J o ur nal of W uhan U ni v ersi ty of T ec hnol ogy - Mater. Sc i . E d. w w w .j w u tms.net D ec.

2019 1463

DOI https: //doi. org/10.1007/s11595-019-2214-8

Wet Chemical Synthesis of Entangled Nano-fibrous

Conducting Polyaniline (PANI) Mesh:
Effect of Heating and Stirring

Chandrashekhar M. Mahajan*, Sachin S Sawant

( D epar tm ent of E ngi neeri ng Sc i enc es and H um ani ti es, V i shw akarm a I nsti tu te of T ec hnol ogy , B i bw ew adi , P une , M aharashtra, 41 1037 , I ndi a)

Abstract: A n effect of heating and stir r ing in a facile w et chemical r out e to synthesiz e entangled nano-
fibrous mesh of doped polyaniline (PANI) was reported. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of
PANI nano-fibers were found to be dependent on synthesis temperature and stirring. The XRD analysis confirms
nano PANI formation with 2θ peaks around 15°, 21°, and 25° for (011), (020), and (200) crystal planes,
respectively. The average crystallite size varies between 25 nm to 60 nm due to change in synthesis conditions.
The SEM analysis reveals the clustered granule formation for PANI sample synthesized at 28 and 60 ℃ unde r
continuous stirring, whereas, unstirred synthesis at 60 ℃ shows entangled nano-fibrous mesh morphology. The
TGA study shows better thermal stability for PANI mesh over granular PANI. The FTIR spectra validates the
emeraldine salt PANI formation with peaks corresponding to C-H, C-N, N=Q=N, N=B=N, and N-H vibration
bands. The UV-Vis analysis shows the major absorbance peaks around λ: 340 nm (π- π* transition of benzenoid
ring), and λ: 800 nm (π- π* , polaron-π* , π-polaron transitions). The dense entangled nano-fibrous coating of
PANI synthesized at 60 ℃ without stirring shows highest electrical conductivity of 3.79 S·cm-1.
Key words: polyaniline; nano-fibrous mesh; optical property; electrical conductivity

1 Introduction polydiacetylene, polyaniniline (PANI), polythaiophene,

In recent years, the conducting polymers have
attracted a keen research interest. These organic mo-
lecular materials have conjugated structures with alter-
nate single and double bonds that conduct electricity.
Moreover, these semiconducting polymers possess
a unique combination of electronic and mechanical
properties which can be tailored as per the require-
ment of application. Furthermore, these polymers can
be easily processed and exhibit enhanced electrical
conductivity mainly due to π-electron system and re-
versible redox activation in a suitable environment[1].
Conducting polymers are used in diversified optical
and electronic device applications, which include
microelectronic, optical signal processors, displays,
batteries, super capacitors, plastic wires, information
storage, solar energy converters and harvesters. The
family of conducting polymers includes polyacetylene,
© Wuhan University of Technology and Springer-Verlag GmbH
Germany, Part of Springer Nature 2019
(Received: June 10, 2018; Accepted: Sept. 25, 2018)
*Corresponding author: Chandrashekhar M. Mahajan: E-mail:
c_mahajan9@yahoo.com
polypyrrole, etc [2]. Amongst these PANI has emerged
as a vital and useful material due to its low cost, facile
synthesis, higher environmental stability due to easy
acid/base-doping/de-doping chemistry, high pseu-
do-capacitance and high conductivity[3,4]. In fact, PANI
nanostructures / nano-fibers have already demonstrated
their potential use in light emitting diode, electrochem-
ical devices, storage batteries, corrosion inhibitors, and
various types of bio and chemical sensors[4,5]. Recently,
PANI is used in modified electrodes for super capaci-
tors, electro-catalytic activity[6,7], adsorbent materials[8]
and electromagnetic shielding applications[9]. Various
methods have been reported for the synthesis of PANI
nanostr u ctu r es[10-15]. It must be noted that, crystalline
entangled nano-fibrous mesh of PANI improves the
electrical conductivity, sensitivity and strength[12-14].
In view of this, here we report an easy, low cost
wet chemical route to synthesize doped PANI nano-fi-
bers with interconnected mesh like morphology. The
effect of heating and stirring in wet chemical PANI
synthesis method on nano-fiber size, entangled mesh
formation was investigated. The structural and mor-
phological properties of PANI samples were analyzed
using characterization techniques such as X-ray diffrac-
tion (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
1464 Vol.34 No.6 Chandrashekhar M. Mahajan et al: Wet Chemical Synthesis of Entangled Na...
The thermal stability analysis of PANI was tested using
thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The composition-
al analysis of PANI was done with Fourier Transform
Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and optical properties
were investigated using UV-Visible Spectroscopy. The
four probe technique was used to measure the electrical
conductivity at room temperature for PANI coatings
deposited on glass substrates.
2 Experimental
2.1 Materials
Aniline Hydrochloride (C6H8CIN), Ammonium
Persulfate (NH4)2S2O8 were procured from Loba Che-
mie Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai, Maharashtra, India while Hy-
drochloric Acid (HCl, 35%-38%) was purchased from
Thomas Baker Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai, Maha-
rashtra, India. AR grade reagents were used for synthe-
sis.
2.2 Methods
Polyaniline (PANI) nano-fibers in emeraldine
salt form were successfully synthesized by a facile
wet chemical oxidative polymerization route. Aque-
ous solutions in 20 mL double distilled water were
separately prepared in two beakers using 1 gm aniline
hydrochloride (AH) and 1 gm ammonium per-sulfate
(APS). In this method the mixing of these precursor
results in formation of doped PANI nano-fibers. These
doped PANI nano-fibers obtained in dark green colored
emeraldine salt form were washed several times with
distilled water and 0.2 M HCl to remove the impurities
and for further protonation process. The nano-crystal-
line PANI powder sample was obtained after remov-
al of water content by drying (at 55 ℃-60 ℃) in an
Fig.1 (a) The experimental setup with schematic of fibrous PANI mesh synthesis and (b) Simple chemistry of emeraldine base doping with
HCl and de-doping of emeraldine salt with base (OH-)
oven for 12 h. Furthermore, PANI coatings were also
deposited by casting a drop of PANI colloids in wa-
ter on glass substrates and further drying at 60 ℃ for
electrical measurements. Fig.1(a) shows experimental
setup along with schematic of nano fibrous PANI mesh
synthesis and Fig.1(b) explains the simple chemistry of
doping and de-doping of PANI respectively with suit-
able acid and base.
Five distinct PANI samples (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e)
were prepared by altering the synthesis parameters like
stirring and polymerization temperature. The details of
sample preparation are as below.
Sample (a): Solutions of AH and APS were di-
rectly and rapidly mixed together in a beaker, at room
temperature (28 ℃) and then stirred for 30 min using
magnetic stirrer to obtain PANI.
Sample (b): Solutions of AH and APS were di-
rectly and swiftly mixed together in a beaker at room
temperature (28 ℃). The beaker was left unshaken and
undisturbed without stirring resulting into PANI.
Sample (c): The precursor solutions, AH at room
temperature (28 ℃) while APS at (60 ℃) were rapidly
added together without stirring. The resulted solution
was left undisturbed so that temperature drops to 28 ℃.
An oxidative polymerization leads to PANI formation.
Sample (d): At first, AH and APS were separate-
ly heated up to 60 ℃ and then rapidly mixed together
to undergo polymerization. The reaction temperature
was maintained at 60 ℃ in particular for 5 minutes for
better chain formation during polymerization. Subse-
quently beaker containing PANI solution was permitted
to cool naturally to room temperature. No stirring and
shaking was done throughout the synthesis.
Sample (e): Firstly, both the precursor solutions
J o ur nal of W uhan U ni v ersi ty of T ec hnol ogy - Mater. Sc i . E d. w w w .j w u tms.net D ec. 2019 1465

(AH and APS) were separately heated up to 60 ℃ and XRD peak positions for planes (020) and (200) are
then rapidly mixed together to undergo polymerization slightly shifted at 19° and 24.4° respectively owing
by maintaining the reaction temperature at 60 ℃ w hile to heter ogeneou s nu cleation effects on accou nt of
stirring for 30 minutes to obtain PANI. stirring at room temperature and at 60 ℃, which results
in impetuous growth of PANI leading to the granule
3 Characterization formation. However, the XRD patterns for samples (b),
(c), and (d) demonstrates preferential and systematic
The crystalline structure of granular and nano-fi- growth of nano-crystalline PANI when synthesized
brous PANI was analyzed by using XRD and SEM without stirring.
characterization techniques. The powder XRD patterns Table 1 XRD analysis of PANI samples (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e)
for all PANI samples were recorded using a X-ray dif- Inter-planar distance Lattice constant
2θ (hkl) plane
fractometer (Make: Bruker, model D8-Advanced, Bill- /Å /Å
erica, MA, USA) operated at 40 kV and 40 mA, using Sample-a
CuKα spectral line (λ=1.5405 Å) as a radiation source, 15.14° 011 5.85
with a low scanning speed of 0.02°/s in the 2θ r ange 19.36° 020 4.58 8.233
24.48° 200 3.63
of 10°-40°. The surface morphology of PANI samples
Sample-b
was recorded by using Scanning Electron Microscope
15.10° 011 5.87
(Make: JOEL, FE-SEM 7000). The thermo-gravimetric 21.10° 020 4.57 8.233
(TGA) measurements were performed to test thermal 24.90° 200 3.67
stability of PANI. The existence of distinctive function- Sample-c
al groups supporting PANI formation was established 15.12° 011 5.86
using FTIR spectrophotometer (Make: PerkinElmer, 21.67° 020 4.53 8.235
Spectrum BX, Waltham, MA, USA). The FTIR spectra 25.30° 200 3.66

were recorded for PANI nano-fibers seeded on Potassi- Sample-d

15.12° 011 5.82
um Bromide (KBr) powder for compositional analysis
21.05° 020 4.57 8.235
in the wave number range 4 000 - 400 cm-1. UV-Vis
25.40° 200 3.68
spectroscopic measurement of absorbance spectra for Sample-e
PANI nano-fibers dispersed in double distilled water 15.13° 011 5.87
was performed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer 19.43° 020 4.56 8.234
(Make: Shimadzu 1650PC). The four probe electrical 24.52° 200 3.66
resistivity measurements were performed on PANI
coatings deposited on glass substrates at room tempera- Further, the XRD for sample (d) clearly depicts
ture. the smoothly broadened characteristic peaks confirming
the least crystallite size of PANI nano-crystals. As
4 Results and discussion evident from XRD, the peak broadening increases
gradually, which results in decreased crystallite size
4.1 Structural analysis for (a), (b), (c), and (d) samples attesting the nano-
Figs.2(a)-2(e) show XRD patterns for PANI crystalline nature. The peak narrowing for sample (e)
samples (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e). The presence of three is mainly due to stirring which favors granular growth
prominent but broadened peaks for all PANI samples resulting in higher crystallite size. The average value
around 2θ values 15°, 21°, and 25° which corresponds of crystallite size (d) in Å, was estimated by using the
to (011), (020), and (200) crystal planes confirms nano- classical Debye Scherrer formula:
cr ystalline natu r e[16]. No impurity phase was formed.
It is reported that the fibrous nano PANI structures kλ
(D ) =
with planer geometry of Benzenoid and Quinonoid β cos θ
functional groups contributes to crystalline nature where, the k (usually equal to 0.9) is the shape factor
of polyaniline[17,18]. In Figs.2(a)-2(e), the (011) peak constant, λ is the wavelength of X-ray, q is the Bragg’s
around 15° for sample (a) and (e) is less prominent angle and β is the full width of the half maxima
when compared with the one observed for samples (FWHM) [19-21]. The average crystallite size values
(b), (c), and (d). Moreover, for samples (a) and (e), calculated using Scherrer formula for samples (a), (b),
1466 Vol.34 No.6 Chandrashekhar M. Mahajan et al: Wet Chemical Synthesis of Entangled Na...
Fig.2 (a) to (e) shows XRD patterns of the nanocrystalline PANI powder for samples (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e), respectively and (f) TGA
curves for PANI samples (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e)
(c), (d), and (e) are 51 nm, 42 nm, 35 nm, 26 nm, and
58 nm, respectively.
The inter-planar distance values determined
for (011), (020), and (200) crystal planes are around
5.85 Å, 4.56 Å, and 3.66 Å, respectively. The lattice
constant (a) was estimated using the formula:
) d h2 + k 2 + l 2
(a=
where, d and ( hkl) are inter-planer distance and Miller
indices for PANI crystal lattice.
The lattice constant value as estimated for all the
samples ranges around 8.234 ± 0.01 Å. The 2θ values
for prominent peaks, corresponding ( hkl) planes, in-
ter-planar distance (d) and lattice constant are repre-
sented in Table 1.
4.2 Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA)
The thermal stability of PANI was tested by
monitoring the weight loss while increasing the sample
temperature at rate of 10 ℃/min. Fig.2(f) shows the
thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) plots for all PANI
samples. The initial weight loss below 150 ℃ as
evident from TGA plots is mainly due to evaporation
of water. The further mass loss below 300 ℃ is due to
release of anionic dopants[22,23]. The polymer undergoes
decomposition above 300 ℃. Although, the TGA plots
for all PANI samples show similar trend of weight loss
and thermal degradation, however, below 250 ℃, the
nano PANI mesh samples (d) and (c) are thermally
more stable as compared with granular samples (b), (a),
and (e).
4.3 Surface morphology
Fig.3 shows FE-SEM images for PANI sam-
ples (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e). SEM image for sample
(a) shows granular formation. The heterogeneous
J o ur nal of W uhan U ni v ersi ty of T ec hnol ogy
nucleation process is favored due to stirring at room
temperature resulting in abrupt clustered and granu-
lar structure formation. The average feature size from
SEM for sample (a) is 50 ± 5 nm which accords the es-
timated crystallite size value from XRD. The SEM im-
age for sample (b) shows mixed state with fiber as well
as clu ster ed gr anu lar for mation of smaller featu r e siz e
than for sample (a). The approximate average feature
size for sample (b) is 40 ± 5 nm. Whereas SEM images
for samples (c) and (d) clearly show nano-fiber forma-
tion with entangled mesh like structure. SEM image for
sample (d) shows more densely packed fibrous struc-
ture with smaller fiber size as compared with SEM im-
age of sample (c). No granular formation was observed
for samples (c) and (d). The PANI nano-fibers for sam-
ple (c) showed larger diameter which recommends that
at lower temperature the fiber crystallite growth along
the diameter is more favored over fibrous branching as
compared to higher temperature. The heterogeneous
nucleation favored due to stirring at 60 ℃ r esul ts in ag-
glomerated and granular structure formation as evident
from SEM image for sample (e) with average granular
size of 60 ± 5 nm.
Fig.3 SEM images for PANI samples (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e)
The sample (c) was prepared by mixing of APS
at 60 ℃ and AH at 28 ℃. Thus the polymerization
occurred at a lower temperature (as measured
immediately after mixing at 45 ℃<60 ℃). However,
the sample (d) was prepared by mixing APS and AH
- Mater. Sc i . E d. w w w .j w u tms.net D ec. 2019 1467
both at 60 ℃ further maintained at 60 ℃ for 5 minutes
for better polymerization and chain formation. The
estimated average diameter from SEM for PANI nano-
fiber samples (c) and (d) were 30 ± 5 nm and 20 ± 5 nm
respectively. Thus at temperature 60 ℃ undisturbed
PANI synthesis favors homogeneous, interconnected
and entangled mesh gr ow th[3]. On the other hand PANI
synthesis at room temperature (28 ℃) or at 60 ℃
while stirring and shaking encourages heterogeneous
nucleation which typically leads to clustering effects
and crystal granule formation, as seen from SEM
images for samples (a) and (e).
4.4 FTIR analysis
The compositional investigation of the PANI
samples was performed by FTIR analysis on the basis
of observed bending and stretching bands of vibration.
Fig.4 shows the FTIR overlay spectra of PANI for sam-
ples (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e). FTIR spectra confirms the
vibration band ascribed to the N-H and C-H stretch-
ing vibration mode around the wave number values 3
163.4, 3 240.5, 3 281.3, and 3 226.3 cm-1 for PANI
samples (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e), respectively. A weak-
ly intense peak can be observed around 1 570 cm -1
(assigned to stretching mode of N=Q=N ring, Q-quinoid
unit) in case of all PANI samples [24,25].
Fig.4 FTIR spectra for PANI samples (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e)
Moreover, the FTIR peak at 1 508.3 cm-1 for all
PANI samples is due to stretching mode of (N=B=N
ring stretching / deformation, (b): benzenoid unit) while
the 1 305.8 cm-1 peak corresponds to C-N (Car omatic-N)
reformation respectively[24,25]. The doping effects are
attributed to widened peak at 1 130 cm-1[26]. Further,
the observed peaks at 827.5 cm−1 for samples (a), (b),
and (e); and at 799.4 cm−1 for samples (c) and (d) are
ascribed to the C-H out of plane vibration in 1,4-disub-
stituted aromatic rings.
1468 Vol.34 No.6 Chandrashekhar M. Mahajan et al: Wet Chemical Synthesis of Entangled Na...
4.5 UV-visible analysis
Fig.5 shows UV-Vis absorption spectra for PANI
nano-fiber samples (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e). It shows
two characteristics absorption broad band peaks at 345
nm and 806 nm for samples (a), (b), and (e), while, at
339 nm and 785 nm for samples (c) and (d). The absor-
bance peak around λ= 340 nm is due to the benzenoid
ring π- π* transition which correlates an extent of con-
jugation between adjacent phenylene rings in the poly-
mer ic chain[25-28]. The absence of absorption peak around
650 nm (for emeraldine base) confirmed the formation
of doped conducting emeraldine salt[12,13]. Thus, HCl
from aniline hydrochloride during the polymerization
reaction and subsequent washing by HCl results in pro-
tonation which leads to formation of doped emeraldine
salt. Further, the use of aniline hydrochloride results in
the efficient and rapid polymerization. Generally, such a
rapid polymerization is possible only in acidic environ-
ment in which aniline exists as an anilinium cataion[28].
Fig.5 UV-Vis spectra for PANI samples (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e)
The peak around λ= 800 nm in absorption spectra
of doped PANI samples is due to the band transitions
like π to π* , polaron to π* and π to polaron [14]. This ab-
sorption peak at 800 nm is also a characteristics prop-
er ty of conduc ting emer aldine salt[25-28]. In addition, the
blue shift in position of absorbance peak is observed
for samples (c) and (d) when compared with samples
(a), (b), and (e) due to decrease in crystallite size for
PANI mesh.
4.6 Electrical conductivity
It is easy to control the electrical conductivity of
PANI by altering the acid doping level. The acid dop-
ing leads to for mation of condu cting emer aldine salt
and base de-doping reaction results in formation of non
conducting emeraldine base. It is well known that non
homogeneous polymerization process affects the crys-
tallinity thereby radically alters the polyaniline elec-
trical conductivity. The measured values of electrical
conductivity for samples (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e) are
0.97, 1.58, 2.87, 3.97, and 0.63 S·cm-1, respectively. In
case of PANI mesh a preferential, end-to-end coupling
of nano-fibers extends the channels or the pathways,
which promotes electrical conduction. On the contrary,
the non conjugated granular PANI due to less intercon-
nectedness has relatively lower electrical conductivity
values. Thus, the electrical conductivity values for
PANI mesh are higher compared to granular PANI thin
films, mainly because of better polymerization, dense
interconnected chain formation and improved crystal-
line natur e[12-14].
5 Conclusions
Nano-fibrous entangled mesh of doped PANI was
successfully synthesized by a facile oxidative polym-
erization technique. The effect of stirring and synthesis
temperature on structure, morphology and electrical
conductivity of PANI was investigated. The XRD anal-
ysis confirms the PANI formation with decrease in av-
erage crystallite size due to variation in synthesis con-
ditions from 58 nm (at 60 ℃ while stirring) to 26 nm (at
60 ℃ without stirring). SEM analysis shows stirring at
28 and 60 ℃ leads to gr anul ar cr ystallite for mation due
to heterogeneous nucleation. However, homogeneous
nucleation process contributes to entangled mesh like
morphology of PANI nano-fibers (synthesized at 60 ℃
without stirring) with average diameter of 20 ± 5 nm.
The FTIR analysis supports the doped PANI formation
due to the presence of characteristic functional groups
around 3 220, 1 570, 1 508, 1 308, 1 130, and 810 cm-1
corrosponding to streatching and vibrational modes of
different functional groups. UV-Vis absorbance spectra
showed major peaks around 340 nm and 800 nm owing
to π- π* , polaron-π* , π-polaron transitions. The wet ox-
idative polymerization at 60 ℃ w ithou t stir r ing leads
to synthesis of most densely packed and entangled na-
no-fibrous PANI mesh with highest electrical conduc-
tivity of 3.79 S·cm-1.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Management and
the Director, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology,
Pune, India for extending moral support and
encouragement.
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