Pre-Calculus 12 Lesson 4 Unit 3 Polynomials

Solving Polynomial Equations

4.1 Polynomial Functions

6 x4 2 x3 8x 7

How do you know if this expression is a polynomial?

1) all
exponents must be a whole number
2) the coefficients and constant term must be real numbers
6×4-2×48 x 7 is a
polynomial
-
-

4 - 3 Quartic
3 5 cubic
Z
- 9 Quadratic

Example 1 Are these expressions below polynomials? Why or why not?

1 4
a) x 5x2 4 yes
2
2
b) 9 x4 x3 3x 1 NO

c) 7 x5 x 3x 2 1 Yes

4.2 The Roots of Polynomial Equations

Tangent
¢
can O o
of
3 roots 2 roots of equation O
equation I root of equation

y x3 12x2 43x 47 y x3 12x2 45x 50 y x3 12x2 46x 51

3-12×443×-47=0 X 3-12×445×-50=0
's -12×746×-51=0
× x

X
'
-2×6+4×3 -
2×+3=0 Property of polynomial Equations

Highest exponent is odd minimum

of ( root
An nth
degree polynomial ,
with u an

is ? odd number, will have minimum I root

Exponent maximum 7 roots a

and a maximum n roots

Lesson 4 Page 1 of 5 Unit 3

4.3 The Roots of Polynomial Equations

fourth
"

-5×72×+11=0×4
Quartic function
degree. . . X

y x 4
5x 2
2x 2 -5×42×-52=0 y x4 3x3 x 3 ×4f3x3 - X -
3=0 y x4 5x2 2x 11

2. roots tangent
tangent of
t
← equation
O O O ° O o O O O
O

( root equation o root

3 roots of equation equation

¢ roots of equation

y x4 2 x3 12 x2 18x 27 y x4 2 x3 4 x2 6x 3

XX -
2×3 -12×2+18×+27=0

Every quartic Function can have a minimum of 0 roots or a maximum of 4 real roots

2×6 -13×1×42×-1=0
property of polynomial Equations
Highest minimum of roots
exponent is even o
An nth-degreepolynom.io with .

Exponent is 6 minimum number of roots is 6 n an even number

,
WTI have a

minimum o roots and a maximum

n roots

4.4 Solve by Factoring

Zero Product Property Example 2 Solve by factoring: 10 x3 13x2 3x 0

A- * 13=0 (x ) ( Cox ) XCOM -13×-33=0 (1) C- 3)

A- =0 or 13=0 ( 2x )C5x ) x ( 2x -
3) (5×+1)=0 G) (3)

Solve by factoring: x=o 2×-3=0 5×-11=0

=3
x2 x 6 0 zx 54=-1

Cx 2) ( - Xt 37=0 ×=3z x=
-

f
X-2=0 Xt 3=0

X=2 x=2

Solve by factoring:

x 4 x 7 x 11 0

47=0 Example 3 Solve by factoring: 4 x3

4×+7=0
( X -

x
-
16 x 0

x= -7 4×(8-4)=0
X -
11=0 XII 4×1×-2 )(xt2)=O
O
Lex -_ X -
2=0 Xf 2=0

×=O x=2
x= -2

Lesson 4 Page 2 of 5 Unit 3

4.5 Solve by Factoring

Example 4 Solve the following by factoring:

a) 18x3 25x2 3x 0

( x ) ( 18×7 X (18×2-25×-3)=0
( 2x > ( ax ) X( 2x -
3) ( 9×+17--0 (c) C- 37
( 3×16×7 (4) ( 37
X=O 2×-3=0 9xfl=O

2x =3 axe -

b) 12 x3 27 x 0 X -_ Zz x=-tg
3×14×2-91=0
3×12×-37 (2×+3)=0
3X=0 2×-3=0 2×+3=0

X' -
O 24=3 2X=
-

4.6 Solve by Factoring

X
-
Zz X=
-

Zz
Example 5 Solve the following by factoring:

x3 9 x2 3x 27 0

-9×2/(+3×-27)=0×21×-9
's
( x

) -131×-91=0
(x -

9) 1×433=0

X -
9=0 Xtc 3=0
x=9 x'=-3

fx2=±F3 Cx)

Example 6 Solve the following by factoring:

5x3 7 x2 x 3 0

£1,13
⇒
Ill # ¥ ,
-13
,
-1¥
I

I
5 -7 -
I 3

5 -2
-30

( XT ) (5×2-2×-3)=0
( x C) ( -
Xt ) (5×-13)=0

x
-
1=0 X -1=0 5×+3=0
X I X=l 54=-3

X=l
X= -

I
Lesson 4 Page 3 of 5 Unit 3
4.7 Solving for Exact Values

No Decimals leave answer as a Radial

x2=4 x3=f XY -11
-
= f- 3
T¥3=Xt2
-
Tx
'
-- Ift (2) (2) (2) if 4fx4=IYFl
X=E2 x=2 X=t3 TEI '
=
525=5

3fx3=3ff +55=654--7865
X=2
Ft)
-
=xt2

Example 7 Solve the following polynomial. Answer in exact form.

3
5 3x 2 25
3×-2 = TF
5- ( 3×-213
↳ II '
t
( 3×-43--5
13×32=2+3-355 x -
4-3-355
3¥25 =fF

Example 8 Solve the following polynomial. Answer in exact form.

4
3 x 7 32 59
-32 -32
-
x=7t4fq
as

( x -734=9
k¥4 ¥459
X -7--1=459

4.8 Solving for Exact Values

Example 9 Solve the following polynomial. Answer in exact form.

x4 6 x2 3x 2 0
IT 't

2×4+0×3
,

-6×2+3×+2=0 ( x -

1) 1×4×25×-21=0 x
=

2. a

¥-2
l 6 3 l l 5 -2 ¥is
2/26-2
l O 2 x=
-
-

za )
I 3 I 0
×= -31ft
(x-D ( x -2) ( x43xeD=o
°
-2 z
( I -5
-2=0
xk3x -11=0
X -1=0 x
( x 1) ( XI-5×-21=0
-

x -2 at b. =3 El
x -4

Four Solutions

x-tx-zx.tt#x=-3-zF-

Lesson 4 Page 4 of 5 Unit 3

6.9 Solving for Exact Values

Example 9 Solve the following polynomial. Answer in exact form.

2 x4 3x3 5x2 x 1 0 ( XH) (3×3-5970×+1)=0

I

-2L
II 2 -5

Fitz
tlcttz ,
X=' I
-
X={ 2-4-2 o

-
I 2×2-4×-2=0

5 O
zcxzzx -11=0
2 -
o l
G- I b= -2 C= I
Cxcy) (2×3-5440×-4)=0
-

- b±¥c .

X
I =-X=
za -
ZIG ft =T4xz
c-4±¥aW T
=r¢xrz
-

* - -

2cL ) 212*72
-
a- 2×52
X= 2¥28 g, fz )
=
252
z #
Itr
x - Iter

4.10 Writing Polynomial Equations

Working backwards. Write a polynomial equation with the given roots.

3, 2, 1
2-
x= -3 x=2 X - -
I ( Xt3) X -27=0

4×+3=0 X -2=0 X -11=0 x3 -

of - 2x

3×2-3×-6
( x -1311×-41×+17=0 x¥=o
( xdtx -
2x -
2) no

Example 11 Write a polynomial equation with the given roots.

2
4, 1, , 2
3

-4×+4=0 (xtcellxtl ) (3×-231×-2)=0

X=

( xxx)

I
( 3×26×-2×+4)
X = -

Cxtl) Cxt4) Atl) Gx -6×-2×43--0

'

+ c- to

23×3 3×3-8×2
3 XX
-14×-3×28×-14
=

3×-2 -

-
z -2 3×3-5×2 -64×+4
-

( 3×-2 )
3×-2=0
3×3 5×2-4×-14)
( *4) (
-

X=2 (x )
-
z 3×4-5424×44 X
X -
2=0 ( 2×3 - 20×2-16×+16
-
3×4+7×3-24×2-12×+16=0

Lesson 4 Page 5 of 5 Unit 3