THE BLUE VIENS ARE THE OXYGEN

POOR BLOOD (DE9OXIGENATED)

Aorta

Superior vena cava

Inferior vena cava

Brachial artery

Basilic vein

Gastric vein

Renal veins

Iliac vein
Common
iliac artery
THE RED VIENS ARE THE OXYGEN
RICH BLOOD (OXIGENATED)
 25.1 Anatomy of the Ear.

11. Vestibule
1.Limbs of stapes 9. Arcuate eminence
12. Ampullae
2.Epitympanic recess 10. Semi-circular canals
13. Stapes
3.Malleus
14.Vestibular nerve

15.Facial nerve
4.Auricle
16.Base of stapes in
5.Tympanic vestibular window
membrane
17. Cochlear duct
6.External
acoustic meatus 18. Cochlear nerve

19.Auditory Tube

7.Outer ear 20.Inner ear

8. Middle

Exercise 25.3 Identify the meaning of the parts of the ear.

1. Ampulla of the lateral semicircular canal-
The ampulla lateral or horizontal canal (external semicircular canal) is the
shortest of the three canals. Movement of fluid within this canal corresponds to
rotation of the head around a vertical axis (i.e. the neck), or in other words
rotation in the transverse plane. This occurs, for example, when you turn your
head to the left- and right-hand sides before crossing a road.
It measures from 12 to 15 mm., and its arch is directed horizontally backward
and laterally; thus each semicircular canal stands at right angles to the other
two. Its ampullated end corresponds to the upper and lateral angle of
the vestibule, just above the oval window, where it opens close to the
ampullated end of the superior canal; its opposite end opens at the upper and
back part of the vestibule. The lateral canal of one ear is very nearly in the
same plane as that of the other.
2. Ampulla of the Posterior semicircular canal
The ampulla posterior semicircular canal is a part of the vestibular system that
detects rotation of the head around the antero-posterior (sagittal) axis, or in
other words rotation in the coronal plane. This occurs, for example, when you
move your head to touch your shoulders, or when doing a cartwheel.
It is directed superiorly, as per its nomenclature, and posteriorly, nearly
parallel to the posterior surface of the petrous bone. The vestibular aqueduct is
immediately medial to it. The posterior canal is part of the bony labyrinth and
is used by the vestibular system to detect rotations of the head in the coronal
plane. It is the longest of the three canals, measuring from 18 to 22 mm. Its
lower or ampullated end opens into the lower and back part of the vestibule, its
upper into the crus commune.
3. Ampulla Superior semicircular canal
The ampulla superior or anterior semicircular canal is a part of the vestibular
system and detects rotations of the head in around the lateral axis, or in other
words rotation in the sagittal plane. This occurs, for example, when nodding
your head.
It is 15 to 20 mm in length, is vertical in direction, and is placed transversely
to the long axis of the petrous part of the temporal bone, on the anterior
surface of which its arch forms a round projection. It describes about two-
thirds of a circle. Its lateral extremity is ampullated, and opens into the upper
part of the vestibule; the opposite end joins with the upper part of the posterior
canal to form the crus commune, which opens into the upper and medial part of
the vestibule.
4. The auricle
Is a paired structure found on either side of the head. It functions to capture
and direct sound waves towards the external acoustic meatus.
5. The cochlea (auditory inner ear)
Transforms the sound in neural message. The function of the cochlea is to
transform the vibrations of the cochlear liquids and associated structures into
a neural signal.
6. Cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve viii
Cochlear component – arises from the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei,
situated in the inferior cerebellar peduncle.
7. External auditory canal,
also called external auditory meatus, or external acoustic meatus,
passageway that leads from the outside of the head to the tympanic
membrane, or eardrum membrane, of each ear. The structure of the external
auditory canal is the same in all mammals. In appearance it is a slightly curved
tube that extends inward from the floor of the auricle, or protruding portion of
the outer ear, and ends blindly at the eardrum membrane, which separates it
from the middle ear. The outside third of the canal wall consists of cartilage,
and the inner two-thirds of the wall are made of bone. The canal is nearly 1
inch (2.5 cm) in length and is lined with skin that extends to cover the
tympanic membrane. Tiny hairs directed outward and modified sweat glands
that produce cerumen (earwax) help to discourage insects from entering the
ear.
8. the Eustachian tube,
a narrow passage leading from the pharynx to the cavity of the middle ear,
permitting the equalization of pressure on each side of the eardrum. It opens
intermittently to equalize the intratympanic air pressure with the pressure in
the external auditory canal. It also removes secretion and epithelial debris from
the middle ear by ciliary motion and gravity.
9. The facial nerve (the labyrinthine segment)
is the seventh cranial nerve, or simply CN VII. It emerges from the pons of
the brainstem, controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the
conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
10. Incus
The incus or anvil is a bone in the middle ear. The anvil-shaped small bone is
one of three ossicles in the middle ear. The incus receives vibrations from the
malleus, to which it is connected laterally, and transmits these to the stapes
medially. It is small anvil-shaped bone in the middle ear, transmitting
vibrations between the malleus and stapes.
11. The lateral semicircular canal (horizontal semicircular canal; canalis
semicircularis lateralis; external semicircular canal)
is the shortest of the three. It measures from 12 to 15 mm., and its arch is
directed horizontally backward and lateralward; thus each semicircular canal
stands at right angles to the other two. Its ampullated end (lateral bony
ampulla) corresponds to the upper and lateral angle of the vestibule, just above
the fenestra vestibuli, where it opens close to the ampullated end of the
superior canal; its opposite end opens at the upper and back part of the
vestibule. The lateral canal of one ear is very nearly in the same plane as that
of the other; while the superior canal of one ear is nearly parallel to the
posterior canal of the other.
12. The malleus,
also known as the “hammer” or “mallet,” is the largest of three small bones in
the middle ear. The malleus functions with the other bones to transmit
vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.
13.the oval window sets up waves in the fluids of the cochlea, causing the
basilar membrane to vibrate. This stimulates the sensory cells of the organ of
Corti, atop the basilar membrane, to send nerve impulses to the brain.

14. The posterior semicircular canal 

is a part of the vestibular system that detects rotation of the head around the
antero-posterior (sagittal) axis, or in other words rotation in the coronal plane.
This occurs, for example, when you move your head to touch your shoulders,
or when doing a cartwheel.
It is directed superiorly, as per its nomenclature, and posteriorly, nearly
parallel to the posterior surface of the petrous bone. The vestibular aqueduct is
immediately medial to it. The posterior canal is part of the bony labyrinth and
is used by the vestibular system to detect rotations of the head in the coronal
plane. It is the longest of the three canals, measuring from 18 to 22 mm. Its
lower or ampullated end opens into the lower and back part of the vestibule, its
upper into the crus commune.
15. round window.
membrane-covered opening in the cochlea that bulges outward in response to
pressure placed on the oval window by the ossicles. The outward movement of
the round window allows fluid to move within the cochlea, which makes the
activation of auditory receptors possibl
16.Stapes
The stapes or stirrup is a bone in the middle ear of humans and other animals
which is involved in the conduction of sound vibrations to the inner ear.
17. Superior semicircular canal
superior or anterior semicircular canal is a part of the vestibular system and
detects rotations of the head in around the lateral axis, or in other words
rotation in the sagittal plane. This occurs, for example, when nodding your
head.
It is 15 to 20 mm in length, is vertical in direction, and is placed transversely
to the long axis of the petrous part of the temporal bone, on the anterior
surface of which its arch forms a round projection. It describes about two-
thirds of a circle. Its lateral extremity is ampullated, and opens into the upper
part of the vestibule; the opposite end joins with the upper part of the posterior
canal to form the crus commune, which opens into the upper and medial part of
the vestibule.
18.Tympatic Membrane
The tympanic membrane is also called the eardrum. It separates the
outer ear from the middle ear. When sound waves reach the tympanic
membrane they cause it to vibrate. The vibrations are then transferred to the
tiny bones in the middle ear
19. vestibule
Vestibule. This is the area of the inner ear cavity that lies between the cochlea
and semicircular canals, also assisting in equilibrium.
20. vestibular branch of vestibulocochlear nerve VII
Vestibular component – arises from the vestibular nuclei complex in the pons
and medulla.