Pre-Calculus 12 Lesson 1 Unit 3 Polynomials

The Remainder Theorem

1.1 Dividing Polynomials

Recall long division from elementary school.
935 7 with remainder of 4
935, 133 times
a

/lqz
into
7
goes
>
+4
935=7433) ,
v
23 f
remainder
dividend (divisor) (quotient)
-21 +
-
-
25
- 21
4-
Division Statement

Dividend -- ( divisor) (quotient) c- remainder

1.2 Dividing Polynomials
Recall long division of polynomials.

x3 7 x2 11x 9 x 4
quotient
divisor ← × -
e
, X
's -7×2+11×+9 → dividend
-
X 3+4×2

-37+11×-13×2 Ix -19
- RX

the +x
4
add
-

opposite → → remainder

-15×2-4×-7
Division Statement
x
's
-7×411×49 -_ (x -

4) 1×2-3×-1)

1.3 Dividing Polynomials

Example 1

Given P x x3 2 x2 15x 17 , determine the remainder when P x is divided by x 2.

Write the division statement.

→ quotient

xtz.IT#5xT7-diuidend-X3-If-4x2-l5X-4X2-fXFx-
divisor ←

17

the 2X tf
add +

opposite → → remainder

-2×2-15×-17=0441×2-4×-7)
-
3
's
Division statement X

Lesson 1 Page 1 of 7 Unit 3

1.4 Synthetic Division

x3 7 x2 11x 9 x 4

-7 11 9

i
"

remainder
quotient 5

coefficient
coefficient constant
linear
quadratic
l - 3 -

1×2-3×-1

Division Statement x 27×2+11×+9=1×-4142-3×-1) -15

Example 2
Using synthetic division, determine the quotient and the remainder for the following division problems.

a) x3 5x2 16 x 1 x 2

I 5 16 I
2 - -

3
-
lo -

Ig remainder
y
quotient
coefficient
coefficient Constant
linear
quadratic - lo
-
I 3

- X't
3×-10

b) 5 x3 x2 3x 4 x 1

¥61,7
5 I 3 -

"
-

←
remainder
quotient 5-692
coefficient
Coefficient constant
linear
quadratic
5 -
6 9

5×2-6×+9

Lesson 1 Page 2 of 7 Unit 3

 c) 3x 2 6x 1 x 4

-4 6 I
3
-

↳ remainder
quotient 3--18
73

coefficient
linear constant
3 -8

3×-18

1.5 The Remainder Theorem

Polynomial P x Divisor, x b Quotient Remainder P b

x2 5x 9 x 2
X -
3 12=3 plz ) =3
3×2-5*8 Xtl 3×-8 It
12=16 PH ) -

-3×45-2×-5 X - l - 3×2-2×-4 12=-9 p( 11=-9

2×255-7×+3 Xtz 2×2-9×411

12=-19 pfzfe -19

When a polynomial is divided by x b what is the relationship between the remainder and the
values of P b ? substituted into the
can be found when b is
The remainder
PG )
Polynomial

Remainder Theorem

b
when a
polynomial pcx ) is divided by
x
-

,
the remainder

is pcb)

Lesson 1 Page 3 of 7 Unit 3

1.6 The Remainder Theorem
Example 3
Use the remainder theorem to determine the remainder for each of the following operations.

a) x3 4x x 4
X b x -14
Pcb ) R
-

pl -41=48
-

x
-
te )
=x3 UX 12=-48
PC e)
-

be -4
-

= C-4) 24 C- 4)
= - 64-46

b) x3 x2 5x 12 x 1
x -
b x -
I
plb) -42
PCA
Pll )=x3
-15=414 -1×25×-12
G) 25GHz
12=-15

= ( C- l -
5-12

c) x4 2 x3 5x2 2x 1 x 3 X -
b Xt 's

C -
37
1) (b) =p
x -

b =-3
PC -33=442×2572-2*1
2-21-37+1
= C- 3742 C- 3) 25 C- 3)

= f I -54-45+6+1

PL 3) -
= -
Il 12=-11
1.7 The Remainder Theorem

x3 4x x 4

Coefficient -7×+4 is 1

x3 x2 5x 12 x 1

Coefficient -7×-1 is 1

x4 2 x3 5x2 2x 1 x 3

Coefficient → xt3 is 1
form : x
-
b PL b) 42
written in the
All divisors are

8 x3 4 x2 18x 4 2x 1
is NOT 1
Coefficient → 2×+1
form ax
- b p ( ka )=R
in the
Divisor is written
ax - b
,

zxtl → 2x -
Ct ) Pf 's)
b= I
Lesson 1 a= 2 Page 4 of 7 Unit 3
-
 Determine the remainder of:

8 x3 4 x2 18x 4 2x 1

8ft ) 't 4ft) Htt ) -4

'

= t C f ) -141¥) -19-4
-

= -
Itt ta
-

12=5
pl 1) -
e5

1.8 The Remainder Theorem

Finding a coefficient

When 2 x3 3x 2 kx 1 is divided by x 1 the remainder is 1.

Find k .

P Cx) = 2×3-3×2 tkx -

I
is divided by x - i is PCD
The remainder when pcx )

PCI)
-
-
2×3-3×714 -
I

24723454141) I
-

= 2-3 -1k -
I

= K -
Z

K-2=1

k =3
Example 4
Determine the value of m for the given remainder after each indicated operation performed.

a) x4 mx3 2 x2 x 4 x 3 the remainder is 16.

"
pcx ) -
x -
mx3_zx2txt4

divided by
x -3 is PCs )
remainder when PG ) is
The

" 3-2×4×+4
PC3) = x -
mx

ml 3) 3- 2C 3) 43+4
"
=
(3) -

f f
374=70
= -
27in - ( ft

-27M

16=70 -27M

-70 -
20
-

-54=-27 m

-27 727
Lesson 1 Page 5 of 7 Unit 3
2- - M
 b) 9 x3 mx2 18x 7 3x 1 the remainder is 2.

Pcx )=ax3+mx2 -
HX -7

pttt-aftkmtthxtt.tt
=9f ⇒ emlta )e6
-
-
7

[2=-3+7 ]xa -
I
Fxx
18=-3 -1M -
9

If =m -12

m=3o

1.9 The Remainder Theorem

Solve by factoring:
X= -3
x2 x 6 0 4=2

-6=0×-2--0
-

(x -

2) Cxt3)=o x ex

Xt3=O
X= -3
X=2

( x 2) ( x
-137=0×4×-6
-

What is the remainder when x2 x 6 is divided by x 2?

PCxI=x7x-6
Plz)
-
12742-6
=
4+2-6

Plz)=O

Is x 2 a factor of x2 x 6?

Yes .

Is 2 a root of the equation x2 x 6 0

P 2
Yes

What is the remainder when x2 x 6 is divided by x 3?

PC
-37=(-332+43)-6--9-3-6

PC-37=0

Is x 3 a factor of x2 x 6?

Yes

Lesson 1 Page 6 of 7 Unit 3

 Is 3 a root of the equation x2 x 6 0?

P 3 Yes
What can you conclude about the divisor, x b and b when a polynomial P x
is divided by x b and the remainder is zero?

Rx ) and b is root of
factor of polynomial
a
X -
b is a the

PC x )
the polynomial

1.10 The Remainder Theorem

Example 5

For P x x3 x2 6x 8 , which of the following are root(s) of P x ?

)=x3tx '

-6×-8=474412-6
a) P 1 a) PC -
I

b) P 3 ft) f -

= -
It I -16 f -

c) P 2
PC D=- -
z
equal o
remainder does not
because the
-
l is not a root

-6×-8
'
b) PC 3) =
Xk X

=
(3) If (3) Zb (3) -8
=
27 C- 9 tf - -
f

P (3) To
the remainder does not equal 0
3 is not a root because
'

c) PC 2) -
=X3tx -6 X -
f
p C- 2)
so

= C- 2) 3T C- 212-61-4 f -

zig a roof because the remainder

Example 6 Steel2-8
= -
equals o .

Which divisors are a factor of the polynomial P x x4 2 x2 3?

a) x4 2 x2 3 x 1 a) PG ) = x 4+2×2-3 b) Pf-21=442×2 -
3

=
(c) 4+2412-3 = C-274+4-2143
4 2
b) x 2x 3 x 2 = 16 f- f - 3
= 1+2-3
12=21
c) x4 2 x2 3 x 1 12=0 xtz is NOT a factor

x
-
l is a factor

x'425-3
C) Pfl) -
-

-15-3=1-12-3
C- 1) 42C
=

12=0
xtl is a
factor

Lesson 1 Page 7 of 7 Unit 3