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Perfect Equations
Perfect Equations
Perfect Equations
By
Ian Beardsley
Table of Contents
Abstract……………………..3
Introduction…………………4
Detour……………………….11
Another Scheme…………….21
Weird Arithmetic……………29
The Geometry……………….38
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Abstract
In this last part of this paper I suggest that the purpose of stars is
to produce not just biological elements, but artificial intelligence
(AI) elements. Because if we include AI elements in the life ele-
ments we have a mathematical pattern in the periodic table of the
elements that determines an equation that predicts the equations
of nucleosynthesis in the stars.
In the first part of this paper I explore ratios and proportions that
I have found in different aspects of Nature, between the planets,
the human body, and molar masses of biological elements and
compounds, and artificial intelligence semiconducting elements.
It is okay to suggest there is a connection between these vastly
different systems because it should be no surprise that the forces
operating are the same. We are all familiar with the golden ratio,
and it owes its effectiveness to its irrationality, it is described by
the square root of five. But there are other dynamic ratios that
cannot be written in closed form either; square root of two,
square root of three, and of course unity or one.
Introduction
If I consider my two books, Weird Arithmetic and Weird Calcu-
lus, and The Mathematical Nature of Life, certain equations that I
formed in them, while all of them are interesting, they stand out.
In the first book I looked at the connection of artificial intelli-
gence to the planets. Out of all the equations for the planets,
Venus was the most dynamic in form, and the most accurate
(Better than 99%). This equation was:
Si3
1 2SiGe + Ge
= 0.72
Ge2 1+
Si2
Ge 2
28.08553
1 2(28.0855)(72.64) + 72.64
= 0.722995806
72.642 1+
28.08552
72.64 2
The other equation that was the most interesting in the second
book was for the relationship between the primary doping agents
used to dope silicon and germanium so it can semiconduct.
0.213629041 = 0.214633178
0.213629041
100 = 0.995
0.214633178
This can be written:
Si Ge 2SiGe
(As − Ga) + (P − Al ) =
B B Si + Ge
Which is very interesting for two reasons; the term on the right is
the harmonic mean between silicon and germanium and on the
left side of the equation As and Ga are to the immediate right and
immediate left of germanium but are here multiplied by silicon,
while P and Al are immediately to the right and left of silicon
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aminogroup
(RGroup)
acidgroup
In hopes of finding a connection between artificial intelligence
and the biological. The result was that two of the amino acids
were equal to elements in the periodic table of the elements and
they were perfectly carbon (C) the core element of biological
life, and silicon (Si) the core element of of artificial intelligence.
The amino acids are the building blocks of life, synthesized into
proteins by DNA. The two amino acids were serine and gluta-
mine as follows,…
H3 N
(CH2 + OH ) = C
COO
H3 N
(2CH2 + CO + NH2) = Si
COO
H3 N 5−1
= (1 − ϕ) ϕ=
COO 2
Si
(1 − ϕ) =
Ge
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Si
(CH2 + OH ) = C
Ge
C
(CH2 + OH ) = Ge
Si
Si
(2CH2 + CO + NH2) = Si
Ge
(2CH2 + CO + NH2) = Ge
Ge is the other core semiconductor element.
(CH2 + OH ) C
=
(2CH2 + CO + NH2) Si
(CH2 + OH )
C= Si
(2CH2 + CO + NH2)
These equations are nearly 100% accurate. ϕ (phi) is the golden
ratio conjugate. ϕ = 1/Φ where Φ (uppercase phi) is the gold-
en ratio. Also Φ = ϕ + 1. As you can see, it is a very dynamic
ratio.
CH2+OH=12.01+2(1.01)+16,00+1.01=14.03+17.01=31.04 g/
mol
Si/Ge=28.09/72.61=0.38686
(0.38686)(31.04)=12.008
C=12.01
12.008
100 = 99.98%
12.01
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2CH2=2(12.01+2.02)=28.06
CO=12.01+16.00=28.01
NH2=14.01+2.02=16.03
28.06+28.01+16.03=72.1
Ge=72.64
72.1
100 = 99.2566%
72.64
The idea is to try to understand biological life, in particular its
origins, by looking at something we understand, artificial intelli-
gence.
H3 N
Ge ≈ Si
COO
In the famous Miller-Urey experiment the primordial earth was
considered to be water (H2O) methane (CH4) and ammonia
(NH3). By mixing these in a flask and running electricity
through the mixture they produced about half the of 21 biologi-
cal amino acids. I presented these primordial compounds as hav-
ing a connection to AI in the second book. They seems to be re-
lated to primitive AI which would be a tungsten filament (W)
encased in a glass tube (SiO2) to make vacuum tubes for switch-
es as follows:
W H O NH3
≈ 2 + +1
SiO2 CH4 CH4
Thus We have three sets of equations from these works that are
of particular interest:
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Si3
1 2SiGe + Ge
1. = 0.72
Ge2 1+
Si2
Ge 2
Si Ge 2SiGe
2. (As − Ga) + (P − Al ) =
B B Si + Ge
H3 N
3. (CH2 + OH ) = C
COO
Si
(2CH2 + CO + NH2) = Si
Ge
H3 N
Ge ≈ Si
COO
3 − 1 = 0.732 ≈ 0.72
Si3
1 2SiGe + Ge
= 0.72
Ge2 1+
Si2
Ge 2
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Si3
1 2SiGe + Ge
+1≈ 3
Ge2 1+
Si2
Ge 2
2Si Si3
+ +1= 3
Ge( 2 + 1) Ge ( 2 + 1)
Si2 3 Si2
Ge Ge
Now let’s look at the second equation in equation set three. It is:
Si
(2CH2 + CO + NH2) = Si
Ge
It can be written:
2CH2 CO NH2
+ + =1
Ge Ge Ge
Let us now consider it with respect to the equation we just
formed, which is:
2Si Si3
+ +1= 3
Ge( 2 + 1) Ge ( 2 + 1)
Si2 3 Si2
Ge Ge
2CH2, and CO, and NH2, are important because while NH3,
and CH4 are the primordial compounds from which some amino
acids can be made, the primordial compounds are made from
these. We have already said that:
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W H O NH3
≈ 2 + +1
SiO2 CH4 CH4
Relates the primitive AI to the primordial compounds. It is at this
point that I bring up a very interesting equation that I had come
up with several years ago. But, we first need to take a detour…
Detour
We can derive the golden ratio as such (refer to fig 13):
a b
= = Φ
b c
a = b + c
ac = b 2
c = a − b
a(a − b) = b 2
a 2 − ab − b 2 = 0
a2 a
− − 1 = 0
b2 b
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a2 a 1 1
− + = 1 +
b2 b 4 4
(b)
2
a a 1 1
− + =1+
b 4 4
(b)
2
a a 1 4 1 5
− + = + =
b 4 4 4 4
(b 2)
2
a 1 5
− =
a 1 5
− =
b 2 2
5+1
Φ=
2
b 5−1
ϕ= =
a 2
Let us say a/b=x, the golden ratio. Then,…
x 2 − x − 1 = 0
d 2 d d
x − x− 1 = 0
dx dx dx
2x − 1 = 0
1
x=
2
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dx
d x
e = e x
dx
But
2
sin 45∘ = cos45∘ =
2
Which says for this angle the x-component equals the y-
1 ∘
component is 90 that is , x=1/2 bisects a right angle.
2
Which similar in concept to Euler’s number e because it is
d x
the base such that e is itself e x . But if
dx
2
sin 45∘ = cos45∘ = , then:
2
π
2cos = 2
4
It is the diagonal of the unit square. We notice something
interesting happens:
π
2cos =
n
π π π
2cos = 2 , 2cos = Φ, 2cos = 3
4 5 6
Where 3 is the cosine of 30 degrees, in the unit equilat-
eral triangle in which the altitude has been drawn in (fig
14):
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Since air is 25% N2 and 75% O2, the molar mass of air as
a mixture is 29.0 g/mol. I found air over H2O is the golden
ratio, and in total that:
air
≈ Φ
H2O
0.75N2 + 0.25O2 ≈ air
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2CH2 CO NH2
+ + = 1
Ge Ge Ge
2Si Si3
+ +1= 3
Ge( 2 + 1) Ge ( 2 + 1)
Si2 3 Si2
Ge Ge
And,…
W H O NH3
≈ 2 + + 1
air
Since ≈ Φ, we are just missing 2 . The first equa-
H2O
tion for the amino acid with the number 1 on the right is
inclusive in our scheme in that:
π
2cos = 1
3
Where we find the square root of two is interesting; we are
all familiar with the golden ratio phi in the human body. For
instance in the height divided by the distance from the
bottom of the feet to the navel. But, the answer comes
from archaeology.
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1 1
= = 1.42857 ≈ 2 = 1.414
i 0.7
Are we evolving towards an intermembral index of 2 ?
17 of 45
Si
P1 =
Ge
In astronomical units because we take an astronomical unit to be
1 AU at earth orbit, because the earth is the one planets in the
solar system that is highly hospitable to life.
2SiGe
. This is a little too low so we average the two to get
Si2 + Ge2
exactly the result we need:
Si3
1 2SiGe + Ge
P2 =
Ge2 1+
Si2
Ge 2
Since the next planet, our Earth, must be at a greater value than
2SiGe
Venus, and the uppercase scenario for Venus is , we
Si2 + Ge2
want to reduce 2SiGe by an amount less than the sum of their
squares, we reduce it by the difference of their squares and get
for Earth:
2SiGe
P3 =
Ge2 − Si2
It takes a bit of doing, but the next planet (P4 = Mars) is:
2SiGe2
P4 =
(Si − Ge)2(Si + Ge)
The next location is the asteroids from 2.2 AU-3.2 AU. Since
Mars is the last terrestrial planet (solid), and the asteroid is a
bunch of rocks that could not form into a solid planet and after
the asteroids we have the gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
Neptune…and this represents a flipping around point around the
asteroid belt, I started counting again with a new pattern starting
with Jupiter as P1, and flipped the Earth equation and turned a
minus sign to a plus to obtain the Jupiter equation, which is a
quadratic in its simplest form in the numerator, and a product in
its simplest form in the denominator, which is great because it is
the first planet after the asteroid belt and is hence:
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2(Si + Ge2
P2 = Sat ur n =
SiGe
4(Si + Ge2
P3 = Uranus =
SiGe
6(Si + Ge2
P4 = Nept une =
SiGe
Thus we have the following table:
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Another Scheme
The rate at which the distance from the sun a planet’s orbit is
increases with the planets number. But as you reach a certain
critical distance from the Sun the motive force responsible for
this effect stops feeling this effect and even though position r(n)
increases with respect to planetary number, n, at a certain point
the RATE of increasing, decreases. Hence the predicted value of
38.8 AU for Neptune, but the actual value of 30 AU in this rule.
d 4i − 3 8
=−
di 4i − 1 (4i − 3)2
For the rate of decrease after some inflection point between
Uranus and Neptune say at i=3.5:
8 8 AU
− =− = − 0.066
(4i − 3)2 21 AU
Si + Ge 2.33 + 5.323
= = 3.8265g/cm3
2 2
Taking the protoplanetary disc as a thin disc we integrate from its
center to the edge, with density decreasing linearly to zero at the
edge. Thus, if the density function is given by
( R)
r
ρ(r) = ρ0 1 −
∫0 ( R)
2π R
r
∫0
M= ρ0 1 − rdrdθ
πρ0 R 2
M=
3
π (3.8265)(7.4 × 1014)2
= 2.194 × 1030 gram s
3
The mass of the solar system adding up all the planets yields
2.194
100 = 82% of the mass of the solar system not includ-
2.668
ing the sun, that is, of the protoplanetary disc surrounding the
sun.
π (5.323)(7.4 × 1014)2
= 3.05 × 1030 gram s
3
If we weight the mixture of silicon and germanium as 1/3 and
2/3, then we have
π (4.32467)(7.4 × 1014)2
= 2.48 × 1030 gram s
3
Which is very close.
2.48
100 = 93%
2.668
This is all very good, because I only used the planets and aster-
oids.
2.623
100 = 98%
2.668
Of the mass of the solar system (very accurate).
Air is about 25% oxygen gas (O2) by volume and 75% nitrogen
gas (N2) by volume meaning the molar mass of air as a mixture
is:
air
≈Φ
H2O
I am not saying the solar system was a thin disk with density of
the weighted mean somewhere between silicon and germanium,
but that it can be modeled as such, though if the protoplanetary
disk that eclipses epsilon aurigae every 27 years is any indication
of what a protoplanetary cloud is like, it is a thin disk in the
sense that it is about 1 AU thick and 10 AU in diameter. This
around a star orbiting another star.
d2 y dy 2
− 2log(2) + log (2)y = 0
dn 2 dn
Where have we seen this? In computer science.
log2 N = n means 2n = N
0=0
1=1
10=2
11=3
100=4
101=5
110=6
111=7
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1000=8
1001=9
1010=10
1011=11
1100=12
1101=13
1110=14
1111=15
10000=16…
log23 = n
log3
n= = 1.5847
log2
You can’t have a fractional number of bits, thus the spec-
trum is quantized according to whole number solutions of
2n = N
But so are the planets given by
Pn = c2n
2ϕe (2−ϕ) = 4.9 = Jupiter
Are all zeros after a one. Perhaps this ties into the planets in
terms of Si and Ge, since they make the digital binary circuits.
Weird Arithmetic
y=mx+b
∫
x 2d x
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
12 + 22 + 32 + … + n 2 =
6
Because
n→∞ ∑ ( n ) n
4 n
4i 2 4
∫1
2
x d x = lim
i=1
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n3 ( )
64 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 64
= lim =
n→∞ 6 3
I decided that b should be -3 because the Earth is the third planet.
So to do weird arithmetic I thought in
y=2x-3
2n − 3 → 2(n − 3)
Which is
2(n − 3) = 2n − 6
I then compared the regular arithmetic to the weird arithmetic by
evaluating
2n − 3
2n − 6
In a Taylor expansion yielding:
2n − 3 1 n n2 n3 n4
= − − − − + O(n 5)
2n − 6 2 6 18 54 162
Since 1/2=0.5 is approximately Mercury orbit (0.4) I took the
n2
third term as Earth which since it needed to be 1.00AU I
18
chose n as n = 18 which gave the orbits of the planets:
n= 18 = 4.24264
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1
= 0.5 = mercur y = 0.4AU
2
n
= 0.7 = venus = 0.72AU
6
n2
= 1.00 = ear th = 1.00AU
18
n3
= 1.412 ≈ 2 = m ars = 1.52AU
54
n4
= 1.999 ≈ 2 = asteroids = 2AU − 3AU
162
Then after the asteroids it skips to n to the sixth for Jupiter:
n6
= 3.99 = jupiter = 5.2AU
1458
n9
= 11.31AU = sat ur n = 9.5AU
39366
n 11
= 22.624AU = uranus = 19AU
354294
n 12
= 32AU = nept une = 30AU
1062882
Thus the equation for the planets is:
( 2 6 18 54 162 )
1 n n2 n3 n4
, , , ,
32 of 45
Which is
( 2 2 ⋅ 3i )
1 ni
Pi = , ,...
i=(1, 2, 3, 4, 5..)
n1 n
P1 = =
2 ⋅ 31 6
n2 n2
P2 = =
2 ⋅ 32 18
.
.
.
Starting with Venus as P1. The Taylor expansion is:
∞
f n(a) f′′(a)
(x − a)n = f (a) + f′(a)(x − a) + (x − a)2 + …
∑ n! 2!
n=0
2x − 3 → 2(x − 3)
Comparing regular arithmetic to weird arithmetic:
2x − 3
2x − 6
d (2x − 3) f′(x)g(x) − g′(x)f (x)
=
dx (2x − 6) g(x)2
2(2x − 6) − 2(2x − 3)
f′(x) =
(2x − 6)2
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f′(0) = − 1/6
x
f′(a)(x − a) = −
6
f′′(a) 2 x2
(x − a) = −
2! 18
f′′′(a) 3 x3
(x − a) = −
3! 54
1
f (0) =
2
Since the equation for the distribution of the planets would
the solution of a differential equation, the equation for the
distribution being:
ni
Pi =
2 ⋅ 3i
Then we integrate to obtain:
ni 3i n i
∫ 2 ⋅ 3i
di = +C
2log( 3 )
n
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
double r, n=4.24264;
int i;
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
for (i=0;i<5;i++)
{
r=pow(n,i)/(2*(pow(3,i)));
printf("%f",r);
printf("\n");
}
int k=4;
int i=6;
while (k>0)
{
k=k-1;
r=(pow(n,i))/(2*(pow(3,i)));
i=i+k;
printf("%f", r);
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}
35 of 45
We can plot the equation 2n-3 with its weird counterpart 2n-6,
which are parallel, then drop a vertical, and a perpendicular
which makes the triangle 2, 5 , 3:
37 of 45
We can plot the actual planets Y1 and that of the Taylor expan-
sion of (2n-3)/(2n-6) to get:
38 of 45
The Geometry
Not only is the Venus equation perfect in the equation set in
terms of AI elements, but in the Mars equation in terms of ϕ and
e in the equation set in terms of these constants. We have:
Si3
1 2SiGe + Ge
venus = = 0.72AU
Ge2 1+
Si2
Ge 2
1.52=0.72x
x=2.11111=19/9
F 19.00g/m ol
= = 2.108768 ≈ 2.1
Be 9.01g/m ol
Beryllium (see illustrations) is pivotal to the production of car-
bon, which is in turn the core element to biological life com-
pounds. Stars produce carbon by combining two helium (He)
atoms to make Beryllium. The Beryllium then combines with
another helium atom to make carbon. Beryllium rarely occurs in
Nature because it is usually depleted in the reaction in stars using
it to make heavier elements. I found a connection of beryllium to
carbon by way of silicon. The radius of silicon is Si=0.118nm. If
we say it is inscribed in a dodecagon (12 sided) regular polygon
of side 1, then carbon inscribes in a regular octagon (8 sided) of
side 1. This is the eight of The beryllium-8 (four protons, four
neutrons) that makes carbon by combining with helium.
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Si3
1 2SiGe + Ge F
= ϕ 2e (2−ϕ)
Ge2 1+
Si2 Be
Ge 2
42 of 45
n = (3,4, 5,6, …)
i = (4,5, 6,7, …)
k = (2,3, 4,5, …)
I show how this works on the next two pages in tables…
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The Author