Module in Practical Research 2

Grade 12
Second Quarter
Week 1
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES
● Choose Appropriate Quantitative Research Design (CS_RS12-Ila-c-1)
● Describe Sampling Procedure and Sample (CS_RS12-Ila-c-2)
WHAT’S IN
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH AND NON – EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
Experimental Research is the type of research that uses a scientific approach towards manipulating one or more control
variables and measuring their defect on the dependent variables, while Non - Experimental Research is the type of research
that does not involve the manipulation of control variables.
Experimental Research is usually quantitative, controlled, and multivariable. Non - Experimental Research can be both
quantitative and qualitative, has an uncontrolled variable, and also a cross-sectional research problem. The data used during
Experimental Research is collected through observational study, simulations, and surveys while Non - Experimental data is
collected through observations, surveys, and case studies. Experimental Research answers the question of why something
is happening. This is quite different in Non - Experimental Research, as they are more descriptive in nature with the end
goal being to describe what.

Experimental Research is mostly used to make scientific innovations and find major solutions to problems while Non -
Experimental Research is used to define subject characteristics, measure data trends, compare situations and validate
existing conditions. Experimental Research process is usually well structured and as such produces results with very little
to no errors, while Non - Experimental Research helps to create real-life related experiments.

In Experimental Research, researchers can control and manipulate control variables, while in Non - Experimental Research,
researchers cannot manipulate these variables. This cannot be done due to ethical reasons. Experimental Research is carried
out in an unnatural setting because most of the factors that influence the setting are controlled while the Non - Experimental
Research setting remains natural and uncontrolled.

The relationship between cause and effect is established in Experimental Research while it cannot be established in Non -
Experimental Research. Rather than establish a cause - effect relationship, Non - Experimental Research focuses on
providing descriptive results. Experimental Research does not compare variables while Non - Experimental Research does.
Experimental Research is a quantitative research method while Non - Experimental Research can be both quantitative and
qualitative depending on the time and the situation where it is been used.

TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

Pre - Experimental Research
Pre - Experimental Research is the simplest form of research, and is carried out by observing a group or groups of dependent
variables after the treatment of an independent variable which is presumed to cause change on the group(s). It is further
divided into.
● One - Shot Case Study Research - Only measures the Post - Test results and does not use a control group
● One - Group Pretest - Posttest Research - Determine the effect of a treatment or intervention on a given sample.
● Static - Group Comparison - Two groups are chosen, one of which receives the treatment and the other does not.
Quasi - Experimental Research
The Quasi type of experimental research is similar to true experimental research, but uses carefully selected rather than
randomized subjects. The following are examples of quasi-experimental research:
Time Series - Dependent variable is measured at many different points in time in one group before and after a treatment
that is manipulated by the researcher.
● No Equivalent Control Group Design - The assignment of participants to groups is not controlled by the investigator
● Counterbalanced Design - Allows a researcher to control the effects of nuisance variables in designs where the
same participants are repeatedly subjected to conditions, treatments, or stimuli
True Experimental Research
True experimental research is the most accurate type, and may simply be called experimental research. It manipulates a
control group towards a group of randomly selected subjects and records the effect of this manipulation.
True experimental research can be further classified into the following groups:
● The Posttest - Only Control Group - Data are collected on the outcome measure after the treatment or intervention.
● The Pretest - Posttest Control Group - Measurements are taken both before and after a treatment.
● Solomon Four - Group - Attempts to take into account the influence of pretesting on subsequent posttest results.
TYPES OF NON - EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

Descriptive Research Design - Scientific method which involves observing and describing the behavior of a subject
without influencing it in any way.
Retrospect Research Design - The outcome of interest has already occurred (or not occurred – e.g., in controls) in each
individual by the time s/he is enrolled, and the data are collected either from records or by asking participants to recall
exposures. Manipulation of Independent Variables are not possible.
Cross – Sectional Research Design - Involves the comparison of two or more pre-existing groups of people under the
same criteria.
Evaluative Research Design - Structure that provides the information needed to answer each of
your evaluation questions.
Correlational Research Design - compares the statistical relationship between two variables.
Longitudinal Research Design - Involves repeated observations of the same variables (e.g., people) over short or long
periods of time. Requires much greater investment on the researcher.
Comparative Research Design - Compares two different groups.

DIFFERENT SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Probability Sampling is a sampling technique in which the researcher chooses samples from a larger population using a
method based on the theory of probability. For a participant to be considered as a Probability Sample, he/she must be
selected using a random selection. The most critical requirement of Probability Sampling is that everyone in your population
has a known and equal chance of getting selected. Probability Sampling uses statistical theory to randomly select a small
group of people (sample) from an existing large population and then predict that all their responses will match the overall
population.

TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Simple Random Sampling - An entirely random method of selecting the sample. This sampling method is as easy as
assigning numbers to the individuals (sample) and then randomly choosing from those numbers through an automated
process. Finally, the numbers that are chosen are the members that are included in the sample. There are two ways in
which researchers choose the samples in this method of sampling: The lottery system and using number generating
software/ random number table.

Stratified Random Sampling - A method where the researcher divides a more extensive population into smaller groups
that usually don’t overlap but represent the entire population. While sampling, organize these groups and then draw a
sample from each group separately. A standard method is to arrange or classify by sex, age, ethnicity, and similar ways.
Splitting subjects into mutually exclusive groups and then using simple random sampling to choose members from groups.

Cluster Sampling - A way to select participants randomly that are spread out geographically. It is likely impossible to get
a complete list of everyone. Instead, the researcher randomly selects areas and randomly selects from within those
boundaries.

Systematic Sampling - A Researcher chooses every “nth” individual to be a part of the sample. For example, you can
select every 5th person to be in the sample. Systematic sampling is an extended implementation of the same old probability
technique in which each member of the group is selected at regular periods to form a sample.

Multistage Sampling - Divides large populations into stages to make the sampling process more practical. A combination
of stratified sampling or cluster sampling and simple random sampling is usually used.

Non - Probability Sampling is a sampling technique in which the researcher selects samples based on the subjective
judgment of the researcher rather than random selection. It is a less stringent method. This sampling method depends
heavily on the expertise of the researchers. It is carried out by observation. In Non - Probability Sampling, not all members
of the population have an equal chance of participating in the study.

TYPES OF NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Convenience Sampling - Samples are selected from the population only because they are conveniently available to the
researcher. Researchers choose these samples just because they are easy to recruit, and the researcher did not consider
selecting a sample that represents the entire population.

Snowball Sampling - Helps researchers find a sample when they are difficult to locate. Researchers use this technique
when the sample size is small and not easily available. This sampling system works like the referral program. Once the
researchers find suitable subjects, he asks them for assistance to seek similar subjects to form a considerably good size
sample.

Judgmental Sampling - Researchers select the samples based purely on the researcher’s knowledge and credibility. In
other words, researchers choose only those people who they deem fit to participate in the research study.

Quota Sampling - Researchers create a sample involving individuals that represent a population. Researchers choose
these individuals according to specific traits or qualities.

Self - Selection Sampling - Based on the judgement of the researcher. This is a useful tool for researchers, who want
people or organizations (units), to participate (or volunteer) as part of a study on their own accord.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Q2W1 Prepared by: Gerame H. Tura