Partial Penetration (Limited Entry)

Hydraulic Fracture
 Partial Penetration Wells

O
O gas
O
oil
O
O
water O oil

 Wells are partially-perforated largely in order to avoid

undesirable fluid production and help drainage
conformance.
 Partial-perforation takes advantage of gravity
segregation of fluids, and that KV is usually < KH.

2
 Partial Penetration 2018/02/03-1504 : GAS (PSEUDO-PRESSURE)

O Sw over hw
O
O

10-3
DP & DERIVATIVE (MPSI2/CP/MSCF/D)
O
ST over h O

ST = SPP + Sw

10-4
STABIL on hw

STABIL on h

10-5
radial flow spherical radial flow
on h flow on hw

10-6
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101
Delta-T (hr)

 PP analysis revolves recognizing two radial flow STABIL periods

separated by a spherical flow -½ slope.
 Skin for PP wells include mechanical Skin (called Sw) and geometric SPP.
The latter is extra pressure drop caused by the flowstream bending and
passing through (usually) lower Kv to get to the perforated interval.

3
Darcy’s Law- Radial, Linear and Spherical

kA p ( L)  p (0)
q
BL

2kh( p e  p w )
q
 re 
B ln  
 rw 

4k ( pe  p w )
q
1 1
B   
 rw re 

4
 Partial Penetration

Flow & BU Radial flow across perforated interval: h=hw, S=Sm

qB  t p  t 
p (t )  pi  162.6 log    Sm
khw  t 
STABIL slope m on perforated interval hw

Flow & BU Spherical flow:

3.23 qBµ µct  1 1 

p (t )  
3
 t t p  t 
ks2  
- ½ slope defines Kv/KH
Flow & BU Radial flow across total interval: h=h, ST=Sm+Spp

qB  t p  t 
p (t )  pi  162.6 log    ST
kh  t 
STABIL slope m on total interval h 5
 Partial Penetration
DEFINITIONS
hw : perf interval thickness
h: total interval thickness
Sw: wellbore (mechanical) Skin on
perfs
kH : horizontal permeability
kV: vertical permeability
Sw
ST: wellbore (mechanical) Skin and kV
SPP
h O
kH
An additional term zw defines the
symmetry of the perfs within the total hw O
O
interval h: zw
zw : distance from the center of the
perf interval to the lower reservoir
boundary

6
 Partial Penetration

 PP analysis revolves around the ratios of perforated h/total h (hw/h)...

hw p 2nd stab.

h p1st stab.
...and vertical/horizontal permeability (kV / kH) defined by -½ Slope

Total Skin for wells with mechanical Sw and geometric SPP:

h
ST  S w  S PP
hw

7
 O Sw over hw O
O O
O O
O
ST over h
O
ST over h O
ST = SPP + Sw O
O
X
ST = SPP + Sw O
X
O
X

radial flow spherical radial flow

on h flow on hw

 LHS: If you know h then hw/h is fixed and kV/kH depends on the duration
of the spherical flow -½ Slope.
 RHS: Often h is not clearly known. In this case core values can be used
to define kV/kH but is usually much lower than core values.
 RHS: There are many examples of limited perforations but no PP
behavior! Small shales below the resolution of the log may act as vertical
flow barriers, or kV/kH can be very high and no -½ Slope develops.
 RHS: PP can appear in wells over time if ‘h’ is lost due to completion
issues e.g. asphaltene deposition, fines, perforation collapse etc.
8
 Partial Penetration – Influence of kv/kh

hw / h = in center of the interval

KV / KH = 0.10, 0.01, 0.001
pD

2
10
-3
10
-2
10
p' D

-1
10
Dimensionless Pressure,

10
first stabilization
and Derivative,

1 STABIL 0.5

-1 -2 -3
K
k V /K
k H = 10 10 10
-1
10

10 -1 1 10 102 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6

Dimensionless time, t D /C D

9
 Partial Penetration – Influence of zw / h
hw / h = 1/10
KV / KH = 0.005
zw / h = 0.5, 0.1
Dimensionless Pressure, pD

102
and Derivative, p'D

10

1
STABIL 0.5

10-1
10 102 103 104 105 106 107

Dimensionless time, tD/CD

10
 Partial Penetration- Influence of Segments
Influence of the number of open segments
hw / h = 0.333
10 2
Dimensionless Pressure, p D

segments
1
2
and Derivative , p' D

4
10

1
STABIL 0.5

10 -1
1 10 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5

Dimensionless time, t D /C D

11
 Hydraulically Fractured Wells
 Man made to create a reservoir/well connection much
larger than drilled.
 Rock mechanics determine effectiveness and pumping
techniques
 Not natural double porosity or fissured reservoirs!
 Typically used in tight (low permeability) gas reservoirs but
also oil reservoirs and more recently in unconventional gas
and oil reservoirs e.g. shales
 Classic theory is a ‘wing’ fracture, however ‘swarm’ fracture
behavior can also be present, especially in unconsolidated
formations.
 Fractures can be induced in water injector that can open
and close.
12
 Linear Flow Definition

xf

Extended wellbore
begins with linear flow...

...then transitions to radial flow

Infinite Conductivity Fracture- fracture has dimension only of

length xf- no dP down fracture plane.
Usually occurs in low ‘kh’ reservoirs 13
 Linear Flow
Linear Flow & BU: p(t )  pi  4.06
qB
( x f h k ) ct
t p 
 t  t  S

½ slope

Followed by Radial p(t )  pi  162.6 qB log  t p  t   ST

Flow: kh  t 
slope m
10 -1
DP & DERIVATIVE (PSI/STB/D)
10 -2
10 -3
10 -4

10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2
Delta-T (hr)
14
 Hydraulically Fractured Wells
Damaged fracture. Log-log scale, pD versus tD/CD

10
Dimensionless Pressure, pD
and Derivative, p'D

S=1

10-1 S=0.3

S=0

10-2
10-2 10-1 1 10 102 103
time

15
 Bi-Linear Flow Definition

xf
w kf

Extended wellbore begins

with bi-linear flow... Finite Conductivity
Vertical Fracture
…transitions to linear flow…..

…and finally radial flow

Finite Conductivity Fracture- fracture has dimension of length xf and

width w- dP down fracture plane.
Usually very brief and hidden by WBS 16
 Bi Linear Flow
Bi Linear Flow & BU: p(t )  pi  44.11
B
h k f w 4  ct k

4 
t p  t  S

¼ slope

Followed by Linear p(t )  pi  162.6 qB log  t p  t   ST

then Radial Flow: kh  t 
slope m
-1
10
DP & DERIVATIVE (PSI/STB/D)
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10

10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2
Delta-T (hr)
17
 Multi-Fracked Horizontal Wells
dL

Xf

Heel Toe

Well drilled horizontally (as opposed to a

horizontal well)
Well is a ‘pipeline’ connecting staged hydraulic -
fractures (red)
NO classic horizontal well behavior!
18
 Multi-Fracked Horizontal Wells

Early time Linear flow (arrows) showing RI (dashed)

Often this all you see in a BU (other than WBS)- good wells are not SI.
If BUs are done they are dominated by linear flow and take a very long
time to see matrix character.
If fracture linear flow is seen, it is a cumulative frac length but there is
no information as to number of fracs/length of fracs. Usually I only see
bad wells with small cumulative fracture length.

19
Multi-Fracked Horizontal Wells

20
 Multi-Fracked Horizontal Wells 2009/09/03-0644 : GAS (PSEUDO-PRESSURE)

STABIL
10-2

2009/09/03-0644 : GAS (PSEUDO-PRESSURE)

HALF SLP SLOPE

2200.
2000.
10-3

1800.
M(P) MPSI2/CP

1600.
1400.
10-4

1200.
10-2 10-1 100 101 102
Delta-T (hr)

1000.
93. HR 15. HR 2.9 HR 0.60 HR 0.12 HR 0.025 HR
0. 20000. 40000. 60000. 80000. 100000. 120000.
Superposition(T)

Skin(darcy) = -5.5840 Static-Data and Constants

permeability = 0.15880 MD Volume-Factor = 0.7304 RB/MSCF
Perm-Thickness = 37.477 MD-FEET Thickness = 236.0 FEET
Half.Length = 704.12 FEET Viscosity = 0.02670 CP
Turbulence = 0. 1/MSCF/D Total Compress = .6887E-04 1/PSI
P-extrap. = 7346.21 PSI Rate = 29000. MSCF/D
R(inv) at 679.3 hr = 895. FEET Storivity = 0.001219 FEET/PSI
Smoothing Coef = 0.,0. Diffusivity = 303.7 FEET^2/HR
800 hrs. of linear flow ½ slope resulting in a cumulative fracture length.
Gauge Depth
Perf. Depth
= 13833. FEET
= 14378. FEET
Datum Depth = 14435. FEET
Superposition plot is a good example of how it can be misleading with
Analysis-Data ID: GAU005
Based on Gauge ID: GAU021
PFA Starts: 2009-07-06 11:45:07
regards to radial flow- it shows three straight lines!
PFA Ends : 2009-10-17 10:53:47

21