Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
N a t i o n a l C a pi t a l Re g i o n
Sc h o o l s D i v i s i o n O f f i c e o f La s Pi ñ a s C i t y

Module in Practical Research 2

Grade 12
Second Quarter
Week 3

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES

• Plans data collection procedure. (CS_RS12-IIa-c-5)
• Plans data analysis using statistics and hypothesis testing (if appropriate) (CS_RS12-IIa-c-6)

WHAT’S IN
Data analysis is broad and complex. But when we take a step back and attempt to simplify data analysis, we can reduce
the broad concept into two distinct components: qualitative and quantitative data.

Qualitative Data - is non-statistical and is typically unstructured or semi-structured in nature. This data isn’t necessarily
measured using hard numbers used to develop graphs and charts. Instead, it is categorized based on properties, attributes,
labels, and other identifiers.

Quantitative Data - is statistical and is typically structured in nature – meaning it is more rigid and defined. This type of
data is measured using numbers and values, which makes it a more suitable candidate for data analysis.

Primary Data - new information collected specifically for your purposes, directly from people in the know. Methods of primary
data collection vary based upon the goals of the research, as well as the type and depth of information being sought.

Secondary Data- public information that has been collected by others. It is typically free or inexpensive to obtain and can
act as a strong foundation to any research project — provided you know where to find it and how to judge its worth and
relevance.

TECHNIQUES IN COLLECTING QUANTITATIVE DATA

1. Probability sampling - definitive method of sampling carried out by utilizing some form of random selection and
enabling researchers to make a probability statement based on data collected at random from the targeted demographic.

2. Interviews - is a standard method used for data collection. However, the interviews conducted to collect quantitative
data are more structured, wherein the researchers ask only a standard set of questionnaires and nothing more than that.

3. Surveys- are designed in a manner to legitimize the behavior and trust of the respondents. More often, checklists and
rating scale type of questions make the bulk of quantitative surveys as it helps in simplifying and quantifying the attitude or
behavior of the respondents.

4. Observation - is a pretty simple and straightforward method of collecting quantitative data. In this method, researchers
collect quantitative data through systematic observations by using techniques like counting the number of people present
at the specific event at a particular time and a particular venue or number of people attending the event in a designated
place.

5. Document Review - process used to collect data after reviewing the existing documents. It is an efficient and effective
way of gathering data as documents are manageable and are the practical resource to get qualified data from the past.

Data analysis is a process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming and modeling data with the goal of discovering
useful information, informing conclusions and supporting decision-making. Hypothesis analysis helps researchers attain
deeper insight about their data. Consequently, it allows them to make better decisions which is backed by a set of
mathematically calculated measures.

HYPOTHESIS TESTING AND INFERRING DECISION

1. Stating the hypothesis

Null Hypothesis- assumption that’s believed to be true
Alternative Hypothesis- assumption that is known to be false.
2. Identifying valid level of significance (Alpha value)
Alpha is the range of values which can be accepted before Null Hypothesis is rejected. It is the lower threshold. The level
of significance can be 1% or 5% for example.
3. Identifying test tail
Alternative Hypothesis can take two forms: One tail or Two tail. One Tail Alternative Hypothesis are uni-directional
tests meaning it only aims to test one possibility. Two tail alternative hypothesis tests are bidirectional tests and a statistician
is interested in checking equality of data. The results of the test can move in either direction testing two possibilities.

4. Selecting appropriate Statistics: T, Z, CHI and F

A set of questions can be asked to figure out an appropriate test statistics:
• Is data frequency known? If it is known then use chi squares test.
• Is data variance known? If the answer is yes then use Z statistics, otherwise use Student T statistics.

5. Calculating Statistics
Based on the chosen test statistics in step 4, apply the formula and calculate the value.
Compare the value with the level of significance.

6. Inferring or Stating Decision

Based on the results of the calculation in step 5, whether the hypothesis analysis is accepted or rejected is stated.
These set of steps are dependent on the sample that was chosen and how good the tests were. This implies that there is
always a chance that an error was made. For example, the tests could end up proving Null Hypothesis wrong when it is right
or could end up proving Alternative Hypothesis wrong when it is right.

References:
https://learn.g2.com/qualitative-vs-quantitative-data
https://blog.marketresearch.com/not-all-market-research-data-is-equal
https://www.questionpro.com/blog/quantitative-data-collection-methods
https://medium.com/fintechexplained/introduction-to-hypothesis-analysis-701ca47f5438

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Q2W3 Prepared by: BUMANGLAG, RODOLFO F.