LABOR and EMPLOYMENT

LABOR

- It is the effort of human that requires payment

LABOR FORCE

- it is the people who are willing and able to work.

There are Four Categories of Labor:

1. UNSKILLED LABOR
- who work primarily with their hands, receive the lowest wages.
 Examples: digging ditches and mopping floors

2. SEMI-SKILLED LABOR
- can operate basic equipment.
 Examples: electric floor polisher, dishwasher and lawnmower

3. SKILLED LABOR
-can operate complex equipment, have training and education
 Examples: carpenters, chef, toolmakers, etc.

4. PROFESSIONAL LABOR
- Individuals with highest level of knowledge-based education and managerial skills.

EMPLOYMENT

- refers to the state of being employed.

 EMPLOYER - boss
 EMPLOYEE - worker

LABOR PROBLEMS

1. UNEMPLOYMENT and UNDER-EMPLOYMENT

 UNEMPLOYMENT - unable to find work/no work.

 UNDER-EMPLOYMENT – worker that not full time and takes another job.

2 TYPES OF UNDER-EMPLOYMENT
 A. VISIBLE – persons working less than 40 hours a week but still wanting work.

B. INVISIBLE – persons working more than 40 hours a week but still wanting more
hours to work.

2. INADEQUATE WAGES
 who earns less that does not meet his needs to live a good life

KINDS OF WAGES

A. TIME WAGE- paid according to the length of time

B. PIECE WAGE - paid according to the work done by the worker.

C. COMMISION - can be a percentage of a sale, or they can be a flat amount based on

the sales volume, payments are based on results.

D. FEES – payment for professional services.

E. BONUS - money beyond their existing base wages, can be given as a reward or gift.

3. INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR-MANAGEMENT CONFLICT

 It is the conflict between the employees/workers and management causing strikes.

4. ECONOMIC INSECURITIES
 Issues in labor such as accidents, strikes, physical illness etc.