Essential Idea

• Energy is converted to a usable form in cell

respiration.
 Understandings
• Cell respiration involves the oxidation and reduction of electron carriers.
• Phosphorylation of molecules makes them less stable.
• In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate in the cytoplasm.
• Glycolysis gives a small net gain of ATP without the use of oxygen.
• In aerobic cell respiration pyruvate is decarboxylated and oxidized, and
converted into acetyl compound and attached to coenzyme A to form acetyl
coenzyme A in the link reaction.
• In the Krebs cycle, the oxidation of acetyl groups is coupled to the reduction
of hydrogen carriers, liberating carbon dioxide.
• Energy released by oxidation reactions is carried to the cristae of the
mitochondria by reduced NAD and FAD.
• Transfer of electrons between carriers in the electron transport chain in the
membrane of the cristae is coupled to proton pumping.
 Compare Oxidation vs. Reduction

Oxidation Reduction
• Lose electron • Gain electron
• Gain Oxygen • Lose oxygen
• Lose hydrogen • Gain hydrogen
• Lose energy • Gain energy
• ATP is oxidized to ADP + P • ADP is reduced to ATP
• NADH is oxidized to NAD • NAD is reduced to NADH
+H
 IB Assessment Statement

• State that oxidation involves the loss of electrons from an element, and that oxidation
frequently involves gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen,
• State that reduction involves a gain of electrons; reduction frequently involves losing
oxygen or gaining hydrogen.
 Oxidation

• Oxidation: often associated with the release of

energy
 Reduction

• Reduction: often associated with the gain of

energy
 Forms of Oxidation & Reduction

• In respiration the oxidation of organic compounds

is coupled to the reduction of ADP to ATP.
• The oxidation of ATP is then coupled to biological
processes such as muscle contraction of protein
synthesis.
 Ib Assessment Statement

• Outline the process of glycolysis, including phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation and ATP
formation. 2 In the cytoplasm, one hexose sugar is converted into two three-carbon
atom compounds (pyruvate) with a net gain of two ATP and two NADH + H+.
 The Stages of Cellular Respiration: A Preview

• Cellular respiration has three stages:

•

1. Glycolysis (breaks down glucose into two molecules of

pyruvate)
2. The citric acid cycle/ Krebs Cycle (completes the
breakdown of glucose)
3. Oxidative phosphorylation (accounts for most of the
ATP synthesis)
• The latter process generates most of the ATP is called
oxidative phosphorylation because it is powered by redox
reactions
 Products of Glycolysis

• For every one molecule of glucose:

•

• 2 molecules of pyruvate are produced

• 2 ATP are produced
• 2 NAD+ are converted to NADH + H
 Four Steps of Glycolysis

1. Phosphorylation
2. Lysis(splitting)
3. Oxidation
4. ATP formation
Glycolysis harvests energy by oxidizing glucose to
pyruvate
• Glycolysis (“splitting of sugar”) breaks down glucose
into two molecules of pyruvate
• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm
• Requires NO oxygen and so is considered an
Anaerobic Reaction
• The overall reaction for glycolysis is for every one
molecule of glucose used:
•

• 2 molecules of Pyruvate are formed

• 2 net molecules of ATP are formed
• 2 molecules of NADH are formed
 Understand Glycolysis:

• Glycolysis Animations
• http://tinyurl.com/yayelo9
• http://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/glycolysi
s.html
• http://www.iubmb-nicholson.org/swf/glycolysis.swf