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Microsoft PowerPoint - 5 - Xrays
Microsoft PowerPoint - 5 - Xrays
§ X-rays are generated when high velocity electrons are bombarded on metal
target.
§ Inner orbital electrons in K or L shells of metal atoms are knocked out
§ Outer shell electrons undergo transitions to the lower shells and give off
high energy X-Rays
Continuous and line spectrum
• Ln P0/P = µMηX
X is thickness of sample
• µM = CN/A* Z^4* l
(b) Diffraction:
AP + PC = n l
AP = PC = d sin q
n l = 2 d sin q
nl
sin q =
2d
Radioisotopes
(b) Collimator:
X-rays produced are randomly
directed which are narrowed
down by collimator .
(c)Monochromator:
Filters and Crystal Monochromator
(d) Detectors:
Proportional Counters, Ionization Chambers, Scintillation Counters, Geiger-muller tube.
Applications
• Absorption:
– To locate trace elements in barium and iodine in body
– To detect blow hole and segregation of impurities such as oxides at the welds.
• Diffraction:
– Identify crystal structure.