Pre-Calculus 12 Lesson 5 Unit 3 Polynomials

Graphs of Polynomial Functions

5.1 Polynomial Graphs

A. Polynomial graphs are continuous. B. Polynomial graphs are smooth continuous curves.

At W
1-
'

Function Function
polynomial polynomial

µ
^

( su
;
↳
Non Function function
polynomial Non polynomial
-

C. A polynomial of degree n , has at most n 1 turns.

I 3

M .

Maximum degree of this polynomial

is 4
Function .

4=-7×4 t .
.
.

h = 4

of terms h -
I
number
=

= 4 -

I
=3

Lesson 5 Page 1 of 11 Unit 3

 5.2 Polynomial Graphs
When graphing a polynomial function the highest degree term is very important.
the exponent will tell basic shape of the
1) __________________________________________________________________________
the
you polynomial
the coefficient will tell direction of the
2) __________________________________________________________________________
the
you polynomial
START → END
end behavior
is up

UP

h
t

At W
n

M
^

DOWN . v

Ends down end behaviour is down

start down up end behaviour >
,

Draw a polynomial that Draw a polynomial that Draw a polynomial that

starts up and ends starts up and ends up and starts down and ends
down and crosses the crosses the x-axis 4 down and crosses the x-
x-axis 3 times. times. axis 4 times.

5.3 Polynomial Graphs

y 2 x4 3x3 37 x2 3x 35 y 2 x4 3 x3 37 x2 3x 35

W
1-

M N

starts down Ends down

starts up Ends up

y 2 x4 ... y 2 x4 ...
and coefficient and Coefficient is

Exponent is even
is even
Exponent negative
is positive
y axn ... y axn ...
whole number
and a> °
If n is an EVEN (f n is an
EVEN whole number and aco

and ends up starts down and ends down

graph starts up graph

Lesson 5 Page 2 of 11 Unit 3

5.4 Polynomial Graphs

y 2 x3 x2 13x 6 y 2 x3 x 2 13x 6

X T

N
✓
h w

Ends starts Ends down

starts down up up

y 2 x3 ... y 2 x3 ...
coefficient is
is positive is odd and negative
Coefficient Exponent
Exponent is odd and

y axn ... y axn ...

tf Lo
If
and
and n is ODD whole number a

it is an ODD whole number an

ends down
starts up and
down and ends up graph
starts
graph
↳°

5.5 Y-Intercepts

y 2 x3 x2 13x 6
What is the value of y , when x 0?
6
y= -

Co , -67
These coordinates have special name.
y intercept ( o , 6) -

• ( o
,
-6 )

y 2 x3
T
x2 13x 6
-

constant term

Lesson 5 Page 3 of 11 Unit 3

 constant term is
is written in
standard form
the
When a polynomial function ___________________________________________________________
the intercept
y
__________________________________________________________
-

y 6 x4 2 x3 7x 18 (o la )
-
y -
intercept = It ,

y 2 x3 x2 13x 6

y x 2 x 3 2x 1 Without expanding the polynomial,

-

How can you determine the y -intercept?

(2) C- 3) (c) = -6

Example 1
Determine the y -intercept for the following polynomial functions.

a) y 3x 4 x 2 x 3 x 1

* i'Ia En
'

( 4) ( 4
-

C-3) Ct )
=
-24

2
b) y 7x 3 x 5 x 2 x 1

to ¥ Im at, ex hexes
-

c- ,

( -
3) (5) C-2544=-60

Lesson 5 Page 4 of 11 Unit 3

5.6 Multiplicity
The binomial factors affect the graph of a Polynomial.
2
y x 2 x 1
'

( 2) exec )
O= x -

)
O = ( x 2) CXEDCXTI
-

l X =
-1
X=2 x= -

Solution
has a MULTIPLICITY of z

The x= -1

( xx ) occurs twice
factor
because the

Can easily determine the multiplicity of the factors

3 5
y x 5 x 2 x 7

x multiplicity of l
5 ____________________________________
has a

x 2 multiplicity of 3
____________________________________
has a

x 7 ____________________________________
has multiplicity of 5
a

1
A. If a factor has a multiplicity of 1 x a of the
then the graph __________________________________
polynomial goes directly
x-axis
through the

g
2
B. If a factor has a multiplicity that is an EVEN number x a of the
then the graph __________________
polynomial
touches the x-axis but does not cross
_______________________________________________________________________________

A
tangent

Lesson 5 Page 5 of 11 Unit 3

 3
C. If a factor has a multiplicity that is an odd number x a of the
then the graph __________________
polynomial
crosses the x-axis inflection point
_____________________________________________________________________________
at an

¥
Inflection
point

5.7 Graphing Polynomials

Example 2
2
Sketch the graph of the following polynomial without a calculator. f x x 1 x 5 x 1
STARTS ENDS
step 1
3 Up up
2x Down UP i

µ
Find the roots
1-

2x 5
Down 0=1×-47445 ) ( x -15
-

up

2x 2 UP UP x
-
-
t e- -5×21 -
t
-

I 1

2x 4 Down Down Steps

Find the g- intercept

f- Cx) exec ) Cxetkx D2 -

G) (5) f-f) 2=5

Step 3
Step 4 of binomial factors
Determine highest degree
term
the multiplicity
pebrm.me
'

( x-D
' ' '

fcx )=CxeDCxt5) Cx D
-

feet -
Kei) Cxest

Gx )dx) ( 1×5=1×4
x-axis
graph goes directly through
the the
x=
-

exponent is Even x-axis

graph goes directly through
×= -5 the
the
coefficient is positive
x=l the is tangent att does
graph , not

cross the x-axis

Lesson 5 Page 6 of 11 Unit 3

5.8 Graphing Polynomials
Example 3
2 3
Sketch the graph of the following polynomial without a calculator. f x 6 x x 4 x 2
STARTS ENDS
Slept
2×3 Down up Find the roots '

0=(6*76+437×-2)

.edu?y-inerceat-#4-zx4pownDounfCx1=l6-X7Cxt4PCx
-2×5 up Pooh ×=6 x= -4*2
,

¥
-

2x op op
-213 -
-76g
Down
(6) ( 414-213=-768 Down

3
step factors
term Steph of binomial
Melamine highest degree Determine
the multiplicity
s
434×-213
-

Cx 2)
'

fade ( ) fed -16 Cxece ) -

b
-

-
x

( -
1×711×129×73=-1×6 ×=f graph goes directly through
the the x-axis

at -4
exponents Lethe graph is tangent
een
×=
- .

x -9*3

coefficient is negative does not cross

the

crosses the x-axis

2 the
X -
graph
at an inflection point

Lesson 5 Page 7 of 11 Unit 3

5.9 Graphing Polynomials
Example 4

Sketch the graph of the following polynomial without a calculator. f x x3 2 x2 7x 4

Starts Ends slept
End the roots
2×3 Down UP up
0=1×+177*+4) x

%)
-

Down
a

-2×5 UP ×=
-
c x
-
4

2×2 up
UP
stf.net#ey -
intercept

-2×4 Down Down f = -

x3tzx47xt4

y intercept -4
- power

3
step
Step 4
Determine highest degree term .

the multiplicity of binomial factors .

Determine
f- Cx )
'
+3+2×42×+4 Ceti )2C xtc)
f- Cx )
= -

-
-

's
x at -1 does not
tangent
-

is
is ODD X= C the
-

graph ,

exponent
negative cross the x-axis
coefficient is
x-axis
X=4
graph goes directly through
the the

Lesson 5 Page 8 of 11 Unit 3

5.10 Graphing Polynomials
Example 5
Sketch the graph of the following polynomial without a calculator.
f x x5 3x 4 6 x3 10 x2 21x 9
Ends far) ( x C) - 34+312
Starts
=

'
2×3 Down up step up
Find the roots .

-2×5 UP Down 0=1×-174×1-312

=-3
X =
( x
2×2 UP UP stepz

FIFTY.EE#eIIIs-io.aeux-a
'
- 2x Down Down

9
- -

a
y Tutercept
-
= -

Down
3
step
term
of binomial factors
step 4
Determine highest degree multiplicity
the
Determine
f- G) f- 3×46×3 10×2+21×-9
4×+312
= -

f-Cx) - CX -
C)
at
"
the x-axis
an

" × crosses
X =L the
graph
exponent is ODD inflection point
coefficient is positive at -3 does
X =-3 the
graph
is tangent ,

the
x-axis
not cross

Lesson 5 Page 9 of 11 Unit 3

5.11 Graphing Polynomials

y 2 x3 x2 13x 6

? all real numbers

Domain
X EIR

real numbers
Range : all
> •

(
Real zeros
?I ⇒→
2 .5 3
: -6
Y intercept
-

6
• ← Coordinates of relative minimum

Coordinates of elative maximum

End behaviour

Down and up

up
y 20
axis
above the x
-

2 .5 5

E o
y
6
x-axis
below the
Down
where
fcx ) Zo
the X-axis
The intervals
on

and fix ) Eo

20
f- Cx ) Zo → y
X 23
-2 EXE -

far ) so → YEO
XE 2 -5 Ex E3

Lesson 5 Page 10 of 11 Unit 3

5.12 Graphing Polynomials
Example 6
Graph of the following polynomial function using a graphing calculator and state the following.
f x x4 4 x3 10 x2 36 x 5

a) Enter equation in calculator and display graph in window.

up up

ow
a
T

b) Domain and Range

is:
'
¥: . . .

c) Real Zeros
X =-3 l l .

X = . 15
X -_ 2 .
46

X- 450

d) The Y-intercept
! -5
G intercept
-

(o, -5 )

e) The approximate coordinates of the relative maximums and relative minimums.

relative maximum : C le 25 , I 9. Oo )

relative minimum ! ( 3.69 , -23.90)

f) The intervals on the x -axis where f x 0 and f x 0.

f- Cx) 20 →
y 20 X E -
3 . 11 . 15 EXE 2 .
46 X Z 4.50

f- Cx) Eo → YEO -
3,11 E X E . 15 2.46 E X E 4.50

g) End behavior.

Lesson 5 Page 11 of 11 Unit 3