Journal of Manufacturing Processes 64 (2021) 793–804

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Manufacturing Processes

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/manpro

Performance of ionic liquid as a lubricant in turning inconel 825 via

minimum quantity lubrication method
M. Naresh Babu a, *, V. Anandan b, M. Dinesh Babu c
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Easwari Engineering College, Chennai, 600089, India
b
Department of Mathematics, Saveetha Engineering College, Chennai, 602105, India
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai, 600123, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Nickel-based super alloys have low thermal conductivity, thus a large amount of heat is generated during
Analytical hierarchy process machining, which reduces the superiority of the machined component and life of the cutting tool. Existing work
Technique for order preference by similarity to is focused on the usage of ionic liquids as lubricants in turning Inconel 825. Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array was
ideal solution
used to detect the results of turning process factors, such as cutting speed, feed, depth of cut and environmental
Ionic liquids
Surface roughness
conditions, in three different machining environments: dry, oil under minimum quantity lubrication and ionic
liquids with minimum quantity lubrication (IL). The output parameters considered were surface roughness,
cutting temperature, tool wear and chip thickness. A multicriteria decision making (MCDM) method executed
through the combination of an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order preference by simi­
larity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was used for optimization. The results showed that ionic liquids with the
minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) method minimized the surface roughness by 88 %, reduced the cutting
temperature by 74 %, reduced the chip thickness by 89 % and minimized tool wear. Furthermore, the SEM study
revealed the wear on a tool in turning Inconel 825 in dry, oil and ionic liquid environments. The outcomes
obtained through analysis clearly prove the importance of employing ionic liquids with minimum quantity
lubrication to reduce surface roughness, cutting temperature, tool wear and chip thickness.

1. Introduction ammonium-based ILs along with Jatropha-based lubricant with varying

Lubrication plays a prominent part in minimizing energy usage and
decreasing the discharge of CO2 into the atmosphere, thus enhancing the
effectiveness of the fuel used and increasing the lifetime of the machines.
Ionic liquids (IL) are an exclusive supporter in lubrication and are
commonly preferred in industries due to their extraordinary features
such as good thermal permanence and low volatility. IL has a low
melting point of less than 100 ◦ C and consists of charged delocalized
anions. Goindi et al. [1] performed experiments in milling medium
carbon steel using fluorine and phosphonium ion-based ILs. The authors
discovered that the fluorine-based IL minimized the cutting force,
whereas the phosphonium-based IL reduced the cutting temperature.
Abdul Sani et al. [2] investigated the usage of phosphonium- and
concentrations of 1 %, 5 % and 10 % in turning AISI 1045 under mini­
mum quantity lubrication (MQL). The authors concluded that the cut­
ting forces, specific cutting energy, machining temperature, friction
coefficient, and chip thickness were minimized with Jatropha +
ammonium IL of 10 % and Jatropha + phosphonium IL of 1 %. Pandey
et al. [3] observed a decrease in surface roughness value during turning
of D2 steel with trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride IL with coco­
nut oil under MQL. However, wear on the tool and metal removal rate
were not much influenced through usage of the IL. Davis et al. [4]
analysed the use of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
IL with MQL. The authors identified that tool wear was minimized by 60
% in comparison to dry machining. Furthermore, the cutting force and
saw-tooth formation were minimized and an improvement in the quality

Abbreviations: AHP, Analytical hierarchy process; TOPSIS, Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution; MCDM, Multi criteria decision making;
IL, Ionic liquids; DI, Deionized water; CVD, Chemical vapor deposition; RI, Random consistency index; CR, Consistency Ratio; SEM, Scanning Electron Microscope;
ANOVA, Analysis of variance; BUE, Built up edges.
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: nareshbabu.m@eec.srmrmp.edu.in (M. Naresh Babu), anandanviswanathan@saveetha.ac.in (V. Anandan), dinesh198014@yahoo.com
(M. Dinesh Babu).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.02.011
Received 2 June 2020; Received in revised form 28 January 2021; Accepted 5 February 2021
Available online 23 February 2021
1526-6125/© 2021 The Society of Manufacturing Engineers. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
M. Naresh Babu et al. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 64 (2021) 793–804

of the surface was attained in turning titanium alloy. In a paper, Goindi
et al. [5] examined the impact of BMIM PF6 ionic liquids as cutting fluids
in the milling of plain medium carbon steel under MQL. They identified
that ionic liquids such as BMIM PF6 and BMIM BF4 with canola oil
minimized the cutting forces and surface roughness in rough and finish
machining by providing a defensive layer between the interacting sur­
faces. Pham et al. [6] applied ionic liquids such as BMIMI and EMIM
TFSI in milling AA 5052. The authors reported that BMIMI reduced the
surface roughness in comparison to conventional oil lubrication. The
outcomes disclosed that ionic liquids decrease the wear and friction in
comparison with dry and water lubrication. Cai et al. [7] performed
experiments with a pin on disk tribometer using ionic liquids suspended
in polyethylene glycol. They noticed a decrease in wear and friction.
Abdul Sani et al. [8] executed experiments in turning AISI 1045 under
ionic liquids with Jatropha oil in varying concentrations of 1 %, 5 % and
10 %. The authors concluded that a 10 % concentration of ionic liquids
+ Jatropha oil reduced the temperature, cutting force and tool wear
compared to a synthetic ester-based cutting fluid. Zhu et al. [9] applied
phosphonium-based ionic liquids to examine the tribological perfor­
mance for steel-steel interaction surfaces. They identified that a slim
defensive layer developed by the ionic liquids minimized the friction
between the contact surfaces.
According to the work in the literature, it has been found that the
usage of ionic liquids as lubricants in the turning process under mini­
mum quantity lubrication is inadequate. Further, no work has been re­
ported to relate the performance of ionic liquids with dry and oil
machining environments. Hence, the authors were inspired to compare
the superiority of ionic liquids with dry and oil environments in turning
Inconel 825. Thus, this research work enables investigators to execute
more findings using various types of ionic liquids in turning under
minimum quantity lubrication. The objective of the current research is
as follows:
• Examine the performance of ionic liquids under minimum quantity
lubrication on surface roughness, temperature, chip thickness, tool
wear and chip morphology.
• Additionally, the consequences of dry and oil machining environ­
ments on surface roughness, temperature, chip thickness, tool wear
and chip morphology were studied.
• AHP-TOPSIS method was used to determine the initial and optimal
parameters.
• Finally, the outperformance of ionic liquids compared to other
machining environments in reducing the surface roughness, tool
wear, temperature, chip thickness and saw-tooth was checked.
2. Experimental details
2.1. Work piece details
Inconel 825 steel belongs to the category of nickel-iron-chromium
alloy which has decent corrosion resistance in harsh environments. It
is usually preferred in nuclear fuel reprocessing, exhaust systems in
marine areas, propeller shafts, chemical processing units, food pro­
cessing and steel pickling equipment’s. Inconel 825 with diameter 17
mm and length 110 mm was used for the present study. Chemical
composition and properties of Inconel 825 are given in Tables 1 and 2
respectively
Table 2
Properties of Inconel 825.
Property Density Modulus of Thermal Tensile Melting
Elasticity conductivity strength Range
Value 8.14 g/ 196 GPa 11.1 W/m-K 585 MPa 1370− 1400
cm3 ◦
C
2.2. Equipment used for measuring responses
The experiments were carried out on the Computer Numerical
Controlled (CNC) lathe machine “SUPER JOBBER” manufactured by
ACE Designers limited - INDIA having a motor spindle power of 11 kW
and spindle speed of maximum 3500 rpm as shown in Fig. 1. A computer
controlled surface roughness tester SURFCORDER SE 3500 was used for
determining the average roughness value (Ra) using sampling length
and cut-off length as 0.8 mm at 20 ◦ C. The cutting temperature during
the turning process was observed by a digital infrared thermometer of a
noncontact type. Chip thickness was calculated by a vernier caliper of
digital type (make: Mitutoyo) with a least count of 0.01 mm. The wear
on the inserts and chip morphology was evaluated with a scanning
electron microscope (SEM) of model: HITACHI S-3400 N with a
magnification range of 5x to 300,000 × .
2.3. Synthesis of ionic liquids
1-Butyl-3-Methyl Imidazolium Hexaflurophosphate (BMIM-PF6) is
colorless and fluorine based miscible hydrophobic liquid that is exten­
sively used in MQL [4]. The base fluid selected was deionized water (DI).
BMIM-PF6 purchased from Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt. Ltd, (SRL)
Chennai - INDIA was added to DI water in 0.5 wt % concentration. The IL
was kept in an Ultrasonicator for 30 min to obtain a consistent mixture.
The IL prepared was used instantly for experimental work to preserve its
steadiness. The process involved in preparation of IL is enclosed in Fig. 2
and particulars of IL are listed in Table 3.
2.4. Tool holder and cutting insert
Tool holders function as a link connecting cutting tool with work
material. An ISO chosen cutting tool holder with a description of MTJNL
2525M16 was selected for the experimental work. The chemical vapor
deposition (CVD) coated carbide tool inserts were used throughout the
experimental process. Fresh inserts were used for each experiment to
examine the wear on the inserts precisely. The geometry of the inserts is
listed in Table 4.
2.5. Coconut oil
Coconut oil contains saturated oil acids < 90 % which creates
excellent resistance to corrosion in contrast to other vegetable oils. The
oil used for the current study was coconut oil which basically comes
under the category of lauric oil. Coconut oil cannot be used as base oil in
frosty areas because of high oil acid content and has pour point of 25.
These characteristics are the reasons for choosing coconut oil for the
current study.
2.6. MQL system

The MQL system was used to deliver a fixed quantity of cutting fluid
and air mixture. Air from the compressor enters the mixing

Table 1
Chemical composition of Inconel 825.
Element Ni Fe Cr Mo Cu Ti C Mn S Al Si

Composition (%) 44 24.2 22.4 3.2 2.3 0.89 0.03 0.62 0.015 0.14 0.37

794
M. Naresh Babu et al. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 64 (2021) 793–804

Fig. 1. CNC turning machine with MQL system.

Fig. 2. Ionic liquid preparation procedure.

Table 3
Particulars of ionic liquids.
IUPAC name (Lubricant) Code Chemical formula Organic formula Purity (%) Mol.weight(g)

1- butyl- 3- methyl imidazolium hexaflurophosphate BMIM-PF6 C8H15F6N2P 99 284.18

compartment which blends with ionic liquids. The control value and 3. Optimization process
pressure gauge regulates the quantity of pressure desired and pressure
chosen to the machining process. The cutting fluid was shattered into an The optimization process involved in the current research is listed
air-lubricant film and a mist of cutting fluid is targeted at the machining below:
zone through the nozzle.

2.7. Design of experiments 3.1. AHP method

Design of experiments is a method used to plan and execute exper­
iments. Experiments were executed by varying cutting speed, feed,
depth of cut and environment. Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array was
identified for experimental run. The experiments were implemented in a
chaotic manner to decrease the impact of uninvited factors. The process
variables with their levels are listed in Table 4. Table 5 indicates the
experimental design for L27 array.
The analytical hierarchy process is a multi-criteria decision making
technique developed by T.L. Saaty [10]. It is a widely used MCDM
technique due to its easy application in various areas. It makes paired
assessments through criteria and criteria weights. It analyses the
comparative weights of definite criteria obtained from specialist
judgements. The relative importance of the responses determined using
AHP was as follows:

1) Construct a pairwise comparison matrix D = Dij , where Dij repre­

sents the relative importance of ith criterion with respect to jth

795
M. Naresh Babu et al. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 64 (2021) 793–804

Table 4 3) Calculate consistency ratio (CR) using

Experimental plan.
CI
Environment (A) = Dry, oil with MQL and ionic liquid with CR = (3)
RI
MQL (IL)
Process variables Cutting speed (Vc) = 80,120 and 160 m/min λmax − m
Feed (f) = 0.05, 0.08 and 0.12 mm/rev where CI = , indicates Consistency index (CI) (4)
Depth of cut (d) = 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mm m− 1

Oil supplied with Coconut oil and RI represents the Random consistency index, as shown in Table 6
MQL
MQL flow rate 10 mL/min
Air pressure 2.5 bar
4) If CR ≤ 0.1, then the judgment is dependable and suitable to make
TNMG 160,408 M T (make TaeguTec) pair-wise comparisons. If CR < 0.1, the process is repeated for good
CVD coated carbide pair-wise comparison.
Turning Insert
Grade = TT5100
Shape = Triangular
The above mentioned steps are to be followed to implement AHP
Nose radius = 0.8 mm, Included angle = 60◦ , d = 9.52 mm, t
= 4.76 mm method.
MODEL = MAXSELL- MX35SH
Tank dimensions = 152 × 87 × 65 mm3
Sonicator 3.2. TOPSIS method
Operating frequency =50 Hz
Ultrasonic power = 35 W
The TOPSIS method is extensively used in multi criteria decision
making, which delivers excellent results in decision making problems.
criterion. The number of responses determines the size of the matrix TOPSIS was introduced by Hwang and Yoon [12]. Later, Chen and
‘m’. Hwang extended the method with little changes. TOPSIS suggests two
⎛
D11 D12 ⋮ D1m
⎞ reference points known as a positive ideal solution and negative ideal
⎜ D D21 ⋮ D2m ⎟ 1 solution. The positive ideal solution maximizes the benefit and mini­
D = ⎝ 21 , D = 1, Dij ∕
= 1, Dji = (1) mizes the cost, while the negative ideal solution maximizes the cost and
… ⋯ ⋱ ⋯ ⎠ ii Dij
Dm1 Dm1 ⋮ Dmm minimizes the benefit. TOPSIS has the ability to compete with the pre­
sent working conditions owing to its simple computing process. TOPSIS
employs Euclidean distances to consider the choices for the positive and
negative ideal solution. The desired order of selections is attained by
2) Determine the weight of each criterion using assessing the Euclidean distances. TOPSIS method is described below.
{∏m }m1 Step1. Normalize the decision matrix by
Dij xij
(2)
j=1
wi = ∑ }m1 ; i, j = 1, 2, …, m nij = √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
∑m , i = 1, ….., m; j = 1, ….., n
m
{∏m (5)
Dij x2
i=1 ij
i=1 j=1

Where i = number of experimental trials, j = number of responses and xij

= normalized value of the ith experimental run related with the jth re­
sponses

Table 5
Experimental design, observed response values and closeness index.
Experiment Environment Cutting speed Feed Depth of cut Surface Temperature (◦ Chip thickness TOPSIS grade (or) Rank
number (m/min) (mm/rev) (mm) Roughness (μm) C) (mm) closeness index

1 Dry 80 0.05 0.5 3.5 135 0.34 0.3707 21

2 Dry 80 0.08 0.75 5.05 157 0.37 0.1901 27
3 Dry 80 0.12 1 3.2 148 0.32 0.3898 20
4 Dry 120 0.05 0.75 4.4 165 0.36 0.2218 25
5 Dry 120 0.08 1 2.6 147 0.47 0.4529 19
6 Dry 120 0.12 0.5 3.37 152 0.50 0.3379 23
7 Dry 160 0.05 1 4.2 144 0.36 0.2697 24
8 Dry 160 0.08 0.5 3.05 175 0.58 0.3445 22
9 Dry 160 0.12 0.75 4.9 137 0.49 0.2047 26
10 Oil 80 0.05 0.5 2.7 89 0.11 0.5908 17
11 Oil 80 0.08 0.75 2.5 92 0.14 0.6098 14
12 Oil 80 0.12 1 2.7 77 0.28 0.5994 16
13 Oil 120 0.05 0.75 2.61 83 0.25 0.6033 15
14 Oil 120 0.08 1 2.26 82 0.25 0.6545 13
15 Oil 120 0.12 0.5 2.96 79 0.16 0.5705 18
16 Oil 160 0.05 1 1.26 81 0.15 0.7937 9
17 Oil 160 0.08 0.5 1.95 84 0.27 0.6912 12
18 Oil 160 0.12 0.75 2.2 60 0.28 0.7002 10
19 IL 80 0.05 0.5 1.27 37 0.05 0.8870 6
20 IL 80 0.08 0.75 1.31 42 0.06 0.8772 8
21 IL 80 0.12 1 0.86 46 0.04 0.9439 3
22 IL 120 0.05 0.75 1.44 48 0.97 0.6955 11
23 IL 120 0.08 1 0.87 57 0.05 0.9104 5
24 IL 120 0.12 0.5 1.07 44 0.03 0.9154 4
25 IL 160 0.05 1 0.61 41 0.04 0.9844 1
26 IL 160 0.08 0.5 1.17 52 0.05 0.8861 7
27 IL 160 0.12 0.75 0.71 48 0.07 0.9519 2

796
M. Naresh Babu et al. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 64 (2021) 793–804

Table 6
Random consistency index (RI) [11].
m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

RI 0 0 0.58 0.9 1.12 1.24 1.32 1.41 1.45 1.49

Step2. Calculate the weighted normalized decision matrix by

Table 8
vij = wj nij i = 1, …., m; j = 1, …., n. (6) Relative weights from assessment matrix.
Observed values Weights λmax, CI,RI
where wj = weight of the jth criterion
Surface Roughness 0.480 λmax = 3.029
Step3. The positive ideal and negative ideal solutions are determined
Temperature 0.405 CI = 0.0146
by Chip thickness 0.115 RI = 0.5800
{ }
A+ = v+ +
1 , ….., vn (7)
{ } The consistency ratio for the pair wise comparison matrix was deter­
A− = v−1 , ….., v−n (8) mined as 0.0251 < 0.1. Hence, the comparison matrix achieved was
found to be reliable; therefore, the weights obtained in the AHP were
Where A+ = positive ideal solution and A− = negative ideal solution. If carried into the TOPSIS technique.
the jth criterion is a maximum criterion, then vj+ = max{vij, i = 1,…,m}
and vj− = min{vij,i = 1,…,m}. In contrast, if the jth criterion is a min­ CR =
CI 0.0146
= = 0.0251
imum criterion, then vj+ = min{vij,i = 1,…,m} and vj− = max {vij,i = 1, RI 0.5800
…,m}. As the value of CR < 0.1, the comparison matrix is consistent
Step4. The separation measures are calculated using the n-dimen­
sional euclidean distance. The separation of each alternative for positive
ideal solution is 4.2. TOPSIS method for assigning ranks
{ }1
∑n ( )2 2
The TOPSIS technique was used to assign ranks for the experimental
D+ = v − v+
, i = 1, …., m (9)
trials based on the grade values reached. To ensure that the values ob­
i ij j
j=1

tained in varying ranges were uniform, the responses were normalized

Similarly, the separation for negative ideal solution is using Eq. 5. Additionally, the weighted normalized decision matrix was
{ }1 calculated using Eq. 6. The positive ideal (A+) and negative ideal (A− )
∑n ( )2 2 solution were calculated using Eqs. 7 and 8. Subsequently, the Euclidian
D−i = v − v−
i = 1, …., m (10)
j=1
ij j distance for the positive ideal (D+ i ) and negative ideal (Di ) for each
−

experimental number were identified using Eqs. 9 and 10. The closeness
Where D+ i denotes the distance between the ith alternative and the
index or TOPSIS grade was calculated using Eq. 11 and the values are
positive ideal solution, and D−i denotes the distance between the ith listed in Table 5. The minimum grade value was considered as the initial
alternative and the negative ideal solution. trial [14] with experiment number 2, and had a value of 0.1901, as
Step5. Calculate the relative closeness to the ideal solution. shown in Table 5. Hence, the combination A1Vc1f2d2 (A1= dry envi­
ronment, Vc1 = 80 m/min, f2 = 0.08 mm/rev, d2 = 0.75 mm) retains the
D−i value of the surface roughness =5.05 μm, cutting temperature = 157 ◦ C
Ci = , i = 1, …., m (11)
D+
i + D−i and chip thickness = 0.37 mm, as shown in Table 5. The maximum grade
Step6. Rank the alternatives, sorting by the value Ci in decreasing value was considered as the best trial [14]. Hence, experiment number
order. 25, which has a grade value of 0.9844 (Table 5), was selected as the
The above mentioned steps are to be followed to implement TOPSIS optimal trial with the arrangement A3Vc3f1d3 (A3 = Ionic liquid, Vc3 =
method. 160 m/min, f1 = 0.05 mm/rev, d3 = 1 mm), which maintains the value
of the surface roughness =0.61 μm, cutting temperature = 41 ◦ C and
4. Results and discussion chip thickness = 0.04 mm, as shown in Table 5. Thus, from the above
discussions, the TOPSIS method was used to assign ranks to individual
4.1. AHP method for assigning weights experiments.
Table 9 shows ANOVA demonstrating the major factor in reducing
Initially, the AHP method was used to select suitable weights to in­ the surface roughness, cutting temperature, chip thickness, tool wear
dividual responses. The observed values for the responses were listed in and minimizing the saw tooth in turning Inconel 825. It shows that the
Table 5. The weights for the measured responses were calculated by environment is the major factor, which shows a contribution of 90 %,
using the AHP technique. The pair wise assessment matrix for each followed by depth of cut at 2.9 %, with other factors, such as cutting
response was enclosed in Table 7. The weights were assigned to an in­ speed and feed, showing a marginal contribution. Thus, the conclusion
dividual response and the consistency ratio (Table 8) was calculated drawn from the ANOVA suggests that the environment plays a major
using Eq. 4. The assigned weights as shown in Table 8 are surface role in deciding the responses. Hence, use of the ionic liquid (environ­
roughness = 0.480, temperature = 0.405 and chip thickness = 0.115. ment) was considered as the noteworthy factor. Additionally, an optimal
trial recommends ionic liquid as one of factor among other factors.
Therefore, ionic liquids can be considered as the major factor respon­
Table 7
sible for minimizing the surface roughness, cutting temperature, chip
Pair-wise assessment matrix.
thickness, wear on the tool and reducing the saw tooth in turning
Observed values Surface Roughness Temperature Chip thickness
Inconel 825.
Surface Roughness 1.000 1.000 5.000 At 5% level of significance, the factors A (Environment) and d (Depth
Temperature 1.000 1.000 3.000 of cut) are significant
Chip thickness 0.200 0.333 1.000
Fig. 3 shows an optimization plot that was drawn using a radar graph

797
M. Naresh Babu et al. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 64 (2021) 793–804

Table 9
Analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Symbol Factors Sum of Squares Degrees of freedom Mean Sum of squares F-ratio F Critical % Contribution

A Environment 1.5543 2 0.7772 144.7 3.555 90.5

Vc Cutting speed 0.0133 2 0.0067 1.2 3.555 0.8
f Feed 0.0029 2 0.0015 0.3 3.555 0.2
d Depth of cut 0.0499 2 0.0249 4.6 3.555 2.9
Error 0.0967 18 0.0054 5.6
Total 1.7171 26 100

to graphically examine the effect of process variables on surface
roughness. The plot clearly suggests that ionic liquids help to minimize
the response compared to a dry and oil environment. Fig. 3a indicates
that surface roughness values were decreased in comparison to a dry
environment and oil environment. With ionic liquids, the abrasion
developed at the machining regions was reduced; hence, a decrease in
surface roughness was noticed. When machining with ionic liquids, a
self-protecting layer is developed at the machining areas, which favours
minimizing the friction attained. Thus, a decrease in temperature was
noticed and these declarations were acceptable with the help of the
graph, as shown in Fig. 3b. The excellent thermal conductivity of ionic
liquids assists in minimizing the friction at the machining interface;
thus, a decrease in the thickness of the chip was achieved, as shown in
Fig. 3c.
4.3. Investigation on surface roughness
This section discusses the impact of the surface roughness on varying
environments. The machined components are highly inspired by their
surface finish. Various parameters, such as abrasion, heat dissipation
and lubrication, mainly depend on the surface finish of the machined
component. The widely used average surface roughness (Ra) was
considered for this study. Machining in a dry environment yields an
increase in surface roughness value, as shown in Fig. 4a. This occurrence
has been analysed by various other investigators in different machining
processes with a broad variety of materials [15]. Further, manufactured
components tend to move towards the elimination sector in case the
roughness values are high. Machining with an initial trial A1Vc1f2d2
(A1= Dry environment, Vc1 = 80 m/min, f2 = 0.08 mm/rev, d2 = 0.75
mm) resulted in an increase in the stress and enormous abrasion during
the machining process. Further, the maximum roughness value was
achieved in a dry environment due to the nonexistence of lubrication.
The roughness value obtained (Fig. 4a) remained at 5.05 μm. It was
noticed that the roughness value was increased by 75 % when compared
to an optimal trial under oil with MQL and was 88 % higher with an
optimal trial under ionic liquids with MQL.
To show the effect of oil lubrication, experiments were conducted
with optimal trials (Vc3f1d3) with oil under MQL. Excellent lubrication
and efficient cooling were provided by oil with MQL. As a result, a
decrease in abrasion was noticed. Additionally, a thin side-line at the
tool-work piece area was observed, which paved the way towards
reducing the surface roughness value. As shown in Fig. 4b, a roughness
value of 1.26 μm was obtained. The surface roughness was reduced by
75 % when compared with the initial trial under a dry environment.
Machining using optimal trials (Table 5) with A3Vc3f1d3 (A3 = Ionic
liquid, Vc3 = 160 m/min, f1 = 0.05 mm/rev, d3 = 1 mm) revealed that
machining with IL under MQL split the IL, forming a small mist at the
tool-work piece region. Further, the IL proposed for the current exami­
nation comprises an hexafluorophosphate anion consisting of fluorine,
which fastened firmly at the machining zone; hence, a decrease in fric­
tion was noticed [1]. Thus, a smooth profile (Fig. 4c) with a lower
roughness value of 0.61 μm was generated. The surface roughness was
reduced by 88 % compared with the initial trial under a dry environ­
ment, and by 52 % with the optimal trial using oil with an MQL envi­
ronment. Hence, the IL was found to be a proper substitute in reducing
the surface roughness compared to a dry environment and oil with MQL
environment. The effect of cutting speed, feed and depth of cut on sur­
face roughness for dry, oil and IL machining environments is shown in
Fig. 5. From the Fig. 5a, an increase in the cutting speed decreases the
surface roughness [20]. A high cutting speed developed an increase in
temperature, resulting in the development of built-up edges. These
edges were eradicated when a high temperature was used. Hence, a
decrease in surface roughness was attained. A decrease in surface
roughness of 12 % and 20 % was achieved with an increase in cutting
speed from 80 m/min to 120 m/min and from 80 m/min to 160 m/min,
respectively. Further, a 0.7 % and 31 % decrease in surface roughness

Fig. 3. A radar plot showing effect of process parameters on (a) surface roughness (b) temperature (c) chip thickness.

798
M. Naresh Babu et al.
Fig. 4. Surface roughness profile obtained with environments (a) dry (b) oil (c) Ionic liquid.
Fig. 5. Variation in surface roughness with (a) cutting speed (b) feed (c) depth of cut under different machining environment.
under an oil environment and 2 %, 27 % reduction in roughness under IL
for cutting speeds of 120 m/min and 160 m/min was noticed. The effect
of feed on surface roughness is shown in Fig. 5b, which shows that the
surface roughness increases with increasing feed [31]. It can be noticed
that high abrasion and trembling results in a high surface roughness
value [31]. An increase in roughness of 42 % and 65 % was observed
with an increase in feed of 0.08 mm/rev and 0.12 mm/rev for a dry
environment. Similarly, a 2 % and 20 % increase in roughness for an oil
environment and a 13 % and 26 % enlargement in roughness for an IL
environment with a feed of 0.08 mm/rev and 0.12 mm/rev was noticed,
respectively. The effect of the depth of cut (DOC) on surface roughness
(Fig. 5c) suggested that the surface roughness decreases with increasing
DOC [32]. An increase in temperature was observed with a high DOC
because the contact between the tool/chip/work piece was a maximum,
which tracked an increase in material removal rate leading to a decrease
in roughness value. A reduction in the roughness of 23 % and 65 % with
a DOC of 0.75 mm and 1 mm was attained, respectively, with a dry
environment. Similarly, a reduction in the roughness value of 49 % and
76 % in an oil environment and 38 % and 77 % in an IL environment
under a DOC of 0.75 mm and 1 mm, respectively, was identified, as
shown in Fig. 5c. Hence, the above explanations clearly suggest the
involvement of cutting speed, feed and depth of cut on surface roughness
with varying environments.
4.4. Investigation on cutting temperature
This section elaborates the impact of cutting temperature on dry, oil
with MQL and IL with MQL environments. The most important param­
eter affecting the machinability is initiated by temperature. Tool wear
and ingestion of power during the machining process occurs due to an
increase in temperature. Hence, monitoring and temperature reduction
799
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 64 (2021) 793–804
becomes essential [16]. The objective of the lubrication is to eliminate
the temperature attained at the machining zone. Machining through an
initial trial A1Vc1f2d2 for experiment number 2 (A1= Dry environment,
Vc1 = 80 m/min, f2 = 0.08 mm/rev, d2 = 0.75 mm - indicated in Table 5)
revealed an increase in resistance and stress at the machining zone in a
dry environment. Therefore, an increase in temperature was observed
with the dry environment [17]. A temperature of 157 ◦ C (Table 5) was
attained, which is 48 % higher compared with an optimal trial with oil
under MQL and 74 % higher when compared with an optimal trial under
MQL + IL. Machining with oil under MQL with trial (Vc3f1d3) resulted in
successful movement of the oil at the tool-work machining zone. Thus,
the cooling action was enhanced and effective heat transfer was ob­
tained with convection and evaporation, which led to a decrease in
temperature. Additionally, MQL with oil minimizes the abrasion at the
machining area; thereby a reduction in temperature was noticed. A
temperature of 81 ◦ C was reached with experiment number 16, as shown
in Table 5. Thus, a 48 % reduction in temperature was observed when
compared to the initial trial with a dry environment. Machining with the
optimal trial indicated that the IL used for the study, 1- butyl- 3- methyl
imidazoliumhexaflurophosphate (BMIM-PF6), provided excellent lubri­
cation in reducing friction in various areas [24]. Hence, a decrease in
friction was identified, which completely decreased the temperature in
the machining zone. Furthermore, tightly filled IL molecules provided a
self-protective coating among the mating surfaces, which assisted in
reducing the abrasion developed [28]. A temperature of 41 ◦ C was
attained with the IL, as indicated in Table 5. Thus, a 74 % and 48 %
decrease in temperature was attained compared to a dry environment
and oil + MQL environment, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded
that an IL environment is appropriate for reducing the temperature.
This section discusses the impact of cutting speed, feed and depth of
cut in dry, oil with MQL, and IL with MQL environments. The effect of
M. Naresh Babu et al.
cutting speed on temperature (Fig. 6a) reveals an increased temperature
with intensification of cutting speed [33]. With high cutting speed,
massive abrasion occurs at the tool-work piece boundary resulting in an
increase in temperature. With an increase in cutting speed, the tem­
perature is raised by 3 % and 5 % for a dry environment. Similarly, the
temperature is raised by 8 % and 14 % for oil with MQL environment
and 12 % and 19 % for IL with a cutting speed of 120 m/min and 160
m/min, respectively. The outcomes of feed on temperature (Fig. 6b)
suggested that high feed tends to increase the temperature [33]. With
high feed, an increase in material removal and excessive mechanical
stress is observed, resulting in an increase in temperature. A rise in
temperature of 1 % and 10 % was attained with an increase in feed of
0.08 mm/rev and 0.12 mm/rev under a dry environment. Similarly, 5 %,
15 % oil with MQL environment along with 13 % and 22 % with IL for a
feed of 0.08 mm/rev and 0.12 mm/rev was observed. The effect of depth
of cut (DOC) on temperature (Fig. 6c) indicates that temperature in­
tensifies with high DOC [34]. It is presumed that a high DOC increases
the machining forces and thermal loads at the tool-work area. Further­
more, the interaction time increases in the tool-work area, which results
in excessive abrasion. As a result, a rise in temperature is detected. A rise
in temperature of 3 % and 11 % was obtained with an increase in DOC of
0.75 mm and 1 mm under a dry environment. Similarly, an increase in
temperature of 5 % and 11 % under an oil environment and 11 % and 26
% with IL for a DOC of 0.75 mm and 1 mm, respectively, was noticed.
Thus, from the above discussions, it was observed that the IL reduced the
temperature in comparison with dry and oil with MQL environments.
4.5. Examination on tool wear
This section explains the significance of the two most crucial types of
wear (flank wear and crater wear) noticed in the turning of Inconel 825
as shown in Fig. 7. Tool wear refers to losing the sharpness of the cutting
edge during the machining process. The selection of proper control
factors, selection of coolant and mode of application of coolant plays a
major part in reducing the wear on a tool. The wear occurs between tool
and work material due to excessive pressure termed as flank wear. With
initial trials (dry environment), enormous heat is developed, resulting in
extreme rubbing at the tool-work material interface. Additionally, built-
up-edges (BUE) are developed (Fig. 7a) due to high temperature, which
results in the removal of portions of the material from the tool. These
factors favour the development of wear at the flank face of the tool as
shown in Fig. 7a. Crater wear is a type of wear that occurs at the tool-
chip contact interface during machining. Machining with initial trials
in a dry environment induced high stress and plastic deformation.
Hence, high temperature is developed at the tool-chip interface,
resulting in the formation of wear at the rake face, as shown in Fig. 7b.
With optimal trials (MQL + oil), the MQL technique shows favourable
outcomes. Therefore, it can be used as a substitute for a dry environ­
ment. The oil used in the research was coconut oil, which belongs to the
category of lauric acids. The coconut oil contains an excess amount of
saturated content, and this unique property imparts excellent resistance
Fig. 6. Variation in temperature with (a) cutting speed (b) feed (c) depth of cut under different machining environment.
800
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 64 (2021) 793–804
to corrosion; hence, it is preferred in the machining process. MQL with
oil provides efficient cooling action at the tool-work interface; hence, a
decrease in friction is obtained and the temperature is minimized, which
leads to a reduction in wear at the flank face in comparison to a dry
environment, as shown in Fig. 7c. Further, oil with MQL forms a slim
boundary, resulting in reduced stress at the tool-chip interface. As a
result, the heat generated is quickly dissipated [18]. This results in
reduction of wear at the rake face, as shown in Fig. 7d. Thus, the crater
wear obtained was minimized when compared to the dry environment.
The optimal trial (IL + MQL) points out that IL with water (base fluid)
creates a lean periphery between the sets in contact, and a reduction in
wear is observed. The outstanding thermal conductivity of IL eradicated
the temperature provided cooling [26] at the machining zone. Further,
IL with MQL was found to be efficient in minimizing tool wear [4]. Thus,
the wear at the flank face (Fig. 7e) and and rake face (Fig. 7f) were
impressively reduced compared to a dry environment and oil with MQL
environment.
4.6. Examination on chip morphology
The chips obtained in dry, oil with MQL and IL with MQL environ­
ments were gathered, and a detailed examination was carried out. The
temperature generated at the machining areas was transferred to the
atmosphere with the assistance of the chip produced [19]. Chip for­
mation identifies an increase in stress and temperature between the tool-
chip contact areas. This decreases the quality of the machined part and
the life of the tool. Thus, a decent cooling mechanism eradicates the
development of chips at the tool- chip contact region throughout the
machining process. In a dry environment with an initial trial, the profile
of the chip produced is lengthy and twisted [18], as shown in Fig. 8a.
Furthermore, with a dry environment, massive abrasion with huge
plastic distortion at the tool-chip zone results in a noticeable saw-tooth,
as shown in Fig. 8a. Furthermore, with a dry environment, the volume of
the observed saw-tooth is a maximum when compared to the other
machining environments [20]. This statement is justified by the texture
of the saw-tooth obtained, as shown in Fig. 8a. Underneath the chip,
more abrasion lines (Fig. 8b) are visible. This is an indication of an
excessive amount of abrasion due to the absence of coolant at the
tool-chip interface during the machining process [21]. Furthermore,
excess adherence of material was noticed, as shown in Fig. 8b. With the
optimal trial (MQL + oil), the tremendous distribution capability pro­
vides a defensive layer at the tool-chip zone. Hence, a decrease in
temperature was observed, resulting in the lowering of the formed
saw-tooth (Fig. 8c) [20]. Moreover, thin abrasion lines were observed
(Fig. 8d), suggesting the effectiveness of the cutting fluid to provide
lubrication at the machining zone. Additionally, less adherence of ma­
terial was noticed in comparison with the dry environment, as shown in
Fig. 8d. Machining with the optimal trial (IL + MQL) indicates IL (1-
butyl- 3- methyl imidazolium hexaflurophosphate) containing fluorine
[25] is attached at the tool-chip area. As a result, a decrease in abrasion
and reduction in cutting force was observed [1]. Thus, IL with low
M. Naresh Babu et al.
Fig. 7. SEM images of tool wear under different machining environment: (a, b) Dry; (c, d) oil; (e, f) Ionic liquid.
Fig. 8. SEM image of chips under different machining environment: (a, b) Dry; (c, d) oil; (e, f) Ionic liquid.
abrasion and cutting force eliminates the temperature produced during
machining. Additionally, less saw-tooth (Fig. 8e) and fragile abrasion
lines (Fig. 8f) were noticed when compared with the dry environment
and oil with MQL environment. Thus, the above analysis suggests that IL
with MQL is a suitable cutting fluid in comparison with dry and oil with
MQL environments.
4.7. Examination on chip thickness
The chip obtained in the turning of Inconel 825 was subjected to a
vigilant study. The chip generated is classified as either of an acceptable
or unacceptable type. An acceptable chip is one that does not affect the
801
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 64 (2021) 793–804
workpiece or tool. Hence, discarding these chips is easy. On the other
hand, unacceptable chips increase the stress at the tool/workpiece,
therefore elimination of these chips is never easy [30]. Therefore, it is
essential to examine the chip thickness during the machining process.
With the optimal trial under a dry environment, extreme temperature
and, the chip thickness increases due to the distortion of work material,
resulting in the stress at the machining area results in an increase in chip
thickness [21], as shown in Fig. 9a. Additionally formation of a
saw-tooth chip [22], as shown in Fig. 9a. Under machining with the
optimal trial (oil + MQL), the chip thickness was minimized due to a
better cooling action and lubrication. Further, the adherence of the chip
to the tool was reduced, resulting in a decline in the low shear plane and
M. Naresh Babu et al.
Fig. 9. SEM image of chip thickness with (a) Dry environment (b) Ionic liquid environment.
an increased shear angle. Thus, the cutting force was decreased due to an
increase in the shear angle, which suggests a decrease in the thickness of
the chip obtained [23]. The optimal trial (IL + MQL) indicates a high
specific heat, and the excellent thermal conductivity of the IL eliminates
the heat generated, which provides the cooling achievement [26].
Furthermore, a defensive layer is formed at the machining zone, which
minimizes the interaction between the tool-chip regions. This controls
the chip flow [27], resulting in a reduction in thickness, as shown in
Fig. 9b. A chip with a minimum thickness constitutes more surface area.
Hence, such a chip removes the heat effectively and simultaneously
reduces the friction at the tool-chip contact region [29]. Thus, from the
above justification it was determined that the IL performs a significant
role in minimizing the thickness of the chip during experimentation.
This segment discusses the effect of cutting speed, feed and depth of cut
on chip thickness with varying environments. The plot between the
cutting speed and the chip thickness (Fig. 10a) shows an increase in
cutting speed minimizes the chip thickness [29,35]. At the minimum
cutting speed, built-up edges are developed, resulting in an increase in
abrasion and change in the rake angle. Hence, an increase in chip
thickness is observed. However as the cutting speed increases, minute
built-up edges are found to occur. Thus, a chip with lower thickness was
observed when the cutting speed was advanced [35], as shown in
Fig. 10b.
It was observed that a reduction in chip thickness of 6 % and 28 %
was achieved with an increase in cutting speed from 80 to 120 m/min
and 80–160 m/min, respectively, with a dry environment. The effect of
feed on chip thickness (Fig. 10b) suggests that an increase in feed en­
hances the chip thickness [35]. A chip with maximum thickness in­
creases the area of the shear plane. With low feed, small twisted chips
were developed. With an increase in feed, lengthy chips with twisted
structures were obtained. With a further increase in feed, an extended
chip with more twists in shape was identified, resulting in an increase in
friction at the work material. It was observed that the chip thickness
Fig. 10. Variation in chip thickness with (a) cutting speed (b) feed (c) depth of cut under different machining environment.
802
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 64 (2021) 793–804
increased by 23 % and 34 % with an increase in feed from 0.05 mm/rev
to 0.08 mm/rev and 0.05 mm/rev to 0.12 mm/rev in a dry environment,
respectively. With oil under an MQL environment, the chip thickness
was enlarged by 23 % and 30 % with an increase in feed from 0.05
mm/rev to 0.08 mm/rev and 0.05 mm/rev to 0.12 mm/rev, respec­
tively. When the feed was increased from 0.05 mm/rev to 0.08 mm/rev
with IL, the chip thickness was increased by 20 %. The plot of depth of
cut against chip thickness (Fig. 10c) indicates that the increase in chip
thickness is proportional to the depth of cut (DOC) [35]. An increase in
chip thickness of 5 % and 14 % was observed with an increase in DOC
from 0.5 mm to 0.75 mm and 0.5 mm–1 mm, respectively, with a dry
environment. Similarly, an increase in chip thickness of 18 % and 25 %
was achieved with an increase in DOC from 0.5 mm to 0.75 mm,
respectively, for an oil under an MQL environment. With IL, a 50 % and
56 % increase in the chip thickness was achieved for increasing DOC
from 0.5 mm to 0.75 mm and 0.5 mm–1 mm. Hence, it is clear from the
above study that IL with an MQL environment minimized the thickness
of the chip in comparison with the dry and oil with MQL environments.
5. Evaluation experiment
The evaluation experiment was executed to support the AHP-TOPSIS
method used in turning Inconel 825. Experiments were performed with
initial trial (A1Vc1f2d2). The responses attained with the initial trial
(Table 10) was surface roughness = 5.05 μm, temperature = 157 ◦ C and
chip thickness = 0.37 mm. With AHP-TOPSIS method, optimal trial was
observed as A3Vc3f1d3 and the responses values obtained with these
combinations is listed in Table 10. It discloses a decrease in surface
roughness of 88 %, temperature of 74 % and chip thickness of 89 % were
accomplished with the optimal trial as indicated in Table 10. Hence,
AHP-TOPSIS method was found to be effective in reducing the surface
roughness, cutting temperature, tool wear, saw tooth formation and chip
thickness in turning Inconel 825.
M. Naresh Babu et al. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 64 (2021) 793–804

Table 10 [3] Pandey A, Kumar R, Sahoo AK, Paul A, Panda A. Performance analysis of
Evaluation with initial and optimal settings. trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride ionic fluid under MQL condition in hard
turning. Int J Automot Mech Eng 2020;17(1):7629–47. https://doi.org/10.15282/
Responses ijame.17.1.2020.12.0567.
Combination [4] Davis B, Schueller JK, Huang Y. Study of ionic liquid as effective additive for
Factor settings Surface Temperature Chip minimum quantity lubrication during titanium machining. Manuf Lett 2015;5:1–6.
Trials Roughness (◦ C) thickness https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2015.04.001.
(μm) (mm) [5] Goindi GS, Sarkar P, Jayal AD, Chavan SN, Mandal D. Investigation of ionic liquids
as additives to canola oil in minimum quantity lubrication milling of plain medium
Initial trial A1Vc1f2d2 5.05 157 0.37
carbon steel. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol Int J Adv Manuf Technol 2018;94(1–4):
Optimal trial A3Vc3f1d3 0.61 41 0.04
881–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-017-0970-1.
(%) of A3Vc3f1d3 88 74 89 [6] Pham M-Q, Yoon H-S, Khare V, Ahn S-H. Evaluation of ionic liquids as lubricants in
improvement micro milling—process capability and sustainability. J Clean Prod 2014;76:
with optimal 167–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.04.055.
trial [7] Cai M, Liang Y, Zhou F, Liu W. A novel imidazolium salt with antioxidation and
anticorrosion dual functionalities as the additive in poly(ethylene glycol) for steel/
steel contacts. Wear 2013;306(1–2):197–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
6. Conclusions wear.2012.09.001.
[8] Abdul Sani AS, Rahim EA, Sharif S, Sasahara H. The influence of modified
vegetable oils on tool failure mode and wear mechanisms when turning AISI 1045.
The current research was focused on the machining performance of Tribol Int 2018;129(2019):347–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
Inconel 825 in terms of surface roughness, cutting temperature, chip triboint.2018.08.038.
[9] Zhu L, Dong J, Ma Y, Jia Y, Peng C, Li W, et al. Synthesis and investigation of
thickness, tool wear and chip morphology under dry, oil with MQL and
halogen-free phosphonium-based ionic liquids for lubrication applications. Tribol
ionic liquids with MQL environments. The conclusions obtained from Trans 2019;62(6):943–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2019.1609638.
the experiments and the statistical analyses are summarized below: [10] SAATY RW. The analytic hierarchy process-what it is and how it is used. Mathl
Modelling 1987;9(3-5):161–76.
[11] Vega SP, Peter S, Ochoa IS, Hidalga AN, Sharratt PN. Analytical hierarchy
1) From statistical analysis through AHP-TOPSIS, it was decided that an processes (AHP) for the selection of solvents in early stages of pharmaceutical
ionic liquid with an MQL environment is a significant parameter for process development. Process Saf Environ Prot 2011;89:261–7.
minimizing the surface roughness, cutting temperature, chip thick­ [12] Hwang CL, Yoon K. Multiple Attribute Decision Making: Methods and Applications.
NewYork: Springer; 1981.
ness, tool wear and saw-tooth development. [14] Nadda R, Kumar R, Singh T, Chauhan R, Patnaik A, Gangil B. Experimental
2) A large amount of reduction in surface roughness, i.e., 88 % and 75 % investigation and optimization of cobalt bonded tungsten carbide composite by
was identified with ionic liquids under MQL compared to a dry hybrid AHP-TOPSIS approach. Alexandria Eng J 2018;57:3419–28.
[15] Pu Z, Outeiro J, Batista A, Dillon O, Puleo D, Jawahir I. Enhanced surface integrity
environment and oil with MQL environment. of AZ31B Mg alloy by cryogenic machining towards improved functional
3) An enormous decrease in cutting temperature of 49 % and 74 % was performance of machined components. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 2012;56:17–27.
observed with ionic liquids under an MQL environment as compared [16] Thakur A, Manna A, Samir S. Multi-response optimization of turning parameters
during machining of EN-24 steel with SiC nanofluids based minimum quantity
to dry and oil with MQL environments. lubrication. Silicon 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-019-00102-y.
4) The flank wear and crater wear was minimized with ionic liquids [17] Yildirim CV, Sarikaya M, Kivak T, Sirin S. The effect of addition of hBN
under an MQL environment compared to dry and oil with MQL nanoparticles to nanofluid-MQL on tool wear patterns, tool life, roughness and
temperature in turning of Ni-based Inconel 625. Tribol Int 2019. doi: j.
environments.
triboint.2019.02.027.
5) A significant decrease in saw-tooth formation was observed with [18] Yan L, Zhang Q, Yu J. Effects of continuous minimum quantity lubrication with
ionic liquids under MQL in comparison with dry and oil with MQL ultrasonic vibration in turning of titanium alloy, The International Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 2018;98:827–37.
environments.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2323-0.
6) Ionic liquids with MQL decreased the chip thickness in comparison to [19] Da Silva RB, Machado AR, Ezugwu EO, Bonney J, Sales WF. Tool life and wear
a dry environment and oil with MQL environment. mechanisms in high speed machining of Ti–6Al–4V alloy with PCD tools under
various coolant pressures. J Mater Process Technol 2013;213(8):1459–64.
[20] Ganesan K, Naresh Babu M, Santhanakumar M, Muthukrishnan N. Experimental
Therefore, the suggested technique is statistically and experimen­ investigation of copper nanofluid based minimum quantity lubrication in turning
tally effective. Hence, this technique can be used in engineering in­ of H 11 steel. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng 2018;40(160).
dustries. Additionally, ionic liquids serve as a replacement for cutting [21] Chetan BC, Behera S, Ghosh PVRao. Application ofnanofluids during minimum
quantity lubrication: acase study in turning process. Tribol Int 2016;101:234–46.
fluids since they exhibit excellent results in controlling the responses [22] Chandra Behera B, Sudarsan Ghosh C, Paruchuri VR. Study of saw-tooth chip in
under the given machining conditions compared to oil with MQL and machining of Inconel 718 by metallographic technique. Mach Sci Technol 2019;23
dry environments. (3):431–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/10910344.2019.1575397.
[23] Parida AK, Maity K. FEM analysis and experimental investigation of force and chip
formation on hot turning of Inconel 625. Def Technol 2019;15(6):853–60. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2019.04.012.
Declaration of Competing Interest
[24] Qu J, Blau PJ, Dai S, Luo H, Meyer HM, Truhan JJ. Tribological characteristics of
aluminum alloys sliding against steel lubricated by ammonium and imidazolium
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial ionic liquids. Wear 2009;267(5–8):1226–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
wear.2008.12.038.
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
[25] Sanes J, Carrion FJ, Bermudez MD, Martinez-Nicolas G. Ionic liquids as
the work reported in this paper. lubricantsof polystyrene and polyamide 6-steel contacts. Preparation and proper-
ties of new polymer-ionic liquid dispersions. Tribol Lett 2006;21:121–33.
[26] Klocke F, Konig W. Fertigungsverfahren Schleifen, honen, Lappen, ausgabe. 4 ed.
Acknowledgments New York: Springer-Verlag; 2005. Heidelberg, Germany.
[27] Abdul Sani AS, Rahim EA, Sharif S, Sasahara H. The influence of modified
The authors are thankful to Anna University, Chennai- India for vegetable oils on tool failure mode and wear mechanisms when turning AISI 1045.
Tribol Int 2019;129:347–62.
providing testing facilities.
[28] Schulz J, Brinksmeier E, Meyer D. On the interactions of additives in metalworking
fluids with metal surfaces. Lubricants 2013;1:75–94.
References [29] Korkut Ihsan, Kasap Mustafa, Ciftci Ibrahim, Seker Ulvi. Determination of optimum
cutting parameters during machining of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel. Mater
Des 2004;25:303–5.
[1] Goindi GS, Jayal AD, Sarkar P. Application of ionic liquids in interrupted minimum
[30] Das A, Das SR, Patel SK, Biswal BB. Effect of MQL and nanofluid on the
quantity lubrication machining of plain medium carbon steel: effects of ionic liquid
machinability aspects of hardened alloy steel. Mach Sci Technol 2019. https://doi.
properties and cutting conditions. J Manuf Process 2018;32:357–71. https://doi.
org/10.1080/10910344.2019.1669167.
org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.03.007.
[31] Saliminia A, Abootorabi MM. Experimental investigation of surface roughness and
[2] Abdul Sani AS, Rahim EA, Sharif S, Sasahara H. Machining performance of
cutting ratio in a spraying cryogenic turning process. Mach Sci Technol 2019.
vegetable oil with phosphonium- and ammonium-based ionic liquids via MQL
https://doi.org/10.1080/10910344.2019.1584821.
technique. J Clean Prod 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.317.

803
M. Naresh Babu et al.
[32] Rakesh M, Datta S. Effects of cutting speed on chip characteristics and tool wear
mechanisms during dry machining of inconel 718 using uncoated WC tool. Arab J
Sci Eng 2019;44:7423–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-019-03785-y.
[33] Padmini R, Krishna PV, Mohana Rao GK. Experimental evaluation of nano-
molybdenum disulphide and nano-boric acid suspensions in vegetable oils as
prospective cutting fluids during turning of AISI 1040 steel. Arch Proc Inst Mech
Eng Part J J Eng Tribol 1994-1996 2015;230(5):493–505. https://doi.org/
10.1177/1350650115601694.
804
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 64 (2021) 793–804
[34] Naresh Babu M, Anandan V, Muthukrishnan N, Arivalagar AA, Dinesh Babu M.
Evaluation of graphene based nanofluids with minimum quantity lubrication in
turning of AISI D3 steel. SN Applied Sciences 2019;1:1202. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s42452-019-1182-0.
[35] Das A, Patel SK, Biswal BB, Sahoo N, Pradhan A. Performance evaluation of various
cutting fluids using MQL technique in hard turning of AISI 4340 alloy steel.
Measurement 2019:107079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
measurement.2019.107079.