values, which are
produced simultaneously from the same raw materials and same manufacturing
process. These are the primary outputs of a joint process and are also called main
products. By product or scrap are those that come out incidental to the joint process.
Illustrative Problem
The following information is available for the Guiller Company. Joint costs amounted to
P164,000.00
Fina
Units Disposal MV at Split - Additional l
Processing
Products Produced Costs off Costs MV
11.5
A 28,000 4,000.00 8.00 50,000.00 0
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14.0
C 20,000 5,000.00 9.50 35,000.00 0
1. Physical Output
Additional Total
Share in
Units Cost per Joint Processing Production
Products Produced Unit Cost Costs Costs
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Additional Total
Total MV Productio
Units MV at Split at Share in Processing n
Product
s Produced -off SO Joint Cost Costs Costs
106,344.0
A 28,000 8.00 224,000.00 56,344.00 50,000.00 0
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MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Sample problem:
Ratcliff Company
1. Ratcliff Company produces two products from a joint process: X and Z. Joint processing
costs for this production cycle are $8,000.
Disposal
Sales price cost per Further Final sale
per yard at yard at processing price per
Yards split-off split-off per yard yard
X 1,500 $6.00 $3.50 $1.00 $ 7.50
Z 2,200 9.00 5.00 3.00 11.25
If X and Z are processed further, no disposal costs will be incurred or such costs will be
borne by the buyer.
2. Refer to Ratcliff Company. Using a physical measure, what amount of joint processing cost
is allocated to X (round to the nearest dollar)?
a. $4,000
b. $4,757
c. $5,500
d. $3,243
ANS: D
1,500/3,700 * $8,000 =
$3,243
3. Refer to Ratcliff Company. Using a physical measure, what amount of joint processing cost
is allocated to Z (round to the nearest dollar)?
a. $4,000
b. $3,243
c. $5,500
d. $4,757
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ANS: D
2,200/3,700 * $8,000 =
$4,757
4.Refer to Ratcliff Company. Using sales value at split-off, what amount of joint processing cost is
allocated to X (round to the nearest dollar)?
a. $5,500
b. $2,500
c. $4,000
d. $3,243
ANS: B
Sales
Yards price Total
at Split-
off
X 1,500 $6.00 $ 9,000
Y 2,200 $9.00 $19,800
$28,800
$(9,000/28,800) * $8,000 = $2,500
5. Refer to Ratcliff Company. Using sales value at split-off, what amount of joint processing
cost is allocated to Z (round to the nearest dollar)?
a. $5,500
b. $4,000
c. $2,500
d. $4,757
ANS: A
Sales
Yards price Total
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at Split-
off
X 1,500 $6.00 $ 9,000
Y 2,200 $9.00 $19,800
$28,800
$(19,800/28,800) * $8,000 =
$5,500
6. Refer to Ratcliff Company. Using net realizable value at split-off, what amount of joint
processing cost is allocated to X (round to the nearest dollar)?
a. $4,000
b. $5,610
c. $2,390
d. $5,500
ANS: C
Sales Disposal NRV/
Yards price Cost/Yar Splitoff Total NRV
at Split- d
off
X 1,500 $6.00 $3.50 $2.50 $ 3,750
Y 2,200 $9.00 $5.00 $4.00 $ 8,800
$12,550
$(3,750/12,550) * $8,000 = $2,390
109
MODULE CAE08: COST ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL WITH STRATEGIC COST MANAGEMENT
Reference:
Compilation of Lecture Notes of Guia Mae B. Abaja, CPA, Part-time Professor
110